PT J
AU Bertaux, JL
   Leblanc, F
   Witasse, O
   Quemerais, E
   Lilensten, J
   Stern, SA
   Sandel, B
   Korablev, O
AF Bertaux, JL
   Leblanc, F
   Witasse, O
   Quemerais, E
   Lilensten, J
   Stern, SA
   Sandel, B
   Korablev, O
TI Discovery of an aurora on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extreme-ultraviolet observations; upper-atmosphere; magnetic-field; voyager-1 encounter; martian atmosphere; ionosphere; ionization; emissions; nightglow; spicam
AB In the high-latitude regions of Earth, aurorae are the often-spectacular visual manifestation of the interaction between electrically charged particles ( electrons, protons or ions) with the neutral upper atmosphere, as they precipitate along magnetic field lines. More generally, auroral emissions in planetary atmospheres "are those that result from the impact of particles other than photoelectrons" (ref. 1). Auroral activity has been found on all four giant planets possessing a magnetic field (Jupiter(2), Saturn(3), Uranus(4) and Neptune(5)), as well as on Venus, which has no magnetic field(6). On the nightside of Venus, atomic O emissions at 130.4 nm and 135.6 nm appear in bright patches of varying sizes and intensities(6), which are believed to be produced by electrons with energy < 300 eV ( ref. 7). Here we report the discovery of an aurora in the martian atmosphere, using the ultraviolet spectrometer SPICAM on board Mars Express. It corresponds to a distinct type of aurora not seen before in the Solar System: it is unlike aurorae at Earth and the giant planets, which lie at the foot of the intrinsic magnetic field lines near the magnetic poles, and unlike venusian auroras, which are diffuse, sometimes spreading over the entire disk. Instead, the martian aurora is a highly concentrated and localized emission controlled by magnetic field anomalies in the martian crust.
C1 CNRS, Serv Aeron, IPSL, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
   European Space Agcy, ESTEC, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Planetol Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Space Res Inst IKI, Moscow 117810, Russia.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); University of Arizona; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Bertaux, JL (corresponding author), CNRS, Serv Aeron, IPSL, BP 3, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
EM bertaux@aerov.jussieu.fr
NR 22
TC 192
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 790
EP 794
DI 10.1038/nature03603
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700044
PM 15944698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barthelmy, SD
   Chincarini, G
   Burrows, DN
   Gehrels, N
   Covino, S
   Moretti, A
   Romano, P
   O'Brien, PT
   Sarazin, CL
   Kouveliotou, C
   Goad, M
   Vaughan, S
   Tagliaferri, G
   Zhang, B
   Antonelli, LA
   Campana, S
   Cummings, JR
   D'Avanzo, P
   Davies, MB
   Giommi, P
   Grupe, D
   Kaneko, Y
   Kennea, JA
   King, A
   Kobayashi, S
   Melandri, A
   Meszaros, P
   Nousek, JA
   Patel, S
   Sakamoto, T
   Wijers, RAMJ
AF Barthelmy, SD
   Chincarini, G
   Burrows, DN
   Gehrels, N
   Covino, S
   Moretti, A
   Romano, P
   O'Brien, PT
   Sarazin, CL
   Kouveliotou, C
   Goad, M
   Vaughan, S
   Tagliaferri, G
   Zhang, B
   Antonelli, LA
   Campana, S
   Cummings, JR
   D'Avanzo, P
   Davies, MB
   Giommi, P
   Grupe, D
   Kaneko, Y
   Kennea, JA
   King, A
   Kobayashi, S
   Melandri, A
   Meszaros, P
   Nousek, JA
   Patel, S
   Sakamoto, T
   Wijers, RAMJ
TI An origin for short γ-ray bursts unassociated with current star formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grb-050709; afterglow; sgr-1806-20; galaxy; flare
AB Two short (< 2 s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have recently been localized(1-4) and fading afterglow counterparts detected(2-4). The combination of these two results left unclear the nature of the host galaxies of the bursts, because one was a star-forming dwarf, while the other was probably an elliptical galaxy. Here we report the X-ray localization of a short burst (GRB 050724) with unusual gamma-ray and X-ray properties. The X-ray afterglow lies off the centre of an elliptical galaxy at a redshift of z = 0.258 (ref. 5), coincident with the position determined by ground-based optical and radio observations(6-8). The low level of star formation typical for elliptical galaxies makes it unlikely that the burst originated in a supernova explosion. A supernova origin was also ruled out for GRB 050709 ( refs 3, 31), even though that burst took place in a galaxy with current star formation. The isotropic energy for the short bursts is 2 - 3 orders of magnitude lower than that for the long bursts. Our results therefore suggest that an alternative source of bursts - the coalescence of binary systems of neutron stars or a neutron star-black hole pair - are the progenitors of short bursts.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate, Italy.
   Univ Studi Milano Bicocca, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.
   Osserv Astron Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.
   CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA.
   Univ Studi Insubria, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, I-22100 Como, Italy.
   Lund Observ, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
   ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Milano-Bicocca; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Leicester; University of Virginia; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Las Vegas; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Insubria; Lund University; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Amsterdam
RP Barthelmy, SD (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM scott@lheamail.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 30
TC 326
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 994
EP 996
DI 10.1038/nature04392
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600061
PM 16355219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novoselov, KS
   Geim, AK
   Morozov, SV
   Jiang, D
   Katsnelson, MI
   Grigorieva, IV
   Dubonos, SV
   Firsov, AA
AF Novoselov, KS
   Geim, AK
   Morozov, SV
   Jiang, D
   Katsnelson, MI
   Grigorieva, IV
   Dubonos, SV
   Firsov, AA
TI Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID graphite; states
AB Quantum electrodynamics ( resulting from the merger of quantum mechanics and relativity theory) has provided a clear understanding of phenomena ranging from particle physics to cosmology and from astrophysics to quantum chemistry(1-3). The ideas underlying quantum electrodynamics also influence the theory of condensed matter(4,5), but quantum relativistic effects are usually minute in the known experimental systems that can be described accurately by the non-relativistic Schrodinger equation. Here we report an experimental study of a condensed-matter system (graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon(6,7)) in which electron transport is essentially governed by Dirac's ( relativistic) equation. The charge carriers in graphene mimic relativistic particles with zero rest mass and have an effective 'speed of light' c* approximate to 10(6) m s(-1). Our study reveals a variety of unusual phenomena that are characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. In particular we have observed the following: first, graphene's conductivity never falls below a minimum value corresponding to the quantum unit of conductance, even when concentrations of charge carriers tend to zero; second, the integer quantum Hall effect in graphene is anomalous in that it occurs at half-integer filling factors; and third, the cyclotron mass m(c) of massless carriers in graphene is described by E = m(c)c(*)(2). This two-dimensional system is not only interesting in itself but also allows access to the subtle and rich physics of quantum electrodynamics in a bench-top experiment.
C1 Univ Manchester, Manchester Ctr Mesosci & Nanotechnol, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Microelect Technol, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Mol & Mat, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Manchester; Russian Academy of Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Geim, AK (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Manchester Ctr Mesosci & Nanotechnol, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM kostya@man.ac.uk; geim@man.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/C511875/1, GR/R73621/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 19171
Z9 21597
U1 98
U2 9397
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 197
EP 200
DI 10.1038/nature04233
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500042
PM 16281030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garrison, JL
   Kunkel, EJ
   Hegde, RS
   Taunton, J
AF Garrison, JL
   Kunkel, EJ
   Hegde, RS
   Taunton, J
TI A substrate-specific inhibitor of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal sequence recognition; er membrane; nascent preprolactin; sec proteins; polypeptide; transport; complex; components; hun-7293; particle
AB The segregation of secretory and membrane proteins to the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by remarkably diverse signal sequences that have little or no homology with each other(1,2). Despite such sequence diversity, these signals are all recognized and interpreted by a highly conserved protein-conducting channel composed of the Sec61 complex(3,4). Signal recognition by Sec61 is essential for productive insertion of the nascent polypeptide into the translocation site(5), channel gating(6) and initiation of transport. Although subtle differences in these steps can be detected between different substrates(7,8), it is not known whether they can be exploited to modulate protein translocation selectively. Here we describe cotransin, a small molecule that inhibits protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. Cotransin acts in a signal-sequence-discriminatory manner to prevent the stable insertion of select nascent chains into the Sec61 translocation channel. Thus, the range of substrates accommodated by the channel can be specifically and reversibly modulated by a cell-permeable small molecule that alters the interaction between signal sequences and the Sec61 complex.
C1 NICHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Chem & Chem Biol Grad Program, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Bioseek Inc, Burlingame, CA 94010 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Hegde, RS (corresponding author), NICHD, Cell Biol & Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM hegder@mail.nih.gov; taunton@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 28
TC 137
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 285
EP 289
DI 10.1038/nature03821
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500047
PM 16015336
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, SJ
   Matsuura, Y
   Liu, SM
   Stewart, M
AF Lee, SJ
   Matsuura, Y
   Liu, SM
   Stewart, M
TI Structural basis for nuclear import complex dissociation by RanGTP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleocytoplasmic transport; export; karyopherins; domain; bind
AB Nuclear protein import is mediated mainly by the transport factor importin-beta that binds cytoplasmic cargo, most often via the importin-alpha adaptor, and then transports it through nuclear pore complexes. This active transport is driven by disassembly of the import complex by nuclear RanGTP(1-4). The switch I and II loops of Ran change conformation with nucleotide state(5-7), and regulate its interactions with nuclear trafficking components. Importin-beta consists of 19 HEAT repeats that are based on a pair of antiparallel alpha-helices ( referred to as the A- and B-helices). The HEAT repeats stack to yield two C-shaped arches, linked together to form a helicoidal molecule that has considerable conformational flexibility(1,8) (-12). Here we present the structure of full-length yeast importin-beta (Kap95p or karyopherin-beta) complexed with RanGTP, which provides a basis for understanding the crucial cargo-release step of nuclear import. We identify a key interaction site where the RanGTP switch I loop binds to the carboxy-terminal arch of Kap95p. This interaction produces a change in helicoidal pitch that locks Kap95p in a conformation that cannot bind importin-alpha or cargo. We suggest an allosteric mechanism for nuclear import complex disassembly by RanGTP.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Stewart, M (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM ms@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 181
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 693
EP 696
DI 10.1038/nature03578
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200054
PM 15864302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohki, K
   Chung, S
   Ch'ng, YH
   Kara, P
   Reid, RC
AF Ohki, K
   Chung, S
   Ch'ng, YH
   Kara, P
   Reid, RC
TI Functional imaging with cellular resolution reveals precise micro-architecture in visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neocortical pyramidal neurons; receptive-field property; in-vivo; orientation selectivity; direction selectivity; pinwheel centers; striate cortex; single neurons; cat area-18; ca2+ influx
AB Neurons in the cerebral cortex are organized into anatomical columns, with ensembles of cells arranged from the surface to the white matter. Within a column, neurons often share functional properties, such as selectivity for stimulus orientation; columns with distinct properties, such as different preferred orientations, tile the cortical surface in orderly patterns. This functional architecture was discovered with the relatively sparse sampling of microelectrode recordings. Optical imaging of membrane voltage or metabolic activity elucidated the overall geometry of functional maps, but is averaged over many cells ( resolution > 100 mum). Consequently, the purity of functional domains and the precision of the borders between them could not be resolved. Here, we labelled thousands of neurons of the visual cortex with a calcium- sensitive indicator in vivo. We then imaged the activity of neuronal populations at single- cell resolution with two- photon microscopy up to a depth of 400 mum. In rat primary visual cortex, neurons had robust orientation selectivity but there was no discernible local structure; neighbouring neurons often responded to different orientations. In area 18 of cat visual cortex, functional maps were organized at a fine scale. Neurons with opposite preferences for stimulus direction were segregated with extraordinary spatial precision in three dimensions, with columnar borders one to two cells wide. These results indicate that cortical maps can be built with single- cell precision.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Reid, RC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM clay_reid@hms.harvard.edu
NR 37
TC 890
Z9 1100
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 597
EP 603
DI 10.1038/nature03274
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000035
PM 15660108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allen, PA
   Hoffman, PF
AF Allen, PA
   Hoffman, PF
TI Extreme winds and waves in the aftermath of a Neoproterozoic glaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proterozoic cap carbonates; ancient sea conditions; snowball earth; isotopic excursions; constraints; namibia; record
AB The most severe excursions in the Earth's climatic history are thought to be associated with Proterozoic glaciations. According to the 'Snowball Earth' hypothesis, the Marinoan glaciation, which ended about 635 million years ago, involved global or nearly global ice cover. At the termination of this glacial period, rapid melting of continental ice sheets must have caused a large rise in sea level. Here we show that sediments deposited during this sea level rise contain remarkable structures that we interpret as giant wave ripples. These structures occur at homologous stratigraphic levels in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Namibia and Svalbard. Our hydrodynamic analysis of these structures suggests maximum wave periods of 21 to 30 seconds, significantly longer than those typical for today's oceans. The reconstructed wave conditions could only have been generated under sustained high wind velocities exceeding 20 metres per second in fetch-unlimited ocean basins. We propose that these extraordinary wind and wave conditions were characteristic of the climatic transit, and provide observational targets for atmospheric circulation models.
C1 ETH, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Harvard University
RP Allen, PA (corresponding author), ETH, Dept Earth Sci, Sonneggstr 5, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM philip.allen@erdw.ethz.ch
NR 47
TC 171
Z9 209
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 123
EP 127
DI 10.1038/nature03176
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200028
PM 15650730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Postma, E
   van Noordwijk, AJ
AF Postma, E
   van Noordwijk, AJ
TI Gene flow maintains a large genetic difference in clutch size at a small spatial scale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tit parus-major; natural-populations; great tit; adaptive divergence; island population; selection; immigration; dispersal; lake
AB Understanding the capacity of natural populations to adapt to their local environment is a central topic in evolutionary biology. Phenotypic differences between populations may have a genetic basis, but showing that they reflect different adaptive optima requires the quantification of both gene flow and selection(1-3). Good empirical data are rare(4). Using data on a spatially structured island population of great tits (Parus major), we show here that a persistent difference in mean clutch size between two subpopulations only a few kilometres apart has a major genetic component. We also show that immigrants from outside the island carry genes for large clutches. But gene flow into one subpopulation is low, as a result of a low immigration rate together with strong selection against immigrant genes. This has allowed for adaptation to the island environment and the maintenance of small clutches. In the other area, however, higher gene flow prevents local adaptation and maintains larger clutches. We show that the observed small-scale genetic difference in clutch size is not due to divergent selection on the island, but to different levels of gene flow from outside the island. Our findings illustrate the large effect of immigration on the evolution of local adaptations and on genetic population structure.
C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Terr Ecol, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
RP Postma, E (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Terr Ecol, POB 40, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
EM e.postma@nioo.knaw.nl
NR 30
TC 218
Z9 251
U1 2
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/nature03083
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100036
PM 15635410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reya, T
   Clevers, H
AF Reya, T
   Clevers, H
TI Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hair follicle morphogenesis; beta-catenin; progenitor cells; hematopoietic-cells; colorectal-cancer; mouse epidermis; small-intestine; self-renewal; sporadic medulloblastomas; translocation products
AB The canonical Wnt cascade has emerged as a critical regulator of stem cells. In many tissues, activation of Wnt signalling has also been associated with cancer. This has raised the possibility that the tightly regulated self-renewal mediated by Wnt signalling in stem and progenitor cells is subverted in cancer cells to allow malignant proliferation. Insights gained from understanding how the Wnt pathway is integrally involved in both stem cell and cancer cell maintenance and growth in the intestinal, epidermal and haematopoietic systems may serve as a paradigm for understanding the dual nature of self-renewal signals.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Duke University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP Reya, T (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM t.reya@duke.edu; clevers@niob.knaw.nl
NR 90
TC 3039
Z9 3768
U1 0
U2 461
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 843
EP 850
DI 10.1038/nature03319
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600029
PM 15829953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaplan, RN
   Riba, RD
   Zacharoulis, S
   Bramley, AH
   Vincent, L
   Costa, C
   MacDonald, DD
   Jin, DK
   Shido, K
   Kerns, SA
   Zhu, ZP
   Hicklin, D
   Wu, Y
   Port, JL
   Altorki, N
   Port, ER
   Ruggero, D
   Shmelkov, SV
   Jensen, KK
   Rafii, S
   Lyden, D
AF Kaplan, RN
   Riba, RD
   Zacharoulis, S
   Bramley, AH
   Vincent, L
   Costa, C
   MacDonald, DD
   Jin, DK
   Shido, K
   Kerns, SA
   Zhu, ZP
   Hicklin, D
   Wu, Y
   Port, JL
   Altorki, N
   Port, ER
   Ruggero, D
   Shmelkov, SV
   Jensen, KK
   Rafii, S
   Lyden, D
TI VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor-1; endothelial-cells; chemokine receptors; tumor angiogenesis; stem; adhesion; integrins; mmp-9; recruitment; progression
AB The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a tumour cell undergoes metastasis to a predetermined location are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that bone marrow-derived haematopoietic progenitor cells that express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1; also known as Flt1) home to tumour-specific pre-metastatic sites and form cellular clusters before the arrival of tumour cells. Preventing VEGFR1 function using antibodies or by the removal of VEGFR1(+) cells from the bone marrow of wild-type mice abrogates the formation of these pre-metastatic clusters and prevents tumour metastasis, whereas reconstitution with selected Id3 ( inhibitor of differentiation 3)-competent VEGFR1(+) cells establishes cluster formation and tumour metastasis in Id3 knockout mice. We also show that VEGFR1(+) cells express VLA-4 ( also known as integrin alpha(4)beta(1)), and that tumour-specific growth factors upregulate fibronectin - a VLA-4 ligand - in resident fibroblasts, providing a permissive niche for incoming tumour cells. Conditioned media obtained from distinct tumour types with unique patterns of metastatic spread redirected fibronectin expression and cluster formation, thereby transforming the metastatic profile. These findings demonstrate a requirement for VEGFR1(+) haematopoietic progenitors in the regulation of metastasis, and suggest that expression patterns of fibronectin and VEGFR1(+)VLA-4(+) clusters dictate organ-specific tumour spread.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Cornell Med Coll, Childrens Blood Fdn Labs, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Cornell Med Coll, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Surg, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Imclone Syst Inc, New York, NY 10014 USA.
   Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Eli Lilly; Imclone Systems Inc; Fox Chase Cancer Center
RP Lyden, D (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Cornell Med Coll, Dept Pediat, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM srafii@med.cornell.edu; dcl2001@med.cornell.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NHLBI NIH HHS [P01 HL067839, R01 HL061849, R01 HL058707] Funding Source: Medline
NR 36
TC 2624
Z9 3078
U1 2
U2 217
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 820
EP 827
DI 10.1038/nature04186
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800044
PM 16341007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yanoviak, SP
   Dudley, R
   Kaspari, M
AF Yanoviak, SP
   Dudley, R
   Kaspari, M
TI Directed aerial descent in canopy ants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behavior; rain
AB Numerous non- flying arboreal vertebrates use controlled descent ( either parachuting or gliding sensu stricto(1,2)) to avoid predation or to locate resources(3 - 7), and directional control during a jump or fall is thought to be an important stage in the evolution of flight(3,8,9). Here we show that workers of the neotropical ant Cephalotes atratus L. ( Hymenoptera: Formicidae) use directed aerial descent to return to their home tree trunk with > 80% success during a fall. Videotaped falls reveal that C. atratus workers descend abdomen- first through steep glide trajectories at relatively high velocities; a field experiment shows that falling ants use visual cues to locate tree trunks before they hit the forest floor. Smaller workers of C. atratus, and smaller species of Cephalotes more generally, regain contact with their associated tree trunk over shorter vertical distances than do larger workers. Surveys of common arboreal ants suggest that directed descent occurs in most species of the tribe Cephalotini and arboreal Pseudomyrmecinae, but not in arboreal ponerimorphs or Dolichoderinae. This is the first study to document the mechanics and ecological relevance of this form of locomotion in the Earth's most diverse lineage, the insects.
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Univ Texas, Med Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
   Univ Florida, Florida Med Entomol Lab, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Kaspari, M (corresponding author), Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, POB 2072, Balboa, Panama.
EM mkaspari@ou.edu
NR 25
TC 127
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 624
EP 626
DI 10.1038/nature03254
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000042
PM 15703745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pluchino, S
   Zanotti, L
   Rossi, B
   Brambilla, E
   Ottoboni, L
   Salani, G
   Martinello, M
   Cattalini, A
   Bergami, A
   Furlan, R
   Comi, G
   Constantin, G
   Martino, G
AF Pluchino, S
   Zanotti, L
   Rossi, B
   Brambilla, E
   Ottoboni, L
   Salani, G
   Martinello, M
   Cattalini, A
   Bergami, A
   Furlan, R
   Comi, G
   Constantin, G
   Martino, G
TI Neurosphere-derived multipotent precursors promote neuroprotection by an immunomodulatory mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; central-nervous-system; neural stem-cells; nitric-oxide; apoptosis; brain; induction; transplantation; expression; migration
AB In degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), transplantation of neural multipotent ( stem) precursor cells (NPCs) is aimed at replacing damaged neural cells(1,2). Here we show that in CNS inflammation, NPCs are able to promote neuroprotection by maintaining undifferentiated features and exerting unexpected immune-like functions. In a mouse model of chronic CNS inflammation, systemically injected adult syngeneic NPCs use constitutively activated integrins and functional chemokine receptors to selectively enter the inflamed CNS. These undifferentiated cells survive repeated episodes of CNS inflammation by accumulating within perivascular areas where reactive astrocytes, inflamed endothelial cells and encephalitogenic T cells produce neurogenic and gliogenic regulators. In perivascular CNS areas, surviving adult NPCs induce apoptosis of blood-borne CNS-infiltrating encephalitogenic T cells, thus protecting against chronic neural tissue loss as well as disease-related disability. These results indicate that undifferentiated adult NPCs have relevant therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory CNS disorders because they display immune-like functions that promote long-lasting neuroprotection.
C1 Vita Salute Univ, Hosp San Raffaele, Neuroimmunol Unit DIBIT, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Vita Salute Univ, Hosp San Raffaele, Dept Neurol, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Vita Salute Univ, Hosp San Raffaele, Dept Neurophysiol, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Verona, Dept Pathol, Sect Gen Pathol, I-37134 Verona, Italy.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; University of Verona
RP Martino, G (corresponding author), Vita Salute Univ, Hosp San Raffaele, Neuroimmunol Unit DIBIT, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
EM martino.gianvito@hsr.it
NR 27
TC 641
Z9 719
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 266
EP 271
DI 10.1038/nature03889
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500043
PM 16015332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Picollo, A
   Pusch, M
AF Picollo, A
   Pusch, M
TI Chloride/proton antiporter activity of mammalian CLC proteins ClC-4 and ClC-5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dents-disease; channel; acidification; endocytosis; disruption; endosm; inhibitor; vesicles; fusion; cells
AB ClC-4 and ClC-5 are members of the CLC gene family(1), with ClC-5 mutated in Dent's disease(2), a nephropathy associated with low-molecular-mass proteinuria and eventual renal failure. ClC-5 has been proposed to be an electrically shunting Cl- channel in early endosomes, facilitating intraluminal acidification(3,4). Motivated by the discovery that certain bacterial CLC proteins are secondary active Cl-/H+ antiporters(5), we hypothesized that mammalian CLC proteins might not be classical Cl- ion channels but might exhibit Cl-- coupled proton transport activity. Here we report that ClC-4 and ClC-5 carry a substantial amount of protons across the plasma membrane when activated by positive voltages, as revealed by measurements of pH close to the cell surface. Both proteins are able to extrude protons against their electrochemical gradient, demonstrating secondary active transport. H+, but not Cl-, transport was abolished when a pore glutamate was mutated to alanine (E211A). ClC-0, ClC-2 and ClC-Ka proteins showed no significant proton transport. The muscle channel ClC-1 exhibited a small H+ transport that might be physiologically relevant. For ClC-5, we estimated that Cl- and H+ transport contribute about equally to the total charge movement, raising the possibility that the coupled Cl-/H+ transport of ClC-4 and ClC-5 is of significant magnitude in vivo.
C1 CNR, Ist Biofis, I-16149 Genoa, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Biofisica (IBF-CNR)
RP Pusch, M (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Biofis, Via Marini 6, I-16149 Genoa, Italy.
EM pusch@ge.ibf.cnr.it
FU Telethon [GGP04018] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 405
Z9 465
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/nature03720
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400048
PM 16034421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parfitt, SA
   Barendregt, RW
   Breda, M
   Candy, I
   Collins, MJ
   Coope, GR
   Durbidge, P
   Field, MH
   Lee, JR
   Lister, AM
   Mutch, R
   Penkman, KEH
   Preece, RC
   Rose, J
   Stringer, CB
   Symmons, R
   Whittaker, JE
   Wymer, JJ
   Stuart, AJ
AF Parfitt, SA
   Barendregt, RW
   Breda, M
   Candy, I
   Collins, MJ
   Coope, GR
   Durbidge, P
   Field, MH
   Lee, JR
   Lister, AM
   Mutch, R
   Penkman, KEH
   Preece, RC
   Rose, J
   Stringer, CB
   Symmons, R
   Whittaker, JE
   Wymer, JJ
   Stuart, AJ
TI The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern england; colonization; hominids; remains; britain; age
AB The colonization of Eurasia by early humans is a key event after their spread out of Africa, but the nature, timing and ecological context of the earliest human occupation of northwest Europe is uncertain and has been the subject of intense debate(1). The southern Caucasus was occupied about 1.8 million years (Myr) ago(2), whereas human remains from Atapuerca-TD6, Spain ( more than 780 kyr ago)(3) and Ceprano, Italy ( about 800 kyr ago)(4) show that early Homo had dispersed to the Mediterranean hinterland before the Brunhes - Matuyama magnetic polarity reversal ( 780 kyr ago). Until now, the earliest uncontested artefacts from northern Europe were much younger, suggesting that humans were unable to colonize northern latitudes until about 500 kyr ago(5,6). Here we report flint artefacts from the Cromer Forest-bed Formation at Pakefield (52 degrees N), Suffolk, UK, from an interglacial sequence yielding a diverse range of plant and animal fossils. Event and lithostratigraphy, palaeomagnetism, amino acid geochronology and biostratigraphy indicate that the artefacts date to the early part of the Brunhes Chron ( about 700 kyr ago) and thus represent the earliest unequivocal evidence for human presence north of the Alps.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Inst Archaeol, London WC1H 0PY, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Univ Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB TK1 3M4, Canada.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Geol Paleontol & Geofis, I-35100 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Loughborough, Dept Geog, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England.
   Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Geog, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Univ York, BioArch, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Birmingham, Dept Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Lowestoft Museum, Lowestoft NR33 9JR, Suffolk, England.
   Church Cottage, Fenny Compton CV47 2YE, Warwick, England.
   British Geol Survey, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Durham, Sch Biol & Biomed Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; Natural History Museum London; University of Lethbridge; University of Padua; Loughborough University; University of London; Royal Holloway University London; University of York - UK; University of Birmingham; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Geological Survey; University of Cambridge; Durham University
RP Stuart, AJ (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM tony@megafauna.freeserve.co.uk
FU NERC [bgs03002] Funding Source: UKRI; Natural Environment Research Council [bgs03002] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 319
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1008
EP 1012
DI 10.1038/nature04227
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600065
PM 16355223
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sankaran, M
   Hanan, NP
   Scholes, RJ
   Ratnam, J
   Augustine, DJ
   Cade, BS
   Gignoux, J
   Higgins, SI
   Le Roux, X
   Ludwig, F
   Ardo, J
   Banyikwa, F
   Bronn, A
   Bucini, G
   Caylor, KK
   Coughenour, MB
   Diouf, A
   Ekaya, W
   Feral, CJ
   February, EC
   Frost, PGH
   Hiernaux, P
   Hrabar, H
   Metzger, KL
   Prins, HHT
   Ringrose, S
   Sea, W
   Tews, J
   Worden, J
   Zambatis, N
AF Sankaran, M
   Hanan, NP
   Scholes, RJ
   Ratnam, J
   Augustine, DJ
   Cade, BS
   Gignoux, J
   Higgins, SI
   Le Roux, X
   Ludwig, F
   Ardo, J
   Banyikwa, F
   Bronn, A
   Bucini, G
   Caylor, KK
   Coughenour, MB
   Diouf, A
   Ekaya, W
   Feral, CJ
   February, EC
   Frost, PGH
   Hiernaux, P
   Hrabar, H
   Metzger, KL
   Prins, HHT
   Ringrose, S
   Sea, W
   Tews, J
   Worden, J
   Zambatis, N
TI Determinants of woody cover in African savannas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tree-grass coexistence; quantile regression; fire; vegetation; mechanisms; stability; systems
AB Savannas are globally important ecosystems of great significance to human economies. In these biomes, which are characterized by the co-dominance of trees and grasses, woody cover is a chief determinant of ecosystem properties(1-3). The availability of resources ( water, nutrients) and disturbance regimes ( fire, herbivory) are thought to be important in regulating woody cover(1,2,4,5), but perceptions differ on which of these are the primary drivers of savanna structure. Here we show, using data from 854 sites across Africa, that maximum woody cover in savannas receiving a mean annual precipitation (MAP) of less than similar to 650 mm is constrained by, and increases linearly with, MAP. These arid and semi-arid savannas may be considered 'stable' systems in which water constrains woody cover and permits grasses to coexist, while fire, herbivory and soil properties interact to reduce woody cover below the MAP-controlled upper bound. Above a MAP of similar to 650 mm, savannas are 'unstable' systems in which MAP is sufficient for woody canopy closure, and disturbances ( fire, herbivory) are required for the coexistence of trees and grass. These results provide insights into the nature of African savannas and suggest that future changes in precipitation(6) may considerably affect their distribution and dynamics.
C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   CSIR, Div Forest Sci & Technol, ZA-001 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Forest Serv, USDA, Commanche Natl Grassland, Springfield, CO 81073 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7625, Lab Ecol,Ecole Normale Super, F-75230 Paris, France.
   UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Sekt Okosyst Anal, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557,Microbial Ecol Lab, USC INRA 1193, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   CSIRO Plant Ind, CSIRO Ctr Environm & Life Sci, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
   Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Anal, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Univ Dar Es Salaam, Dept Bot, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
   Port Elizabeth Technikon, Dept Agr & Game Management, ZA-6000 Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Ctr Suivi Ecol, Dakar, Senegal.
   Univ Nairobi, Dept Range Management, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   Univ Zimbabwe, Inst Environm Studies, Harare, Zimbabwe.
   CESBIO, F-31401 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-002 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Resource Ecol Grp, NL-6708 PD Wageningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Res Ctr, Maun, Botswana.
   Univ Potsdam, Inst Biochem & Biol Plant Ecol & Nat Conservat, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
   Kruger Natl Pk, Sci Serv, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa.
C3 Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ); Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); INRAE; VetAgro Sup; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Lund University; University of Dar es Salaam; Nelson Mandela University; Princeton University; University of Nairobi; University of Virginia; University of Cape Town; University of Zimbabwe; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); University of Pretoria; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Wageningen University & Research; University of Botswana; University of Potsdam
RP Sankaran, M (corresponding author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
EM mahesh@nrel.colostate.edu
NR 30
TC 1473
Z9 1741
U1 11
U2 615
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 846
EP 849
DI 10.1038/nature04070
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800049
PM 16341012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nierman, WC
   Pain, A
   Anderson, MJ
   Wortman, JR
   Kim, HS
   Arroyo, J
   Berriman, M
   Abe, K
   Archer, DB
   Bermejo, C
   Bennett, J
   Bowyer, P
   Chen, D
   Collins, M
   Coulsen, R
   Davies, R
   Dyer, PS
   Farman, M
   Fedorova, N
   Fedorova, N
   Feldblyum, TV
   Fischer, R
   Fosker, N
   Fraser, A
   García, JL
   García, MJ
   Goble, A
   Goldman, GH
   Gomi, K
   Griffith-Jones, S
   Gwilliam, R
   Haas, B
   Haas, H
   Harris, D
   Horiuchi, H
   Huang, J
   Humphray, S
   Jiménez, J
   Keller, N
   Khouri, H
   Kitamoto, K
   Kobayashi, T
   Konzack, S
   Kulkarni, R
   Kumagai, T
   Lafton, A
   Latgé, JP
   Li, WX
   Lord, A
   Majoros, WH
   May, GS
   Miller, BL
   Mohamoud, Y
   Molina, M
   Monod, M
   Mouyna, I
   Mulligan, S
   Murphy, L
   O'Neil, S
   Paulsen, I
   Peñalva, MA
   Pertea, M
   Price, C
   Pritchard, BL
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Rawlins, N
   Rajandream, MA
   Reichard, U
   Renauld, H
   Robson, GD
   de Córdoba, SR
   Rodriguez-Pena, JM
   Ronning, CM
   Rutter, S
   Salzberg, SL
   Sanchez, M
   Sánchez-Ferrero, JC
   Saunders, D
   Seeger, K
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Takeuchi, M
   Tekaia, F
   Turner, G
   de Aldana, CRV
   Weidman, J
   White, O
   Woodward, J
   Yu, JH
   Fraser, C
   Galagan, JE
   Asai, K
   Machida, M
   Hall, N
   Barrell, B
   Denning, DW
AF Nierman, WC
   Pain, A
   Anderson, MJ
   Wortman, JR
   Kim, HS
   Arroyo, J
   Berriman, M
   Abe, K
   Archer, DB
   Bermejo, C
   Bennett, J
   Bowyer, P
   Chen, D
   Collins, M
   Coulsen, R
   Davies, R
   Dyer, PS
   Farman, M
   Fedorova, N
   Fedorova, N
   Feldblyum, TV
   Fischer, R
   Fosker, N
   Fraser, A
   García, JL
   García, MJ
   Goble, A
   Goldman, GH
   Gomi, K
   Griffith-Jones, S
   Gwilliam, R
   Haas, B
   Haas, H
   Harris, D
   Horiuchi, H
   Huang, J
   Humphray, S
   Jiménez, J
   Keller, N
   Khouri, H
   Kitamoto, K
   Kobayashi, T
   Konzack, S
   Kulkarni, R
   Kumagai, T
   Lafton, A
   Latgé, JP
   Li, WX
   Lord, A
   Majoros, WH
   May, GS
   Miller, BL
   Mohamoud, Y
   Molina, M
   Monod, M
   Mouyna, I
   Mulligan, S
   Murphy, L
   O'Neil, S
   Paulsen, I
   Peñalva, MA
   Pertea, M
   Price, C
   Pritchard, BL
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Rawlins, N
   Rajandream, MA
   Reichard, U
   Renauld, H
   Robson, GD
   de Córdoba, SR
   Rodriguez-Pena, JM
   Ronning, CM
   Rutter, S
   Salzberg, SL
   Sanchez, M
   Sánchez-Ferrero, JC
   Saunders, D
   Seeger, K
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Takeuchi, M
   Tekaia, F
   Turner, G
   de Aldana, CRV
   Weidman, J
   White, O
   Woodward, J
   Yu, JH
   Fraser, C
   Galagan, JE
   Asai, K
   Machida, M
   Hall, N
   Barrell, B
   Denning, DW
TI Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-wall; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene-cluster; sensitization; arsenite; compost
AB Aspergillus fumigatus is exceptional among microorganisms in being both a primary and opportunistic pathogen as well as a major allergen(1-3). Its conidia production is prolific, and so human respiratory tract exposure is almost constant(4). A. fumigatus is isolated from human habitats(5) and vegetable compost heaps(6,7). In immunocompromised individuals, the incidence of invasive infection can be as high as 50% and the mortality rate is often about 50% (ref. 2). The interaction of A. fumigatus and other airborne fungi with the immune system is increasingly linked to severe asthma and sinusitis(8). Although the burden of invasive disease caused by A. fumigatus is substantial, the basic biology of the organism is mostly obscure. Here we show the complete 29.4-megabase genome sequence of the clinical isolate Af293, which consists of eight chromosomes containing 9,926 predicted genes. Microarray analysis revealed temperature-dependent expression of distinct sets of genes, as well as 700 A. fumigatus genes not present or significantly diverged in the closely related sexual species Neosartorya fischeri, many of which may have roles in the pathogenicity phenotype. The Af293 genome sequence provides an unparalleled resource for the future understanding of this remarkable fungus.
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Med, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Microbiol 2, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Tohoku Univ, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808555, Japan.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
   European Bioinformat Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SD, England.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Plant Pathol, Lexington, KY 40546 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
   CSIC, Ctr Invest Biol, Madrid 28040, Spain.
   Univ Salamanca, Dept Genet & Microbiol, Salamanca 37007, Spain.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Innsbruck Med Univ, Dept Mol Biol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Biotechnol, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Bioagr Sci, Dept Biol Mech & Funct, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci 7 Technol AIST, Computat Biol Res Ctr, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
   Inst Pasteur, INRA USC 2019, Unite Postulante Biol & Pathogen Fong, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Aspergillus, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Div Pathol & Lab Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Idaho, Ctr Reprod Biol, Dept Microbiol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
   Univ Idaho, Ctr Reprod Biol, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
   CHU Vaudois, Dept Dermatol, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Gottingen, Dept Bacteriol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Tokyo 1830054, Japan.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Res Ctr Glycosci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; George Washington University; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Manchester; University of Manchester; Complutense University of Madrid; Tohoku University; University of Nottingham; Tulane University; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; University of Kentucky; Max Planck Society; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB); University of Salamanca; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Medical University of Innsbruck; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Tokyo; Nagoya University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; INRAE; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Idaho; University of Idaho; University of Lausanne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); University of Gottingen; Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology; University of Sheffield; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Nierman, WC (corresponding author), Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM wnierman@tigr.org
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [CFB17726] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [CFB17726] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 1120
Z9 2316
U1 0
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1151
EP 1156
DI 10.1038/nature04332
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500050
PM 16372009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krüger, F
   Ohrnberger, M
AF Krüger, F
   Ohrnberger, M
TI Tracking the rupture of the Mw=9.3 Sumatra earthquake over 1,150 km at teleseismic distance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID propagation; array
AB On 26 December 2004, a moment magnitude M-w = 9.3 earthquake occurred along Northern Sumatra, the Nicobar and Andaman islands, resulting in a devastating tsunami in the Indian Ocean region(1). The rapid and accurate estimation of the rupture length and direction of such tsunami-generating earthquakes is crucial for constraining both tsunami wave-height models as well as the seismic moment of the events. Compressional seismic waves generated at the hypocentre of the Sumatra earthquake arrived after about 12 min at the broadband seismic stations of the German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN)(2,3), located approximately 9,000 km from the event. Here we present a modification of a standard array-seismological approach and show that it is possible to track the propagating rupture front of the Sumatra earthquake over a total rupture length of 1,150 km. We estimate the average rupture speed to be 2.3-2.7 km s(-1) and the total duration of rupture to be at least 430 s, and probably between 480 and 500 s.
C1 Univ Potsdam, Inst Geosci, D-14476 Golm, Germany.
C3 University of Potsdam
RP Krüger, F (corresponding author), Univ Potsdam, Inst Geosci, Karl Liebknecht Str 24, D-14476 Golm, Germany.
EM kruegerf@geo.uni-potsdam.de
NR 13
TC 213
Z9 240
U1 2
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 937
EP 939
DI 10.1038/nature03696
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700045
PM 15908983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inoue, N
   Ikawa, M
   Isotani, A
   Okabe, M
AF Inoue, N
   Ikawa, M
   Isotani, A
   Okabe, M
TI The immunoglobulin superfamily protein Izumo is required for sperm to fuse with eggs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma-membrane; cd9-deficient mice; acrosome reaction; human-spermatozoa; gamete fusion; fertilin-beta; mouse; binding; receptors; calmegin
AB Representing the 60 trillion cells that build a human body, a sperm and an egg meet, recognize each other, and fuse to form a new generation of life. The factors involved in this important membrane fusion event, fertilization, have been sought for a long time(1). Recently, CD9 on the egg membrane was found to be essential for fusion(2-4), but sperm-related fusion factors remain unknown. Here, by using a fusion-inhibiting monoclonal antibody(5) and gene cloning, we identify a mouse sperm fusion-related antigen and show that the antigen is a novel immunoglobulin superfamily protein. We have termed the gene Izumo and produced a gene-disrupted mouse line. Izumo(-/-) mice were healthy but males were sterile. They produced normal-looking sperm that bound to and penetrated the zona pellucida but were incapable of fusing with eggs. Human sperm also contain Izumo and addition of the antibody against human Izumo left the sperm unable to fuse with zona-free hamster eggs.
C1 Osaka Univ, Genome Informat Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Res Inst Microbial Dis, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka
RP Okabe, M (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Genome Informat Res Ctr, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM okabe@gen-info.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 31
TC 628
Z9 754
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 234
EP 238
DI 10.1038/nature03362
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500050
PM 15759005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanner, BI
AF Kanner, BI
TI Molecular physiology - Intimate contact enables transport
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; rat-brain; mechanism; expression; cloning; fluxes; sodium
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Biochem, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Kanner, BI (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Biochem, POB 12272, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM kannerb@cc.huji.ac.il
NR 12
TC 8
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 203
EP 205
DI 10.1038/437203a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900038
PM 16148921
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forbes, P
AF Forbes, P
TI Poetry and science: greatness in little
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 3
TC 1
Z9 2
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 320
EP 323
DI 10.1038/434320a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100039
PM 15772650
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gleich, B
   Weizenecker, R
AF Gleich, B
   Weizenecker, R
TI Tomographic imaging using the nonlinear response of magnetic particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contrast agents; iron-oxide; in-vivo
AB The use of contrast agents and tracers in medical imaging has a long history(1-7). They provide important information for diagnosis and therapy, but for some desired applications, a higher resolution is required than can be obtained using the currently available medical imaging techniques. Consider, for example, the use of magnetic tracers in magnetic resonance imaging: detection thresholds for in vitro(8) and in vivo(9) imaging are such that the background signal from the host tissue is a crucial limiting factor. A sensitive method for detecting the magnetic particles directly is to measure their magnetic fields using relaxometry(10); but this approach has the drawback that the inverse problem ( associated with transforming the data into a spatial image) is ill posed and therefore yields low spatial resolution. Here we present a method for obtaining a high-resolution image of such tracers that takes advantage of the nonlinear magnetization curve of small magnetic particles. Initial 'phantom' experiments are reported that demonstrate the feasibility of the imaging method. The resolution that we achieve is already well below 1 mm. We evaluate the prospects for further improvement, and show that the method has the potential to be developed into an imaging method characterized by both high spatial resolution as well as high sensitivity.
C1 Philips Res Hamburg, D-22335 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Philips; Philips Research
RP Gleich, B (corresponding author), Philips Res Hamburg, Rontgenstr 24-26, D-22335 Hamburg, Germany.
EM bernhard.gleich@philips.com; juergen.weizenecker@philips.com
NR 17
TC 1658
Z9 1947
U1 17
U2 363
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1214
EP 1217
DI 10.1038/nature03808
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500039
PM 15988521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palter, JB
   Lozier, MS
   Barber, RT
AF Palter, JB
   Lozier, MS
   Barber, RT
TI The effect of advection on the nutrient reservoir in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variability; water; circulation; sea
AB Though critically important in sustaining the ocean's biological pump, the cycling of nutrients in the subtropical gyres is poorly understood. The supply of nutrients to the sunlit surface layer of the ocean has traditionally been attributed solely to vertical processes. However, horizontal advection may also be important in establishing the availability of nutrients. Here we show that the production and advection of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water introduces spatial and temporal variability in the subsurface nutrient reservoir beneath the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. As the mode water is formed, its nutrients are depleted by biological utilization. When the depleted water mass is exported to the gyre, it injects a wedge of low-nutrient water into the upper layers of the ocean. Contrary to intuition, cold winters that promote deep convective mixing and vigorous mode water formation may diminish downstream primary productivity by altering the subsurface delivery of nutrients.
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Coastal Syst Sci & Policy, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Palter, JB (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM jbp3@duke.edu
NR 32
TC 172
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 687
EP 692
DI 10.1038/nature03969
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900043
PM 16193044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mandavilli, A
AF Mandavilli, A
TI The coming epidemic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 6
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 496
EP 498
DI 10.1038/436496a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800049
PM 16049477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Déjardin, J
   Rappailles, A
   Cuvier, O
   Grimaud, C
   Decoville, M
   Locker, D
   Cavalli, G
AF Déjardin, J
   Rappailles, A
   Cuvier, O
   Grimaud, C
   Decoville, M
   Locker, D
   Cavalli, G
TI Recruitment of Drosophila Polycomb group proteins to chromatin by DSP1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hmg-like protein; response element; gene; dna; complex; gaga; inheritance; activation; requires; silencer
AB Polycomb and trithorax group (PcG and trxG) proteins maintain silent and active transcriptional states, respectively, throughout development(1). In Drosophila, PcG and trxG proteins associate with DNA regions named Polycomb and trithorax response elements (PRE and TRE), but the mechanisms of recruitment are unknown. We previously characterized a minimal element from the regulatory region of the Abdominal-B gene, termed Ab-Fab. Ab-Fab contains a PRE and a TRE and is able to maintain repressed or active chromatin states during development(2). Here we show that the Dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1), a Drosophila HMGB2 homologue, binds to a sequence present within Ab-Fab and in other characterized PREs. Addition of this motif to an artificial sequence containing Pleiohomeotic and GAGA factor consensus sites is sufficient for PcG protein recruitment in vivo. Mutations that abolish DSP1 binding to Ab-Fab and to a PRE from the engrailed locus lead to loss of PcG protein binding, loss of silencing, and switching of these PREs into constitutive TREs. The binding of DSP1 to PREs is therefore important for the recruitment of PcG proteins.
C1 CNRS, Inst Human Genet, F-34396 Montpellier, France.
   Univ Orleans, CNRS, Ctr Biophys Mol, F-45071 Orleans, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Universite de Orleans; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Cavalli, G (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Human Genet, 141 Rue Cardonille, F-34396 Montpellier, France.
EM giacomo.cavalli@igh.cnrs.fr
NR 29
TC 128
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 533
EP 538
DI 10.1038/nature03386
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000048
PM 15791260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michor, F
   Hughes, TP
   Iwasa, Y
   Branford, S
   Shah, NP
   Sawyers, CL
   Nowak, MA
AF Michor, F
   Hughes, TP
   Iwasa, Y
   Branford, S
   Shah, NP
   Sawyers, CL
   Nowak, MA
TI Dynamics of chronic myeloid leukaemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic myelogenous leukemia; complete cytogenetic remission; time quantitative pcr; imatinib mesylate; blast crisis; abl gene; hematopoietic progenitors; clinical resistance; tyrosine kinase; chronic phase
AB The clinical success of the ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) serves as a model for molecularly targeted therapy of cancer(1-4), but at least two critical questions remain. Can imatinib eradicate leukaemic stem cells? What are the dynamics of relapse due to imatinib resistance, which is caused by mutations in the ABL kinase domain? The precise understanding of how imatinib exerts its therapeutic effect in CML and the ability to measure disease burden by quantitative polymerase chain reaction provide an opportunity to develop a mathematical approach. We find that a four-compartment model, based on the known biology of haematopoietic differentiation(5), can explain the kinetics of the molecular response to imatinib in a 169-patient data set. Successful therapy leads to a biphasic exponential decline of leukaemic cells. The first slope of 0.05 per day represents the turnover rate of differentiated leukaemic cells, while the second slope of 0.008 per day represents the turnover rate of leukaemic progenitors. The model suggests that imatinib is a potent inhibitor of the production of differentiated leukaemic cells, but does not deplete leukaemic stem cells. We calculate the probability of developing imatinib resistance mutations and estimate the time until detection of resistance. Our model provides the first quantitative insights into the in vivo kinetics of a human cancer.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Math, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Inst Med & Vet Sci, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Jonsson Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Med & Mol Pharmacol,Dept Urol,Mol Biol Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Harvard University; SA Pathology; Kyushu University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Michor, F (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Math, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM michor@fas.harvard.edu
NR 27
TC 647
Z9 717
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1267
EP 1270
DI 10.1038/nature03669
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500050
PM 15988530
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zatorre, R
   McGill, J
AF Zatorre, R
   McGill, J
TI Music, the food of neuroscience?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID absolute pitch; language; brain
C1 Montreal Neurol Inst, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
C3 McGill University
RP Zatorre, R (corresponding author), Montreal Neurol Inst, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
NR 16
TC 217
Z9 279
U1 2
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 312
EP 315
DI 10.1038/434312a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100037
PM 15772648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vollbrecht, E
   Springer, PS
   Goh, L
   Buckler, ES
   Martienssen, R
AF Vollbrecht, E
   Springer, PS
   Goh, L
   Buckler, ES
   Martienssen, R
TI Architecture of floral branch systems in maize and related grasses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meristem identity; gene; shoot; evolution; morphogenesis; selection; patterns; encodes; tassel
AB The external appearance of flowering plants is determined to a large extent by the forms of flower-bearing branch systems, known as inflorescences, and their position in the overall structure of the plant. Branches and branching patterns are produced by tissues called shoot apical meristems. Thus, inflorescence architecture reflects meristem number, arrangement and activity, and the duration of meristem activity correlates with branch length. The inflorescences of maize, unlike those of related grasses such as rice and sorghum, predominantly lack long branches, giving rise to the tassel and familiar corncob. Here we report the isolation of the maize ramosa1 gene and show that it controls inflorescence architecture. Through its expression in a boundary domain near the nascent meristem base, ramosa1 imposes short branch identity as branch meristems are initiated. A second gene, ramosa2, acts through ramosa1 by regulating ramosa1 gene expression levels. ramosa1 encodes a transcription factor that appears to be absent in rice, is heterochronically expressed in sorghum, and may have played an important role in maize domestication and grass evolution.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cornell University
RP Martienssen, R (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM martiens@cshl.org
NR 42
TC 287
Z9 377
U1 2
U2 94
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1119
EP 1126
DI 10.1038/nature03892
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600037
PM 16041362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Church, JA
   White, NJ
   Arblaster, JM
AF Church, JA
   White, NJ
   Arblaster, JM
TI Significant decadal-scale impact of volcanic eruptions on sea level and ocean heat content
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 20th-century temperature; climate simulations; rise
AB Ocean thermal expansion contributes significantly to sea-level variability and rise(1). However, observed decadal variability in ocean heat content(2,3) and sea level(4) has not been reproduced well in climate models(5). Aerosols injected into the stratosphere during volcanic eruptions scatter incoming solar radiation, and cause a rapid cooling of the atmosphere(6,7) and a reduction in rainfall(6,8,9,) as well as other changes in the climate system(7). Here we use observations of ocean heat content(2,3) and a set of climate simulations to show that large volcanic eruptions result in rapid reductions in ocean heat content and global mean sea level. For the Mt Pinatubo eruption, we estimate a reduction in ocean heat content of about 3 x 10(22) J and a global sea-level fall of about 5 mm. Over the three years following such an eruption, we estimate a decrease in evaporation of up to 0.1 mm d(-1), comparable to observed changes in mean land precipitation(6,8,9). The recovery of sea level following the Mt Pinatubo eruption in 1991 explains about half of the difference between the long-termrate of sea-level rise(4) of 1.8 mm yr(-1) ( for 1950 - 2000), and the higher rate estimated for the more recent period where satellite altimeter data are available (1993 - 2000)(4,10).
C1 CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst Cooperat Res Ctr, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC); National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; Bureau of Meteorology - Australia
RP Church, JA (corresponding author), CSIRO Marine & Atmospher Res, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
EM John.Church@csiro.au
NR 28
TC 187
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature04237
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000043
PM 16267551
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lucchetta, EM
   Lee, JH
   Fu, LA
   Patel, NH
   Ismagilov, RF
AF Lucchetta, EM
   Lee, JH
   Fu, LA
   Patel, NH
   Ismagilov, RF
TI Dynamics of Drosophila embryonic patterning network perturbed in space and time using microfluidics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression patterns; poly(dimethylsiloxane); protein; devices
AB Biochemical networks are perturbed both by fluctuations in environmental conditions and genetic variation. These perturbations must be compensated for, especially when they occur during embryonic pattern formation. Complex chemical reaction networks displaying spatiotemporal dynamics have been controlled and understood by perturbing their environment in space and time(1-3). Here, we apply this approach using microfluidics to investigate the robust network in Drosophila melanogaster that compensates for variation in the Bicoid morphogen gradient. We show that the compensation system can counteract the effects of extremely unnatural environmental conditions-a temperature step-in which the anterior and posterior halves of the embryo are developing at different temperatures and thus at different rates. Embryonic patterning was normal under this condition, suggesting that a simple reciprocal gradient system is not the mechanism of compensation. Time-specific reversals of the temperature step narrowed down the critical period for compensation to between 65 and 100 min after onset of embryonic development. The microfluidic technology used here may prove useful to future studies, as it allows spatial and temporal regulation of embryonic development.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Ismagilov, RF (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM nipam@uclink.berkeley.edu; r-ismagilov@uchicago.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM077331] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 362
Z9 466
U1 2
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1134
EP 1138
DI 10.1038/nature03509
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300044
PM 15858575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allard, P
   Burton, M
   Muré, F
AF Allard, P
   Burton, M
   Muré, F
TI Spectroscopic evidence for a lava fountain driven by previously accumulated magmatic gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mount-etna; remote measurements; kilauea volcano; basaltic magma; eruption; hawaii; co2; dynamics; ascent; h2o
AB Lava fountains are spectacular continuous gas jets, propelling lava fragments to heights of several hundred metres, which occasionally occur during eruptions of low-viscosity magmas(1-5). Whether they are generated by the effervescent disruption of fast-rising bubbly melt(2-5) or by the separate ascent of a bubble foam layer accumulated at depth(6,7) still remains a matter of debate(8). No field measurement has yet allowed firm discrimination between these two models. A key insight into the origin of lava fountains may be gained by measuring the chemical composition of the driving gas phase. This composition should differ markedly depending on whether the magma degassing occurs before or during eruption(9,10). Here we report the analysis of magmatic gas during a powerful (250 - 600 m high) lava fountain, measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(11-14) on Mount Etna, Sicily. The abundances of volcanic gas species, determined from absorption spectra of lava radiation, reveal a fountain gas having higher CO2/S and S/Cl ratios than other etnean emissions(14-18), and which cannot derive from syn-eruptive bulk degassing of Etna basalt(19,20). Instead, its composition suggests violent emptying of a gas bubble layer previously accumulated at about 1.5 km depth below the erupting crater.
C1 INGV, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
   CE Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Lab Pierre Sue, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Allard, P (corresponding author), INGV, Piazza Roma 2, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
EM patrick.allard@cea.fr
NR 28
TC 231
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/nature03246
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200040
PM 15674289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rest, A
   Suntzeff, NB
   Olsen, K
   Prieto, JL
   Smith, RC
   Welch, DL
   Becker, A
   Bergmann, M
   Clocchiatti, A
   Cook, K
   Garg, A
   Huber, M
   Miknaitis, G
   Minniti, D
   Nikolaev, S
   Stubbs, C
AF Rest, A
   Suntzeff, NB
   Olsen, K
   Prieto, JL
   Smith, RC
   Welch, DL
   Becker, A
   Bergmann, M
   Clocchiatti, A
   Cook, K
   Garg, A
   Huber, M
   Miknaitis, G
   Minniti, D
   Nikolaev, S
   Stubbs, C
TI Light echoes from ancient supernovae in the Large Magellanic Cloud
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sn 1991t; search; reflections; remnants; 1993j
AB The light from historical supernovae could in principle still be visible as scattered-light echoes centuries after the explosion(1-6). The detection of light echoes could allow us to pinpoint the supernova event both in position and age and, most importantly, permit the acquisition of spectra to determine the 'type' of the supernova centuries after the direct light from the explosion first reached Earth. Although echoes have been discovered around some nearby extragalactic supernovae(7-13), targeted searches have not found any echoes in the regions of historical Galactic supernovae(14-16). Here we report three faint variable-surface-brightness complexes with high apparent proper motions pointing back to three of the six smallest ( and probably youngest) previously catalogued supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud, which are believed to have been thermonuclear ( type Ia) supernovae(17). Using the distance and apparent proper motions of these echo arcs, we estimate ages of 610 and 410 years for two of them.
C1 Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, Natl Opt Astron Observ, La Serena, Chile.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Gemini Observ, La Serena, Chile.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Astron & Astrofis, Santiago, Chile.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; McMaster University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Harvard University; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
RP Suntzeff, NB (corresponding author), Cerro Tololo Interamer Observ, Natl Opt Astron Observ, La Serena, Chile.
EM nsuntzeff@ctio.noao.edu
NR 25
TC 131
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1132
EP 1134
DI 10.1038/nature04365
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500044
PM 16372003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallo, E
   Fender, R
   Kaiser, C
   Russell, D
   Morganti, R
   Oosterloo, T
   Heinz, S
AF Gallo, E
   Fender, R
   Kaiser, C
   Russell, D
   Morganti, R
   Oosterloo, T
   Heinz, S
TI A dark jet dominates the power output of the stellar black hole Cygnus X-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; x-ray; relativistic jets; low/hard state; radio-sources; spectrum; stars; x-1; galaxy; binary
AB Black holes undergoing accretion are thought to emit the bulk of their power in the X-ray band by releasing the gravitational potential energy of the infalling matter(1). At the same time, they are capable of producing highly collimated jets of energy and particles flowing out of the system with relativistic velocities(2). Here we show that the 10-solar-mass (10 M(.)) black hole in the X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 (refs 3 - 5) is surrounded by a large-scale (similar to 5 pc in diameter) ring-like structure that appears to be inflated by the inner radio jet(6). We estimate that in order to sustain the observed emission of the ring, the jet of Cygnus X-1 has to carry a kinetic power that can be as high as the bolometric X-ray luminosity of the binary system. This result may imply that low-luminosity stellar-mass black holes as a whole dissipate the bulk of the liberated accretion power in the form of 'dark', radiatively inefficient relativistic outflows, rather than locally in the X-ray-emitting inflow.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   Netherlands Fdn Res Astron, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
   MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 University of Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam; University of Southampton; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Gallo, E (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM egallo@science.uva.nl
NR 30
TC 274
Z9 293
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 819
EP 821
DI 10.1038/nature03879
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500038
PM 16094361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oh, M
   Mirkin, CA
AF Oh, M
   Mirkin, CA
TI Chemically tailorable colloidal particles from infinite coordination polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic nanoparticles; optical-property; complexes; catalysis; nanocrystals; reduction; crystal; silver; dna
AB Micrometre- and nanometre- sized particles play important roles in many applications, including catalysis(1), optics(2,3), biosensing(4-8) and data storage(9). Organic particles(10) are usually prepared through polymerization of suitable monomers(11) or precipitation methods(12). In the case of inorganic materials, particle fabrication tends to involve the reduction of a metal salt(13), or the controlled mixing of salt solutions supplying a metal cation and an elemental anion ( for example, S2-, Se2- , O2-) (14), respectively; in some instances, these methods even afford direct control over the shape of the particles produced(14 - 17). Another class of materials are metal- organic coordination polymers(18 - 23), which are based on metal ions coordinated by polydentate organic ligands and explored for potential use in catalysis(18), gas storage(19,20), nonlinear optics(21) and molecular recognition and separations(22,23). In a subset of these materials, the use of organometallic complexes as ligands ( so- called metalloligands) provides an additional level of tailorability, but these materials have so far not yet been fashioned into nano- or microparticles. Here we show that simple addition of an initiation solvent to a precursor solution of metal ions and metalloligands results in the spontaneous and fully reversible formation of a new class of metal - metalloligand particles. We observe initial formation of particles with diameters of a few hundred nanometres, which then coalesce and anneal into uniform and smooth microparticles. The ease with which these particles can be fabricated, and the ability to tailor their chemical and physical properties through the choice of metal and organic ligand used, should facilitate investigations of their scope for practical applications.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Inst Nanotechnol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Mirkin, CA (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM chadnano@northwestern.edu
NR 26
TC 563
Z9 620
U1 2
U2 418
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 651
EP 654
DI 10.1038/nature04191
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100046
PM 16319888
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sutton, MD
   Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
   Siveter, DJ
AF Sutton, MD
   Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
   Siveter, DJ
TI Silurian brachiopods with soft-tissue preservation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herefordshire; england; fossil; lophophore; arthropod
AB Articulated' rhynchonelliformean(1) brachiopods are abundant shelly fossils, but the direct fossil record of their soft parts was hitherto confined to a single pyritized trace possibly representing a lophophore(2). Anatomical knowledge of extinct rhynchonelliformeans relies heavily on analogies to extant species; these analogies are untested for stem-group clades. The Silurian Herefordshire (UK) Konservat-Lagerstatte(3) ( about 425 Myr BP) yields exceptionally preserved three-dimensional fossils that provide unrivalled insights into the palaeobiology of a variety of invertebrates(4-9). The fossils are preserved as calcitic void in-fills in carbonate concretions within a volcaniclastic horizon(10), and are reconstructed digitally(11). Here we describe a stem-group rhynchonelliformean specimen from this deposit; it most probably belongs in the order Orthida. A robust ridged pedicle with distal rootlets is preserved, together with a lophophore and other soft-tissue structures. The pedicle morphology is novel, urging caution in inferring stem-group rhynchonelliformean anatomy from that of crown-group species. Smaller brachiopods are attached to the specimen; these include a probable atrypide, with pedicle and marginal setae preserved.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Geol, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Museum Nat Hist, Geol Collect, Oxford OX1 3PW, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Yale University; University of Leicester; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Sutton, MD (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England.
EM m.sutton@imperial.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 50
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1013
EP 1015
DI 10.1038/nature03846
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900049
PM 16107847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caro, G
   Bourdon, B
   Wood, BJ
   Corgne, A
AF Caro, G
   Bourdon, B
   Wood, BJ
   Corgne, A
TI Trace-element fractionation in Hadean mantle generated by melt segregation from a magma ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lu-hf; early differentiation; earths mantle; evolution; gpa; constraints; systematics; chondrites; peridotite; crust
AB Calculations of the energetics of terrestrial accretion indicate that the Earth was extensively molten in its early history(1). Examination of early Archaean rocks from West Greenland (3.6 - 3.8 Gyr old) using short-lived Sm-146 - Nd-142 chronometry indicates that an episode of mantle differentiation took place close to the end of accretion (4.46 +/- 0.11 Gyr ago)(2-4). This has produced a chemically depleted mantle with an Sm/Nd ratio higher than the chondritic value. In contrast, application of Lu-176 - Hf-176 systematics to 3.6 - 3.8-Gyr-old zircons from West Greenland indicates derivation from a mantle source with a chondritic Lu/Hf ratio(5-7). Although an early Sm/Nd fractionation could be explained by basaltic crust formation(8), magma ocean crystallization(2) or formation of continental crust, the absence of coeval Lu/Hf fractionation is in sharp contrast with the well-known covariant behaviour of Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios in crustal formation processes(5). Here we show using mineral - melt partitioning data for high-pressure mantle minerals that the observed Nd and Hf signatures could have been produced by segregation of melt from a crystallizing magma ocean at upper-mantle pressures early in Earth's history. This residual melt would have risen buoyantly and ultimately formed the earliest terrestrial protocrust.
C1 CNRS, IPGP, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; University of Bristol; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Caro, G (corresponding author), CNRS, IPGP, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.
EM caro@ipgp.jussieu.fr
NR 29
TC 113
Z9 121
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 246
EP 249
DI 10.1038/nature03827
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500038
PM 16015327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schorlemmer, D
   Wiemer, S
   Wyss, M
AF Schorlemmer, D
   Wiemer, S
   Wyss, M
TI Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frequency-magnitude distribution; b-values; depth
AB The earthquake size distribution follows, in most instances, a power law(1,2), with the slope of this power law, the ' b value', commonly used to describe the relative occurrence of large and small events ( a high b value indicates a larger proportion of small earthquakes, and vice versa). Statistically significant variations of b values have been measured in laboratory experiments, mines and various tectonic regimes such as subducting slabs, near magma chambers, along fault zones and in aftershock zones(3). However, it has remained uncertain whether these differences are due to differing stress regimes, as it was questionable that samples in small volumes ( such as in laboratory specimens, mines and the shallow Earth's crust) are representative of earthquakes in general. Given the lack of physical understanding of these differences, the observation that b values approach the constant 1 if large volumes are sampled(4) was interpreted to indicate that b = 1 is a universal constant for earthquakes in general(5). Here we show that the b value varies systematically for different styles of faulting. We find that normal faulting events have the highest b values, thrust events the lowest and strike- slip events intermediate values. Given that thrust faults tend to be under higher stress than normal faults we infer that the b value acts as a stress meter that depends inversely on differential stress.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Seismol Serv, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   World Agcy Planetary Monitoring & Earthquake Risk, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Schorlemmer, D (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, ETH Honggerberg, Swiss Seismol Serv, Schafmattstr 30, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM danijel@sed.ethz.ch
NR 28
TC 862
Z9 975
U1 4
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 539
EP 542
DI 10.1038/nature04094
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800047
PM 16177788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanai, T
   Minemoto, S
   Sakai, H
AF Kanai, T
   Minemoto, S
   Sakai, H
TI Quantum interference during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-pulses; multiphoton ionization; gases; alignment; fields
AB High-order harmonic generation (HHG) from atoms and molecules offers potential application as a coherent ultrashort radiation source in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions(1-3). In the three-step model(4-6) of HHG, an electron tunnels out from the atom and may recombine with the parent ion ( emitting a high-energy photon) after undergoing laser-driven motion in the continuum. Aligned molecules(7-11) can be used to study quantum phenomena in HHG associated with molecular symmetries; in particular, simultaneous observations of both ion yields and harmonic signals under the same conditions serve to disentangle the contributions from the ionization and recombination processes. Here we report evidence for quantum interference of electron de Broglie waves(12-14) in the recombination process of HHG from aligned CO2 molecules. The interference takes place within a single molecule and within one optical cycle. Characteristic modulation patterns of the harmonic signals measured as a function of the pump - probe delay are explained with simple formulae determined by the valence orbital of the molecules. We propose that simultaneous observations of both ion yields and harmonic signals can serve as a new route to probe the instantaneous structure of molecular systems.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Sakai, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM hsakai@phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 688
Z9 734
U1 0
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 470
EP 474
DI 10.1038/nature03577
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800049
PM 15917803
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masumoto, H
   Hawke, D
   Kobayashi, R
   Verreault, A
AF Masumoto, H
   Hawke, D
   Kobayashi, R
   Verreault, A
TI A role for cell-cycle-regulated histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation in the DNA damage response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleosome core particle; replication forks; h4; complexes; mechanism; repair; h2a
AB DNA breaks are extremely harmful lesions that need to be repaired efficiently throughout the genome. However, the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes is a significant barrier to DNA repair, and the mechanisms of repair in the context of chromatin are poorly understood(1). Here we show that lysine 56 (K56) acetylation is an abundant modification of newly synthesized histone H3 molecules that are incorporated into chromosomes during S phase. Defects in the acetylation of K56 in histone H3 result in sensitivity to genotoxic agents that cause DNA strand breaks during replication. In the absence of DNA damage, the acetylation of histone H3 K56 largely disappears in G2. In contrast, cells with DNA breaks maintain high levels of acetylation, and the persistence of the modification is dependent on DNA damage checkpoint proteins. We suggest that the acetylation of histone H3 K56 creates a favourable chromatin environment for DNA repair and that a key component of the DNA damage response is to preserve this acetylation.
C1 Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, Chromosome Dynam Lab, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Verreault, A (corresponding author), Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, Chromosome Dynam Lab, Blanche Lane, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
EM alain.verreault@cancer.org.uk
NR 21
TC 504
Z9 645
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 294
EP 298
DI 10.1038/nature03714
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500049
PM 16015338
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, TH
   Barrera, LO
   Zheng, M
   Qu, CX
   Singer, MA
   Richmond, TA
   Wu, YN
   Green, RD
   Ren, B
AF Kim, TH
   Barrera, LO
   Zheng, M
   Qu, CX
   Singer, MA
   Richmond, TA
   Wu, YN
   Green, RD
   Ren, B
TI A high-resolution map of active promoters in the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expressed genes; identification; transcriptome; sequence; update; mouse
AB In eukaryotic cells, transcription of every protein-coding gene begins with the assembly of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) on the promoter(1). The promoters, in conjunction with enhancers, silencers and insulators, define the combinatorial codes that specify gene expression patterns(2). Our ability to analyse the control logic encoded in the human genome is currently limited by a lack of accurate information regarding the promoters for most genes(3). Here we describe a genome-wide map of active promoters in human fibroblast cells, determined by experimentally locating the sites of PIC binding throughout the human genome. This map defines 10,567 active promoters corresponding to 6,763 known genes and at least 1,196 un-annotated transcriptional units. Features of the map suggest extensive use of multiple promoters by the human genes and widespread clustering of active promoters in the genome. In addition, examination of the genome-wide expression profile reveals four general classes of promoters that define the transcriptome of the cell. These results provide a global view of the functional relationships among transcriptional machinery, chromatin structure and gene expression in human cells.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Moores Canc Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Stat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   NimbleGen Syst Inc, Madison, WI 53711 USA.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Roche NimbleGen
RP Ren, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM biren@ucsd.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R33 CA105829, F32 CA108313, R21 CA105829] Funding Source: Medline; NHGRI NIH HHS [U01 HG003151] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 747
Z9 966
U1 2
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 876
EP 880
DI 10.1038/nature03877
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500052
PM 15988478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braun, H
   Christl, M
   Rahmstorf, S
   Ganopolski, A
   Mangini, A
   Kubatzki, C
   Roth, K
   Kromer, B
AF Braun, H
   Christl, M
   Rahmstorf, S
   Ganopolski, A
   Mangini, A
   Kubatzki, C
   Roth, K
   Kromer, B
TI Possible solar origin of the 1,470-year glacial climate cycle demonstrated in a coupled model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; stochastic resonance; variability; records; ozone; gisp2
AB Many palaeoclimate records from the North Atlantic region show a pattern of rapid climate oscillations, the so-called Dansgaard Oeschger events, with a quasi-periodicity of similar to 1,470 years for the late glacial period(1-6). Various hypotheses have been suggested to explain these rapid temperature shifts, including internal oscillations in the climate system and external forcing, possibly from the Sun(7). But whereas pronounced solar cycles of similar to 87 and similar to 210 years are well known(8-12), a similar to 1,470-year solar cycle has not been detected(8). Here we show that an intermediate-complexity climate model with glacial climate conditions simulates rapid climate shifts similar to the Dansgaard - Oeschger events with a spacing of 1,470 years when forced by periodic freshwater input into the North Atlantic Ocean in cycles of, 87 and, 210 years. We attribute the robust 1,470-year response time to the superposition of the two shorter cycles, together with strongly nonlinear dynamics and the long characteristic timescale of the thermohaline circulation. For Holocene conditions, similar events do not occur. We conclude that the glacial 1,470-year climate cycles could have been triggered by solar forcing despite the absence of a 1,470-year solar cycle.
C1 Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, Heidelberg Acad Sci, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Potsdam Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research
RP Braun, H (corresponding author), Heidelberg Univ, Inst Environm Phys, Heidelberg Acad Sci, Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM holger.braun@iup.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 208
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature04121
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500045
PM 16281042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Besemer, J
   Harant, H
   Wang, S
   Oberhauser, B
   Marquardt, K
   Foster, CA
   Schreiner, EP
   de Vries, JE
   Dascher-Nadel, C
   Lindley, IJD
AF Besemer, J
   Harant, H
   Wang, S
   Oberhauser, B
   Marquardt, K
   Foster, CA
   Schreiner, EP
   de Vries, JE
   Dascher-Nadel, C
   Lindley, IJD
TI Selective inhibition of cotranslational translocation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum membrane; signal sequence recognition; er membrane; protein translocation; expression; complex
AB Increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) is associated with a variety of chronic inflammatory conditions, making its expression and function a target for therapeutic intervention(1-3). We have recently identified CAM741, a derivative of a fungus-derived cyclopeptolide that acts as a selective inhibitor of VCAM1 synthesis in endothelial cells. Here we show that the compound represses the biosynthesis of VCAM1 in cells by blocking the process of cotranslational translocation, which is dependent on the signal peptide of VCAM1. CAM741 does not inhibit targeting of the VCAM1 nascent chains to the translocon channel but prevents translocation to the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER), through a process that involves the translocon component Sec61 beta. Consequently, the VCAM1 precursor protein is synthesized towards the cytosolic compartment of the cells, where it is degraded. Our results indicate that the inhibition of cotranslational translocation with low-molecular-mass compounds, using specificity conferred by signal peptides, can modulate the biosynthesis of certain secreted and/or membrane proteins. In addition, they highlight cotranslational translocation at the ER membrane as a potential target for drug discovery.
C1 Novartis Inst Biomed Res, A-1235 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Novartis; NOVARTIS AUSTRIA
RP de Vries, JE (corresponding author), Novartis Inst Biomed Res, Brunner Str 59, A-1235 Vienna, Austria.
EM jan.devries@novartis.com
NR 15
TC 111
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 290
EP 293
DI 10.1038/nature03670
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500048
PM 16015337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pfander, B
   Moldovan, GL
   Sacher, M
   Hoege, C
   Jentsch, S
AF Pfander, B
   Moldovan, GL
   Sacher, M
   Hoege, C
   Jentsch, S
TI SUMO-modified PCNA recruits Srs2 to prevent recombination during S phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID damage-induced mutagenesis; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna helicase; postreplication repair; ubiquitin conjugation; rad6 pathway; yeast; replication; mutants; protein
AB Damaged DNA, if not repaired before replication, can lead to replication fork stalling and genomic instability(1-3); however, cells can switch to different damage bypass modes that permit replication across lesions. Two main bypasses are controlled by ubiquitin modification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA), a homotrimeric DNA-encircling protein that functions as a polymerase processivity factor and regulator of replication-linked functions(4,5). Upon DNA damage, PCNA is modified at the conserved lysine residue 164 by either mono-ubiquitin or a lysine-63-linked multi-ubiquitin chain(5), which induce error-prone or error-free replication bypasses of the lesions(5,6). In S phase, even in the absence of exogenous DNA damage, yeast PCNA can be alternatively modified by the small ubiquitin-related modifier protein SUMO5; however the consequences of this remain controversial(5-7). Here we show by genetic analysis that SUMO-modified PCNA functionally cooperates with Srs2, a helicase that blocks recombinational repair by disrupting Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments(8,9). Moreover, Srs2 displays a preference for interacting directly with the SUMO-modified form of PCNA, owing to a specific binding site in its carboxy-terminal tail. Our finding suggests a model in which SUMO-modified PCNA recruits Srs2 in S phase in order to prevent unwanted recombination events of replicating chromosomes.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Jentsch, S (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM Jentsch@biochem.mpg.de
NR 28
TC 496
Z9 637
U1 3
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 428
EP 433
DI 10.1038/nature03665
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400050
PM 15931174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, P
AF Moore, P
TI Amplifying the signal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 236
EP 236
DI 10.1038/435236a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100050
PM 15889101
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krützfeldt, J
   Rajewsky, N
   Braich, R
   Rajeev, KG
   Tuschl, T
   Manoharan, M
   Stoffel, M
AF Krützfeldt, J
   Rajewsky, N
   Braich, R
   Rajeev, KG
   Tuschl, T
   Manoharan, M
   Stoffel, M
TI Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna; inhibition; biogenesis; expression; targets; mirnas
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are an abundant class of non- coding RNAs that are believed to be important in many biological processes through regulation of gene expression(1-3). The precise molecular function of miRNAs in mammals is largely unknown and a better understanding will require loss- of- function studies in vivo. Here we show that a novel class of chemically engineered oligonucleotides, termed ' antagomirs', are efficient and specific silencers of endogenous miRNAs in mice. Intravenous administration of antagomirs against miR- 16, miR- 122, miR- 192 and miR- 194 resulted in a marked reduction of corresponding miRNA levels in liver, lung, kidney, heart, intestine, fat, skin, bone marrow, muscle, ovaries and adrenals. The silencing of endogenous miRNAs by this novel method is specific, efficient and long-lasting. The biological significance of silencing miRNAs with the use of antagomirs was studied for miR- 122, an abundant liver-specific miRNA. Gene expression and bioinformatic analysis of messenger RNA from antagomir- treated animals revealed that the 3' untranslated regions of upregulated genes are strongly enriched in miR- 122 recognition motifs, whereas downregulated genes are depleted in these motifs. Analysis of the functional annotation of downregulated genes specifically predicted that cholesterol biosynthesis genes would be affected by miR- 122, and plasma cholesterol measurements showed reduced levels in antagomir-122- treated mice. Our findings show that antagomirs are powerful tools to silence specific miRNAs in vivo and may represent a therapeutic strategy for silencing miRNAs in disease.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Metab Dis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab RNA Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NYU, Dept Biol, Ctr Comparat Funct Genom, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Alnylam Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; New York University; Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
RP Stoffel, M (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Metab Dis, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM stoffel@rockefeller.edu
NR 25
TC 3330
Z9 4185
U1 2
U2 347
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 685
EP 689
DI 10.1038/nature04303
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100054
PM 16258535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lieberman, E
   Hauert, C
   Nowak, MA
AF Lieberman, E
   Hauert, C
   Nowak, MA
TI Evolutionary dynamics on graphs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subdivided population; network formation; fixation; probability; cooperation; model
AB Evolutionary dynamics have been traditionally studied in the context of homogeneous or spatially extended populations(1-4). Here we generalize population structure by arranging individuals on a graph. Each vertex represents an individual. The weighted edges denote reproductive rates which govern how often individuals place offspring into adjacent vertices. The homogeneous population, described by the Moran process(3), is the special case of a fully connected graph with evenly weighted edges. Spatial structures are described by graphs where vertices are connected with their nearest neighbours. We also explore evolution on random and scale-free networks(5-7). We determine the fixation probability of mutants, and characterize those graphs for which fixation behaviour is identical to that of a homogeneous population(7). Furthermore, some graphs act as suppressors and others as amplifiers of selection. It is even possible to find graphs that guarantee the fixation of any advantageous mutant. We also study frequency-dependent selection and show that the outcome of evolutionary games can depend entirely on the structure of the underlying graph. Evolutionary graph theory has many fascinating applications ranging from ecology to multi-cellular organization and economics.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Math, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Appl Math, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Harvard MIT Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of British Columbia
RP Lieberman, E (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM erez@erez.com
NR 31
TC 1004
Z9 1120
U1 4
U2 227
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 312
EP 316
DI 10.1038/nature03204
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300055
PM 15662424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gehrels, N
   Sarazin, CL
   O'Brien, PT
   Zhang, B
   Barbier, L
   Barthelmy, SD
   Blustin, A
   Burrows, DN
   Cannizzo, J
   Cummings, JR
   Goad, M
   Holland, ST
   Hurkett, CP
   Kennea, JA
   Levan, A
   Markwardt, CB
   Mason, KO
   Meszaros, P
   Page, M
   Palmer, DM
   Rol, E
   Sakamoto, T
   Willingale, R
   Angelini, L
   Beardmore, A
   Boyd, PT
   Breeveld, A
   Campana, S
   Chester, MM
   Chincarini, G
   Cominsky, LR
   Cusumano, G
   de Pasquale, M
   Fenimore, EE
   Giommi, P
   Gronwall, C
   Grupe, D
   Hill, JE
   Hinshaw, D
   Hjorth, J
   Hullinger, D
   Hurley, KC
   Klose, S
   Kobayashi, S
   Kouveliotou, C
   Krimm, HA
   Mangano, V
   Marshall, FE
   McGowan, K
   Moretti, A
   Mushotzky, RF
   Nakazawa, K
   Norris, JP
   Nousek, JA
   Osborne, JP
   Page, K
   Parsons, AM
   Patel, S
   Perri, M
   Poole, T
   Romano, P
   Roming, PWA
   Rosen, S
   Sato, G
   Schady, P
   Smale, AP
   Sollerman, J
   Starling, R
   Still, M
   Suzuki, M
   Tagliaferri, G
   Takahashi, T
   Tashiro, M
   Tueller, J
   Wells, AA
   White, NE
   Wijers, RAMJ
AF Gehrels, N
   Sarazin, CL
   O'Brien, PT
   Zhang, B
   Barbier, L
   Barthelmy, SD
   Blustin, A
   Burrows, DN
   Cannizzo, J
   Cummings, JR
   Goad, M
   Holland, ST
   Hurkett, CP
   Kennea, JA
   Levan, A
   Markwardt, CB
   Mason, KO
   Meszaros, P
   Page, M
   Palmer, DM
   Rol, E
   Sakamoto, T
   Willingale, R
   Angelini, L
   Beardmore, A
   Boyd, PT
   Breeveld, A
   Campana, S
   Chester, MM
   Chincarini, G
   Cominsky, LR
   Cusumano, G
   de Pasquale, M
   Fenimore, EE
   Giommi, P
   Gronwall, C
   Grupe, D
   Hill, JE
   Hinshaw, D
   Hjorth, J
   Hullinger, D
   Hurley, KC
   Klose, S
   Kobayashi, S
   Kouveliotou, C
   Krimm, HA
   Mangano, V
   Marshall, FE
   McGowan, K
   Moretti, A
   Mushotzky, RF
   Nakazawa, K
   Norris, JP
   Nousek, JA
   Osborne, JP
   Page, K
   Parsons, AM
   Patel, S
   Perri, M
   Poole, T
   Romano, P
   Roming, PWA
   Rosen, S
   Sato, G
   Schady, P
   Smale, AP
   Sollerman, J
   Starling, R
   Still, M
   Suzuki, M
   Tagliaferri, G
   Takahashi, T
   Tashiro, M
   Tueller, J
   Wells, AA
   White, NE
   Wijers, RAMJ
TI A short γ-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z=0.225
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-duration; afterglows; binary; flare
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) come in two classes(1): long (> 2 s), soft-spectrum bursts and short, hard events. Most progress has been made on understanding the long GRBs, which are typically observed at high redshift ( z approximate to 1) and found in subluminous star-forming host galaxies. They are likely to be produced in core-collapse explosions of massive stars(2). In contrast, no short GRB had been accurately (< 1000) and rapidly ( minutes) located. Here we report the detection of the X-ray afterglow from - and the localization of - the short burst GRB 050509B. Its position on the sky is near a luminous, non-star-forming elliptical galaxy at a redshift of 0.225, which is the location one would expect(3,4) if the origin of this GRB is through the merger of neutron-star or blackhole binaries. The X-ray afterglow was weak and faded below the detection limit within a few hours; no optical afterglow was detected to stringent limits, explaining the past difficulty in localizing short GRBs.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Astrophys, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA.
   CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, I-23807 Merate, Italy.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Sonoma State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA.
   INAF, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Cosm, I-90146 Palermo, Italy.
   ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
   SP Syst Inc, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   JAXA, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   NASA Headquarters, Off Space Sci, Washington, DC 20546 USA.
   Stockholm Observ, Dept Astron, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Saitama Univ, Dept Phys, Sakura, Saitama 3388570, Japan.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Virginia; University of Leicester; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Las Vegas; University of London; University College London; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore County; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Milano-Bicocca; California State University System; Sonoma State University; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Universities Space Research Association (USRA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Stockholm University; University of Amsterdam; Saitama University
RP Gehrels, N (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM gehrels@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 30
TC 500
Z9 549
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 851
EP 854
DI 10.1038/nature04142
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600038
PM 16208363
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jorgensen, R
   Merrill, AR
   Yates, SP
   Marquez, VE
   Schwan, AL
   Boesen, T
   Andersen, GR
AF Jorgensen, R
   Merrill, AR
   Yates, SP
   Marquez, VE
   Schwan, AL
   Boesen, T
   Andersen, GR
TI Exotoxin A-eEF2 complex structure indicates ADP ribosylation by ribosome mimicry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas-aeruginosa; crystal-structure; diphtheria-toxin; conformational-changes; clostridium-botulinum; catalytic mechanism; transfer-rna; domain; recognition; acid
AB The bacteria causing diphtheria, whooping cough, cholera and other diseases secrete mono-ADP-ribosylating toxins that modify intracellular proteins. Here, we describe four structures of a catalytically active complex between a fragment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) and its protein substrate, translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2). The target residue in eEF2, diphthamide (a modified histidine), spans across a cleft and faces the two phosphates and a ribose of the non-hydrolysable NAD(+) analogue, beta TAD. This suggests that the diphthamide is involved in triggering NAD(+) cleavage and interacting with the proposed oxacarbenium intermediate during the nucleophilic substitution reaction, explaining the requirement of diphthamide for ADP ribosylation. Diphtheria toxin may recognize eEF2 in a manner similar to ETA. Notably, the toxin-bound beta TAD phosphates mimic the phosphate backbone of two nucleotides in a conformational switch of 18S rRNA, thereby achieving universal recognition of eEF2 by ETA.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Ctr Struct Biol, Dept Mol Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Chem, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   NCI, Med Chem Lab, Canc Res Ctr, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 Aarhus University; University of Guelph; University of Guelph; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Andersen, GR (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Ctr Struct Biol, Dept Mol Biol, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
EM rmerrill@uoguelph.ca; gra@mb.au.dk
NR 38
TC 113
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 979
EP 984
DI 10.1038/nature03871
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900041
PM 16107839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DiLuzio, WR
   Turner, L
   Mayer, M
   Garstecki, P
   Weibel, DB
   Berg, HC
   Whitesides, GM
AF DiLuzio, WR
   Turner, L
   Mayer, M
   Garstecki, P
   Weibel, DB
   Berg, HC
   Whitesides, GM
TI Escherichia coli swim on the right-hand side
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional tracking; flagellar filaments; motility; chemotaxis; bacteria; surface; differentiation; typhimurium; microscopy; mutants
AB The motion of peritrichously flagellated bacteria close to surfaces is relevant to understanding the early stages of biofilm formation and of pathogenic infection(1-4). This motion differs from the random-walk trajectories(5) of cells in free solution. Individual Escherichia coli cells swim in clockwise, circular trajectories near planar glass surfaces(6,7). On a semi-solid agar substrate, cells differentiate into an elongated, hyperflagellated phenotype and migrate cooperatively over the surface(8), a phenomenon called swarming. We have developed a technique for observing isolated E. coli swarmer cells(9) moving on an agar substrate and confined in shallow, oxidized poly( dimethylsiloxane) ( PDMS) microchannels. Here we show that cells in these microchannels preferentially 'drive on the right', swimming preferentially along the right wall of the microchannel ( viewed from behind the moving cell, with the agar on the bottom). We propose that when cells are confined between two interfaces - one an agar gel and the second PDMS they swim closer to the agar surface than to the PDMS surface ( and for much longer periods of time), leading to the preferential movement on the right of the microchannel. Thus, the choice of materials guides the motion of cells in microchannels.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Rowland Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Whitesides, GM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 401
Z9 479
U1 0
U2 164
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1271
EP 1274
DI 10.1038/nature03660
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500051
PM 15988531
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hales, TC
   Abt, DL
   Humphreys, ED
   Roering, JJ
AF Hales, TC
   Abt, DL
   Humphreys, ED
   Roering, JJ
TI A lithospheric instability origin for Columbia River flood basalts and Wallowa Mountains uplift in northeast Oregon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave velocity; mantle; province; cascadia
AB Flood basalts appear to form during the initiation of hotspot magmatism. The Columbia River basalts (CRB) represent the largest volume of flood basalts associated with the Yellowstone hotspot, yet their source appears to be in the vicinity of the Wallowa Mountains(1), about 500 km north of the projected hotspot track. These mountains are composed of a large granitic pluton intruded into a region of oceanic lithosphere affinity(2). The elevation of the interface between Columbia River basalts and other geological formations indicates that mild pre-eruptive subsidence took place in the Wallowa Mountains, followed by syn-eruptive uplift of several hundred metres and a long-term uplift of about 2 km. The mapped surface uplift mimics regional topography, with the Wallowa Mountains in the centre of a 'bull's eye' pattern of valleys and low-elevation mountains. Here we present the seismic velocity structure of the mantle underlying this region and erosion-corrected elevation maps of lava flows, and show that an area of reduced mantle melt content coincides with the 200-km-wide topographic uplift. We conclude that convective downwelling and detachment of a compositionally dense plutonic root can explain the timing and magnitude of Columbia River basalt magmatism, as well as the surface uplift and existence of the observed melt-depleted mantle.
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Hales, TC (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, 1272 Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM thales@uoregon.edu
NR 27
TC 136
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 842
EP 845
DI 10.1038/nature04313
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800048
PM 16341011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McDougall, I
   Brown, FH
   Fleagle, JG
AF McDougall, I
   Brown, FH
   Fleagle, JG
TI Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cranial remains; middle awash; omo; deposits
AB In 1967 the Kibish Formation in southern Ethiopia yielded hominid cranial remains identified as early anatomically modern humans, assigned to Homo sapiens(1-4). However, the provenance and age of the fossils have been much debated(5,6). Here we confirm that the Omo I and Omo II hominid fossils are from similar stratigraphic levels in Member I of the Kibish Formation, despite the view that Omo I is more modern in appearance than Omo II1-3. 40Ar/39Ar ages on feldspar crystals from pumice clasts within a tuff in Member I below the hominid levels place an older limit of 198 +/- 14 kyr ( weighted mean age 196 +/- 2 kyr) on the hominids. A younger age limit of 104 +/- 7 kyr is provided by feldspars from pumice clasts in a Member III tuff. Geological evidence indicates rapid deposition of each member of the Kibish Formation. Isotopic ages on the Kibish Formation correspond to ages of Mediterranean sapropels, which reflect increased flow of the Nile River, and necessarily increased flow of the Omo River. Thus the 40Ar/39Ar age measurements, together with the sapropel correlations, indicate that the hominid fossils have an age close to the older limit. Our preferred estimate of the age of the Kibish hominids is 195 +/- 5 kyr, making them the earliest well-dated anatomically modern humans yet described.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Australian National University; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP McDougall, I (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM ian.mcdougall@anu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 659
Z9 809
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/nature03258
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200037
PM 15716951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kapitein, LC
   Peterman, EJG
   Kwok, BH
   Kim, JH
   Kapoor, TM
   Schmidt, CF
AF Kapitein, LC
   Peterman, EJG
   Kwok, BH
   Kim, JH
   Kapoor, TM
   Schmidt, CF
TI The bipolar mitotic kinesin Eg5 moves on both microtubules that it crosslinks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-division; spindles; motor; drosophila; tubulin; mitosis; family; flux; ncd
AB During cell division, mitotic spindles are assembled by microtubule-based motor proteins(1,2). The bipolar organization of spindles is essential for proper segregation of chromosomes, and requires plus-end-directed homotetrameric motor proteins of the widely conserved kinesin-5 ( BimC) family(3). Hypotheses for bipolar spindle formation include the 'push-pull mitotic muscle' model, in which kinesin-5 and opposing motor proteins act between overlapping microtubules(2,4,5). However, the precise roles of kinesin-5 during this process are unknown. Here we show that the vertebrate kinesin-5 Eg5 drives the sliding of microtubules depending on their relative orientation. We found in controlled in vitro assays that Eg5 has the remarkable capability of simultaneously moving at similar to 20 nm s(-1) towards the plus-ends of each of the two microtubules it crosslinks. For anti-parallel microtubules, this results in relative sliding at similar to 40 nm s(-1), comparable to spindle pole separation rates in vivo(6). Furthermore, we found that Eg5 can tether microtubule plus-ends, suggesting an additional microtubule-binding mode for Eg5. Our results demonstrate how members of the kinesin-5 family are likely to function in mitosis, pushing apart interpolar microtubules as well as recruiting microtubules into bundles that are subsequently polarized by relative sliding.
C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Phys & Astron, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Ctr Laser, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chem & Cell Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Rockefeller University
RP Peterman, EJG (corresponding author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Phys & Astron, Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM erwinp@nat.vu.nl; kapoor@mail.rockefeller.edu
NR 27
TC 559
Z9 722
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 114
EP 118
DI 10.1038/nature03503
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600049
PM 15875026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richter, A
   Burrows, JP
   Nüss, H
   Granier, C
   Niemeier, U
AF Richter, A
   Burrows, JP
   Nüss, H
   Granier, C
   Niemeier, U
TI Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ozone monitoring experiment; gome measurements; emissions; model; no2; retrieval; transport; no(x); asia
AB Emissions from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning reduce local air quality and affect global tropospheric chemistry. Nitrogen oxides are emitted by all combustion processes and play a key part in the photochemically induced catalytic production of ozone, which results in summer smog and has increased levels of tropospheric ozone globally(1). Release of nitrogen oxide also results in nitric acid deposition, and - at least locally - increases radiative forcing effects due to the absorption of downward propagating visible light(2). Nitrogen oxide concentrations in many industrialized countries are expected to decrease(3), but rapid economic development has the potential to increase significantly the emissions of nitrogen oxides(4-7) in parts of Asia. Here we present the tropospheric column amounts of nitrogen dioxide retrieved from two satellite instruments GOME(8,9) and SCIAMACHY(10) over the years 1996 - 2004. We find substantial reductions in nitrogen dioxide concentrations over some areas of Europe and the USA, but a highly significant increase of about 50 per cent - with an accelerating trend in annual growth rate - over the industrial areas of China, more than recent bottom-up inventories suggest(6).
C1 Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Paris 06, IPSL, Serv Aeron, F-75005 Paris, France.
   NOAA, CIRES, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 University of Bremen; Max Planck Society; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Richter, A (corresponding author), Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, Otto Hahn Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM richter@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de
NR 29
TC 1135
Z9 1331
U1 3
U2 630
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 129
EP 132
DI 10.1038/nature04092
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400055
PM 16136141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hashizume, K
   Chaussidon, M
AF Hashizume, K
   Chaussidon, M
TI A non-terrestrial 16O-rich isotopic composition for the protosolar nebula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early solar-system; oxygen isotopes; meteorites; heterogeneity; inclusions; reservoir; nitrogen; samples; grains; origin
AB The discovery in primitive components of meteorites(1,2) of large oxygen isotopic variations that could not be attributed to mass-dependent fractionation effects has raised a fundamental question: what is the composition of the protosolar gas from which the host grains formed? This composition is probably preserved in the outer layers of the Sun, but the resolution of astronomical spectroscopic measurements is still too poor to be useful for comparison with planetary material(3,4). Here we report a precise determination of the oxygen isotopic composition of the solar wind from particles implanted in the outer hundreds of nanometres of metallic grains in the lunar regolith. These layers of the grains are enriched in O-16 by >20 +/- 4 parts per thousand relative to the Earth, Mars and bulk meteorites, which implies the existence in the solar accretion disk of reactions-as yet unknown-that were able to change the O-17/O-16 and O-18/O-16 ratios in a way that was not dependent strictly on the mass of the isotope. Photochemical self-shielding of the CO gas irradiated by ultraviolet light(5-7) may be one of these key processes, because it depends on the abundance of the isotopes, rather than their masses.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
   CNRS, CRPG, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
C3 University of Osaka; Universite de Lorraine; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Hashizume, K (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
EM kohash@ess.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 90
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 619
EP 622
DI 10.1038/nature03432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000038
PM 15800617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Küppers, M
   Bertini, I
   Fornasier, S
   Gutierrez, PJ
   Hviid, SF
   Jorda, L
   Keller, HU
   Knollenberg, J
   Koschny, D
   Kramm, R
   Lara, LM
   Sierks, H
   Thomas, N
   Barbieri, C
   Lamy, P
   Rickman, H
   Rodrigo, R
AF Küppers, M
   Bertini, I
   Fornasier, S
   Gutierrez, PJ
   Hviid, SF
   Jorda, L
   Keller, HU
   Knollenberg, J
   Koschny, D
   Kramm, R
   Lara, LM
   Sierks, H
   Thomas, N
   Barbieri, C
   Lamy, P
   Rickman, H
   Rodrigo, R
TI A large dust/ice ratio in the nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep impact; size; ejecta
AB Comets spend most of their life in a low-temperature environment far from the Sun. They are therefore relatively unprocessed and maintain information about the formation conditions of the planetary system, but the structure and composition of their nuclei are poorly understood. Although in situ(1) and remote(2) measurements have derived the global properties of some cometary nuclei, little is known about their interiors. The Deep Impact mission(3) shot a projectile into comet 9P/ Tempel 1 in order to investigate its interior. Here we report the water vapour content (1.5 x 10(32) water molecules or 4.5 x 10(6) kg) and the cross-section of the dust (330 km(2) assuming an albedo of 0.1) created by the impact. The corresponding dust/ice mass ratio is probably larger than one, suggesting that comets are 'icy dirtballs' rather than 'dirty snowballs' as commonly believed(4). High dust velocities ( between 110 m s(-1) and 300 m s(-1)) imply acceleration in the comet's coma, probably by water molecules sublimated by solar radiation. We did not find evidence of enhanced activity of 9P/ Tempel 1 in the days after the impact, suggesting that in general impacts of meteoroids are not the cause of cometary outbursts.
C1 Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Padua, Dept Astron, I-35100 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Padua, CISAS, I-35100 Padua, Italy.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
   Traverse Siphon, Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France.
   DLR Inst Planetary Res, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   European Space Agcy, ESTEC, SCI SB, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Abt Weltraumforsch & Planetol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Astron Observ, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Padua; University of Padua; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Aix-Marseille Universite; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University of Bern
RP Küppers, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, Max Planck Str 2, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
EM kueppers@mps.mpg.de
NR 22
TC 116
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 987
EP 990
DI 10.1038/nature04236
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100037
PM 16229066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, Y
   Böker, A
   He, JB
   Sill, K
   Xiang, HQ
   Abetz, C
   Li, XF
   Wang, J
   Emrick, T
   Long, S
   Wang, Q
   Balazs, A
   Russell, TP
AF Lin, Y
   Böker, A
   He, JB
   Sill, K
   Xiang, HQ
   Abetz, C
   Li, XF
   Wang, J
   Emrick, T
   Long, S
   Wang, Q
   Balazs, A
   Russell, TP
TI Self-directed self-assembly of nanoparticle/copolymer mixtures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID block-copolymers; nanostructures; arrays
AB The organization of inorganic nanostructures within self-assembled organic or biological templates(1-11) is receiving the attention of scientists interested in developing functional hybrid materials. Previous efforts have concentrated on using such scaffolds(7,9,12) to spatially arrange nanoscopic elements as a strategy for tailoring the electrical, magnetic or photonic properties(8) (- 11,13 - 16) of the material. Recent theoretical arguments(16 - 18) have suggested that synergistic interactions between self-organizing particles and a self-assembling matrix material can lead to hierarchically ordered structures. Here we show that mixtures of diblock copolymers and either cadmium selenide- or ferritin-based nanoparticles exhibit cooperative, coupled self-assembly on the nanoscale. In thin films, the copolymers assemble into cylindrical domains, which dictate the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles; segregation of the particles to the interfaces mediates interfacial interactions and orients the copolymer domains normal to the surface, even when one of the blocks is strongly attracted to the substrate. Organization of both the polymeric and particulate entities is thus achieved without the use of external fields(10,19), opening a simple and general route for fabrication of nanostructured materials with hierarchical order.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Bayreuth, Bayreuther Inst Makromol Forsch, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem & Petr Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Bayreuth; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of South Carolina System; University of South Carolina Columbia; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Russell, TP (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
EM russell@mail.pse.umass.edu
NR 30
TC 885
Z9 1057
U1 7
U2 950
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 55
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature03310
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600040
PM 15744296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoebe, K
   Georgel, P
   Rutschmann, S
   Du, X
   Mudd, S
   Crozat, K
   Sovath, S
   Shamel, L
   Hartung, T
   Zähringer, U
   Beutler, B
AF Hoebe, K
   Georgel, P
   Rutschmann, S
   Du, X
   Mudd, S
   Crozat, K
   Sovath, S
   Shamel, L
   Hartung, T
   Zähringer, U
   Beutler, B
TI CD36 is a sensor of diacylglycerides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toll-like receptor-2; pattern-recognition; lipoteichoic acid; immune-response; fatty-acid; lipopolysaccharide; identification; gene; lipoproteins; metabolism
AB Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is required for the recognition of numerous molecular components of bacteria(1-8), fungi(9,10) and protozoa(11). The breadth of the ligand repertoire seems unusual, even if one considers that TLR2 may form heteromers with TLRs 1 and 6 (ref. 12), and it is likely that additional proteins serve as adapters for TLR2 activation. Here we show that an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced nonsense mutation of Cd36 ( oblivious) causes a recessive immunodeficiency phenotype in which macrophages are insensitive to the R-enantiomer of MALP-2 ( a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide) and to lipoteichoic acid. Homozygous mice are hypersusceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infection. Cd36(obl) macrophages readily detect S-MALP-2, PAM(2)CSK(4), PAM(3)CSK(4) and zymosan, revealing that some - but not all TLR2 ligands are dependent on CD36. Already known as a receptor for endogenous molecules, CD36 is also a selective and nonredundant sensor of microbial diacylglycerides that signal via the TLR2/6 heterodimer.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   EU Joint Res Ctr, ECVAM, I-21020 Ispra, Italy.
   Leibniz Ctr Med & Biosci, Res Ctr Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Leibniz Association; Forschungszentrum Borstel
RP Beutler, B (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM bruce@scripps.edu
NR 24
TC 683
Z9 813
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/nature03253
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200049
PM 15690042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lou, XL
   Scheuss, V
   Schneggenburger, R
AF Lou, XL
   Scheuss, V
   Schneggenburger, R
TI Allosteric modulation of the presynaptic Ca2+ sensor for vesicle fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; transmitter release; calcium sensitivity; chromaffin cells; membrane-fusion; phorbol esters; potentiation; pool; neurotransmitter; augmentation
AB Neurotransmitter release is triggered by an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)), but it is unknown whether the Ca2+-sensitivity of vesicle fusion is modulated during synaptic plasticity. We investigated whether the potentiation of neurotransmitter release by phorbol esters(1-3), which target presynaptic protein kinase C (PKC)/munc-13 signalling cascades(4-6), exerts a direct effect on the Ca2+-sensitivity of vesicle fusion. Using direct presynaptic Ca2+-manipulation and Ca2+ uncaging at a giant presynaptic terminal, the calyx of Held, we show that phorbol esters potentiate transmitter release by increasing the apparent Ca2+-sensitivity of vesicle fusion. Phorbol esters potentiate Ca2+-evoked release as well as the spontaneous release rate. We explain both effects by an increased fusion 'willingness' in a new allosteric model of Ca2+-activation of vesicle fusion. In agreement with an allosteric mechanism, we observe that the classically high Ca2+ cooperativity in triggering vesicle fusion (similar to 4) is gradually reduced below 3 mu M [Ca2+](i), reaching a value of < 1 at basal [Ca2+](i). Our data indicate that spontaneous transmitter release close to resting [Ca2+](i) is a consequence of an intrinsic property of the molecular machinery(7,8) that mediates synaptic vesicle fusion.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, AG Synapt Dynam & Modulat, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Abt Membranbiophys, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Schneggenburger, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, AG Synapt Dynam & Modulat, Fassberg 11, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
EM rschneg@gwdg.de
NR 28
TC 227
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 497
EP 501
DI 10.1038/nature03568
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800055
PM 15917809
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kmita, M
   Tarchini, B
   Zàkàny, J
   Logan, M
   Tabin, CJ
   Duboule, D
AF Kmita, M
   Tarchini, B
   Zàkàny, J
   Logan, M
   Tabin, CJ
   Duboule, D
TI Early developmental arrest of mammalian limbs lacking HoxA/HoxD gene function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sonic-hedgehog; mice lacking; hox genes; axial skeleton; forelimb; antagonism; evolution; outgrowth; deletion; hoxd-11
AB Vertebrate HoxA and HoxD cluster genes are required for proper limb development(1-3). However, early lethality, compensation and redundancy have made a full assessment of their function difficult(3-5). Here we describe mice that are lacking all Hoxa and Hoxd functions in their forelimbs. We show that such limbs are arrested early in their developmental patterning and display severe truncations of distal elements, partly owing to the absence of Sonic hedgehog expression. These results indicate that the evolutionary recruitment of Hox gene function into growing appendages might have been crucial in implementing hedgehog signalling, subsequently leading to the distal extension of tetrapod appendages. Accordingly, these mutant limbs may be reminiscent of an ancestral trunk extension, related to that proposed for arthropods(6).
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Natl Res Ctr Frontiers Genet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Biol, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Duboule, D (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, Sci 3,Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
EM denis.duboule@zoo.unige.ch
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117560477] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U117560477] Funding Source: Medline; NICHD NIH HHS [R37 HD032443] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [MC_U117560477] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 29
TC 212
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1113
EP 1116
DI 10.1038/nature03648
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400052
PM 15973411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leunissen, ME
   Christova, CG
   Hynninen, AP
   Royall, CP
   Campbell, AI
   Imhof, A
   Dijkstra, M
   van Roij, R
   van Blaaderen, A
AF Leunissen, ME
   Christova, CG
   Hynninen, AP
   Royall, CP
   Campbell, AI
   Imhof, A
   Dijkstra, M
   van Roij, R
   van Blaaderen, A
TI Ionic colloidal crystals of oppositely charged particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hard-sphere; model system; phase; monodisperse; fluorescent; transition; mixtures
AB Colloidal suspensions are widely used to study processes such as melting, freezing(1-3) and glass transitions(4,5). This is because they display the same phase behaviour as atoms or molecules, with the nano- to micrometre size of the colloidal particles making it possible to observe them directly in real space(3,4). Another attractive feature is that different types of colloidal interactions, such as long-range repulsive(1,3), short-range attractive(5), hard-sphere-like(2-4) and dipolar(3), can be realized and give rise to equilibrium phases. However, spherically symmetric, long-range attractions ( that is, ionic interactions) have so far always resulted in irreversible colloidal aggregation(6). Here we show that the electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged particles can be tuned such that large ionic colloidal crystals form readily, with our theory and simulations confirming the stability of these structures. We find that in contrast to atomic systems, the stoichiometry of our colloidal crystals is not dictated by charge neutrality; this allows us to obtain a remarkable diversity of new binary structures. An external electric field melts the crystals, confirming that the constituent particles are indeed oppositely charged. Colloidal model systems can thus be used to study the phase behaviour of ionic species. We also expect that our approach to controlling opposite-charge interactions will facilitate the production of binary crystals of micrometre-sized particles, which could find use as advanced materials for photonic applications(7).
C1 Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Theoret Phys, NL-3584 CE Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University
RP Leunissen, ME (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Debye Inst, Princetonpl 5, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM M.E.Leunissen@phys.uu.nl; A.vanBlaaderen@phys.uu.nl
NR 31
TC 894
Z9 1050
U1 13
U2 470
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 235
EP 240
DI 10.1038/nature03946
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900051
PM 16148929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helmer, M
AF Helmer, M
TI Physical chemistry - Isn't it ionic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 206
EP 206
DI 10.1038/437206a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900040
PM 16148923
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Colman-Lerner, A
   Gordon, A
   Serra, E
   Chin, T
   Resnekov, O
   Endy, D
   Pesce, CG
   Brent, R
AF Colman-Lerner, A
   Gordon, A
   Serra, E
   Chin, T
   Resnekov, O
   Endy, D
   Pesce, CG
   Brent, R
TI Regulated cell-to-cell variation in a cell-fate decision system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase signaling specificity; eukaryotic gene-expression; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; pheromone response; protein-kinase; single-cell; yeast; noise
AB Here we studied the quantitative behaviour and cell-to-cell variability of a prototypical eukaryotic cell-fate decision system, the mating pheromone response pathway in yeast. We dissected and measured sources of variation in system output, analysing thousands of individual, genetically identical cells. Only a small proportion of total cell-to-cell variation is caused by random fluctuations in gene transcription and translation during the response ('expression noise'). Instead, variation is dominated by differences in the capacity of individual cells to transmit signals through the pathway ('pathway capacity') and to express proteins from genes ('expression capacity'). Cells with high expression capacity express proteins at a higher rate and increase in volume more rapidly. Our results identify two mechanisms that regulate cell-to-cell variation in pathway capacity. First, the MAP kinase Fus3 suppresses variation at high pheromone levels, while the MAP kinase Kss1 enhances variation at low pheromone levels. Second, pathway capacity and expression capacity are negatively correlated, suggesting a compensatory mechanism that allows cells to respond more precisely to pheromone in the presence of a large variation in expression capacity.
C1 Inst Mol Sci, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA.
   MIT, Div Biol Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 The Molecular Sciences Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Gordon, A (corresponding author), Inst Mol Sci, 2168 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA.
EM gordon@molsci.org; brent@molsci.org
NR 38
TC 342
Z9 408
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 699
EP 706
DI 10.1038/nature03998
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900045
PM 16170311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mueller, KL
   Hoon, MA
   Erlenbach, I
   Chandrashekar, J
   Zuker, CS
   Ryba, NJP
AF Mueller, KL
   Hoon, MA
   Erlenbach, I
   Chandrashekar, J
   Zuker, CS
   Ryba, NJP
TI The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian sweet; mice; saccharin; responses; pathways; stimuli; family; mouse; cells
AB The sense of taste provides animals with valuable information about the nature and quality of food. Bitter taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of toxic and noxious substances. T2Rs are a family of approximately 30 highly divergent G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)(1,2) that are selectively expressed in the tongue and palate epithelium(1) and are implicated in bitter taste sensing(1-8). Here we demonstrate, using a combination of genetic, behavioural and physiological studies, that T2R receptors are necessary and sufficient for the detection and perception of bitter compounds, and show that differences in T2Rs between species ( human and mouse) can determine the selectivity of bitter taste responses. In addition, we show that mice engineered to express a bitter taste receptor in 'sweet cells'(9) become strongly attracted to its cognate bitter tastants, whereas expression of the same receptor ( or even a novel GPCR) in T2R-expressing cells resulted in mice that are averse to the respective compounds. Together these results illustrate the fundamental principle of bitter taste coding at the periphery: dedicated cells act as broadly tuned bitter sensors that are wired to mediate behavioural aversion.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Zuker, CS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM charles@flyeye.ucsd.edu; nick.ryba@nih.gov
FU National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [ZIADE000561] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 21
TC 400
Z9 509
U1 3
U2 159
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 225
EP 229
DI 10.1038/nature03352
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500048
PM 15759003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knight, J
AF Knight, J
TI Around the world in three square meals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 797
EP 797
DI 10.1038/433797a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600012
PM 15729309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sullivan, CS
   Grundhoff, AT
   Tevethia, S
   Pipas, JM
   Ganem, D
AF Sullivan, CS
   Grundhoff, AT
   Tevethia, S
   Pipas, JM
   Ganem, D
TI SV40-encoded microRNAs regulate viral gene expression and reduce susceptibility to cytotoxic T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interfering rnas; messenger-rna; virus; antigen; sv40
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are small (similar to 22-nucleotide) RNAs that in lower organisms serve important regulatory roles in development and gene expression, typically by forming imperfect duplexes with target messenger RNAs1. miRNAs have also been described in mammalian cells and in infections with Epstein - Barr virus (EBV), but the function of most of them is unknown. Although one EBV miRNA probably altered the processing of a viral mRNA(2), the regulatory significance of this event is uncertain, because other transcripts exist that can supply the targeted function(3). Here we report the identification of miRNAs encoded by simian virus 40 (SV40) and define their functional significance for viral infection. SVmiRNAs accumulate at late times in infection, are perfectly complementary to early viral mRNAs, and target those mRNAs for cleavage. This reduces the expression of viral T antigens but does not reduce the yield of infectious virus relative to that generated by a mutant lacking SVmiRNAs. However, wild-type SV40-infected cells are less sensitive than the mutant to lysis by cytotoxic T cells, and trigger less cytokine production by such cells. Thus, viral evolution has taken advantage of the miRNA pathway to generate effectors that enhance the probability of successful infection.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, George Williams Hooper Fdn, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, George Williams Hooper Fdn, Dept Microbiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, George Williams Hooper Fdn, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Biol Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Penn State Health; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
RP Ganem, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, George Williams Hooper Fdn, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM ganem@cgl.ucsf.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA073506] Funding Source: Medline
NR 14
TC 512
Z9 647
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 682
EP 686
DI 10.1038/nature03576
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200052
PM 15931223
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whiten, A
AF Whiten, A
TI The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grooming hand-clasp; children; evolution; cultures; insights; apes
AB Half a century of dedicated field research has brought us from ignorance of our closest relatives to the discovery that chimpanzee communities resemble human cultures in possessing suites of local traditions that uniquely identify them. The collaborative effort required to establish this picture parallels the one set up to sequence the chimpanzee genome, and has revealed a complex social inheritance system that complements the genetic picture we are now developing.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Ctr Social Learning & Cognit Evolut, St Andrews KY16 9JP, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Scottish Primate Res Grp, St Andrews KY16 9JP, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of St Andrews
RP Whiten, A (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Ctr Social Learning & Cognit Evolut, St Andrews KY16 9JP, Fife, Scotland.
EM a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [S16447] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [S16447] Funding Source: Medline
NR 39
TC 200
Z9 224
U1 1
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/nature04023
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400041
PM 16136127
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spilianakis, CG
   Lalioti, MD
   Town, T
   Lee, GR
   Flavell, RA
AF Spilianakis, CG
   Lalioti, MD
   Town, T
   Lee, GR
   Flavell, RA
TI Interchromosomal associations between alternatively expressed loci
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID th2 cytokine locus; hypersensitive sites; nuclear-localization; histone acetylation; gene; enhancer; heterochromatin; transcription; organization; mobility
AB The T-helper- cell 1 and 2 (T(H)1 and T(H)2) pathways, defined by cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 ( IL-4), respectively, comprise two alternative CD4(+) T-cell fates, with functional consequences for the host immune system. These cytokine genes are encoded on different chromosomes. The recently described T(H)2 locus control region (LCR) coordinately regulates the T(H)2 cytokine genes by participating in a complex between the LCR and promoters of the cytokine genes Il4, Il5 and Il13. Although they are spread over 120 kilobases, these elements are closely juxtaposed in the nucleus in a poised chromatin conformation. In addition to these intrachromosomal interactions, we now describe interchromosomal interactions between the promoter region of the IFN-gamma gene on chromosome 10 and the regulatory regions of the T(H)2 cytokine locus on chromosome 11. DNase I hypersensitive sites that comprise the T(H)2 LCR developmentally regulate these interchromosomal interactions. Furthermore, there seems to be a cell-type-specific dynamic interaction between interacting chromatin partners whereby interchromosomal interactions are apparently lost in favour of intrachromosomal ones upon gene activation. Thus, we provide an example of eukaryotic genes located on separate chromosomes associating physically in the nucleus via interactions that may have a function in coordinating gene expression.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Flavell, RA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM richard.flavell@yale.edu
NR 37
TC 560
Z9 704
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 637
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature03574
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200042
PM 15880101
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koster, DA
   Croquette, V
   Dekker, C
   Shuman, S
   Dekker, NH
AF Koster, DA
   Croquette, V
   Dekker, C
   Shuman, S
   Dekker, NH
TI Friction and torque govern the relaxation of DNA supercoils by eukaryotic topoisomerase IB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vaccinia topoisomerase; duplex dna; escherichia-coli; mechanism; molecule; protein; elasticity; covalent; rotation; gyrase
AB Topoisomerases relieve the torsional strain in DNA that is built up during replication and transcription. They are vital for cell proliferation(1-3) and are a target for poisoning by anti-cancer drugs(4,5). Type IB topoisomerase (TopIB) forms a protein clamp around the DNA duplex(6-8) and creates a transient nick that permits removal of supercoils. Using real-time single-molecule observation, we show that TopIB releases supercoils by a swivel mechanism that involves friction between the rotating DNA and the enzyme cavity: that is, the DNA does not freely rotate. Unlike a nicking enzyme, TopIB does not release all the supercoils at once, but it typically does so in multiple steps. The number of supercoils removed per step follows an exponential distribution. The enzyme is found to be torque-sensitive, as the mean number of supercoils per step increases with the torque stored in the DNA. We propose a model for topoisomerization in which the torque drives the DNA rotation over a rugged periodic energy landscape in which the topoisomerase has a small but quantifiable probability to religate the DNA once per turn.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Ecole Normale Super, Lab Phys Stat, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Sloan Kettering Inst, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Universite Paris Cite; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Dekker, NH (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Kavli Inst Nanosci, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM nynke.dekker@mb.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 29
TC 262
Z9 322
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 671
EP 674
DI 10.1038/nature03395
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000051
PM 15800630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lendlein, A
   Jiang, HY
   Jünger, O
   Langer, R
AF Lendlein, A
   Jiang, HY
   Jünger, O
   Langer, R
TI Light-induced shape-memory polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gels; derivatives; elastomers; actuators; film
AB Materials are said to show a shape-memory effect if they can be deformed and fixed into a temporary shape, and recover their original, permanent shape only on exposure to an external stimulus(1-3). Shape-memory polymers have received increasing attention because of their scientific and technological significance(4,5). In principle, a thermally induced shape-memory effect can be activated by an increase in temperature ( also obtained by heating on exposure to an electrical current(6) or light illumination(6,7)). Several papers have described light-induced changes in the shape of polymers(8-12) and gels(13-15), such as contraction(8-10), bending(11-13) or volume changes(14,15). Here we report that polymers containing cinnamic groups can be deformed and fixed into predetermined shapes - such as ( but not exclusively) elongated films and tubes, arches or spirals - by ultraviolet light illumination. These new shapes are stable for long time periods, even when heated to 50 degrees C, and they can recover their original shape at ambient temperatures when exposed to ultraviolet light of a different wavelength. The ability of polymers to form different pre-determined temporary shapes and subsequently recover their original shape at ambient temperatures by remote light activation could lead to a variety of potential medical and other applications.
C1 GKSS Res Ctr Geesthacht GmbH, Inst Chem, D-14513 Teltow, Germany.
   mnemoSci GmbH, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
   Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Technol & Dev Med Devices, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
   MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon; RWTH Aachen University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Lendlein, A (corresponding author), GKSS Res Ctr Geesthacht GmbH, Inst Chem, Kantstr 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany.
EM Lendlein@gkss.de
NR 20
TC 1778
Z9 2090
U1 13
U2 1363
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 879
EP 882
DI 10.1038/nature03496
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600036
PM 15829960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rauhut, OWM
   Remes, K
   Fechner, R
   Cladera, G
   Puerta, P
AF Rauhut, OWM
   Remes, K
   Fechner, R
   Cladera, G
   Puerta, P
TI Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Sauropod dinosaurs are one of the most conspicuous groups of Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates. They show general trends towards an overall increase in size and elongation of the neck, by means of considerable elongation of the length of individual vertebrae and a cervical vertebra count that, in some cases, increases to 19 (ref. 1). The long neck is a particular hallmark of sauropod dinosaurs and is usually regarded as a key feeding adaptation(2). Here we describe a new dicraeosaurid sauropod, from the latest Jurassic period of Patagonia, that has a particularly short neck. With a neck that is about 40% shorter than in other known dicraeosaurs(3,4), this taxon demonstrates a trend opposite to that seen in most sauropods and indicates that the ecology of dicraeosaurids might have differed considerably from that of other sauropods. The new taxon indicates that there was a rapid radiation and dispersal of dicraeosaurids in the Late Jurassic of the Southern Hemisphere, after the separation of Gondwana from the northern continents by the late Middle Jurassic.
C1 Bayer Staatssammlung Palaontol & Geol, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
   Museo Paleontol Egidio Feruglio, RA-9100 Trelew, Argentina.
RP Rauhut, OWM (corresponding author), Bayer Staatssammlung Palaontol & Geol, Richard Wagner Str 10, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
EM o.rauhut@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
NR 23
TC 134
Z9 151
U1 1
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 670
EP 672
DI 10.1038/nature03623
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200049
PM 15931221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bryden, HL
   Longworth, HR
   Cunningham, SA
AF Bryden, HL
   Longworth, HR
   Cunningham, SA
TI Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25° N
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID florida current; heat-flux; seasonal variability; nordic seas; ocean; transport
AB The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation carries warm upper waters into far- northern latitudes and returns cold deep waters southward across the Equator(1). Its heat transport makes a substantial contribution to the moderate climate of maritime and continental Europe, and any slowdown in the overturning circulation would have profound implications for climate change. A transatlantic section along latitude 25 degrees N has been used as a baseline for estimating the overturning circulation and associated heat transport(2 - 4). Here we analyse a new 25 degrees N transatlantic section and compare it with four previous sections taken over the past five decades. The comparison suggests that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has slowed by about 30 per cent between 1957 and 2004. Whereas the northward transport in the Gulf Stream across 25 degrees N has remained nearly constant, the slowing is evident both in a 50 per cent larger southward- moving mid- ocean recirculation of thermocline waters, and also in a 50 per cent decrease in the southward transport of lower North Atlantic Deep Water between 3,000 and 5,000 m in depth. In 2004, more of the northward Gulf Stream flow was recirculating back southward in the thermocline within the subtropical gyre, and less was returning southward at depth.
C1 Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre
RP Bryden, HL (corresponding author), Natl Oceanog Ctr, Empress Dock, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM h.bryden@noc.soton.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/T/S/2002/00481, NER/T/S/2002/00449] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 506
Z9 561
U1 3
U2 187
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 655
EP 657
DI 10.1038/nature04385
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100047
PM 16319889
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, MH
   Lee, IK
   Kim, GW
   Kim, BU
   Han, YH
   Yu, DY
   Park, HS
   Kim, KY
   Lee, JS
   Choi, CH
   Bae, YS
   Lee, BI
   Rhee, SG
   Kang, SW
AF Choi, MH
   Lee, IK
   Kim, GW
   Kim, BU
   Han, YH
   Yu, DY
   Park, HS
   Kim, KY
   Lee, JS
   Choi, CH
   Bae, YS
   Lee, BI
   Rhee, SG
   Kang, SW
TI Regulation of PDGF signalling and vascular remodelling by peroxiredoxin II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cysteine-sulfinic acid; necrosis-factor-alpha; growth-factor; tyrosine phosphorylation; mammalian peroxiredoxin; site cysteine; activation; mechanism; requires; receptor
AB Platelet-derived growth factor ( PDGF) is a potent mitogenic and migratory factor that regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of a variety of signalling proteins via intracellular production of H2O2 (refs 1 - 3). Mammalian 2-Cys peroxiredoxin type II ( Prx II; gene symbol Prdx2) is a cellular peroxidase that eliminates endogenous H2O2 produced in response to growth factors such as PDGF and epidermal growth factor(4); however, its involvement in growth factor signalling is largely unknown. Here we show that Prx II is a negative regulator of PDGF signalling. Prx II deficiency results in increased production of H2O2, enhanced activation of PDGF receptor ( PDGFR) and phospholipase C gamma 1, and subsequently increased cell proliferation and migration in response to PDGF. These responses are suppressed by expression of wild-type Prx II, but not an inactive mutant. Notably, Prx II is recruited to PDGFR upon PDGF stimulation, and suppresses protein tyrosine phosphatase inactivation. Prx II also leads to the suppression of PDGFR activation in primary culture and a murine restenosis model, including PDGF-dependent neointimal thickening of vascular smooth muscle cells. These results demonstrate a localized role for endogenous H2O2 in PDGF signalling, and indicate a biological function of Prx II in cardiovascular disease.
C1 Ewha Womans Univ, Div Mol Life Sci, Seoul 120750, South Korea.
   Ewha Womans Univ, Ctr Cell Signaling Res, Seoul 120750, South Korea.
   Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Seoul 120752, South Korea.
   Korea Res Inst Biosci & Biotechnol, Lab Human Genom, Taejon 305333, South Korea.
   Labfrontier Co Ltd, Inst Life Sci, Suwon 442766, Kyunggi Do, South Korea.
   NHLBI, Lab Cell Signaling, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biosyst, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
C3 Ewha Womans University; Ewha Womans University; Yonsei University; Yonsei University Health System; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI); Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)
RP Rhee, SG (corresponding author), Ewha Womans Univ, Div Mol Life Sci, Seoul 120750, South Korea.
EM sgrhee@nih.gov
NR 23
TC 329
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 347
EP 353
DI 10.1038/nature03587
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000046
PM 15902258
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harris, GC
   Wimmer, M
   Aston-Jones, G
AF Harris, GC
   Wimmer, M
   Aston-Jones, G
TI A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; receptor antagonist; rat-brain; hypocretin orexin; feeding-behavior; fos expression; preference; stress; neuropeptides; environment
AB The lateral hypothalamus is a brain region historically implicated in reward and motivation(1 - 4), but the identity of the neurotransmitters involved are unknown. The orexins ( or hypocretins) are neuropeptides recently identified as neurotransmitters in lateral hypothalamus neurons(5,6). Although knockout and transgenic overexpression studies have implicated orexin neurons in arousal and sleep(7), these cells also project to reward- associated brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area(8,9). This indicates a possible role for these neurons in reward function and motivation(3,10), consistent with previous studies implicating these neurons in feeding(6). Here we show that activation of lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons is strongly linked to preferences for cues associated with drug and food reward. In addition, we show that chemical activation of lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons reinstates an extinguished drug- seeking behaviour. This reinstatement effect was completely blocked by prior administration of an orexin A antagonist. Moreover, administration of the orexin A peptide directly into the ventral tegmental area also reinstated drug- seeking. These data reveal a new role for lateral hypothalamus orexin neurons in reward- seeking, drug relapse and addiction.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Lab Neuromodulat & Behav, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Harris, GC (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Lab Neuromodulat & Behav, 705 Stellar Chance 6100,422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM glenda@dolphin.upenn.edu
NR 31
TC 1085
Z9 1252
U1 2
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 556
EP 559
DI 10.1038/nature04071
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800051
PM 16100511
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kashlinsky, A
   Arendt, RG
   Mather, J
   Moseley, SH
AF Kashlinsky, A
   Arendt, RG
   Mather, J
   Moseley, SH
TI Tracing the first stars with fluctuations of the cosmic infrared background
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probe wmap observations; array camera irac; experiment search; 1st stars; midinfrared observations; dirbe; emission; galaxy; microns; 2mass
AB The deepest space- and ground-based observations find metal-enriched galaxies at cosmic times when the Universe was less than 1 Gyr old. These stellar populations had to be preceded by the metal-free first stars, known as 'population III'. Recent cosmic microwave background polarization measurements indicate that stars started forming early - when the Universe was <= 200 Myr old. It is now thought that population III stars were significantly more massive than the present metal-rich stellar populations. Although such sources will not be individually detectable by existing or planned telescopes, they would have produced significant cosmic infrared background radiation in the near-infrared, whose fluctuations reflect the conditions in the primordial density field. Here we report a measurement of diffuse flux fluctuations after removing foreground stars and galaxies. The anisotropies exceed the instrument noise and the more local foregrounds; they can be attributed to emission from population III stars, at an era dominated by these objects.
C1 Observat Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   SSAI, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Kashlinsky, A (corresponding author), Observat Cosmol Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM kashlinsky@stars.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 49
TC 178
Z9 195
U1 1
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 45
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature04143
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000037
PM 16267547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braig, M
   Lee, S
   Loddenkemper, C
   Rudolph, C
   Peters, AHFM
   Schlegelberger, B
   Stein, H
   Dörken, B
   Jenuwein, T
   Schmitt, CA
AF Braig, M
   Lee, S
   Loddenkemper, C
   Rudolph, C
   Peters, AHFM
   Schlegelberger, B
   Stein, H
   Dörken, B
   Jenuwein, T
   Schmitt, CA
TI Oncogene-induced senescence as an initial barrier in lymphoma development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone h3; tumor-cells; lysine 9; p53; methylation; hp1; methyltransferase; heterochromatin; proliferation; inactivation
AB Acute induction of oncogenic Ras provokes cellular senescence involving the retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway, but the tumour suppressive potential of senescence in vivo remains elusive. Recently, Rb-mediated silencing of growth-promoting genes by heterochromatin formation associated with methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me) was identified as a critical feature of cellular senescence, which may depend on the histone methyltransferase Suv39h1. Here we show that E mu-N-Ras transgenic mice harbouring targeted heterozygous lesions at the Suv39h1, or the p53 locus for comparison, succumb to invasive T-cell lymphomas that lack expression of Suv39h1 or p53, respectively. By contrast, most N-Ras-transgenic wild-type ('control') animals develop a non-lymphoid neoplasia significantly later. Proliferation of primary lymphocytes is directly stalled by a Suv39h1-dependent, H3K9me-related senescent growth arrest in response to oncogenic Ras, thereby cancelling lymphomagenesis at an initial step. Suv39h1-deficient lymphoma cells grow rapidly but, unlike p53-deficient cells, remain highly susceptible to adriamycin-induced apoptosis. In contrast, only control, but not Suv39h1-deficient or p53-deficient, lymphomas senesce after drug therapy when apoptosis is blocked. These results identify H3K9me-mediated senescence as a novel Suv39h1-dependent tumour suppressor mechanism whose inactivation permits the formation of aggressive but apoptosis-competent lymphomas in response to oncogenic Ras.
C1 Charite Univ Med Berlin Haematol Oncol, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
   Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Hannover Med Sch, Inst Cell & Mol Pathol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Charite Univ Med Berlin, Dept Pathol, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; Hannover Medical School; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
RP Schmitt, CA (corresponding author), Charite Univ Med Berlin Haematol Oncol, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
EM clemens.schmitt@charite.de
NR 31
TC 1021
Z9 1215
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 660
EP 665
DI 10.1038/nature03841
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500034
PM 16079837
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parkes, RJ
   Webster, G
   Cragg, BA
   Weightman, AJ
   Newberry, CJ
   Ferdelman, TG
   Kallmeyer, J
   Jorgensen, BB
   Aiello, IW
   Fry, JC
AF Parkes, RJ
   Webster, G
   Cragg, BA
   Weightman, AJ
   Newberry, CJ
   Ferdelman, TG
   Kallmeyer, J
   Jorgensen, BB
   Aiello, IW
   Fry, JC
TI Deep sub-seafloor prokaryotes stimulated at interfaces over geological time
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subseafloor sediments; microbial community; bacterial diversity; marine-sediments; biosphere; methane; oxidation; sulfide; denmark; margin
AB The sub-seafloor biosphere is the largest prokaryotic habitat on Earth(1) but also a habitat with the lowest metabolic rates(2). Modelled activity rates are very low, indicating that most prokaryotes may be inactive or have extraordinarily slow metabolism(2). Here we present results from two Pacific Ocean sites, margin and open ocean, both of which have deep, subsurface stimulation of prokaryotic processes associated with geochemical and/or sedimentary interfaces. At 90 m depth in the margin site, stimulation was such that prokaryote numbers were higher ( about 13-fold) and activity rates higher than or similar to near-surface values. Analysis of high-molecular-mass DNA confirmed the presence of viable prokaryotes and showed changes in biodiversity with depth that were coupled to geochemistry, including a marked community change at the 90-m interface. At the open ocean site, increases in numbers of prokaryotes at depth were more restricted but also corresponded to increased activity; however, this time they were associated with repeating layers of diatom-rich sediments ( about 9 Myr old). These results show that deep sedimentary prokaryotes can have high activity, have changing diversity associated with interfaces and are active over geological timescales.
C1 Cardiff Univ, Sch Earth Ocean & Planetary Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, Wales.
   Cardiff Univ, Cardiff Sch Biosci, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales.
   Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
C3 Cardiff University; Cardiff University; Max Planck Society; Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
RP Parkes, RJ (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Earth Ocean & Planetary Sci, Main Bldg,Pk Pl, Cardiff CF10 3YE, Wales.
EM j.parkes@earth.cf.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 342
Z9 392
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 390
EP 394
DI 10.1038/nature03796
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400042
PM 16034418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allen, JT
   Brown, L
   Sanders, R
   Moore, CM
   Mustard, A
   Fielding, S
   Lucas, M
   Rixen, M
   Savidge, G
   Henson, S
   Mayor, D
AF Allen, JT
   Brown, L
   Sanders, R
   Moore, CM
   Mustard, A
   Fielding, S
   Lucas, M
   Rixen, M
   Savidge, G
   Henson, S
   Mayor, D
TI Diatom carbon export enhanced by silicate upwelling in the northeast Atlantic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID almeria-oran front; mesoscale subduction; phytoplankton; bloom; nutrients; ocean; june
AB Diatoms are unicellular or chain-forming phytoplankton that use silicon ( Si) in cell wall construction. Their survival during periods of apparent nutrient exhaustion enhances carbon sequestration in frontal regions of the northern North Atlantic. These regions may therefore have a more important role in the 'biological pump' than they have previously been attributed(1), but how this is achieved is unknown. Diatom growth depends on silicate availability, in addition to nitrate and phosphate(2,3), but northern Atlantic waters are richer in nitrate than silicate(4). Following the spring stratification, diatoms are the first phytoplankton to bloom(2,5). Once silicate is exhausted, diatom blooms subside in a major export event(6,7). Here we show that, with nitrate still available for new production, the diatom bloom is prolonged where there is a periodic supply of new silicate: specifically, diatoms thrive by 'mining' deep-water silicate brought to the surface by an unstable ocean front. The mechanism we present here is not limited to silicate fertilization; similar mechanisms could support nitrate-,phosphate- or iron-limited frontal regions in oceans elsewhere.
C1 Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   N Highland Coll, UHI Millenium Inst, Environm Res Inst, Thurso KW14 7JD, Caithness, Scotland.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Geog & Geosci, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, Fife, Scotland.
   NATO Undersea Res Ctr, I-19138 La Spezia, Italy.
   Queens Univ Belfast, Marine Lab, Portaferry BT22 1PF, North Ireland.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of the Highlands & Islands; University of St Andrews; NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation); Queens University Belfast
RP Allen, JT (corresponding author), Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM jta@noc.soton.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 181
U1 1
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 728
EP 732
DI 10.1038/nature03948
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900051
PM 16193051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hafting, T
   Fyhn, M
   Molden, S
   Moser, MB
   Moser, EI
AF Hafting, T
   Fyhn, M
   Molden, S
   Moser, MB
   Moser, EI
TI Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID head-direction cells; hippocampal ensemble code; path-integration; place cells; functional-organization; neurons; rat; memory; ca3; information
AB The ability to find one's way depends on neural algorithms that integrate information about place, distance and direction, but the implementation of these operations in cortical microcircuits is poorly understood. Here we show that the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex ( dMEC) contains a directionally oriented, topographically organized neural map of the spatial environment. Its key unit is the 'grid cell', which is activated whenever the animal's position coincides with any vertex of a regular grid of equilateral triangles spanning the surface of the environment. Grids of neighbouring cells share a common orientation and spacing, but their vertex locations ( their phases) differ. The spacing and size of individual fields increase from dorsal to ventral dMEC. The map is anchored to external landmarks, but persists in their absence, suggesting that grid cells may be part of a generalized, path-integration-based map of the spatial environment.
C1 Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Ctr Biol Memory, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
C3 Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
RP Moser, EI (corresponding author), Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Ctr Biol Memory, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
EM edvard.moser@ntnu.no
NR 50
TC 2730
Z9 3414
U1 43
U2 662
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 801
EP 806
DI 10.1038/nature03721
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500035
PM 15965463
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, AE
   Ginty, DD
   Fan, CM
AF Chen, AE
   Ginty, DD
   Fan, CM
TI Protein kinase A signalling via CREB controls myogenesis induced by Wnt proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; sonic hedgehog; beta-catenin; expression; myod; transcription; pathway; family; genes; myf-5
AB Select members of the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins have been implicated in inducing the myogenic determinant genes Pax3, MyoD and Myf5 during mammalian embryogenesis(1,2), but the mechanism of induction has not been defined. We describe an unexpected role for protein kinase A (PKA) signalling via CREB in this induction. Using a combination of in vitro explant assays, mutant analysis and gene delivery into mouse embryos cultured ex vivo, we demonstrate that adenylyl cyclase signalling via PKA and its target transcription factor CREB are required for Wnt-directed myogenic gene expression. Wnt proteins can also stimulate CREB-mediated transcription, providing evidence for a Wnt signalling pathway involving PKA and CREB. Our findings raise the possibility that PKA/CREB signalling may also contribute to other Wnt-regulated processes in embryonic patterning, stem cell renewal and cancer(3).
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Embryol, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Fan, CM (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Embryol, 115 W Univ Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA.
EM fan@ciwemb.edu
NR 28
TC 265
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 317
EP 322
DI 10.1038/nature03126
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300056
PM 15568017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hetzel, R
   Hampel, A
AF Hetzel, R
   Hampel, A
TI Slip rate variations on normal faults during glacial-interglacial changes in surface loads
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern great-basin; san-andreas fault; wasatch fault; lake bonneville; upper-mantle; utah; deformation; earthquakes; zone; model
AB Geologic and palaeoseismological data(1,2) document a marked increase in the slip rates of the Wasatch fault and three adjacent normal faults in the Basin and Range Province during the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene epochs(3). The cause of this synchronous acceleration of fault slip and the subsequent clustering of earthquakes during the Holocene(3) has remained enigmatic, although it has been suggested that the coincidence between the acceleration of slip and the shrinkage of Lake Bonneville after the Last Glacial Maximum may indicate a causal relationship(4). Here we use finite-element models of a discrete normal fault within a rheologically layered lithosphere to evaluate the relative importance of two competing processes that affect fault slip: postglacial unloading ( the removal of mass), which decreases the slip rate, and lithospheric rebound, which promotes faster slip. We show that lithospheric rebound caused by regression of Lake Bonneville(4-6) and deglaciation of adjacent mountain ranges(7,8) provides a feasible mechanism for the high Holocene rates of faulting in the Wasatch region. Our analysis implies that climate-controlled changes in loads applied to Earth's surface may exert a fundamental control on the slip history of individual normal faults.
C1 ETH, Inst Geol, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Inst Geol Sci, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Bern
RP Hetzel, R (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Geol Palaontol, Corrensstr 24, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
EM rahetzel@uni-muenster.de
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature03562
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600041
PM 15875019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Toro, G
   Nielsen, S
   Pennacchioni, G
AF Di Toro, G
   Nielsen, S
   Pennacchioni, G
TI Earthquake rupture dynamics frozen in exhumed ancient faults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudotachylyte; propagation; stress; slip
AB Most of our knowledge about co-seismic rupture propagation is derived from inversion and interpretation of strong-ground-motion seismograms(1-3), laboratory experiments on rock(4,5) and rock-analogue material(6), or inferred from theoretical and numerical elastodynamic models(7-9). However, additional information on dynamic rupture processes can be provided by direct observation of faults exhumed at the Earth's surface(10). Pseudotachylytes (solidified friction-induced melts(11,12)) are the most certain fault-rock indicator of seismicity on ancient faults(13). Here we show how the asymmetry in distribution and the orientation of pseudotachylyte-filled secondary fractures around an exhumed fault can be used to reconstruct the earthquake rupture directivity, rupture velocity and fracture energy, by comparison with the theoretical dynamic stress field computed around propagating fractures. In particular, the studied natural network of pseudotachylytes is consistent with a dominant propagation direction during repeated seismic events and subsonic rupture propagation close to the Rayleigh wave velocity.
C1 Univ Padua, Dipartimento Geol Paleontol & Geofis, I-35137 Padua, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, I-00143 Rome, Italy.
C3 University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
RP Nielsen, S (corresponding author), Univ Padua, Dipartimento Geol Paleontol & Geofis, I-35137 Padua, Italy.
EM snielsen@na.infn.it
NR 30
TC 143
Z9 159
U1 2
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1009
EP 1012
DI 10.1038/nature03910
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900048
PM 16107846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carreiras, M
   Lopez, J
   Rivero, F
   Corina, D
AF Carreiras, M
   Lopez, J
   Rivero, F
   Corina, D
TI Linguistic perception: Neural processing of a whistled language
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID speech-perception; cortex
C1 Univ La Laguna, Dept Psicol Cognit, Tenerife 38205, Spain.
   Hosp Univ Canarias, IMETISA, Tenerife 28320, Spain.
   Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Universidad de la Laguna; Universidad de la Laguna; University Hospital of the Canary Islands; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Carreiras, M (corresponding author), Univ La Laguna, Dept Psicol Cognit, Tenerife 38205, Spain.
EM mcarreir@ull.es
NR 13
TC 37
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 31
EP 32
DI 10.1038/433031a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100024
PM 15635400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiessling, W
AF Kiessling, W
TI Long-term relationships between ecological stability and biodiversity in Phanerozoic reefs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; productivity; extinctions; resilience
AB High biodiversity has been shown to enhance ecological stability on small spatial scales and over intervals of weeks to decades(1-4.) It remains unclear, however, whether this diversity - stability relationship can be scaled up to regional scales, or to longer timescales(5). Without empirical validation at larger scales, the implications of the diversity - stability relationship for both ecology and long-term conservation strategies cannot readily be resolved. Here I show that in biogenic reefs, ecological stability is related to taxonomic diversity on million-year timescales. The higher the mean reef diversity in a particular time interval, the smaller the change in skeletal density, style of reef building and biotic reef types in the subsequent time interval. Because the relationships apply to a wide spectrum of disturbance regimes and reef types, these results support the hypothesis that species richness itself promotes ecological stability(3). Carbonate production by reefs, while closely correlated with reef diversity without temporal lag, is not stabilized by reef diversity over these long timescales. This suggests that ecological stability and productivity may be decoupled in natural ecosystems.
C1 Humboldt Univ, Museum Nat Hist, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Humboldt University of Berlin
RP Kiessling, W (corresponding author), Humboldt Univ, Museum Nat Hist, Invalidenstr 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
EM wolfgang.kiessling@museum.hu-berlin.de
NR 27
TC 83
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 410
EP 413
DI 10.1038/nature03152
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200041
PM 15674290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manning, MR
   Lowe, DC
   Moss, RC
   Bodeker, GE
   Allan, W
AF Manning, MR
   Lowe, DC
   Moss, RC
   Bodeker, GE
   Allan, W
TI Short-term variations in the oxidizing power of the atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmogenic (co)-c-14; tropospheric oh; c-14 production; co; abundance; cycle; ch4
AB The hydroxyl radical is the predominant atmospheric oxidant(1), responsible for removing a wide range of trace gases, including greenhouse gases, from the atmosphere. Determination of trends and variability in hydroxyl radical concentrations(2,3) is critical to understanding whether the 'cleansing' properties of the atmosphere are changing. The variability in hydroxyl radical concentrations on annual to monthly timescales, however, is difficult to quantify. Here we show records of carbon monoxide containing radiocarbon ((CO)-C-14), which is oxidized by hydroxyl radicals(4,5), from clean-air sites at Baring Head, New Zealand, and Scott Base, Antarctica, spanning 13 years. Using a model study, we correct for known variations in production of (CO)-C-14 (refs 6, 7), allowing us to exploit this species as a diagnostic for short term changes in hydroxyl radical concentrations. We find no significant long-term trend in hydroxyl radical concentrations but provide evidence for recurring short-term variations of around ten per cent persisting for a few months. We also find decreases in hydroxyl radical concentrations of up to 20 per cent, apparently triggered by the eruption of Mt Pinatubo in 1991 and by the occurrence of extensive fires in Indonesia in 1997.
C1 IPCC Working Grp Support Unit 1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington 6003, New Zealand.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand
RP Manning, MR (corresponding author), IPCC Working Grp Support Unit 1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM Martin.Manning@noaa.gov
NR 30
TC 78
Z9 89
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1001
EP 1004
DI 10.1038/nature03900
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900046
PM 16107844
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chester, JS
   Chester, FM
   Kronenberg, AK
AF Chester, JS
   Chester, FM
   Kronenberg, AK
TI Fracture surface energy of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earthquake rupture; stress drop; slip; efficiency; gouge; zone; california; growth
AB Fracture energy is a form of latent heat required to create an earthquake rupture surface and is related to parameters governing rupture propagation and processes of slip weakening(1-3). Fracture energy has been estimated from seismological and experimental rock deformation data(4-8), yet itsmagnitude, mechanisms of rupture surface formation and processes leading to slip weakening are not well defined(8-10). Here we quantify structural observations of the Punchbowl fault, a large-displacement exhumed fault(11,12) in the San Andreas fault system, and show that the energy required to create the fracture surface area in the fault is about 300 times greater than seismological estimates would predict for a single large earthquake. If fracture energy is attributed entirely to the production of fracture surfaces, then all of the fracture surface area in the Punchbowl fault could have been produced by earthquake displacements totalling <1 km. But this would only account for a small fraction of the total energy budget, and therefore additional processes probably contributed to slip weakening during earthquake rupture.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Tectonophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Chester, JS (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Tectonophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM chesterj@geo.tamu.edu
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 327
U1 3
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 133
EP 136
DI 10.1038/nature03942
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400056
PM 16136142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blilou, I
   Xu, J
   Wildwater, M
   Willemsen, V
   Paponov, I
   Friml, J
   Heidstra, R
   Aida, M
   Palme, K
   Scheres, B
AF Blilou, I
   Xu, J
   Wildwater, M
   Willemsen, V
   Paponov, I
   Friml, J
   Heidstra, R
   Aida, M
   Palme, K
   Scheres, B
TI The PIN auxin efflux facilitator network controls growth and patterning in Arabidopsis roots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell fate; transport; genes; gravitropism; gradients; localization; thaliana; meristem; encodes; tropism
AB Local accumulation of the plant growth regulator auxin mediates pattern formation in Arabidopsis roots and influences outgrowth and development of lateral root- and shoot-derived primordia. However, it has remained unclear how auxin can simultaneously regulate patterning and organ outgrowth and how its distribution is stabilized in a primordium-specific manner. Here we show that five PIN genes collectively control auxin distribution to regulate cell division and cell expansion in the primary root. Furthermore, the joint action of these genes has an important role in pattern formation by focusing the auxin maximum and restricting the expression domain of PLETHORA (PLT) genes, major determinants for root stem cell specification. In turn, PLT genes are required for PIN gene transcription to stabilize the auxin maximum at the distal root tip. Our data reveal an interaction network of auxin transport facilitators and root fate determinants that control patterning and growth of the root primordium.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Dept Mol Genet, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 2, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Utrecht University; University of Freiburg; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Scheres, B (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Dept Mol Genet, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM b.scheres@bio.uu.nl
NR 37
TC 1662
Z9 1914
U1 26
U2 902
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature03184
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100029
PM 15635403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sachs, JP
   Anderson, RF
AF Sachs, JP
   Anderson, RF
TI Increased productivity in the subantarctic ocean during Heinrich events
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice core; thermohaline circulation; climate-change; labrador-sea; taylor dome; iron; sediment; meltwater; biomass; record
AB Massive iceberg discharges from the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, 'Heinrich events', coincided with the coldest periods of the last ice age(1). There is widespread evidence for Heinrich events and their profound impact on the climate and circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean, but their influence beyond that region remains uncertain(1). Here we use a combination of molecular fingerprints of algal productivity and radioisotope tracers of sedimentation to document eight periods of increased productivity in the subpolar Southern Ocean during the past 70,000 years that occurred within 1,000-2,000 years of a Northern Hemisphere Heinrich event. We discuss possible causes for such a link, including increased supply of iron from upwelling and increased stratification during the growing season, which imply an alteration of the global ocean circulation during Heinrich events. The mechanisms linking North Atlantic iceberg discharges with subantarctic productivity remain unclear at this point. We suggest that understanding how the Southern Ocean was altered during these extreme climate perturbations is critical to understanding the role of the ocean in climate change.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Columbia University
RP Sachs, JP (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Room E34-254, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM jsachs@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 99
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1118
EP 1121
DI 10.1038/nature03544
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300040
PM 15858571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lebreton, JP
   Witasse, O
   Sollazzo, C
   Blancquaert, T
   Couzin, P
   Schipper, AM
   Jones, JB
   Matson, DL
   Gurvits, LI
   Atkinson, DH
   Kazeminejad, B
   Pérez-Ayúcar, M
AF Lebreton, JP
   Witasse, O
   Sollazzo, C
   Blancquaert, T
   Couzin, P
   Schipper, AM
   Jones, JB
   Matson, DL
   Gurvits, LI
   Atkinson, DH
   Kazeminejad, B
   Pérez-Ayúcar, M
TI An overview of the descent and landing of the Huygens probe on Titan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface; entry; telescope; mission; science; system
AB Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is the only Solar System planetary body other than Earth with a thick nitrogen atmosphere. The Voyager spacecraft confirmed that methane was the second-most abundant atmospheric constituent in Titan's atmosphere, and revealed a rich organic chemistry, but its cameras could not see through the thick organic haze. After a seven-year interplanetary journey on board the Cassini orbiter, the Huygens probe was released on 25 December 2004. It reached the upper layer of Titan's atmosphere on 14 January and landed softly after a parachute descent of almost 2.5 hours. Here we report an overview of the Huygens mission, which enabled studies of the atmosphere and surface, including in situ sampling of the organic chemistry, and revealed an Earth-like landscape. The probe descended over the boundary between a bright icy terrain eroded by fluvial activity - probably due to methane - and a darker area that looked like a river- or lake-bed. Post-landing images showed centimetre-sized surface details.
C1 European Space Agcy, Estec, Sci Directorate, Res & Sci Support Dept, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   European Space Agcy, Estec, Sci Directorate, Sci Project Dept, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   ESOC, ESA Operat Directorate, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Alcatel Alenia Space, F-06156 Cannes La Bocca, France.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Joint Inst VLBI Europe, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
   Univ Idaho, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
C3 European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; European Space Agency; European Space Operations Center; Alcatel-Lucent; Thales Group; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Idaho; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Lebreton, JP (corresponding author), European Space Agcy, Estec, Sci Directorate, Res & Sci Support Dept, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
EM jean-pierre.lebreton@esa.int
NR 24
TC 180
Z9 216
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 758
EP 764
DI 10.1038/nature04347
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800036
PM 16319826
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Min, MS
   Yang, SY
   Bonett, RM
   Vieites, DR
   Brandon, RA
   Wake, DB
AF Min, MS
   Yang, SY
   Bonett, RM
   Vieites, DR
   Brandon, RA
   Wake, DB
TI Discovery of the first Asian plethodontid salamander
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-history evolution; eastern north-america
AB Nearly 70% of the 535 species of salamanders in the world are members of a single family, the Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders(1). The centre of diversity for this clade is North and Middle America, where the vast majority (99%) of species salamander, from montane woodlands in southwestern Korea. The new species superficially resembles members of North American genera, in particular the morphologically conservative genus Plethodon. However, phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear encoded gene Rag-1 shows the new taxon to be widely divergent from Plethodon. The new salamander differs osteologically from putative relatives, especially with respect to the tongue ( attached protrusible) and the derived tarsus(2-6). We place the species in a new genus on the basis of the morphological and molecular data. The distribution of the new salamander adds to the enigma of Old World plethodontids, which are otherwise restricted to the western Mediterranean region(7,8), suggesting a more extensive past distribution of the family.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Conservat Genome Resource Bank Korean Wildlife, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Brain Korea 21, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Inha Univ, Dept Biol, Inchon 402751, South Korea.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   So Illinois Univ, Dept Zool, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Inha University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University
RP Wake, DB (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM wakelab@uclink.berkeley.edu
NR 18
TC 92
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature03474
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600043
PM 15875021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bricelj, VM
   Connell, L
   Konoki, K
   MacQuarrie, SP
   Scheuer, T
   Catterall, WA
   Trainer, VL
AF Bricelj, VM
   Connell, L
   Konoki, K
   MacQuarrie, SP
   Scheuer, T
   Catterall, WA
   Trainer, VL
TI Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-directed mutagenesis; tetrodotoxin; insensitivity; adaptation; mechanisms; binding; toxins; region; gene
AB Bivalve molluscs, the primary vectors of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans, show marked inter-species variation in their capacity to accumulate PSP toxins (PSTs)(1) which has a neural basis(2,3). PSTs cause human fatalities by blocking sodium conductance in nerve fibres(4,5). Here we identify a molecular basis for inter-population variation in PSP resistance within a species, consistent with genetic adaptation to PSTs. Softshell clams (Mya arenaria) from areas exposed to 'red tides' are more resistant to PSTs, as demonstrated by whole-nerve assays, and accumulate toxins at greater rates than sensitive clams from unexposed areas. PSTs lead to selective mortality of sensitive clams. Resistance is caused by natural mutation of a single amino acid residue, which causes a 1,000-fold decrease in affinity at the saxitoxin-binding site in the sodium channel pore of resistant, but not sensitive, clams. Thus PSTs might act as potent natural selection agents, leading to greater toxin resistance in clam populations and increased risk of PSP in humans. Furthermore, global expansion of PSP to previously unaffected coastal areas(6) might result in long-term changes to communities and ecosystems.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
   Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NOAA Fisheries, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA.
C3 National Research Council Canada; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Canada; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Bricelj, VM (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Marine Biosci, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
EM monica.bricelj@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
NR 27
TC 274
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 763
EP 767
DI 10.1038/nature03415
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700041
PM 15815630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, CJ
   Johnson, CG
AF Davis, CJ
   Johnson, CG
TI Lightning-induced intensification of the ionospheric sporadic E layer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superposed epoch; gravity-waves; ionization; vlf; thunderstorm; signatures; pulses
AB A connection between thunderstorms and the ionosphere has been hypothesized since the mid-1920s(1). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this connection(2-7), and evidence from modelling(8) as well as various types of measurements(9-14) demonstrate that lightning can interact with the lower ionosphere. It has been proposed, on the basis of a few observed events(15), that the ionospheric 'sporadic E' layer - transient, localized patches of relatively high electron density in the mid-ionosphere E layer, which significantly affect radio-wave propagation - can be modulated by thunderstorms, but a more formal statistical analysis is still needed. Here we identify a statistically significant intensification and descent in altitude of the mid-latitude sporadic E layer directly above thunderstorms. Because no ionospheric response to low-pressure systems without lightning is detected, we conclude that this localized intensification of the sporadic E layer can be attributed to lightning. We suggest that the co-location of lightning and ionospheric enhancement can be explained by either vertically propagating gravity waves that transfer energy from the site of lightning into the ionosphere, or vertical electrical discharge, or by a combination of these two mechanisms.
C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Davis, CJ (corresponding author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
EM C.J.Davis@rl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 63
Z9 67
U1 3
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 799
EP 801
DI 10.1038/nature03638
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700046
PM 15944700
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Myong, S
   Rasnik, I
   Joo, C
   Lohman, TM
   Ha, T
AF Myong, S
   Rasnik, I
   Joo, C
   Lohman, TM
   Ha, T
TI Repetitive shuttling of a motor protein on DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resonance energy-transfer; single-stranded-dna; escherichia-coli; rep helicase; crystal-structures; molecule; replication; recombination; domain; translocation
AB Many helicases modulate recombination, an essential process that needs to be tightly controlled. Mutations in some human disease helicases cause increased recombination, genome instability and cancer. To elucidate the potential mode of action of these enzymes, here we developed a single-molecule fluorescence assay that can visualize DNA binding and translocation of Escherichia coli Rep, a superfamily 1 DNA helicase homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Srs2. Individual Rep monomers were observed to move on single-stranded ( ss) DNA in the 30 to 50 direction using ATP hydrolysis. Strikingly, on hitting a blockade, such as duplex DNA or streptavidin, the protein abruptly snapped back close to its initial position, followed by further cycles of translocation and snapback. This repetitive shuttling is likely to be caused by a blockade-induced protein conformational change that enhances DNA affinity for the protein's secondary DNA binding site, thereby resulting in a transient DNA loop. Repetitive shuttling was also observed on ssDNA bounded by a stalled replication fork and an Okazaki fragment analogue, and the presence of Rep delayed formation of a filament of recombination protein RecA on ssDNA. Thus, the binding of a single Rep monomer to a stalled replication fork can lead to repetitive shuttling along the single-stranded region, possibly keeping the DNA clear of toxic recombination intermediates.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Ha, T (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM tjha@uiuc.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045948, R01 GM065367] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 230
Z9 274
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1321
EP 1325
DI 10.1038/nature04049
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100045
PM 16251956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ménétrey, J
   Bahloul, A
   Wells, AL
   Yengo, CM
   Morris, CA
   Sweeney, HL
   Houdusse, A
AF Ménétrey, J
   Bahloul, A
   Wells, AL
   Yengo, CM
   Morris, CA
   Sweeney, HL
   Houdusse, A
TI The structure of the myosin VI motor reveals the mechanism of directionality reversal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinetic mechanism; lever arm; calmodulin; protein; processivity; binding; domain; model
AB Here we solve a 2.4-angstrom structure of a truncated version of the reverse-direction myosin motor, myosin VI, that contains the motor domain and binding sites for two calmodulin molecules. The structure reveals only minor differences in the motor domain from that in plus-end directed myosins, with the exception of two unique inserts. The first is near the nucleotide-binding pocket and alters the rates of nucleotide association and dissociation. The second unique insert forms an integral part of the myosin VI converter domain along with a calmodulin bound to a novel target motif within the insert. This serves to redirect the effective 'lever arm' of myosin VI, which includes a second calmodulin bound to an 'IQ motif', towards the pointed ( minus) end of the actin filament. This repositioning largely accounts for the reverse directionality of this class of myosin motors. We propose a model incorporating a kinesin-like uncoupling/docking mechanism to provide a full explanation of the movements of myosin VI.
C1 CNRS, Inst Curie, F-75248 Paris, France.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; University of Pennsylvania
RP Houdusse, A (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Curie, 26 Rue Ulm, F-75248 Paris, France.
EM lsweeney@mail.med.upenn.edu; anne.houdusse@curie.fr
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR048931] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 178
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 779
EP 785
DI 10.1038/nature03592
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700042
PM 15944696
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinada, T
   Okamoto, S
   Kobayashi, T
   Ohdomari, I
AF Shinada, T
   Okamoto, S
   Kobayashi, T
   Ohdomari, I
TI Enhancing semiconductor device performance using ordered dopant arrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-ion implantation; impurity atoms; fluctuation; mosfets; number
AB As the size of semiconductor devices continues to shrink, the normally random distribution of the individual dopant atoms within the semiconductor becomes a critical factor in determining device performance-homogeneity can no longer be assumed(1-5). Here we report the fabrication of semiconductor devices in which both the number and position of the dopant atoms are precisely controlled. To achieve this, we make use of a recently developed single-ion implantation technique(6-9), which enables us to implant dopant ions one-by-one into a fine semiconductor region until the desired number is reached. Electrical measurements of the resulting transistors reveal that device-to-device fluctuations in the threshold voltage (V-th; the turn-on voltage of the device) are less for those structures with ordered dopant arrays than for those with conventional random doping. We also find that the devices with ordered dopant arrays exhibit a shift in V-th, relative to the undoped semiconductor, that is twice that for a random dopant distribution (-0.4 V versus -0.2 V); we attribute this to the uniformity of electrostatic potential in the conducting channel region due to the ordered distribution of dopant atoms. Our results therefore serve to highlight the improvements in device performance that can be achieved through atomic-scale control of the doping process. Furthermore, ordered dopant arrays of this type may enhance the prospects for realizing silicon-based solid-state quantum computers(10).
C1 Waseda Univ, Consolidated Res Inst Adv Sci & Med Care, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1620041, Japan.
   Waseda Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1620041, Japan.
C3 Waseda University; Waseda University
RP Shinada, T (corresponding author), Waseda Univ, Consolidated Res Inst Adv Sci & Med Care, Shinjuku Ku, 513 Wasedatsurumaki Cho, Tokyo 1620041, Japan.
EM shina@waseda.jp
NR 11
TC 299
Z9 339
U1 4
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1128
EP 1131
DI 10.1038/nature04086
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500038
PM 16237438
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallop, JL
   Butler, PJG
   McMahon, HT
AF Gallop, JL
   Butler, PJG
   McMahon, HT
TI Endophilin and CtBP/BARS are not acyl transferases in endocytosis or Golgi fission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; protein; curvature; acid; membranes; ribeye; driven; roles; ctbp
AB Endophilins have been proposed to have an enzymatic activity ( a lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase or LPAAT activity) that can make phosphatidic acid in membranes(1-3). This activity is thought to change the bilayer asymmetry in such a way that negative membrane curvature at the neck of a budding vesicle will be stabilized. An LPAAT activity has also been proposed for CtBP/ BARS ( carboxy- terminal binding protein/ brefeldin A- ribosylated substrate), a transcription co- repressor that is implicated in dynamin- independent endocytosis and fission of the Golgi in mitosis(4-6). Here we show that the LPAAT activity associated with endophilin is a contaminant of the purification procedure and can be also found associated with the pleckstrin homology domain of dynamin. Likewise, the LPAAT activity associated with CtBP/ BARS is also a co- purification artefact. The proposed locus of activity in endophilins includes the BAR domain, which has no catalytic site but instead senses positive membrane curvature. These data will prompt a re- evaluation of the molecular details of membrane budding.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP McMahon, HT (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM hmm@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 72
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 675
EP 678
DI 10.1038/nature04136
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100052
PM 16319893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kepinski, S
   Leyser, O
AF Kepinski, S
   Leyser, O
TI The Arabidopsis F-box protein TIR1 is an auxin receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aux/iaa proteins; scf; degradation; genetics; growth; genes
AB Despite 100 years of evidence showing a pivotal role for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA or auxin) in plant development, the mechanism of auxin perception has remained elusive. Central to auxin response are changes in gene expression, brought about by auxin-induced interaction between the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor proteins and the ubiquitin - ligase complex SCFTIR1, thus targeting for them proteolysis. Regulated SCF-mediated protein degradation is a widely occurring signal transduction mechanism. Target specificity is conferred by the F-box protein subunit of the SCF (TIR1 in the case of Aux/IAAs) and there are multiple F-box protein genes in all eukaryotic genomes examined so far. Although SCF - target interaction is usually regulated by signal-induced modification of the target, we have previously shown that auxin signalling involves the modification of SCFTIR1. Here we show that this modification involves the direct binding of auxin to TIR1 and thus that TIR1 is an auxin receptor mediating transcriptional responses to auxin.
C1 Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   SLU, Umea Plant Sci Ctr, S-90183 Umea, Sweden.
C3 University of York - UK; Umea University; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
RP Kepinski, S (corresponding author), Univ York, Dept Biol, Box 373, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
EM ssk2@york.ac.uk; hmol1@york.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/09392] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/B/09392] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 1336
Z9 1660
U1 5
U2 333
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 446
EP 451
DI 10.1038/nature03542
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800044
PM 15917798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joyce, DA
   Lunt, DH
   Bills, R
   Turner, GF
   Katongo, C
   Duftner, N
   Sturmbauer, C
   Seehausen, O
AF Joyce, DA
   Lunt, DH
   Bills, R
   Turner, GF
   Katongo, C
   Duftner, N
   Sturmbauer, C
   Seehausen, O
TI An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; victoria; desiccation; africa; origin
AB The haplochromine cichlid fish of the East African Great Lakes represent some of the fastest and most species-rich adaptive radiations known(1), but rivers in most of Africa accommodate only a few morphologically similar species of haplochromine cichlid fish. This has been explained by the wealth of ecological opportunity in large lakes compared with rivers. It is therefore surprising that the rivers of southern Africa harbour many, ecologically diverse haplochromines. Here we present genetic, morphological and biogeographical evidence suggesting that these riverine cichlids are products of a recent adaptive radiation in a large lake that dried up in the Holocene. Haplochromine species richness peaks steeply in an area for which geological data reveal the historical existence of Lake palaeo-Makgadikgadi(2,3). The centre of this extinct lake is now a saltpan north of the Kalahari Desert, but it once hosted a rapidly evolving fish species radiation, comparable in morphological diversity to that in the extant African Great Lakes. Importantly, this lake seeded all major river systems of southern Africa with ecologically diverse cichlids. This discovery reveals how local evolutionary processes operating during a short window of ecological opportunity can have a major and lasting effect on biodiversity on a continental scale.
C1 Univ Hull, Sch Biol Sci, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, N Humberside, England.
   Univ Bern, Inst Zool Aquat Ecol & Macroevolut, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Limnol Res Ctr, EAWAG, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
   S African Inst Aquat Biodivers, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa.
   Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Dept Zool, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
C3 University of Hull; University of Bern; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology (EAWAG); National Research Foundation - South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity; University of Graz
RP Seehausen, O (corresponding author), Univ Hull, Sch Biol Sci, Cottingham Rd, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, N Humberside, England.
EM ole.seehausen@aqua.unibe.ch
NR 30
TC 151
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 90
EP 95
DI 10.1038/nature03489
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600044
PM 15875022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janssen, BJC
   Huizinga, EG
   Raaijmakers, HCA
   Roos, A
   Daha, MR
   Nilsson-Ekdahl, K
   Nilsson, B
   Gros, P
AF Janssen, BJC
   Huizinga, EG
   Raaijmakers, HCA
   Roos, A
   Daha, MR
   Nilsson-Ekdahl, K
   Nilsson, B
   Gros, P
TI Structures of complement component C3 provide insights into the function and evolution of immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID initial c-3 convertase; ray crystal-structure; 3rd component; factor-h; internal thioester; diffraction data; protein c3; binding; cleavage; fragment
AB The mammalian complement system is a phylogenetically ancient cascade system that has a major role in innate and adaptive immunity. Activation of component C3 ( 1,641 residues) is central to the three complement pathways and results in inflammation and elimination of self and non- self targets. Here we present crystal structures of native C3 and its final major proteolytic fragment C3c. The structures reveal thirteen domains, nine of which were unpredicted, and suggest that the proteins of the alpha 2- macroglobulin family evolved from a core of eight homologous domains. A double mechanism prevents hydrolysis of the thioester group, essential for covalent attachment of activated C3 to target surfaces. Marked conformational changes in the alpha- chain, including movement of a critical interaction site through a ring formed by the domains of the beta- chain, indicate an unprecedented, conformation- dependent mechanism of activation, regulation and biological function of C3.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Fac Sci, Bijvoet Ctr Biomol Res, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Nephrol, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Immunol, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Kalmar, Dept Chem & Biomed Sci, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden.
C3 Utrecht University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Uppsala University; Uppsala University Hospital; University of Kalmar; Linnaeus University
RP Gros, P (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Fac Sci, Bijvoet Ctr Biomol Res, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM p.gros@chem.uu.nl
NR 51
TC 460
Z9 532
U1 3
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 505
EP 511
DI 10.1038/nature04005
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800040
PM 16177781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haynes, JD
   Deichmann, R
   Rees, G
AF Haynes, JD
   Deichmann, R
   Rees, G
TI Eye-specific effects of binocular rivalry in the human lateral geniculate nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; alert macaque; suppression; organization; pathway; monkey; brain; size; lgn; v1
AB When dissimilar images are presented to the two eyes, they compete for perceptual dominance so that each image is visible in turn for a few seconds while the other is suppressed. Such binocular rivalry is associated with relative suppression of local, eye-based representations(1-4) that can also be modulated by high-level influences such as perceptual grouping(3,5,6). However, it is currently unclear how early in visual processing the suppression of eye-based signals can occur. Here we use high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with a new binocular rivalry stimulus to show that signals recorded from the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) exhibit eye-specific suppression during rivalry. Regions of the LGN that show strong eye-preference independently show strongly reduced activity during binocular rivalry when the stimulus presented in their preferred eye is perceptually suppressed. The human LGN is thus the earliest stage of visual processing that reflects eye-specific dominance and suppression.
C1 UCL, Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Haynes, JD (corresponding author), UCL, Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, 12 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
EM haynes@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [067453] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 268
Z9 298
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 496
EP 499
DI 10.1038/nature04169
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200049
PM 16244649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, P
AF Moore, P
TI Cell biology: Ion channels and stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 8
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 699
EP 704
DI 10.1038/438699a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100059
PM 16319900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarillo-Herrero, P
   Kong, J
   van der Zant, HSJ
   Dekker, C
   Kouwenhoven, LP
   De Franceschi, S
AF Jarillo-Herrero, P
   Kong, J
   van der Zant, HSJ
   Dekker, C
   Kouwenhoven, LP
   De Franceschi, S
TI Orbital Kondo effect in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resonance; transport; field
AB Progress in the fabrication of nanometre-scale electronic devices is opening new opportunities to uncover deeper aspects of the Kondo effect(1) - a characteristic phenomenon in the physics of strongly correlated electrons. Artificial single-impurity Kondo systems have been realized in various nanostructures, including semiconductor quantum dots(2-4), carbon nanotubes(5,6) and individual molecules(7,8). The Kondo effect is usually regarded as a spin-related phenomenon, namely the coherent exchange of the spin between a localized state and a Fermi sea of delocalized electrons. In principle, however, the role of the spin could be replaced by other degrees of freedom, such as an orbital quantum number(9,10). Here we show that the unique electronic structure of carbon nanotubes enables the observation of a purely orbital Kondo effect. We use a magnetic field to tune spin-polarized states into orbital degeneracy and conclude that the orbital quantum number is conserved during tunnelling. When orbital and spin degeneracies are present simultaneously, we observe a strongly enhanced Kondo effect, with a multiple splitting of the Kondo resonance at finite field and predicted to obey a so-called SU(4) symmetry.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Jarillo-Herrero, P (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM pablo@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 29
TC 346
Z9 382
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 484
EP 488
DI 10.1038/nature03422
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000036
PM 15791250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holbourn, A
   Kuhnt, W
   Schulz, M
   Erlenkeuser, H
AF Holbourn, A
   Kuhnt, W
   Schulz, M
   Erlenkeuser, H
TI Impacts of orbital forcing and atmospheric carbon dioxide on Miocene ice-sheet expansion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle miocene; climate transition; southwest pacific; organic-carbon; ocean; evolution; cycle; paleoceanography; glaciation; insolation
AB The processes causing the middle Miocene global cooling, which marked the Earth's final transition into an 'icehouse' climate about 13.9 million years ago (Myr ago)(1-4), remain enigmatic. Tectonically driven circulation changes(5,6) and variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels(7,8) have been suggested as driving mechanisms, but the lack of adequately preserved sedimentary successions has made rigorous testing of these hypotheses difficult. Here we present high-resolution climate proxy records, covering the period from 14.7 to 12.7 million years ago, from two complete sediment cores from the northwest and southeast subtropical Pacific Ocean. Using new chronologies through the correlation to the latest orbital model(9), we find relatively constant, low summer insolation over Antarctica coincident with declining atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at the time of Antarctic ice-sheet expansion and global cooling, suggesting a causal link. We surmise that the thermal isolation of Antarctica played a role in providing sustained long-term climatic boundary conditions propitious for ice-sheet formation. Our data document that Antarctic glaciation was rapid, taking place within two obliquity cycles, and coincided with a striking transition from obliquity to eccentricity as the drivers of climatic change.
C1 Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Bremen, Res Ctr Ocean Margins, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Leibniz Lab Radiometr Dating & Stable Isotope Res, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
C3 University of Kiel; University of Bremen; University of Bremen; University of Kiel
RP Holbourn, A (corresponding author), Univ Kiel, Inst Geosci, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
EM ah@gpi.uni-kiel.de
NR 30
TC 288
Z9 331
U1 3
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 483
EP 487
DI 10.1038/nature04123
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200046
PM 16306989
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonardi, V
   Pesaresi, P
   Becker, T
   Schleiff, E
   Wagner, R
   Pfannschmidt, T
   Jahns, P
   Leister, D
AF Bonardi, V
   Pesaresi, P
   Becker, T
   Schleiff, E
   Wagner, R
   Pfannschmidt, T
   Jahns, P
   Leister, D
TI Photosystem II core phosphorylation and photosynthetic acclimation require two different protein kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harvesting complex-ii; arabidopsis-thaliana; state transitions; redox signals; gene-expression; outer envelope; nuclear genes; repair cycle; in-vivo; chloroplast
AB Illumination changes elicit modifications of thylakoid proteins and reorganization of the photosynthetic machinery. This involves, in the short term, phosphorylation of photosystem II (PSII) and light-harvesting (LHCII) proteins. PSII phosphorylation is thought to be relevant for PSII turnover(1,2), whereas LHCII phosphorylation is associated with the relocation of LHCII and the redistribution of excitation energy (state transitions) between photosystems(3,4). In the long term, imbalances in energy distribution between photosystems are counteracted by adjusting photosystem stoichiometry(5,6). In the green alga Chlamydomonas and the plant Arabidopsis, state transitions require the orthologous protein kinases STT7 and STN7, respectively(7,8). Here we show that in Arabidopsis a second protein kinase, STN8, is required for the quantitative phosphorylation of PSII core proteins. However, PSII activity under high-intensity light is affected only slightly in stn8 mutants, and D1 turnover is indistinguishable from the wild type, implying that reversible protein phosphorylation is not essential for PSII repair. Acclimation to changes in light quality is defective in stn7 but not in stn8 mutants, indicating that short-term and long-term photosynthetic adaptations are coupled. Therefore the phosphorylation of LHCII, or of an unknown substrate of STN7, is also crucial for the control of photosynthetic gene expression.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Biol 1, Inst Bot, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Zuchtungsforsch, Abt Pflanzenzuchtung & Genet, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   Fdn Parco Tecnol Padano, I-26900 Lodi, Italy.
   Univ Jena, Lehrstuhl Pflanzenphysiol, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Biochem Pflanzen, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf
RP Leister, D (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Biol 1, Inst Bot, Menzinger Str 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
EM leister@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
NR 30
TC 384
Z9 438
U1 0
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1179
EP 1182
DI 10.1038/nature04016
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500049
PM 16237446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petrides, M
   Cadoret, GV
   Mackey, S
AF Petrides, M
   Cadoret, GV
   Mackey, S
TI Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; frontal eye fields; premotor cortex; mnemonic retrieval; great apes; language; region; variability; activation; movements
AB In the ventrolateral frontal lobe of the human brain there is a distinct entity, cytoarchitectonic area 44 ( Broca's area), which is crucial in speech production(1-4). There has been controversy(5,6) over whether monkeys possess an area comparable to human area 44. We have addressed this question in the macaque monkey by combining quantitative architectonic analysis of the cortical areas within the ventrolateral frontal region with electrophysiological recording of neuron activity and electrical intracortical microstimulation. Here we show that, immediately in front of the ventral part of the agranular premotor cortical area 6, there is a distinct cortical area that is architectonically comparable to human area 44 and that this monkey area 44 is involved with the orofacial musculature. We suggest that area 44 might have evolved originally as an area exercising high-level control over orofacial actions, including those related to communicative acts, and that, in the human brain, area 44 eventually also came to control certain aspects of the speech act.
C1 McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
C3 McGill University
RP Petrides, M (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, 3801 Univ St, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
EM petrides@ego.psych.mcgill.ca
NR 30
TC 269
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1235
EP 1238
DI 10.1038/nature03628
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500044
PM 15988526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Telesco, CM
   Fisher, RS
   Wyatt, MC
   Dermott, SF
   Kehoe, TJJ
   Novotny, S
   Mariñas, N
   Radomski, JT
   Packham, C
   De Buizer, J
   Hayward, TL
AF Telesco, CM
   Fisher, RS
   Wyatt, MC
   Dermott, SF
   Kehoe, TJJ
   Novotny, S
   Mariñas, N
   Radomski, JT
   Packham, C
   De Buizer, J
   Hayward, TL
TI Mid-infrared images of β Pictoris and the possible role of planetesimal collisions in the central disk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circumstellar disk; dust; debris; planets; system; models; clumps; age
AB When viewed in optical starlight scattered by dust, the nearly edge-on debris disk surrounding the A5V star beta Pictoris (distance 19.3 pc; ref. 1) extends farther than 1,450 AU from the star(2). Its large-scale complexity has been well characterized, but the detailed structure of the disk's central similar to200-AU region has remained elusive. This region is of special interest, because planets may have formed there during the star's 10-20-million-year lifetime(3,4), perhaps resulting in both the observed tilt of 4.6 degrees relative to the large-scale main disk(5,6) and the partial clearing of the innermost dust(7-9). A peculiarity of the central disk (also possibly related to the presence of planets) is the asymmetry in the brightness of the 'wings'(9,10), in which the southwestern wing is brighter and more extended at 12 mum than the northeastern wing. Here we present thermal infrared images of the central disk that imply that the brightness asymmetry results from the presence of a bright clump composed of particles that may differ in size from dust elsewhere in the disk. We suggest that this clump results from the collisional grinding of resonantly trapped planetesimals or the cataclysmic break-up of a planetesimal.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Gemini Observ No Operat Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Royal Observ, UK Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   AURA, Gemini Observ So Operat Ctr, La Serena, Chile.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Cerro Tololo Inter Amer Observ, La Serena, Chile.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Edinburgh; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
RP Telesco, CM (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
EM telesco@astro.ufl.edu
NR 28
TC 127
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 133
EP 136
DI 10.1038/nature03255
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200030
PM 15650732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reenan, RA
AF Reenan, RA
TI Molecular determinants and guided evolution of species-specific RNA editing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rna; ap-2 binding; c2b domain; glur-b; synaptotagmin; drosophila; conservation; transcript; deficient; receptors
AB Most RNA editing systems are mechanistically diverse, informationally restorative, and scattershot in eukaryotic lineages(1). In contrast, genetic recoding by adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing seems common in animals; usually, altering highly conserved or invariant coding positions in proteins(2-4). Here I report striking variation between species in the recoding of synaptotagmin I (sytI). Fruitflies, mosquitoes and butterflies possess shared and species-specific sytI editing sites, all within a single exon. Honeybees, beetles and roaches do not edit sytI. The editing machinery is usually directed to modify particular adenosines by information stored in intron-mediated RNA structures(5-7). Combining comparative genomics of 34 species with mutational analysis reveals that complex, multi-domain, pre-mRNA structures solely determine species- appropriate RNA editing. One of these is a previously unreported long-range pseudoknot. I show that small changes to intronic sequences, far removed from an editing site, can transfer the species specificity of editing between RNA substrates. Taken together, these data support a phylogeny of sytI gene editing spanning more than 250 million years of hexapod evolution. The results also provide models for the genesis of RNA editing sites through the stepwise addition of structural domains, or by short walks through sequence space from ancestral structures.
C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Genet & Dev Biol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
C3 University of Connecticut
RP Reenan, RA (corresponding author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Genet & Dev Biol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
EM rreenan@neuron.uchc.edu
NR 30
TC 103
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 409
EP 413
DI 10.1038/nature03364
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100058
PM 15772668
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Froemke, RC
   Poo, MM
   Dan, Y
AF Froemke, RC
   Poo, MM
   Dan, Y
TI Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity depends on dendritic location
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID action-potentials; nmda receptors; calcium; mechanism; inputs; coincidence; summation; channels; neurons; cells
AB In the neocortex, each neuron receives thousands of synaptic inputs distributed across an extensive dendritic tree. Although postsynaptic processing of each input is known to depend on its dendritic location(1-8), it is unclear whether activity-dependent synaptic modification is also location-dependent. Here we report that both the magnitude and the temporal specificity of spike-timing-dependent synaptic modification(9-17) vary along the apical dendrite of rat cortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. At the distal dendrite, the magnitude of long-termpotentiation is smaller, and the window of pre-/postsynaptic spike interval for long-term depression (LTD) is broader. The spike-timing window for LTD correlates with the window of action potential-induced suppression of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors; this correlation applies to both their dendritic location-dependence and pharmacological properties. Presynaptic stimulation with partial blockade of NMDA receptors induced LTD and occluded further induction of spike-timing-dependent LTD, suggesting that NMDA receptor suppression underlies LTD induction. Computer simulation studies showed that the dendritic inhomogeneity of spike-timing-dependent synaptic modification leads to differential input selection at distal and proximal dendrites according to the temporal characteristics of presynaptic spike trains. Such location-dependent tuning of inputs, together with the dendritic heterogeneity of postsynaptic processing, could enhance the computational capacity of cortical pyramidal neurons.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Dan, Y (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM ydan@berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 303
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 221
EP 225
DI 10.1038/nature03366
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500047
PM 15759002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, XQ
   Hama, K
   Contos, JJA
   Anliker, B
   Inoue, A
   Skinner, MK
   Suzuki, H
   Amano, T
   Kennedy, G
   Arai, H
   Aoki, J
   Chun, J
AF Ye, XQ
   Hama, K
   Contos, JJA
   Anliker, B
   Inoue, A
   Skinner, MK
   Suzuki, H
   Amano, T
   Kennedy, G
   Arai, H
   Aoki, J
   Chun, J
TI LPA3-mediated lysophosphatidic acid signalling in embryo implantation and spacing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-coupled receptor; obvious phenotypic abnormality; mouse uterus; mice lacking; expression; initiation; pregnancy; deficits; cells; gene
AB Every successful pregnancy requires proper embryo implantation. Low implantation rate is a major problem during infertility treatments using assisted reproductive technologies(1). Here we report a newly discovered molecular influence on implantation through the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor LPA(3) (refs 2 - 4). Targeted deletion of LPA(3) in mice resulted in significantly reduced litter size, which could be attributed to delayed implantation and altered embryo spacing. These two events led to delayed embryonic development, hypertrophic placentas shared by multiple embryos and embryonic death. An enzyme demonstrated to influence implantation, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) (ref. 5), was downregulated in LPA(3)-deficient uteri during preimplantation. Downregulation of COX2 led to reduced levels of prostaglandins E-2 and I-2 (PGE(2) and PGI(2)), which are critical for implantation(1). Exogenous administration of PGE(2) or carbaprostacyclin ( a stable analogue of PGI(2)) into LPA(3)-deficient female mice rescued delayed implantation but did not rescue defects in embryo spacing. These data identify LPA(3) receptor-mediated signalling as having an influence on implantation, and further indicate linkage between LPA signalling and prostaglandin biosynthesis.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Helen L Dorris Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiat D, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Dev Med Technol Sankyo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Natl Res Ctr Protozoan Dis, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Washington State University; Obihiro University of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine
RP Chun, J (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Helen L Dorris Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiat D, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM jchun@scripps.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [K02 MH001723] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 465
Z9 548
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 104
EP 108
DI 10.1038/nature03505
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600047
PM 15875025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wood, BJ
   Halliday, AN
AF Wood, BJ
   Halliday, AN
TI Cooling of the Earth and core formation after the giant impact
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hf-w chronometry; oxidation-state; terrestrial accretion; lower-mantle; elements; origin; metal; moon; constraints; timescale
AB Kelvin calculated the age of the Earth to be about 24 million years by assuming conductive cooling from being fully molten to its current state(1). Although simplistic(2), his result is interesting in the context of the dramatic cooling that took place after the putative Moon-forming giant impact, which contributed the final similar to 10 per cent of the Earth's mass(3,4). The rate of accretion and core segregation on Earth as deduced from the U - Pb system(5) is much slower than that obtained from Hf - W systematics(6-8), and implies substantial accretion after the Moon-forming impact, which occurred 45 +/- 5 Myr after the beginning of the Solar System. Here we propose an explanation for the two timescales(5,9). We suggest that the Hf - W timescale reflects the principal phase of core-formation before the giant impact. Crystallization of silicate perovskite in the lower mantle during this phase produced Fe3+, which was released during the giant impact(10), and this oxidation resulted in late segregation of sulphur-rich metal into which Pb dissolved readily, setting the younger U - Pb age of the Earth. Separation of the latter metal then occurred 30 +/- 10 Myr after the Moon-forming impact. Over this time span, in surprising agreement with Kelvin's result, the Earth cooled by about 4,000 K in returning from a fully molten to a partially crystalline state.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Bristol
RP Wood, BJ (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM bwood@els.mq.edu.au
NR 33
TC 103
Z9 113
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1345
EP 1348
DI 10.1038/nature04129
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100051
PM 16251962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, RG
   Sheng, J
   Qi, X
   Xu, ZM
   Takahashi, TT
   Varshavsky, A
AF Hu, RG
   Sheng, J
   Qi, X
   Xu, ZM
   Takahashi, TT
   Varshavsky, A
TI The N-end rule pathway as a nitric oxide sensor controlling the levels of multiple regulators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-protein transferase; ubiquitin ligase; mice lacking; s-nitrosylation; degradation; rgs4; expression; component; amidase; family
AB The conjugation of arginine to proteins is a part of the N- end rule pathway of protein degradation. Three amino (N)-terminal residues - aspartate, glutamate and cysteine - are arginylated by ATE1-encoded arginyl-transferases. Here we report that oxidation of N- terminal cysteine is essential for its arginylation. The in vivo oxidation of N- terminal cysteine, before its arginylation, is shown to require nitric oxide. We reconstituted this process in vitro as well. The levels of regulatory proteins bearing N- terminal cysteine, such as RGS4, RGS5 and RGS16, are greatly increased in mouse ATE1(-/-) embryos, which lack arginylation. Stabilization of these proteins, the first physiological substrates of mammalian N- end rule pathway, may underlie cardiovascular defects in ATE1(-/-) embryos. Our findings identify the N- end rule pathway as a new nitric oxide sensor that functions through its ability to destroy specific regulatory proteins bearing N- terminal cysteine, at rates controlled by nitric oxide and apparently by oxygen as well.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Varshavsky, A (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM avarsh@caltech.edu
NR 43
TC 268
Z9 311
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 981
EP 986
DI 10.1038/nature04027
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100036
PM 16222293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knight, TM
   McCoy, MW
   Chase, JM
   McCoy, KA
   Holt, RD
AF Knight, TM
   McCoy, MW
   Chase, JM
   McCoy, KA
   Holt, RD
TI Trophic cascades across ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID food webs; predator; terrestrial; visitation; diversity; subsidy; ecology; prey
AB Predation can be intense, creating strong direct and indirect effects throughout food webs(1-4). In addition, ecologists increasingly recognize that fluxes of organisms across ecosystem boundaries can have major consequences for community dynamics(5,6). Species with complex life histories often shift habitats during their life cycles(7) and provide potent conduits coupling ecosystems(5,6). Thus, local interactions that affect predator abundance in one ecosystem ( for example a larval habitat) may have reverberating effects in another ( for example an adult habitat). Here we show that fish indirectly facilitate terrestrial plant reproduction through cascading trophic interactions across ecosystem boundaries. Fish reduce larval dragonfly abundances in ponds, leading to fewer adult dragonflies nearby. Adult dragonflies consume insect pollinators and alter their foraging behaviour. As a result, plants near ponds with fish receive more pollinator visits and are less pollen limited than plants near fish-free ponds. Our results confirm that strong species interactions can reverberate across ecosystems, and emphasize the importance of landscape-level processes in driving local species interactions.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Knight, TM (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
EM tknight@biology2.wustl.edu
NR 28
TC 440
Z9 513
U1 13
U2 455
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 880
EP 883
DI 10.1038/nature03962
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600045
PM 16208370
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cruz, FW Jr
   Burns, SJ
   Karmann, I
   Sharp, WD
   Vuille, M
   Cardoso, AO
   Ferrari, JA
   Dias, PLS
   Viana, O Jr
AF Cruz, FW Jr
   Burns, SJ
   Karmann, I
   Sharp, WD
   Vuille, M
   Cardoso, AO
   Ferrari, JA
   Dias, PLS
   Viana, O Jr
TI Insolation-driven changes in atmospheric circulation over the past 116,000 years in subtropical Brazil
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic composition; south-america; climate; atlantic; precipitation; rainfall; oxygen; basin
AB During the last glacial period, large millennial- scale temperature oscillations - the 'Dansgaard/Oeschger' cycles - were the primary climate signal in Northern Hemisphere climate archives from the high latitudes to the tropics(1-6). But whether the influence of these abrupt climate changes extended to the tropical and subtropical Southern Hemisphere, where changes in insolation are thought to be the main direct forcing of climate, has remained unclear. Here we present a high-resolution oxygen isotope record of a U/Th-dated stalagmite from subtropical southern Brazil, covering the past 116,200 years. The oxygen isotope signature varies with shifts in the source region and amount of rainfall in the area, and hence records changes in atmospheric circulation and convective intensity over South America. We find that these variations in rainfall source and amount are primarily driven by summer solar radiation, which is controlled by the Earth's precessional cycle. The Dansgaard/ Oeschger cycles can be detected in our record and therefore we confirm that they also affect the tropical hydrological cycle, but that in southern subtropical Brazil, millennial-scale climate changes are not as dominant as they are in the Northern Hemisphere.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01002 USA.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geociencias, BR-05508080 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geofis & Ciencias Atmosfer, Dept Ciencias Atmosfer, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Inst Geol, BR-04301903 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; Universidade de Sao Paulo
RP Cruz, FW Jr (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01002 USA.
EM fdacruz@geo.umass.edu
NR 30
TC 575
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/nature03365
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600042
PM 15744298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hatfield, SD
   Shcherbata, HR
   Fischer, KA
   Nakahara, K
   Carthew, RW
   Ruohola-Baker, H
AF Hatfield, SD
   Shcherbata, HR
   Fischer, KA
   Nakahara, K
   Carthew, RW
   Ruohola-Baker, H
TI Stem cell division is regulated by the microRNA pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent kinase inhibitor; drosophila ovary; cycle; proliferation; embryogenesis; renewal; dacapo; roles; niche
AB One of the key characteristics of stem cells is their capacity to divide for long periods of time in an environment where most of the cells are quiescent. Therefore, a critical question in stem cell biology is how stem cells escape cell division stop signals. Here, we report the necessity of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway(1-4) for proper control of germline stem cell (GSC) division in Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of GSCs mutant for dicer-1 (dcr-1), the double-stranded RNaseIII essential for miRNA biogenesis, revealed a marked reduction in the rate of germline cyst production. These dcr-1 mutant GSCs exhibit normal identity but are defective in cell cycle control. On the basis of cell cycle markers and genetic interactions, we conclude that dcr-1 mutant GSCs are delayed in the G1 to S transition, which is dependent on the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Dacapo, suggesting that miRNAs are required for stem cells to bypass the normal G1/S checkpoint. Hence, the miRNA pathway might be part of a mechanism that makes stem cells insensitive to environmental signals that normally stop the cell cycle at the G1/S transition.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Northwestern University
RP Ruohola-Baker, H (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, J591,HSB, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM r-carthew@northwestern.edu; hannele@u.washington.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM077581] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 568
Z9 703
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 974
EP 978
DI 10.1038/nature03816
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700053
PM 15944714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, H
   Yan, BS
   Rojas, M
   Shebzukhov, YV
   Zhou, HW
   Kobzik, L
   Higgins, DE
   Daly, MJ
   Bloom, BR
   Kramnik, I
AF Pan, H
   Yan, BS
   Rojas, M
   Shebzukhov, YV
   Zhou, HW
   Kobzik, L
   Higgins, DE
   Daly, MJ
   Bloom, BR
   Kramnik, I
TI Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-tuberculosis; receptor; mice; infection; protein; susceptibility; substrains; expression; resistance; evolution
AB An estimated eight million people are infected each year with the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and more than two million die annually(1). Yet only about 10% of those infected develop tuberculosis. Genetic variation within host populations is known to be significant in humans and animals(2,3), but the nature of genetic control of host resistance to tuberculosis remains poorly understood. Previously we mapped a new genetic locus on mouse chromosome 1, designated sst1 (for supersusceptibility to tuberculosis 1)(4). Here we show that this locus mediates innate immunity in sst1 congenic mouse strains and identify a candidate gene, Intracellular pathogen resistance 1 (Ipr1), within the sst1 locus. The Ipr1 gene is upregulated in the sst1 resistant macrophages after activation and infection, but it is not expressed in the sst1 susceptible macrophages. Expression of the Ipr1 transgene in the sst1 susceptible macrophages limits the multiplication not only of M. tuberculosis but also of Listeria monocytogenes and switches a cell death pathway of the infected macrophages from necrosis to apoptosis. Our data indicate that the Ipr1 gene product might have a previously undocumented function in integrating signals generated by intracellular pathogens with mechanisms controlling innate immunity, cell death and pathogenesis.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Physiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Antioquia, Fac Med, Grp Inmunol Celular & Inmunogenet, Medellin, Colombia.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Universidad de Antioquia; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Kramnik, I (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, 667 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM ikramnik@hsph.harvard.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI049421] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 383
Z9 461
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 767
EP 772
DI 10.1038/nature03419
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700042
PM 15815631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dodge-Kafka, KL
   Soughayer, J
   Pare, GC
   Michel, JJC
   Langeberg, LK
   Kapiloff, MS
   Scott, JD
AF Dodge-Kafka, KL
   Soughayer, J
   Pare, GC
   Michel, JJC
   Langeberg, LK
   Kapiloff, MS
   Scott, JD
TI The protein kinase A anchoring protein mAKAP coordinates two integrated cAMP effector pathways
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclic-amp; dependent regulation; cardiac-hypertrophy; phosphodiesterase; epac; phosphorylation; activation; myocytes; binding; rap1
AB Cyclic adenosine 3', 5'- monophosphate ( cAMP) is a ubiquitous mediator of intracellular signalling events. It acts principally through stimulation of cAMP- dependent protein kinases ( PKAs)(1,2) but also activates certain ion channels and guanine nucleotide exchange factors ( Epacs)(3). Metabolism of cAMP is catalysed by phosphodiesterases ( PDEs) (4,5). Here we identify a cAMP- responsive signalling complex maintained by the muscle-specific A- kinase anchoring protein ( mAKAP) that includes PKA, PDE4D3 and Epac1. These intermolecular interactions facilitate the dissemination of distinct cAMP signals through each effector protein. Anchored PKA stimulates PDE4D3 to reduce local cAMP concentrations, whereas an mAKAP- associated ERK5 kinase module suppresses PDE4D3. PDE4D3 also functions as an adaptor protein that recruits Epac1, an exchange factor for the small GTPase Rap1, to enable cAMP- dependent attenuation of ERK5. Pharmacological and molecular manipulations of the mAKAP complex show that anchored ERK5 can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Thus, two coupled cAMP- dependent feedback loops are coordinated within the context of the mAKAP complex, suggesting that local control of cAMP signalling by AKAP proteins is more intricate than previously appreciated.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Pediat, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Oregon Health & Science University
RP Scott, JD (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
EM scott@ohsu.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL088366, R01 HL075398] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [P01 DK054441] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 449
Z9 532
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 574
EP 578
DI 10.1038/nature03966
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800055
PM 16177794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blake, CH
   Bloom, JS
   Starr, DL
   Falco, EE
   Skrutskie, M
   Fenimore, EE
   Duchêne, G
   Szentgyorgyi, A
   Hornstein, S
   Prochaska, JX
   McCabe, C
   Ghez, A
   Konopacky, Q
   Stapelfeldt, K
   Hurley, K
   Campbell, R
   Kassis, M
   Chaffee, F
   Gehrels, N
   Barthelmy, S
   Cummings, JR
   Hullinger, D
   Krimm, HA
   Markwardt, CB
   Palmer, D
   Parsons, A
   McLean, K
   Tueller, J
AF Blake, CH
   Bloom, JS
   Starr, DL
   Falco, EE
   Skrutskie, M
   Fenimore, EE
   Duchêne, G
   Szentgyorgyi, A
   Hornstein, S
   Prochaska, JX
   McCabe, C
   Ghez, A
   Konopacky, Q
   Stapelfeldt, K
   Hurley, K
   Campbell, R
   Kassis, M
   Chaffee, F
   Gehrels, N
   Barthelmy, S
   Cummings, JR
   Hullinger, D
   Krimm, HA
   Markwardt, CB
   Palmer, D
   Parsons, A
   McLean, K
   Tueller, J
TI An infrared flash contemporaneous with the γ-rays of GRB 041219a
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early optical-emission; early afterglow; burst; radiation
AB The explosion that results in a cosmic gamma-ray burst (GRB) is thought to produce emission from two physical processes: the central engine gives rise to the high-energy emission of the burst through internal shocking(1), and the subsequent interaction of the flow with the external environment produces long-wavelength afterglows(2-4). Although observations of afterglows(5) continue to refine our understanding of GRB progenitors and relativistic shocks, gamma-ray observations alone have not yielded a clear picture of the origin of the prompt emission(6) nor details of the central engine. Only one concurrent visible-light transient has been found(7) and it was associated with emission from an external shock. Here we report the discovery of infrared emission contemporaneous with a GRB, beginning 7.2 minutes after the onset of GRB 041219a ( ref. 8). We acquired 21 images during the active phase of the burst, yielding early multi-colour observations. Our analysis of the initial infrared pulse suggests an origin consistent with internal shocks.
C1 Harvard Univ, Coll Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Observ Grenoble, Astrophys Lab, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA.
C3 Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Virginia; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Universities Space Research Association (USRA)
RP Bloom, JS (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Coll Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jbloom@astro.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 105
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/nature03520
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100033
PM 15889085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crespo-Hernández, CE
   Cohen, B
   Kohler, B
AF Crespo-Hernández, CE
   Cohen, B
   Kohler, B
TI Base stacking controls excited-state dynamics in A-T DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymine dimer formation; electron-transfer; cross-linking; adenine; fluorescence; resonance; polynucleotides; luminescence; spectroscopy; temperature
AB Solar ultraviolet light creates excited electronic states in DNA that can decay to mutagenic photoproducts. This vulnerability is compensated for in all organisms by enzymatic repair of photodamaged DNA. As repair is energetically costly, DNA is intrinsically photostable. Single bases eliminate electronic energy non-radiatively on a subpicosecond timescale(1), but base stacking and base pairing mediate the decay of excess electronic energy in the double helix in poorly understood ways. In the past, considerable attention has been paid to excited base pairs(2). Recent reports have suggested that light-triggered motion of a proton in one of the hydrogen bonds of an isolated base pair initiates non-radiative decay to the electronic ground state(3,4). Here we show that vertical base stacking, and not base pairing, determines the fate of excited singlet electronic states in single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides composed of adenine ( A) and thymine ( T) bases. Intrastrand excimer states with lifetimes of 50 - 150 ps are formed in high yields whenever A is stacked with itself or with T. Excimers limit excitation energy to one strand at a time in the B-form double helix, enabling repair using the undamaged strand as a template.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Kohler, B (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, 100 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM kohler@chemistry.ohio-state.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM064563] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 416
Z9 461
U1 0
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1141
EP 1144
DI 10.1038/nature03933
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600042
PM 16121177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsukage, KN
   Jing, ZC
   Karato, S
AF Matsukage, KN
   Jing, ZC
   Karato, S
TI Density of hydrous silicate melt at the conditions of Earth's deep upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; thermal expansivity; peridotite klb-1; transition-zone; phase-relations; gpa; liquids; system; water; model
AB The chemical evolution of the Earth and the terrestrial planets is largely controlled by the density of silicate melts. If melt density is higher than that of the surrounding solid, incompatible elements dissolved in the melt will be sequestered in the deep mantle(1,2). Previous studies on dry (water-free) melts showed that the density of silicate melts can be higher than that of surrounding solids under deep mantle conditions(3-8). However, melts formed under deep mantle conditions are also likely to contain some water(2), which will reduce the melt density. Here we present data constraining the density of hydrous silicate melt at the conditions of similar to 410 km depth. We show that the water in the silicate melt is more compressible than the other components, and therefore the effect of water in reducing melt density is markedly diminished under high-pressure conditions. Our study indicates that there is a range of conditions under which a ( hydrous) melt could be trapped at the 410-km boundary and hence incompatible elements could be sequestered in the deep mantle, although these conditions are sensitive to melt composition as well as the composition of the surrounding mantle.
C1 Ibaraki Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Ibaraki 3100056, Japan.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Ibaraki University; Yale University
RP Matsukage, KN (corresponding author), Ibaraki Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Ibaraki 3100056, Japan.
EM kmatsu@mx.ibaraki.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 126
Z9 155
U1 3
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 488
EP 491
DI 10.1038/nature04241
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200047
PM 16306990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tripati, A
   Backman, J
   Elderfield, H
   Ferretti, P
AF Tripati, A
   Backman, J
   Elderfield, H
   Ferretti, P
TI Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperatures; southern-ocean; isotope stratigraphy; atmospheric co2; coastal-plain; level history; antarctica; mg/ca; sequences; oxygen
AB The transition from the extreme global warmth of the early Eocene 'greenhouse' climate similar to 55 million years ago to the present glaciated state is one of the most prominent changes in Earth's climatic evolution. It is widely accepted that large ice sheets first appeared on Antarctica similar to 34 million years ago, coincident with decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and a deepening of the calcite compensation depth in the world's oceans, and that glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere began much later, between 10 and 6 million years ago. Here we present records of sediment and foraminiferal geochemistry covering the greenhouse - icehouse climate transition. We report evidence for synchronous deepening and subsequent oscillations in the calcite compensation depth in the tropical Pacific and South Atlantic oceans from similar to 42 million years ago, with a permanent deepening 34 million years ago. The most prominent variations in the calcite compensation depth coincide with changes in seawater oxygen isotope ratios of up to 1.5 per mil, suggesting a lowering of global sea level through significant storage of ice in both hemispheres by at least 100 to 125 metres. Variations in benthic carbon isotope ratios of up to similar to 1.4 per mil occurred at the same time, indicating large changes in carbon cycling. We suggest that the greenhouse - icehouse transition was closely coupled to the evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that negative carbon cycle feedbacks may have prevented the permanent establishment of large ice sheets earlier than 34 million years ago.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Univ Stockholm, Dept Geol & Geochem, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 University of Cambridge; Stockholm University
RP Tripati, A (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
EM atri02@esc.cam.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C510583/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 44
TC 224
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 341
EP 346
DI 10.1038/nature03874
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400032
PM 16034408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muotri, AR
   Chu, VT
   Marchetto, MCN
   Deng, W
   Moran, JV
   Gage, FH
AF Muotri, AR
   Chu, VT
   Marchetto, MCN
   Deng, W
   Moran, JV
   Gage, FH
TI Somatic mosaicism in neuronal precursor cells mediated by L1 retrotransposition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; neural stem-cells; line-1; gene; transcription; neurogenesis; expression; sequence; differentiation; disruption
AB Revealing the mechanisms for neuronal somatic diversification remains a central challenge for understanding individual differences in brain organization and function. Here we show that an engineered human LINE-1 (for long interspersed nuclear element-1; also known as L1) element can retrotranspose in neuronal precursors derived from rat hippocampus neural stem cells. The resulting retrotransposition events can alter the expression of neuronal genes, which, in turn, can influence neuronal cell fate in vitro. We further show that retrotransposition of a human L1 in transgenic mice results in neuronal somatic mosaicism. The molecular mechanism of action is probably mediated through Sox2, because a decrease in Sox2 expression during the early stages of neuronal differentiation is correlated with increases in both L1 transcription and retrotransposition. Our data therefore indicate that neuronal genomes might not be static, but some might be mosaic because of de novo L1 retrotransposition events.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Human Genet & Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Gage, FH (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM gage@salk.edu
NR 44
TC 719
Z9 860
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 903
EP 910
DI 10.1038/nature03663
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700037
PM 15959507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garant, D
   Kruuk, LEB
   Wilkin, TA
   McCleery, RH
   Sheldon, BC
AF Garant, D
   Kruuk, LEB
   Wilkin, TA
   McCleery, RH
   Sheldon, BC
TI Evolution driven by differential dispersal within a wild bird population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID great tits; gene flow; selection; blue; heritability; competition; traits; size
AB Evolutionary theory predicts that local population divergence will depend on the balance between the diversifying effect of selection and the homogenizing effect of gene flow(1-3). However, spatial variation in the expression of genetic variation will also generate differential evolutionary responses. Furthermore, if dispersal is non-random it may actually reinforce, rather than counteract, evolutionary differentiation. Here we document the evolution of differences in body mass within a population of great tits, Parus major, inhabiting a single continuous woodland, over a 36-year period. We show that genetic variance for nestling body mass is spatially variable, that this generates different potential responses to selection, and that this diversifying effect is reinforced by non-random dispersal. Matching the patterns of variation, selection and evolution with population ecological data, we argue that the small-scale differentiation is driven by density-related differences in habitat quality affecting settlement decisions. Our data show that when gene flow is not homogeneous, evolutionary differentiation can be rapid and can occur over surprisingly small spatial scales. Our findings have important implications for questions of the scale of adaptation and speciation, and challenge the usual treatment of dispersal as a force opposing evolutionary differentiation.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Edward Grey Inst, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Edinburgh
RP Garant, D (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Edward Grey Inst, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM dany.garant@zoology.oxford.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 281
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 60
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature03051
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100035
PM 15635409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU D'Autréaux, B
   Tucker, NP
   Dixon, R
   Spiro, S
AF D'Autréaux, B
   Tucker, NP
   Dixon, R
   Spiro, S
TI A non-haem iron centre in the transcription factor NorR senses nitric oxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; nitrosyl complexes; electronic-structure; signal-transduction; protein; activation; binding; flavorubredoxin; inhibition; reduction
AB Nitric oxide ( NO), synthesized in eukaryotes by the NO synthases, has multiple roles in signalling pathways and in protection against pathogens(1,2). Pathogenic microorganisms have apparently evolved defence mechanisms that counteract the effects of NO and related reactive nitrogen species. Regulatory proteins that sense NO mediate the primary response to NO and nitrosative stress(3-9). The only regulatory protein in enteric bacteria known to serve exclusively as an NO-responsive transcription factor is the enhancer binding protein NorR (refs 9 - 11). In Escherichia coli, NorR activates the transcription of the nor VW genes encoding a flavorubredoxin (FlRd) and an associated flavoprotein, respectively, which together have NADH-dependent NO reductase activity(10,12-14). The NO-responsive activity of NorR raises important questions concerning the mechanism of NO sensing. Here we show that the regulatory domain of NorR contains a mononuclear non-haem iron centre, which reversibly binds NO. Binding of NO stimulates the ATPase activity of NorR, enabling the activation of transcription by RNA polymerase. The mechanism of NorR reveals an unprecedented biological role for a non-haem mononitrosyl - iron complex in NO sensing.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
RP Spiro, S (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM stephen.spiro@biology.gatech.edu
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000016] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000016] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 297
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 769
EP 772
DI 10.1038/nature03953
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900060
PM 16193057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rost, S
   Garnero, EJ
   Williams, Q
   Manga, M
AF Rost, S
   Garnero, EJ
   Williams, Q
   Manga, M
TI Seismological constraints on a possible plume root at the core-mantle boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultralow-velocity zone; partial melt; layer; base; scp; tomography; pressures; iron
AB Recent seismological discoveries have indicated that the Earth's core - mantle boundary is far more complex than a simple boundary between the molten outer core and the silicate mantle. Instead, its structural complexities probably rival those of the Earth's crust(1). Some regions of the lowermost mantle have been observed to have seismic wave speed reductions of at least 10 per cent(2-7), which appear not to be global in extent(7-9). Here we present robust evidence for an 8.5-km- thick and similar to 50-km-wide pocket of dense, partially molten material at the core - mantle boundary east of Australia. Array analyses of an anomalous precursor to the reflected seismic wave ScP reveal compressional and shear-wave velocity reductions of 8 and 25 per cent, respectively, and a 10 per cent increase in density of the partially molten aggregate. Seismological data are incompatible with a basal layer composed of pure melt, and thus require a mechanism to prevent downward percolation of dense melt within the layer. This may be possible by trapping of melt by cumulus crystal growth following melt drainage from an anomalously hot overlying region of the lowermost mantle. This magmatic evolution and the resulting cumulate structure seem to be associated with overlying thermal instabilities, and thus may mark a root zone of an upwelling plume.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Rost, S (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM srost@asu.edu
NR 31
TC 167
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 666
EP 669
DI 10.1038/nature03620
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200048
PM 15931220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morwood, MJ
   Brown, P
   Jatmiko
   Sutikna, T
   Saptomo, EW
   Westaway, KE
   Due, RA
   Roberts, RG
   Maeda, T
   Wasisto, S
   Djubiantono, T
AF Morwood, MJ
   Brown, P
   Jatmiko
   Sutikna, T
   Saptomo, EW
   Westaway, KE
   Due, RA
   Roberts, RG
   Maeda, T
   Wasisto, S
   Djubiantono, T
TI Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dental morphology; hadar formation; al 288-1; brain; homo; ethiopia; skeleton; stature; dmanisi; georgia
AB Homo floresiensis was recovered from Late Pleistocene deposits on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, but has the stature, limb proportions and endocranial volume of African Pliocene Australopithecus(1). The holotype of the species (LB1), excavated in 2003 from Liang Bua, consisted of a partial skeleton minus the arms. Here we describe additional H. floresiensis remains excavated from the cave in 2004. These include armbones belonging to the holotype skeleton, a second adult mandible, and postcranial material from other individuals. We can now reconstruct the body proportions of H. floresiensis with some certainty. The finds further demonstrate that LB1 is not just an aberrant or pathological individual, but is representative of a long-term population that was present during the interval 95 - 74 to 12 thousand years ago. The excavation also yielded more evidence for the depositional history of the cave and for the behavioural capabilities of H. floresiensis, including the butchery of Stegodon and use of fire.
C1 Univ New England, Sch Human & Environm Studies, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
   Indonesian Ctr Archaeol, Jakarta 12001, Indonesia.
   Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, GeoQuEST Res Ctr, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
C3 University of New England; University of Wollongong
RP Morwood, MJ (corresponding author), Univ New England, Sch Human & Environm Studies, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
EM mmorwood@pobox.une.edu.au; pbrown3@pobox.une.edu.au
NR 29
TC 243
Z9 273
U1 3
U2 133
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1012
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/nature04022
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100043
PM 16229067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, YB
   Tan, YW
   Stormer, HL
   Kim, P
AF Zhang, YB
   Tan, YW
   Stormer, HL
   Kim, P
TI Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotubes; graphite
AB When electrons are confined in two-dimensional materials, quantum-mechanically enhanced transport phenomena such as the quantum Hall effect can be observed. Graphene, consisting of an isolated single atomic layer of graphite, is an ideal realization of such a two-dimensional system. However, its behaviour is expected to differ markedly from the well-studied case of quantum wells in conventional semiconductor interfaces. This difference arises from the unique electronic properties of graphene, which exhibits electron - hole degeneracy and vanishing carrier mass near the point of charge neutrality(1,2). Indeed, a distinctive half-integer quantum Hall effect has been predicted(3-5) theoretically, as has the existence of a non-zero Berry's phase ( a geometric quantum phase) of the electron wavefunction - a consequence of the exceptional topology of the graphene band structure(6,7). Recent advances in micromechanical extraction and fabrication techniques for graphite structures(8-12) now permit such exotic two-dimensional electron systems to be probed experimentally. Here we report an experimental investigation of magneto-transport in a high-mobility single layer of graphene. Adjusting the chemical potential with the use of the electric field effect, we observe an unusual half-integer quantum Hall effect for both electron and hole carriers in graphene. The relevance of Berry's phase to these experiments is confirmed by magneto-oscillations. In addition to their purely scientific interest, these unusual quantum transport phenomena may lead to new applications in carbon-based electronic and magneto-electronic devices.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Kim, P (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, 538 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM pkim@phys.columbia.edu
NR 20
TC 12215
Z9 13848
U1 50
U2 6036
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 201
EP 204
DI 10.1038/nature04235
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500043
PM 16281031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Du, LQ
   Poovaiah, BW
AF Du, LQ
   Poovaiah, BW
TI Ca2+/calmodulin is critical for brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription activators; arabidopsis-det3 mutant; light; calmodulin; receptor; protein; gene; kinase; family; expression
AB Brassinosteroids are plant-specific steroid hormones(1,2) that have an important role in coupling environmental factors, especially light, with plant growth and development(3). How the endogenous brassinosteroids change in response to environmental stimuli is largely unknown. Ca2+/calmodulin has an essential role in sensing and transducing environmental stimuli(4,5). Arabidopsis DWARF1 (DWF1) is responsible for an early step in brassinosteroid biosynthesis that converts 24-methylenecholesterol to campesterol(6,7). Here we show that DWF1 is a Ca2+/calmodulin-binding protein and this binding is critical for its function. Molecular genetic analysis using site-directed and deletion mutants revealed that loss of calmodulin binding completely abolished the function of DWF1 in planta, whereas partial loss of calmodulin binding resulted in a partial dwarf phenotype in complementation studies. These results provide direct proof that Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated signalling has a critical role in controlling the function of DWF1. Furthermore, we observed that DWF1 orthologues from other plants have a similar Ca2+/calmodulin-binding domain, implying that Ca2+/calmodulin regulation of DWF1 and its homologues is common in plants. These results raise the possibility of producing size-engineered crops by altering the Ca2+/calmodulin-binding property of their DWF1 orthologues.
C1 Washington State Univ, Ctr Integrated Biotechnol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Hort, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 Washington State University; Washington State University
RP Poovaiah, BW (corresponding author), Washington State Univ, Ctr Integrated Biotechnol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
EM poovaiah@wsu.edu
NR 29
TC 121
Z9 157
U1 5
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 741
EP 745
DI 10.1038/nature03973
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900054
PM 16193053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donati, JF
   Paletou, F
   Bouvier, J
   Ferreira, J
AF Donati, JF
   Paletou, F
   Bouvier, J
   Ferreira, J
TI Direct detection of a magnetic field in the innermost regions of an accretion disk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fu-orionis; shear instability; stellar; outflow; stars; jets
AB Models(1-5) predict that magnetic fields play a crucial role in the physics of astrophysical accretion disks and their associated winds and jets(6,7). For example, the rotation of the disk twists around the rotation axis the initially vertical magnetic field, which responds by slowing down the plasma in the disk and by causing it to fall towards the central star. The magnetic energy flux produced in this process points away from the disk, pushing the surface plasma outwards, leading to a wind from the disk and sometimes a collimated jet. But these predictions have hitherto not been supported by observations. Here we report the direct detection of the magnetic field in the core of the protostellar accretion disk FU Orionis(8). The surface field reaches strengths of about 1 kG close to the centre of the disk, and it includes a significant azimuthal component, in good agreement with recent models(5). But we find that the field is very filamentary and slows down the disk plasma much more than models predict, which may explain why FU Ori fails to collimate its wind into a jet.
C1 Observ Midi Pyrenees, Astrophys Lab, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Astrophys Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
RP Donati, JF (corresponding author), Observ Midi Pyrenees, Astrophys Lab, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
EM donati@ast.obs-mip.fr
NR 30
TC 112
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/nature04253
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200042
PM 16306985
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hernlund, JW
   Thomas, C
   Tackley, PJ
AF Hernlund, JW
   Thomas, C
   Tackley, PJ
TI A doubling of the post-perovskite phase boundary and structure of the Earth's lowermost mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mgsio3 perovskite; temperature; transition; plate
AB The thermal structure of the Earth's lowermost mantle - the D '' layer spanning depths of,2,600 - 2,900 kilometres(1) - is key to understanding the dynamical state and history of our planet. Earth's temperature profile ( the geotherm) is mostly constrained by phase transitions, such as freezing at the inner-core boundary or changes in crystal structure within the solid mantle, that are detected as discontinuities in seismic wave speed and for which the pressure and temperature conditions can be constrained by experiment and theory. A recently discovered phase transition at pressures of the D '' layer(2-4) is ideally situated to reveal the thermal structure of the lowermost mantle, where no phase transitions were previously known to exist. Here we show that a pair of seismic discontinuities observed in some regions of D '' can be explained by the same phase transition as the result of a double-crossing of the phase boundary by the geotherm at two different depths. This simple model can also explain why a seismic discontinuity is not observed in some other regions, and provides new constraints for the magnitude of temperature variations within D ''.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Liverpool
RP Hernlund, JW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM hernlund@ess.ucla.edu
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/B000095/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 20
TC 307
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 882
EP 886
DI 10.1038/nature03472
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600037
PM 15829961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carporzen, L
   Gilder, SA
   Hart, RJ
AF Carporzen, L
   Gilder, SA
   Hart, RJ
TI Palaeomagnetism of the Vredefort meteorite crater and implications for craters on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shock metamorphism; south-africa; magnetic-fields; impact; quartz; rocks
AB Magnetic surveys of the martian surface have revealed significantly lower magnetic field intensities over the gigantic impact craters Hellas and Argyre than over surrounding regions(1). The reduced fields are commonly attributed to pressure demagnetization caused by shock waves generated during meteorite impact(2,3), in the absence of a significant ambient magnetic field. Lower than average magnetic field intensities are also observed above the Vredefort meteorite crater in South Africa, yet here we show that the rocks in this crater possess much higher magnetic intensities than equivalent lithologies found elsewhere on Earth. We find that palaeomagnetic directions of these strongly magnetized rocks are randomly oriented, with vector directions changing over centimetre length scales. Moreover, the magnetite grains contributing to the magnetic remanence crystallized during impact, which directly relates the randomization and intensification to the impact event. The strong and randomly oriented magnetization vectors effectively cancel out when summed over the whole crater. Seen from high altitudes, as for martian craters, the magnetic field appears much lower than that of neighbouring terranes, implying that magnetic anomalies of meteorite craters cannot be used as evidence for the absence of the planet's internally generated magnetic field at the time of impact.
C1 Inst Phys Globe, Lab Paleomagnetisme, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Witwatersrand, Schonland Res Ctr, ZA-2050 Wits, Johannesburg, South Africa.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; University of Witwatersrand
RP Gilder, SA (corresponding author), Inst Phys Globe, Lab Paleomagnetisme, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.
EM gilder@ipgp.jussieu.fr
NR 24
TC 62
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 198
EP 201
DI 10.1038/nature03560
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100038
PM 15889090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoskin, CJ
   Higgie, M
   McDonald, KR
   Moritz, C
AF Hoskin, CJ
   Higgie, M
   McDonald, KR
   Moritz, C
TI Reinforcement drives rapid allopatric speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID comparative phylogeography; evolution
AB Allopatric speciation results from geographic isolation between populations. In the absence of gene flow, reproductive isolation arises gradually and incidentally as a result of mutation, genetic drift and the indirect effects of natural selection driving local adaptation(1-3). In contrast, speciation by reinforcement is driven directly by natural selection against maladaptive hybridization(1,4). This gives individuals that choose the traits of their own lineage greater fitness, potentially leading to rapid speciation between the lineages(1,4). Reinforcing natural selection on a population of one of the lineages in a mosaic contact zone could also result in divergence of the population from the allopatric range of its own lineage outside the zone(4-6). Here we test this with molecular data, experimental crosses, field measurements and mate choice experiments in a mosaic contact zone between two lineages of a rainforest frog. We show that reinforcing natural selection has resulted in significant premating isolation of a population in the contact zone not only from the other lineage but also, incidentally, from the closely related main range of its own lineage. Thus we show the potential for reinforcement to drive rapid allopatric speciation.
C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Integrat Biol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Queensland Parks & Wildlife Sci, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Queensland; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Hoskin, CJ (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Sch Integrat Biol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM c.hoskin@sib.uq.edu.au
NR 28
TC 387
Z9 452
U1 3
U2 239
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1353
EP 1356
DI 10.1038/nature04004
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100053
PM 16251964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gigant, B
   Wang, CG
   Ravelli, RBG
   Roussi, F
   Steinmetz, MO
   Curmi, PA
   Sobel, A
   Knossow, M
AF Gigant, B
   Wang, CG
   Ravelli, RBG
   Roussi, F
   Steinmetz, MO
   Curmi, PA
   Sobel, A
   Knossow, M
TI Structural basis for the regulation of tubulin by vinblastine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stathmin-like domain; vinca alkaloids; beta-tubulin; binding-site; microtubule; colchicine; mechanism; crystallography; localization; inhibition
AB Vinblastine is one of several tubulin-targeting Vinca alkaloids that have been responsible for many chemotherapeutic successes since their introduction in the clinic as antitumour drugs(1). In contrast with the two other classes of small tubulin-binding molecules (Taxol(2) and colchicine(3)), the binding site of vinblastine is largely unknown and the molecular mechanism of this drug has remained elusive. Here we report the X-ray structure of vinblastine bound to tubulin in a complex with the RB3 protein stathmin-like domain (RB3-SLD). Vinblastine introduces a wedge at the interface of two tubulin molecules and thus interferes with tubulin assembly. Together with electron microscopical and biochemical data, the structure explains vinblastine-induced tubulin self-association into spiral aggregates at the expense of microtubule growth(4). It also shows that vinblastine and the amino-terminal part of RB3-SLD binding sites share a hydrophobic groove on the alpha-tubulin surface that is located at an intermolecular contact in microtubules. This is an attractive target for drugs designed to perturb microtubule dynamics by interfacial interference, for which tubulin seems ideally suited because of its propensity to self-associate.
C1 Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, CNRS, UPR 9063, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   CNRS, Inst Chim Subst Nat, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Inst Fer Moulin, UPMC, INSERM, U706, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Sorbonne Universite
RP Knossow, M (corresponding author), Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, CNRS, UPR 9063, Batiment 34,1 Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM knossow@lebs.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 30
TC 619
Z9 722
U1 1
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 519
EP 522
DI 10.1038/nature03566
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800059
PM 15917812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valet, JP
   Meynadier, L
   Guyodo, Y
AF Valet, JP
   Meynadier, L
   Guyodo, Y
TI Geomagnetic dipole strength and reversal rate over the past two million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field intensity; relative paleointensity; jaramillo subchron; sediments; matuyama; record; core; sea; pacific; magnetization
AB Independent records of relative magnetic palaeointensity from sediment cores in different areas of the world can be stacked together to extract the evolution of the geomagnetic dipole moment(1,2) and thus provide information regarding the processes governing the geodynamo. So far, this procedure has been limited to the past 800,000 years ( 800 kyr; ref. 3), which does not include any geomagnetic reversals. Here we present a composite curve that shows the evolution of the dipole moment during the past two million years. This reconstruction is in good agreement with the absolute dipole moments derived from volcanic lavas, which were used for calibration. We show that, at least during this period, the time-averaged field was higher during periods without reversals but the amplitude of the short-term oscillations remained the same. As a consequence, few intervals of very low intensity, and thus fewer instabilities, are expected during periods with a strong average dipole moment, whereas more excursions and reversals are expected during periods of weak field intensity. We also observe that the axial dipole begins to decay 60 - 80 kyr before reversals, but rebuilds itself in the opposite direction in only a few thousand years.
C1 Inst Phys Globe, CNRS, UMR Geomagnetisme & Paleomagnetisme 7577, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Inst Phys Globe, CNRS, UMR Geochim & Cosmochim7579, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91190 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Valet, JP (corresponding author), Inst Phys Globe, CNRS, UMR Geomagnetisme & Paleomagnetisme 7577, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.
EM valet@ipgp.jussieu.fr
NR 31
TC 354
Z9 392
U1 1
U2 83
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 802
EP 805
DI 10.1038/nature03674
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700047
PM 15944701
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berciu, M
   Rappoport, TG
   Jankó, B
AF Berciu, M
   Rappoport, TG
   Jankó, B
TI Manipulating spin and charge in magnetic semiconductors using superconducting vortices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantized hall conductance; electrons
AB The continuous need for miniaturization and increase in device speed(1) drives the electronics industry to explore new avenues of information processing. One possibility is to use electron spin to store, manipulate and carry information(2). All such 'spintronics' applications are faced with formidable challenges in finding fast and efficient ways to create, transport, detect, control and manipulate spin textures and currents. Here we show how most of these operations can be performed in a relatively simple manner in a hybrid system consisting of a superconducting film and a paramagnetic diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) quantum well. Our proposal is based on the observation that the inhomogeneous magnetic fields of the superconducting film create local spin and charge textures in the DMS quantum well, leading to a variety of effects such as Bloch oscillations and an unusual quantum Hall effect. We exploit recent progress in manipulating magnetic flux bundles ( vortices) in superconductors(3,4) and show how these can create, manipulate and control the spin textures in DMSs.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame; University of British Columbia; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Jankó, B (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM bjanko@nd.edu
NR 25
TC 72
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature03559
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600038
PM 15875016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basu, U
   Chaudhuri, J
   Alpert, C
   Dutt, S
   Ranganath, S
   Li, G
   Schrum, JP
   Manis, JP
   Alt, FW
AF Basu, U
   Chaudhuri, J
   Alpert, C
   Dutt, S
   Ranganath, S
   Li, G
   Schrum, JP
   Manis, JP
   Alt, FW
TI The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-switch recombination; single-stranded-dna; cytidine deaminase aid; somatic hypermutation; b-cells; mechanism; transcription; expression; myc
AB Antibodies, which are produced by B-lineage cells, consist of immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chains that have amino-terminal variable regions and carboxy-terminal constant regions. In response to antigens, B cells undergo two types of genomic alterations to increase antibody diversity. Affinity for antigen can be increased by introduction of point mutations into IgH and IgL variable regions by somatic hypermutation. In addition, antibody effector functions can be altered by changing the expressed IgH constant region exons through IgH class switch recombination (CSR)(1-3). Somatic hypermutation and CSR both require the B-cell-specific activation-induced cytidine deaminase protein (AID)(4-6), which initiates these reactions through its single-stranded (ss)DNA-specific cytidine deaminase activity(7-11). In biochemical assays, replication protein A (RPA), a ssDNA-binding protein(12), associates with phosphorylated AID from activated B cells and enhances AID activity on transcribed double-stranded (ds)DNA containing somatic hypermutation or CSR target sequences. This AID-RPA association, which requires phosphorylation, may provide a mechanism for allowing AID to access dsDNA targets in activated B cells(13,14). Here we show that AID from B cells is phosphorylated on a consensus protein kinase A (PKA) site and that PKA is the physiological AID kinase. Thus, AID from non-lymphoid cells can be functionally phosphorylated by recombinant PKA to allow interaction with RPA and promote deamination of transcribed dsDNA substrates. Moreover, mutation of the major PKA phosphorylation site of AID preserves ssDNA deamination activity, but markedly reduces RPA-dependent dsDNA deamination activity and severely impairs the ability of AID to effect CSR in vivo. We conclude that PKA has a critical role in post-translational regulation of AID activity in B cells.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Childrens Hosp,CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Joint Program Transfus Med,Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Alt, FW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Childrens Hosp,CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM alt@enders.tch.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 211
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 508
EP 511
DI 10.1038/nature04255
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200052
PM 16251902
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salmon, PS
   Martin, RA
   Mason, PE
   Cuello, GJ
AF Salmon, PS
   Martin, RA
   Mason, PE
   Cuello, GJ
TI Topological versus chemical ordering in network glasses at intermediate and extended length scales
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sharp diffraction peak; medium-range order; zinc-chloride; liquid gese2; scattering; transition; pressure; solids; silica; molten
AB Atomic ordering in network glasses on length scales longer than nearest-neighbour length scales has long been a source of controversy(1-6). Detailed experimental information is therefore necessary to understand both the network properties and the fundamentals of glass formation. Here we address the problem by investigating topological and chemical ordering in structurally disordered AX(2) systems by applying the method of isotopic substitution in neutron diffraction to glassy ZnCl2. This system may be regarded as a prototypical ionic network forming glass, provided that ion polarization effects are taken into account(7), and has thus been the focus of much attention(8-14). By experiment, we show that both the topological and chemical ordering are described by two length scales at distances greater than nearest-neighbour length scales. One of these is associated with the intermediate range, as manifested by the appearance in the measured diffraction patterns of a first sharp diffraction peak at 1.09( 3) angstrom(-1); the other is associated with an extended range, which shows ordering in the glass out to 62( 4) angstrom. We also find that these general features are characteristic of glassy GeSe2, a prototypical covalently bonded network material(15,16). The results therefore offer structural insight into those length scales that determine many important aspects of supercooled liquid and glass phenomenology(11).
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
C3 University of Bath; University of Bristol; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Salmon, PS (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM p.s.salmon@bath.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/C003594/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 269
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature03475
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600039
PM 15875017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chanelière, T
   Matsukevich, DN
   Jenkins, SD
   Lan, SY
   Kennedy, TAB
   Kuzmich, A
AF Chanelière, T
   Matsukevich, DN
   Jenkins, SD
   Lan, SY
   Kennedy, TAB
   Kuzmich, A
TI Storage and retrieval of single photons transmitted between remote quantum memories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light; state; communication
AB An elementary quantum network operation involves storing a qubit state in an atomic quantum memory node, and then retrieving and transporting the information through a single photon excitation to a remote quantum memory node for further storage or analysis. Implementations of quantum network operations are thus conditioned on the ability to realize matter-to-light and/or light-to-matter quantum state mappings. Here we report the generation, transmission, storage and retrieval of single quanta using two remote atomic ensembles. A single photon is generated from a cold atomic ensemble at one site 1, and is directed to another site through 100 metres of optical fibre. The photon is then converted into a single collective atomic excitation using a dark-state polariton approach(2). After a programmable storage time, the atomic excitation is converted back into a single photon. This is demonstrated experimentally, for a storage time of 0.5 microseconds, by measurement of an anti-correlation parameter. Storage times exceeding ten microseconds are observed by intensity cross-correlation measurements. This storage period is two orders of magnitude longer than the time required to achieve conversion between photonic and atomic quanta. The controlled transfer of single quanta between remote quantum memories constitutes an important step towards distributed quantum networks.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
RP Kuzmich, A (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
EM alex.kuzmich@physics.gatech.edu
NR 28
TC 658
Z9 723
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 833
EP 836
DI 10.1038/nature04315
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800046
PM 16341009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barabási, AL
AF Barabási, AL
TI The origin of bursts and heavy tails in human dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB The dynamics of many social, technological and economic phenomena are driven by individual human actions, turning the quantitative understanding of human behaviour into a central question of modern science. Current models of human dynamics, used from risk assessment to communications, assume that human actions are randomly distributed in time and thus well approximated by Poisson processes(1-3). In contrast, there is increasing evidence that the timing of many human activities, ranging from communication to entertainment and work patterns, follow non-Poisson statistics, characterized by bursts of rapidly occurring events separated by long periods of inactivity(4-8). Here I show that the bursty nature of human behaviour is a consequence of a decision-based queuing process(9,10): when individuals execute tasks based on some perceived priority, the timing of the tasks will be heavy tailed, with most tasks being rapidly executed, whereas a few experience very long waiting times. In contrast, random or priority blind execution is well approximated by uniform inter-event statistics. These finding have important implications, ranging from resource management to service allocation, in both communications and retail.
C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Notre Dame; University of Notre Dame
RP Barabási, AL (corresponding author), Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
EM alb@nd.edu
FU Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien; Division Of Materials Research [0837678] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 28
TC 1583
Z9 1904
U1 17
U2 315
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 207
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature03459
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100041
PM 15889093
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scheffler, M
   Dressel, M
   Jourdan, M
   Adrian, H
AF Scheffler, M
   Dressel, M
   Jourdan, M
   Adrian, H
TI Extremely slow Drude relaxation of correlated electrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrodynamic response; heavy; upd2al3; superconductivity; cepd3
AB The electrical conduction of metals is governed by how freely mobile electrons can move throughout the material. This movement is hampered by scattering with other electrons, as well as with impurities or thermal excitations (phonons). Experimentally, the scattering processes of single electrons are not observed, but rather the overall response of all mobile charge carriers within a sample. The ensemble dynamics can be described by the relaxation rates, which express how fast the system approaches equilibrium after an external perturbation(1-3). Here we measure the frequency-dependent microwave conductivity of the heavy-fermion metal UPd2Al3 ( ref. 4), finding that it is accurately described by the prediction for a single relaxation rate ( the so-called Drude response(5)). This is notable, as UPd2Al3 has strong interactions among the electrons(4) that might be expected to lead to more complex behaviour. Furthermore, the relaxation rate of just a few gigahertz is extremely low - this is several orders of magnitude below those of conventional metals ( which are typically around 10 THz), and at least one order of magnitude lower than previous estimates for comparable metals. These observations are directly related to the high effective mass of the charge carriers in this material and reveal the dynamics of interacting electrons.
C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; University of Stuttgart
RP Scheffler, M (corresponding author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Phys, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM scheffl@pi1.physik.uni-stuttgart.de
NR 25
TC 101
Z9 112
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1135
EP 1137
DI 10.1038/nature04232
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500045
PM 16372004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Byatt, AS
AF Byatt, AS
TI Fiction informed by science
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 10
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 294
EP 297
DI 10.1038/434294a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100031
PM 15772642
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Croft, MT
   Lawrence, AD
   Raux-Deery, E
   Warren, MJ
   Smith, AG
AF Croft, MT
   Lawrence, AD
   Raux-Deery, E
   Warren, MJ
   Smith, AG
TI Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cobalamin vitamin-b-12; escherichia-coli; metabolism; reductase; evolution; folate; genome
AB Vitamin B-12 ( cobalamin) was identified nearly 80 years ago as the anti- pernicious anaemia factor in liver(1), and its importance in human health and disease has resulted in much work on its uptake(2), cellular transport(3) and utilization(4). Plants do not contain cobalamin because they have no cobalamin-dependent enzymes. Deficiencies are therefore common in strict vegetarians(5), and in the elderly, who are susceptible to an autoimmune disorder that prevents its efficient uptake(6). In contrast, many algae are rich in vitamin B-12, with some species, such as Porphyra yezoensis (Nori), containing as much cobalamin as liver(7). Despite this, the role of the cofactor in algal metabolism remains unknown, as does the source of the vitamin for these organisms. A survey of 326 algal species revealed that 171 species require exogenous vitamin B-12 for growth, implying that more than half of the algal kingdom are cobalamin auxotrophs. Here we show that the role of vitamin B-12 in algal metabolism is primarily as a cofactor for vitamin B-12-dependent methionine synthase, and that cobalamin auxotrophy has arisen numerous times throughout evolution, probably owing to the loss of the vitamin B-12-independent form of the enzyme. The source of cobalamin seems to be bacteria, indicating an important and unsuspected symbiosis.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
   Univ Kent, Dept Biosci, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, Kent, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Kent
RP Smith, AG (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
EM as25@cam.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 1138
Z9 1375
U1 22
U2 488
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature04056
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000047
PM 16267554
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, T
AF Chapman, T
TI Small-scale separation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 25
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 795
EP 795
DI 10.1038/434795b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700050
PM 15815637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayashi, K
   Yoshida, K
   Matsui, Y
AF Hayashi, K
   Yoshida, K
   Matsui, Y
TI A histone H3 methyltransferase controls epigenetic events required for meiotic prophase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome synapsis; methylation patterns; active genes; mouse; mice; heterochromatin; proteins; complex; transcription; chromatin
AB Epigenetic modifications of histones regulate gene expression and chromatin structure(1,2). Here we show that Meisetz (meiosis-induced factor containing a PR/SET domain and zinc-finger motif) is a histone methyltransferase that is important for the progression of early meiotic prophase. Meisetz transcripts are detected only in germ cells entering meiotic prophase in female fetal gonads and in postnatal testis. Notably, Meisetz has catalytic activity for trimethylation, but not mono- or dimethylation, of lysine 4 of histone H3, and a transactivation activity that depends on its methylation activity. Mice in which the Meisetz gene is disrupted show sterility in both sexes due to severe impairment of the double-stranded break repair pathway, deficient pairing of homologous chromosomes and impaired sex body formation. In Meisetz-deficient testis, trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 is attenuated and meiotic gene transcription is altered. These findings indicate that meiosis-specific epigenetic events in mammals are crucial for proper meiotic progression.
C1 Osaka Med Ctr Maternal & Child Hlth, Res Inst, Dept Mol Embryol, Osaka 5941101, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Osaka City Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet, Abeno Ku, Osaka 5458585, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Dev Aging & Canc, Cell Resource Ctr Biomed Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808575, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Osaka Metropolitan University; Tohoku University
RP Matsui, Y (corresponding author), Osaka Med Ctr Maternal & Child Hlth, Res Inst, Dept Mol Embryol, Murodo Cho 840, Osaka 5941101, Japan.
EM ymatsui@idac.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 393
Z9 491
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 374
EP 378
DI 10.1038/nature04112
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200052
PM 16292313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muttoni, G
   Erba, E
   Kent, DV
   Bachtadse, V
AF Muttoni, G
   Erba, E
   Kent, DV
   Bachtadse, V
TI Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity chrons; paleomagnetism; northern; paleogeography; radiolarites; switzerland; complex; wander; cherts; margin
AB The fragmentation of Pangaea as a consequence of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean is documented in the Alpine - Mediterranean region by the onset of widespread pelagic sedimentation(1). Shallow-water sediments were replaced by mainly pelagic limestones in the Early Jurassic period, radiolarian cherts in the Middle - Late Jurassic period, and again pelagic limestones in the Late Jurassic - Cretaceous period(1). During initial extension, basin subsidence below the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is thought to have triggered the transition from Early Jurassic limestones to Middle - Late Jurassic radiolarites(1). It has been proposed that the transition from radiolarites to limestones in the Late Jurassic period was due to an increase in calcareous nannoplankton abundance when the CCD was depressed below the ocean floor(1). But in modern oceans, sediments below the CCD are not necessarily radiolaritic. Here we present palaeomagnetic samples from the Jurassic - Cretaceous pelagic succession exposed in the Lombardian basin, Italy. On the basis of an analysis of our palaeolatitudinal data in a broader palaeogeographic context, we propose an alternative explanation for the above facies tripartition. We suggest that the Lombardian basin drifted initially towards, and subsequently away from, a near-equatorial upwelling zone of high biosiliceous productivity. Our tectonic model for the genesis of radiolarites adds an essential horizontal plate motion component to explanations involving only vertical variations of CCD relative to the ocean floor. It may explain the deposition of radiolarites throughout the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern region during the Jurassic period.
C1 Univ Milan, Dept Earth Sci, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   ALP Alpine Lab Paleomagnetism, I-12016 Peveragno, CN, Italy.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Univ Munich, Dept Geo & Umweltwissensch, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Milan; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Columbia University; University of Munich
RP Muttoni, G (corresponding author), Univ Milan, Dept Earth Sci, Via Mangiagalli 34, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
EM giovanni.muttoni1@unimi.it
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 59
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature03378
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600041
PM 15744297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI DNA microarrays: More than than gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 38
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1195
EP 1200
DI 10.1038/4371195a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500052
PM 16237450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brixner, T
   Stenger, J
   Vaswani, HM
   Cho, M
   Blankenship, RE
   Fleming, GR
AF Brixner, T
   Stenger, J
   Vaswani, HM
   Cho, M
   Blankenship, RE
   Fleming, GR
TI Two-dimensional spectroscopy of electronic couplings in photosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photon-echoes; femtosecond spectroscopy; infrared-spectroscopy; chlorobium-tepidum; diffractive optics; antenna complexes; line-shapes; fmo complex; dynamics; protein
AB Time-resolved optical spectroscopy is widely used to study vibrational and electronic dynamics by monitoring transient changes in excited state populations on a femtosecond timescale(1). Yet the fundamental cause of electronic and vibrational dynamics-the coupling between the different energy levels involved-is usually inferred only indirectly. Two-dimensional femtosecond infrared spectroscopy based on the heterodyne detection of three-pulse photon echoes(2-7) has recently allowed the direct mapping of vibrational couplings, yielding transient structural information. Here we extend the approach to the visible range(3,8) and directly measure electronic couplings in a molecular complex, the Fenna-Matthews-Olson photosynthetic light-harvesting protein(9,10). As in all photosynthetic systems, the conversion of light into chemical energy is driven by electronic couplings that ensure the efficient transport of energy from light-capturing antenna pigments to the reaction centre(11). We monitor this process as a function of time and frequency and show that excitation energy does not simply cascade stepwise down the energy ladder. We find instead distinct energy transport pathways that depend sensitively on the detailed spatial properties of the delocalized excited-state wavefunctions of the whole pigment-protein complex.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Inst Quantitat Biomed Res QB3, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Korea Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 136701, South Korea.
   Korea Univ, Div Chem & Mol Engn, Ctr Multidimens Spect, Seoul 136701, South Korea.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Korea University; Korea University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Fleming, GR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM grfleming@lbl.gov
NR 30
TC 1085
Z9 1220
U1 4
U2 417
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 625
EP 628
DI 10.1038/nature03429
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000040
PM 15800619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chanda, B
   Asamoah, OK
   Blunck, R
   Roux, B
   Bezanilla, F
AF Chanda, B
   Asamoah, OK
   Blunck, R
   Roux, B
   Bezanilla, F
TI Gating charge displacement in voltage-gated ion channels involves limited transmembrane movement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shaker k+ channel; potassium channel; sodium-channels; electric-field; free-energy; s4 segment; sensor; pore; electrostatics; melittin
AB Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for generating electrical impulses in nerves and other excitable cells. The fourth transmembrane helix (S4) in voltage-gated channels is the primary voltage-sensing unit that mediates the response to a changing membrane electric field(1,2). The molecular mechanism of voltage sensing, particularly with respect to the magnitude of the transmembrane movement of S4, remains controversial(3-5). To determine the extent of this transmembrane movement, we use fluorescent resonance energy transfer between the S4 domain and a reference point in the lipid bilayer. The lipophilic ion dipicrylamine distributes on either side of the lipid bilayer depending on the membrane potential, and is used here as a resonance-energy-transfer acceptor from donor molecules attached to several positions in the Shaker K+ channel. A voltage-driven transmembrane movement of the donor should produce a transient fluorescence change because the acceptor also translocates as a function of voltage. In Shaker K+ channels no such transient fluorescence is observed, indicating that the S4 segment does not translocate across the lipid bilayer. Based on these observations, we propose a molecular model of voltage gating that can account for the observed 13e gating charge with limited transmembrane S4 movement.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Ctr Estudios Cient, Valdivia, Chile.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP Bezanilla, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Physiol, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA.
EM fbezanil@ucla.edu
NR 31
TC 224
Z9 284
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 852
EP 856
DI 10.1038/nature03888
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500047
PM 16094369
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sur, M
AF Sur, M
TI Breathing life into biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Sur, M (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 487
EP 487
DI 10.1038/436487a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800042
PM 16049473
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanton, H
   Rogerson, FM
   East, CJ
   Golub, SB
   Lawlor, KE
   Meeker, CT
   Little, CB
   Last, K
   Farmer, PJ
   Campbell, IK
   Fourie, AM
   Fosang, AJ
AF Stanton, H
   Rogerson, FM
   East, CJ
   Golub, SB
   Lawlor, KE
   Meeker, CT
   Little, CB
   Last, K
   Farmer, PJ
   Campbell, IK
   Fourie, AM
   Fosang, AJ
TI ADAMTS5 is the major aggrecanase in mouse cartilage in vivo and in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-induced arthritis; expression; gene; metalloproteinase; interleukin-1; chondrocytes; protein; cloning; family; mice
AB Aggrecan is the major proteoglycan in cartilage, endowing this tissue with the unique capacity to bear load and resist compression. In arthritic cartilage, aggrecan is degraded by one or more 'aggrecanases' from the ADAMTS ( a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs(1)) family of proteinases. ADAMTS1, 8 and 9 have weak aggrecan-degrading activity(2-5). However, they are not thought to be the primary aggrecanases because ADAMTS1 null mice are not protected from experimental arthritis(6), and cleavage by ADAMTS8 and 9 is highly inefficient. Although ADAMTS4 and 5 are expressed in joint tissues(7-13), and are known to be efficient aggrecanases in vitro, the exact contribution of these two enzymes to cartilage pathology is unknown. Here we show that ADAMTS5 is the major aggrecanase in mouse cartilage, both in vitro and in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis. Our data suggest that ADAMTS5 may be a suitable target for the development of new drugs designed to inhibit cartilage destruction in arthritis, although further work will be required to determine whether ADAMTS5 is also the major aggrecanase in human arthritis.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Paediat, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Royal Childrens Hosp, Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Dept Surg, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Royal N Shore Hosp, Raymond Purves Bone & Joint Res Labs, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
   Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Reid Rheumatol Lab, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceut Res & Dev, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 University of Melbourne; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne; Royal North Shore Hospital; University of Sydney; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Johnson & Johnson; Johnson & Johnson USA
RP Fosang, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Dept Paediat, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
EM amanda.fosang@mcri.edu.au
NR 24
TC 758
Z9 868
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 648
EP 652
DI 10.1038/nature03417
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000046
PM 15800625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lang, D
   Lu, MM
   Huang, L
   Engleka, KA
   Zhang, MZ
   Chu, EY
   Lipner, S
   Skoultchi, A
   Millar, SE
   Epstein, JA
AF Lang, D
   Lu, MM
   Huang, L
   Engleka, KA
   Zhang, MZ
   Chu, EY
   Lipner, S
   Skoultchi, A
   Millar, SE
   Epstein, JA
TI Pax3 functions at a nodal point in melanocyte stem cell differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hair follicle development; transcription factor; neural crest; beta-catenin; waardenburg-syndrome; sox10; mitf; morphogenesis; initiation; interacts
AB Most stem cells are not totipotent. Instead, they are partially committed but remain undifferentiated. Upon appropriate stimulation they are capable of regenerating mature cell types(1). Little is known about the genetic programmes that maintain the undifferentiated phenotype of lineage-restricted stem cells. Here we describe the molecular details of a nodal point in adult melanocyte stem cell differentiation in which Pax3 simultaneously functions to initiate a melanogenic cascade while acting downstream to prevent terminal differentiation. Pax3 activates expression of Mitf, a transcription factor critical for melanogenesis(2,3), while at the same time it competes with Mitf for occupancy of an enhancer required for expression of dopachrome tautomerase, an enzyme that functions in melanin synthesis(4). Pax3-expressing melanoblasts are thus committed but undifferentiated until Pax3-mediated repression is relieved by activated beta-catenin. Thus, a stem cell transcription factor can both determine cell fate and simultaneously maintain an undifferentiated state, leaving a cell poised to differentiate in response to external stimuli.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Med, Div Cardiovasc, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Dermatol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Epstein, JA (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Med, Div Cardiovasc, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM epsteinj@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 30
TC 303
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 884
EP 887
DI 10.1038/nature03292
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600047
PM 15729346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zwierlein, MW
   Abo-Shaeer, JR
   Schirotzek, A
   Schunck, CH
   Ketterle, W
AF Zwierlein, MW
   Abo-Shaeer, JR
   Schirotzek, A
   Schunck, CH
   Ketterle, W
TI Vortices and superfluidity in a strongly interacting Fermi gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensate
AB Quantum degenerate Fermi gases provide a remarkable opportunity to study strongly interacting fermions. In contrast to other Fermi systems, such as superconductors, neutron stars or the quark-gluon plasma of the early Universe, these gases have low densities and their interactions can be precisely controlled over an enormous range. Previous experiments with Fermi gases have revealed condensation of fermion pairs. Although these and other studies were consistent with predictions assuming superfluidity, proof of superfluid behaviour has been elusive. Here we report observations of vortex lattices in a strongly interacting, rotating Fermi gas that provide definitive evidence for superfluidity. The interaction and therefore the pairing strength between two Li-6 fermions near a Feshbach resonance can be controlled by an external magnetic field. This allows us to explore the crossover from a Bose-Einstein condensate of molecules to a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluid of loosely bound pairs. The crossover is associated with a new form of superfluidity that may provide insights into high-transition-temperature superconductors.
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, MIT HArvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Zwierlein, MW (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, MIT HArvard Ctr Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM zwierlei@mit.edu
NR 39
TC 889
Z9 1047
U1 1
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1047
EP 1051
DI 10.1038/nature03858
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400038
PM 15973400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kalas, P
   Graham, JR
   Clampin, M
AF Kalas, P
   Graham, JR
   Clampin, M
TI A planetary system as the origin of structure in Fomalhaut's dust belt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kuiper-belt; circumstellar disk; debris; signatures; cobe
AB The Sun and >15 per cent of nearby stars are surrounded by dusty disks that must be collisionally replenished by asteroids and comets, as the dust would otherwise be depleted on timescales <10(7) years (ref. 1). Theoretical studies show that the structure of a dusty disk can be modified by the gravitational influence of planets(2-4), but the observational evidence is incomplete, at least in part because maps of the thermal infrared emission from the disks have low linear resolution (35 AU in the best case(5)). Optical images provide higher resolution, but the closest examples (AU Mic and beta Pic) are edge-on(6,7), preventing the direct measurement of the azimuthal and radial disk structure that is required for fitting theoretical models of planetary perturbations. Here we report the detection of optical light reflected from the dust grains orbiting Fomalhaut (HD 216956). The system is inclined 248 away from edge-on, enabling the measurement of disk structure around its entire circumference, at a linear resolution of 0.5 AU. The dust is distributed in a belt 25 AU wide, with a very sharp inner edge at a radial distance of 133 AU, and we measure an offset of 15 AU between the belt's geometric centre and Fomalhaut. Taken together, the sharp inner edge and offset demonstrate the presence of planetary-mass objects orbiting Fomalhaut.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Kalas, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM kalas@astron.berkeley.edu
NR 28
TC 354
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1067
EP 1070
DI 10.1038/nature03601
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400041
PM 15973402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rychert, CA
   Fischer, KM
   Rondenay, S
AF Rychert, CA
   Fischer, KM
   Rondenay, S
TI A sharp lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary imaged beneath eastern North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle; velocity; profile; evolution; eurasia; water
AB Plate tectonic theory hinges on the concept of a relatively rigid lithosphere moving over a weaker asthenosphere, yet the nature of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary remains poorly understood. The gradient in seismic velocity that occurs at this boundary is central to constraining the physical and chemical properties that create differences in mechanical strength between the two layers. For example, if the lithosphere is simply a thermal boundary layer that is more rigid owing to colder temperatures, mantle flow models(1,2) indicate that the velocity gradient at its base would occur over tens of kilometres. In contrast, if the asthenosphere is weak owing to volatile enrichment(3-6) or the presence of partial melt(7), the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary could occur over a much smaller depth range. Here we use converted seismic phases in eastern North America to image a very sharp seismic velocity gradient at the base of the lithosphere-a 3-11 per cent drop in shear-wave velocity over a depth range of 11 km or less at 90-110 km depth. Such a strong, sharp boundary cannot be reconciled with a purely thermal gradient, but could be explained by an asthenosphere that contains a few per cent partial melt7 or that is enriched in volatiles relative to the lithosphere(3-6).
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Brown University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Rychert, CA (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Box 1846, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM Catherine_Rychert@Brown.edu
NR 30
TC 176
Z9 198
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 542
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature03904
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800058
PM 16049485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fre, S
   Huyghe, M
   Mourikis, P
   Robine, S
   Louvard, D
   Artavanis-Tsakonas, S
AF Fre, S
   Huyghe, M
   Mourikis, P
   Robine, S
   Louvard, D
   Artavanis-Tsakonas, S
TI Notch signals control the fate of immature progenitor cells in the intestine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID villin gene; epithelial-cells; stem-cells; expression; differentiation; mice; proliferation; neurogenin3; math1; hes5
AB The Notch signalling pathway plays a crucial role in specifying cellular fates in metazoan development by regulating communication between adjacent cells(1,2). Correlative studies suggested an involvement of Notch in intestinal development. Here, by modulating Notch activity in the mouse intestine, we directly implicate Notch signals in intestinal cell lineage specification. We also show that Notch activation is capable of amplifying the intestinal progenitor pool while inhibiting cell differentiation. We conclude that Notch activity is required for the maintenance of proliferating crypt cells in the intestinal epithelium.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Canc Ctr,Dept Cell Biol, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Inst Curie, CNRS, F-75231 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Fac Sci Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Coll France, F-75231 Paris, France.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Universite Paris Saclay; Universite PSL; College de France
RP Artavanis-Tsakonas, S (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Canc Ctr,Dept Cell Biol, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
EM tsakonas@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 751
Z9 942
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 964
EP 968
DI 10.1038/nature03589
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700051
PM 15959516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hyman, SD
   Lazio, JW
   Kassim, NE
   Ray, PS
   Markwardt, CB
   Yusef-Zadeh, F
AF Hyman, SD
   Lazio, JW
   Kassim, NE
   Ray, PS
   Markwardt, CB
   Yusef-Zadeh, F
TI A powerful bursting radio source towards the Galactic Centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emission; transients; spectra; search; dwarfs
AB Transient astronomical sources are typically powered by compact objects and usually signify highly explosive or dynamic events(1). Although high-time-resolution observations are often possible in radio astronomy(2), they are usually limited to quite narrow fields of view. The dynamic radio sky is therefore poorly sampled, in contrast to the situation in the X-ray and gamma-ray bands in which wide-field instruments routinely detect transient sources(3). Here we report a transient radio source, GCRT J1745 - 3009, which was detected during a moderately wide-field monitoring programme of the Galactic Centre region(4,5) at 0.33 GHz. The characteristics of its bursts are unlike those known for any other class of radio transient. If located in or near the Galactic Centre, its brightness temperature (, 10 16 K) and the implied energy density within GCRT J1745 - 3009 vastly exceed those observed in most other classes of radio astronomical sources(6), and are consistent with coherent emission processes(7) that are rarely observed. We conclude that it represents a hitherto unknown class of transient radio sources, the first of possibly many new classes that may be discovered by emerging wide-field radio telescopes(8).
C1 Sweet Briar Coll, Dept Phys & Engn, Sweet Briar, VA 24595 USA.
   USN, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   NASA, High Energy Astrophys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Northwestern University
RP Hyman, SD (corresponding author), Sweet Briar Coll, Dept Phys & Engn, Sweet Briar, VA 24595 USA.
EM shyman@sbc.edu
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/nature03400
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600038
PM 15744294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bintanja, R
   van de Wal, RSW
   Oerlemans, J
AF Bintanja, R
   van de Wal, RSW
   Oerlemans, J
TI Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial maximum; ice-age cycle; interglacial period; climate-change; sheet; water; greenland; holocene; history; records
AB Marine records of sediment oxygen isotope compositions show that the Earth's climate has gone through a succession of glacial and interglacial periods during the past million years. But the interpretation of the oxygen isotope records is complicated because both isotope storage in ice sheets and deep-water temperature affect the recorded isotopic composition(1-5). Separating these two effects would require long records of either sea level or deep-ocean temperature, which are currently not available. Here we use a coupled model of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets(6) and ocean temperatures, forced to match an oxygen isotope record for the past million years compiled from 57 globally distributed sediment cores, to quantify both contributions simultaneously. We find that the ice-sheet contribution to the variability in oxygen isotope composition varied from ten per cent in the beginning of glacial periods to sixty per cent at glacial maxima, suggesting that strong ocean cooling preceded slow ice-sheet build-up. The model yields mutually consistent time series of continental mean surface temperatures between 40 and 80 degrees N, ice volume and global sea level. We find that during extreme glacial stages, air temperatures were 17 +/- 1.8 degrees C lower than present, with a 120 +/- 10 m sea level equivalent of continental ice present.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University
RP Bintanja, R (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Princetonpl 5, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM R.Bintanja@phys.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 609
Z9 692
U1 2
U2 169
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 125
EP 128
DI 10.1038/nature03975
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400054
PM 16136140
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butlin, R
   Roper, C
AF Butlin, R
   Roper, C
TI Evolutionary genetics - Microarrays and species origins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anopheles-gambiae; speciation
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
RP Butlin, R (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM r.k.butlin@sheffield.ac.uk; cally.roper@lshtm.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 6
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 199
EP 201
DI 10.1038/437199a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900036
PM 16148918
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dollar, GL
   Weber, U
   Mlodzik, M
   Sokol, SY
AF Dollar, GL
   Weber, U
   Mlodzik, M
   Sokol, SY
TI Regulation of Lethal giant larvae by Dishevelled
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetric cell-division; polarity; apkc; complex; localization; polarization; homolog; roles; cdc42; par-6
AB The establishment of polarity in many cell types depends on Lgl, the tumour suppressor product of lethal giant larvae, which is involved in basolateral protein targeting(1-4). The conserved complex of Par3, Par6 and atypical protein kinase C5-8 phosphorylates and inactivates Lgl at the apical surface; however, the signalling mechanisms that coordinate cell polarization in development are not well defined. Here we show that a vertebrate homologue of Lgl associates with Dishevelled, an essential mediator of Wnt signalling, and that Dishevelled regulates the localization of Lgl in Xenopus ectoderm and Drosophila follicular epithelium. We show that both Lgl and Dsh are required for normal apical - basal polarity of Xenopus ectodermal cells. In addition, we show that the Wnt receptor Frizzled 8, but not Frizzled 7, causes Lgl to dissociate from the cortex with the concomitant loss of its activity in vivo. These findings suggest a molecular basis for the regulation of cell polarity by Frizzled and Dishevelled.
C1 Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Sokol, SY (corresponding author), Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Box 1020,1 Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA.
EM sergei.sokol@mssm.edu
NR 30
TC 115
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1376
EP 1380
DI 10.1038/nature04116
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100058
PM 16251968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, SB
   Thomsen, E
   Hansen, DL
   Clausen, OR
AF Nielsen, SB
   Thomsen, E
   Hansen, DL
   Clausen, OR
TI Plate-wide stress relaxation explains European Palaeocene basin inversions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tectonic evolution; alpine foreland; tornquist zone; north-sea; deformation; paleogene; england
AB During Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic times, many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rifts and basin structures in the interior of the European continent underwent several phases of inversion ( the process of shortening a previously extensional basin)(1). The main phases occurred during the Late Cretaceous and Middle Palaeocene, and have been previously explained by pulses of compression, mainly from the Alpine orogen(2-5). Here we show that the main phases differed both in structural style and cause. The Cretaceous phase was characterized by narrow uplift zones, reverse activation of faults, crustal shortening, and the formation of asymmetric marginal troughs. In contrast, the Middle Palaeocene phase was characterized by dome-like uplift of a wider area with only mild fault movements, and formation of more distal and shallow marginal troughs. A simple flexural model explains how domal, secondary inversion follows inevitably from primary, convergence-related inversion on relaxation of the in-plane tectonic stress. The onset of relaxation inversions was plate-wide and simultaneous, and may have been triggered by stress changes caused by elevation of the North Atlantic lithosphere by the Iceland plume(6) or the drop in the north - south convergence rate between Africa and Europe(7).
C1 Univ Aarhus, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 Aarhus University
RP Nielsen, SB (corresponding author), Univ Aarhus, Dept Earth Sci, Finlandsgade 8, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
EM sbn@geo.au.dk
NR 31
TC 79
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 195
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature03599
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100037
PM 15889089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, D
   Aster, R
   West, M
   Ni, J
   Grand, S
   Gao, W
   Baldridge, WS
   Semken, S
   Patel, P
AF Wilson, D
   Aster, R
   West, M
   Ni, J
   Grand, S
   Gao, W
   Baldridge, WS
   Semken, S
   Patel, P
TI Lithospheric structure of the Rio Grande rift
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tectonic evolution; united-states; teleseismic p; new-mexico; extension; beneath; region; uplift; scale; model
AB A high-resolution, regional passive seismic experiment(1-6) in the Rio Grande rift region of the southwestern United States has produced new images of upper-mantle velocity structure and crust-mantle topography. Synthesizing these results with geochemical(7-9) and other geophysical(10-13) evidence reveals highly symmetric lower-crustal and upper-mantle lithosphere extensional deformation, suggesting a pure-shear rifting mechanism for the Rio Grande rift. Extension in the lower crust is distributed over a region four times the width of the rift's surface expression. Here we propose that the laterally distributed, pure shear extension is a combined effect of low strain rate and a regionally elevated geotherm, possibly abetted by pre-existing lithospheric structures, at the time of rift initiation. Distributed extension in the lower crust and mantle has induced less concentrated vertical mantle upwelling and less vigorous small-scale convection(14) than would have arisen from more localized deformation. This lack of highly focused mantle upwelling may explain a deficit of rift-related volcanics in the Rio Grande rift compared to other major rift systems such as the Kenya rift(15,16).
C1 New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Geophys Res Ctr, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Texas, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   New Mexico State Univ, Dept Phys, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
C3 New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology; New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; New Mexico State University
RP Wilson, D (corresponding author), New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
EM davew@ees.nmt.edu
NR 30
TC 80
Z9 113
U1 2
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 851
EP 855
DI 10.1038/nature03297
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600038
PM 15729338
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, Y
   Lu, H
   Bargmann, CI
AF Zhang, Y
   Lu, H
   Bargmann, CI
TI Pathogenic bacteria induce aversive olfactory learning in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; tryptophan-hydroxylase; signaling pathway; neurons; gene; adaptation; plasticity; channel; memory; food
AB Food can be hazardous, either through toxicity or through bacterial infections that follow the ingestion of a tainted food source. Because learning about food quality enhances survival, one of the most robust forms of olfactory learning is conditioned avoidance of tastes associated with visceral malaise. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans feeds on bacteria but is susceptible to infection by pathogenic bacteria in its natural environment. Here we show that C. elegans modifies its olfactory preferences after exposure to pathogenic bacteria, avoiding odours from the pathogen and increasing its attraction to odours from familiar nonpathogenic bacteria. Particular bacteria elicit specific changes in olfactory preferences that are suggestive of associative learning. Exposure to pathogenic bacteria increases serotonin in ADF chemosensory neurons by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Serotonin functions through MOD-1, a serotonin-gated chloride channel expressed in sensory interneurons, to promote aversive learning. An increase in serotonin may represent the negative reinforcing stimulus in pathogenic infection.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Neural Circuits & Behav, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Bargmann, CI (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Neural Circuits & Behav, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM cori@rockefeller.edu
NR 32
TC 688
Z9 860
U1 1
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 179
EP 184
DI 10.1038/nature04216
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500039
PM 16281027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diemand, J
   Moore, B
   Stadel, J
AF Diemand, J
   Moore, B
   Stadel, J
TI Earth-mass dark-matter haloes as the first structures in the early Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density profiles; supernovae; clusters; project; lambda; cdm
AB The Universe was nearly smooth and homogeneous before a redshift of z = 100, about 20 million years after the Big Bang(1). After this epoch, the tiny fluctuations imprinted upon the matter distribution during the initial expansion began to collapse because of gravity. The properties of these fluctuations depend on the unknown nature of dark matter(2-4), the determination of which is one of the biggest challenges in present-day science(5-7). Here we report supercomputer simulations of the concordance cosmological model, which assumes neutralino dark matter ( at present the preferred candidate), and find that the first objects to form are numerous Earth-mass dark-matter haloes about as large as the Solar System. They are stable against gravitational disruption, even within the central regions of the Milky Way. We expect over 10(15) to survive within the Galactic halo, with one passing through the Solar System every few thousand years. The nearest structures should be among the brightest sources of gamma-rays ( from particle - particle annihilation).
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Theoret Phys, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Moore, B (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Theoret Phys, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM moore@physik.unizh.ch
NR 30
TC 356
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 389
EP 391
DI 10.1038/nature03270
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200035
PM 15674284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elbelrhiti, H
   Claudin, P
   Andreotti, B
AF Elbelrhiti, H
   Claudin, P
   Andreotti, B
TI Field evidence for surface-wave-induced instability of sand dunes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID barchan dunes; dynamics; model; wind
AB Field studies of barchans - crescent- shaped dunes that propagate over solid ground under conditions of unidirectional wind(1) - have long focused on the investigation of an equilibrium between sand transport by wind and the control of air flow by dune topography(2-4), which are thought to control dune morphology and kinematics(5-7). Because of the long timescale involved, however, the underlying dynamic processes responsible for the evolution of dune fields remain poorly understood(8). Here we combine data from a three-year field study in the Moroccan Sahara with a model study to show that barchans are fundamentally unstable and do not necessarily behave like stable solitary waves, as suggested previously(9-12). We find that dune collisions and changes in wind direction destabilize the dunes and generate surface waves on the barchans. Because the resulting surface waves propagate at a higher speed than the dunes themselves, they can produce a series of new barchans of elementary size by breaking the horns of large dunes. The creation of these new dunes provides a mechanism for sand loss that prevents dune fields from merging into a single giant dune and therefore plays a fundamental role in the control of size selection and the development of dune patterns.
C1 Phys & Mecan Milieux Heterogenes Lab, CNRS, UMR 7636, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Ibn Zohr, Dept Geol, Agadir 80000, Morocco.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Engineering & Systems Sciences (INSIS); Ibn Zohr University of Agadir
RP Andreotti, B (corresponding author), Phys & Mecan Milieux Heterogenes Lab, CNRS, UMR 7636, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM andreotti@pmmh.espci.fr
NR 18
TC 207
Z9 234
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 720
EP 723
DI 10.1038/nature04058
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900049
PM 16193049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, CD
   Chavez, C
   Beurle, K
   Cooper, N
   Evans, MW
   Burns, JA
   Porco, CC
AF Murray, CD
   Chavez, C
   Beurle, K
   Cooper, N
   Evans, MW
   Burns, JA
   Porco, CC
TI How prometheus creates structure in Saturn's F ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cassini imaging science; perturbations; satellites; strands; masses
AB Images of Saturn's narrow and contorted F ring returned by the Cassini spacecraft(1) have revealed phenomena not previously detected in any planetary ring system. The perturbing effect of the inner shepherding satellite, Prometheus, seems to introduce channels through the F ring and a 'streamer' - a line of particles that link the ring to the satellite. The detailed mechanism for the formation of these features has been lacking an explanation. Here we show that these phenomena can be understood in terms of a simple gravitational interaction as Prometheus approaches and recedes from the F ring every 14.7 hours. Our numerical models show that as Prometheus recedes from its closest approach to the F ring, it draws out ring material; one orbital period later, this affected region has undergone keplerian shear and is visible as a channel, in excellent agreement with structures seen in the Cassini images. Prometheus' periodic disruption of the F ring will become more pronounced as the two orbits approach their minimum separation in 2009. The model predicts that the appearance of streamers and the associated channels will vary in a regular fashion on a timescale of one orbital period.
C1 Univ London, Queen Mary, Astron Unit, London E1 4NS, England.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Theoret & Appl Mech, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Space Sci Inst, Cassini Imaging Cent Lab Operat, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London; Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Murray, CD (corresponding author), Univ London, Queen Mary, Astron Unit, Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, England.
EM C.D.Murray@qmul.ac.uk
NR 14
TC 54
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1326
EP 1329
DI 10.1038/nature04212
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100046
PM 16251957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gagliardi, L
   Roos, BO
AF Gagliardi, L
   Roos, BO
TI Quantum chemical calculations show that the uranium molecule U2 has a quintuple bond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemistry
AB Covalent bonding is commonly described by Lewis's theory(1), with an electron pair shared between two atoms constituting one full bond. Beginning with the valence bond description(2) for the hydrogen molecule, quantum chemists have further explored the fundamental nature of the chemical bond for atoms throughout the periodic table, confirming that most molecules are indeed held together by one electron pair for each bond. But more complex binding may occur when large numbers of atomic orbitals can participate in bond formation. Such behaviour is common with transition metals. When involving heavy actinide elements, metal-metal bonds might prove particularly complicated. To date, evidence for actinide-actinide bonds is restricted to the matrix-isolation(3) of uranium hydrides, including H2U-UH2, and the gas-phase detection(4) and preliminary theoretical study(5) of the uranium molecule, U-2. Here we report quantum chemical calculations on U-2, showing that, although the strength of the U-2 bond is comparable to that of other multiple bonds between transition metals, the bonding pattern is unique. We find that the molecule contains three electron-pair bonds and four one-electron bonds (that is, 10 bonding electrons, corresponding to a quintuple bond), and two ferromagnetically coupled electrons localized on one U atom each-so all known covalent bonding types are contributing.
C1 Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Chim Fis F Accascina, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
   Chem Ctr Lund, Dept Theoret Chem, S-22100 Lund, Sweden.
C3 University of Palermo; Lund University
RP Gagliardi, L (corresponding author), Univ Palermo, Dipartimento Chim Fis F Accascina, Viale Sci,Parco Orleans 2, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
EM laura.gagliardi@unipa.it
NR 14
TC 288
Z9 310
U1 2
U2 123
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 848
EP 851
DI 10.1038/nature03249
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600037
PM 15729337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakagawa, T
   Cheng, YF
   Ramm, E
   Sheng, M
   Walz, T
AF Nakagawa, T
   Cheng, YF
   Ramm, E
   Sheng, M
   Walz, T
TI Structure and different conformational states of native AMPA receptor complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand-binding core; glutamate-receptor; ion-channel; kainate; domain; selectivity; mechanisms; topology; symmetry; neurons
AB Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system(1,2). Their modulation is believed to affect learning and memory, and their dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric diseases(1,2). Despite a wealth of functional data, little is known about the intact, three-dimensional structure of these ligand-gated ion channels. Here, we present the structure of native AMPA receptors (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid; AMPA-Rs) purified from rat brain, as determined by single-particle electron microscopy. Unlike the homotetrameric recombinant GluR2 (ref. 3), the native heterotetrameric AMPA-R adopted various conformations, which reflect primarily a variable separation of the two dimeric extracellular amino-terminal domains. Members of the stargazin/ TARP family of transmembrane proteins co-purified with AMPA-Rs and contributed to the density representing the transmembrane region of the complex. Glutamate and cyclothiazide markedly altered the conformational equilibrium of the channel complex, suggesting that desensitization is related to separation of the N-terminal domains. These data provide a glimpse of the conformational changes of an important ligand-gated ion channel of the brain.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, RIKEN MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, Picower Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; RIKEN; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Sheng, M (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, RIKEN MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, Picower Ctr Learning & Memory, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM msheng@mit.edu; twalz@hms.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 545
EP 549
DI 10.1038/nature03328
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200054
PM 15690046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurchan, J
AF Kurchan, J
TI In and out of equilibrium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; model; glass
AB Albert Einstein's work on brownian motion showed how thermal equilibrium could be brought about by work exchanged through thermal fluctuations and viscous dissipation. Glasses are out-of-equilibrium systems in which this exchange happens at widely different timescales simultaneously. Theory then suggests the fascinating possibility that such behaviour may lead to a more general form of thermalization, in which the effective temperature shared by all components differs at each timescale.
C1 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite
RP Kurchan, J (corresponding author), Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, PMMH, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM jorge@pmmh.espci.fr
NR 11
TC 132
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 222
EP 225
DI 10.1038/nature03278
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300038
PM 15662408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughes, JF
   Skaletsky, H
   Pyntikova, T
   Minx, PJ
   Graves, T
   Rozen, S
   Wilson, RK
   Page, DC
AF Hughes, JF
   Skaletsky, H
   Pyntikova, T
   Minx, PJ
   Graves, T
   Rozen, S
   Wilson, RK
   Page, DC
TI Conservation of Y-linked genes during human evolution revealed by comparative sequencing in chimpanzee
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular evolution; chromosome; sex; conversion; alignment; mutation; genome
AB The human Y chromosome, transmitted clonally through males, contains far fewer genes than the sexually recombining autosome from which it evolved. The enormity of this evolutionary decline has led to predictions that the Y chromosome will be completely bereft of functional genes within ten million years(1,2). Although recent evidence of gene conversion within massive Y-linked palindromes runs counter to this hypothesis, most unique Y-linked genes are not situated in palindromes and have no gene conversion partners(3,4). The 'impending demise' hypothesis thus rests on understanding the degree of conservation of these genes. Here we find, by systematically comparing the DNA sequences of unique, Y-linked genes in chimpanzee and human, which diverged about six million years ago, evidence that in the human lineage, all such genes were conserved through purifying selection. In the chimpanzee lineage, by contrast, several genes have sustained inactivating mutations. Gene decay in the chimpanzee lineage might be a consequence of positive selection focused elsewhere on the Y chromosome and driven by sperm competition.
C1 Whitehead Inst, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Page, DC (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM page_admin@wi.mit.edu
NR 24
TC 137
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 101
EP 104
DI 10.1038/nature04101
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400048
PM 16136134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piana, S
   Reyhani, M
   Gale, JD
AF Piana, S
   Reyhani, M
   Gale, JD
TI Simulating micrometre-scale crystal growth from solution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID urea crystals; kinetics; dissolution; mechanisms; surfaces; water
AB Understanding crystal growth is essential for controlling the crystallization used in industrial separation and purification processes. Because solids interact through their surfaces, crystal shape can influence both chemical and physical properties(1). The thermodynamic morphology can readily be predicted(2), but most particle shapes are actually controlled by the kinetics of the atomic growth processes through which assembly occurs(3). Here we study the urea - solvent interface at the nanometre scale and report kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the micrometre- scale three-dimensional growth of urea crystals. These simulations accurately reproduce experimentally observed crystal growth. Unlike previous models of crystal growth(4-6), no assumption is made that the morphology can be constructed from the results for independently growing surfaces or from an a priori specification of surface defect concentration. This approach offers insights into the role of the solvent, the degree of supersaturation, and the contribution that extended defects ( such as screw dislocations) make to crystal growth. It also connects observations made at the nanometre scale, through in situ atomic force microscopy, with those made at the macroscopic level. If extended to include additives, the technique could lead to the computer-aided design of crystals.
C1 Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Appl Chem, Nanochem Res Inst, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
C3 Curtin University
RP Gale, JD (corresponding author), Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Appl Chem, Nanochem Res Inst, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
EM J.Gale@curtin.edu.au
NR 22
TC 200
Z9 219
U1 3
U2 182
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/nature04173
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000042
PM 16267550
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Najemnik, J
   Geisler, WS
AF Najemnik, J
   Geisler, WS
TI Optimal eye movement strategies in visual search
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-detection; model
AB To performvisual search, humans, like many mammals, encode a large field of view with retinas having variable spatial resolution, and then use high-speed eye movements to direct the highest-resolution region, the fovea, towards potential target locations(1,2). Good search performance is essential for survival, and hence mammals may have evolved efficient strategies for selecting fixation locations. Here we address two questions: what are the optimal eye movement strategies for a foveated visual system faced with the problem of finding a target in a cluttered environment, and do humans employ optimal eye movement strategies during a search? We derive the ideal bayesian observer(3-6) for search tasks in which a target is embedded at an unknown location within a random background that has the spectral characteristics of natural scenes(7). Our ideal searcher uses precise knowledge about the statistics of the scenes in which the target is embedded, and about its own visual system, to make eye movements that gain the most information about target location. We find that humans achieve nearly optimal search performance, even though humans integrate information poorly across fixations(8-10). Analysis of the ideal searcher reveals that there is little benefit from perfect integration across fixations - much more important is efficient processing of information on each fixation. Apparently, evolution has exploited this fact to achieve efficient eye movement strategies with minimal neural resources devoted to memory.
C1 Univ Texas, Ctr Perceptual Syst, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Psychol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Geisler, WS (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Ctr Perceptual Syst, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
EM geisler@psy.utexas.edu
NR 26
TC 642
Z9 774
U1 1
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 387
EP 391
DI 10.1038/nature03390
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100053
PM 15772663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicastro, F
   Mathur, S
   Elvis, M
   Drake, J
   Fang, TT
   Fruscione, A
   Krongold, Y
   Marshall, H
   Williams, R
   Zezas, A
AF Nicastro, F
   Mathur, S
   Elvis, M
   Drake, J
   Fang, TT
   Fruscione, A
   Krongold, Y
   Marshall, H
   Williams, R
   Zezas, A
TI The mass of the missing baryons in the X-ray forest of the warm-hot intergalactic medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probe wmap observations; low-redshift; absorption systems; chandra detection; alpha absorption; pks-2155-304; spectra; clouds; line
AB Recent cosmological measurements indicate that baryons comprise about four per cent of the total mass-energy density of the Universe(1,2), which is in accord with the predictions arising from studies of the production of the lightest elements(3). It is also in agreement with the actual number of baryons detected at early times (redshifts z > 2)(4,5). Close to our own epoch (z < 2), however, the number of baryons detected add up to just over half (, 55 per cent) of the number seen at z > 2 (refs 6 - 11), meaning that about similar to45 per cent are 'missing'. Here we report a determination of the mass-density of a previously undetected population of baryons, in the warm - hot phase of the intergalactic medium. We show that this mass density is consistent, within the uncertainties, with the mass density of the missing baryons.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ist Astron, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Nicastro, F (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM fnicastro@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 27
TC 173
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/nature03245
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200040
PM 15690033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coxall, HK
   Wilson, PA
   Pälike, H
   Lear, CH
   Backman, J
AF Coxall, HK
   Wilson, PA
   Pälike, H
   Lear, CH
   Backman, J
TI Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cenozoic glaciation; chaotic diffusion; oligocene; evolution; records; model; mg/ca
AB The ocean depth at which the rate of calcium carbonate input from surface waters equals the rate of dissolution is termed the calcite compensation depth. At present, this depth is,4,500 m, with some variation between and within ocean basins. The calcite compensation depth is linked to ocean acidity, which is in turn linked to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and hence global climate(1). Geological records of changes in the calcite compensation depth show a prominent deepening of more than 1 km near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (similar to34 million years ago)(2) when significant permanent ice sheets first appeared on Antarctica(3-6), but the relationship between these two events is poorly understood. Here we present ocean sediment records of calcium carbonate content as well as carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions from the tropical Pacific Ocean that cover the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. We find that the deepening of the calcite compensation depth was more rapid than previously documented and occurred in two jumps of about 40,000 years each, synchronous with the stepwise onset of Antarctic ice-sheet growth. The glaciation was initiated, after climatic preconditioning(7), by an interval when the Earth's orbit of the Sun favoured cool summers. The changes in oxygen-isotope composition across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary are too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone and must therefore also indicate contemporaneous global cooling and/or Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Stockholm, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; Stockholm University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Wilson, PA (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM paw1@soc.soton.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 590
Z9 679
U1 5
U2 190
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 53
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature03135
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100033
PM 15635407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melyan, Z
   Tarttelin, EE
   Bellingham, J
   Lucas, RJ
   Hankins, MW
AF Melyan, Z
   Tarttelin, EE
   Bellingham, J
   Lucas, RJ
   Hankins, MW
TI Addition of human melanopsin renders mammalian cells photoresponsive
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; action spectrum; light; opsin; responses; pigment; system; suppression; proteins; exposure
AB A small number of mammalian retinal ganglion cells act as photoreceptors for regulating certain non-image forming photoresponses(1-10). These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells express the putative photopigment melanopsin(11-13). Ablation of the melanopsin gene renders these cells insensitive to light(14); however, the precise role of melanopsin in supporting cellular photosensitivity is unconfirmed. Here we show that heterologous expression of human melanopsin in a mouse paraneuronal cell line (Neuro-2a) is sufficient to render these cells photoreceptive. Under such conditions, melanopsin acts as a sensory photopigment, coupled to a native ion channel via a G-protein signalling cascade, to drive physiological light detection. The melanopsin photoresponse relies on the presence of cis-isoforms of retinaldehyde and is selectively sensitive to short-wavelength light. We also present evidence to show that melanopsin functions as a bistable pigment in this system, having an intrinsic photoisomerase regeneration function that is chromatically shifted to longer wavelengths.
C1 Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Neurosci & Psychol Med, Dept Visual Neurosci, London W6 8RF, England.
C3 University of Manchester; Imperial College London
RP Lucas, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Michael Smith Bldg, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
EM robert.lucas@manchester.ac.uk; m.hankins@imperial.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 319
Z9 432
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 741
EP 745
DI 10.1038/nature03344
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200039
PM 15674244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jayaraman, KS
AF Jayaraman, KS
TI Among the best
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 492
EP 495
DI 10.1038/436492a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800046
PM 16049476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanvir, NR
   Chapman, R
   Levan, AJ
   Priddey, RS
AF Tanvir, NR
   Chapman, R
   Levan, AJ
   Priddey, RS
TI An origin in the local Universe for some short γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical afterglow; neutron-stars; flare; sgr-1806-20; constraints; anisotropy; catalog
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) divide into two classes(1): 'long', which typically have initial durations of T-90 > 2 s, and 'short', with durations of T-90 < 2 s (where T-90 is the time to detect 90% of the observed fluence). Long bursts, which on average have softer gamma-ray spectra(2), are known to be associated with stellar core-collapse events - in some cases simultaneously producing powerful type Ic supernovae(3-5). In contrast, the origin of short bursts has remained mysterious until recently. A subsecond intense 'spike' of gamma-rays during a giant flare from the Galactic soft gamma-ray repeater, SGR 1806 - 20, reopened an old debate over whether some short GRBs could be similar events seen in galaxies out to similar to 70 Mpc (refs 6 - 10; redshift z approximate to 0.016). Shortly after that, localizations of a few short GRBs ( with optical afterglows detected in two cases(11,12)) have shown an apparent association with a variety of host galaxies at moderate redshifts(11-14). Here we report a correlation between the locations of previously observed short bursts and the positions of galaxies in the local Universe, indicating that between 10 and 25 per cent of short GRBs originate at low redshifts ( z < 0.025).
C1 Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
C3 University of Hertfordshire
RP Tanvir, NR (corresponding author), Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Coll Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
EM nrt@star.herts.ac.uk
NR 32
TC 109
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 991
EP 993
DI 10.1038/nature04310
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600060
PM 16355218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Föhlisch, A
   Feulner, P
   Hennies, F
   Fink, A
   Menzel, D
   Sanchez-Portal, D
   Echenique, PM
   Wurth, W
AF Föhlisch, A
   Feulner, P
   Hennies, F
   Fink, A
   Menzel, D
   Sanchez-Portal, D
   Echenique, PM
   Wurth, W
TI Direct observation of electron dynamics in the attosecond domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resonant charge-transfer; time scales; spectroscopy; molecules; adsorbates; hole
AB Dynamical processes are commonly investigated using laser pump - probe experiments, with a pump pulse exciting the system of interest and a second probe pulse tracking its temporal evolution as a function of the delay between the pulses(1-6). Because the time resolution attainable in such experiments depends on the temporal definition of the laser pulses, pulse compression to 200 attoseconds ( 1 as = 10(-18) s) is a promising recent development. These ultrafast pulses have been fully characterized(7), and used to directly measure light waves(8) and electronic relaxation in free atoms(2-4). But attosecond pulses can only be realized in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray regime; in contrast, the optical laser pulses typically used for experiments on complex systems last several femtoseconds ( 1 fs = 10(-15) s)(1,5,6). Here we monitor the dynamics of ultrafast electron transfer - a process important in photo- and electrochemistry and used in solid-state solar cells, molecular electronics and single-electron devices - on attosecond timescales using core-hole spectroscopy. We push the method, which uses the lifetime of a core electron hole as an internal reference clock for following dynamic processes(9-19), into the attosecond regime by focusing on short-lived holes with initial and final states in the same electronic shell. This allows us to show that electron transfer from an adsorbed sulphur atom to a ruthenium surface proceeds in about 320 as.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E20, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Basque Country, DIPC, Ctr Mixto CSIC UPV EHU Unidad Fis Mat, Donostia San Sebastian 20080, Spain.
   Univ Basque Country, Dept Fis Mat, Donostia San Sebastian 20080, Spain.
C3 University of Hamburg; Technical University of Munich; University of Basque Country; University of Basque Country
RP Wurth, W (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
EM wilfried.wurth@desy.de
NR 26
TC 291
Z9 321
U1 1
U2 131
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 373
EP 376
DI 10.1038/nature03833
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400038
PM 16034414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taubenberger, JK
   Reid, AH
   Lourens, RM
   Wang, RX
   Jin, GZ
   Fanning, TG
AF Taubenberger, JK
   Reid, AH
   Lourens, RM
   Wang, RX
   Jin, GZ
   Fanning, TG
TI Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a virus; rna-polymerase; amino-acid; hemagglutinin; protein; origin; pathogenicity; lineages; genome
AB The influenza A viral heterotrimeric polymerase complex (PA, PB1, PB2) is known to be involved in many aspects of viral replication and to interact with host factors(1), thereby having a role in host specificity(2,3). The polymerase protein sequences from the 1918 human influenza virus differ from avian consensus sequences at only a small number of amino acids, consistent with the hypothesis that they were derived from an avian source shortly before the pandemic. However, when compared to avian sequences, the nucleotide sequences of the 1918 polymerase genes have more synonymous differences than expected, suggesting evolutionary distance from known avian strains. Here we present sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the complete genome of the 1918 influenza virus(4-8), and propose that the 1918 virus was not a reassortant virus ( like those of the 1957 and 1968 pandemics(9,10)), but more likely an entirely avian-like virus that adapted to humans. These data support prior phylogenetic studies suggesting that the 1918 virus was derived from an avian source(11). A total of ten amino acid changes in the polymerase proteins consistently differentiate the 1918 and subsequent human influenza virus sequences from avian virus sequences. Notably, a number of the same changes have been found in recently circulating, highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses that have caused illness and death in humans and are feared to be the precursors of a new influenza pandemic. The sequence changes identified here may be important in the adaptation of influenza viruses to humans.
C1 Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Mol Pathol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense
RP Taubenberger, JK (corresponding author), Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Mol Pathol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM taubenberger@afip.osd.mil
NR 30
TC 761
Z9 990
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 889
EP 893
DI 10.1038/nature04230
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600047
PM 16208372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hornstein, E
   Mansfield, JH
   Yekta, S
   Hu, JKH
   Harfe, BD
   McManus, MT
   Baskerville, S
   Bartel, DP
   Tabin, CJ
AF Hornstein, E
   Mansfield, JH
   Yekta, S
   Hu, JKH
   Harfe, BD
   McManus, MT
   Baskerville, S
   Bartel, DP
   Tabin, CJ
TI The microRNA miR-196 acts upstream of Hoxb8 and Shh in limb development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoic acid; messenger-rna; expression; targets; bud; genes; zpa; morphogenesis; cleavage; forelimb
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are an abundant class of gene regulatory molecules ( reviewed in refs 1, 2). Although computational work indicates that miRNAs repress more than a third of human genes(3), their roles in vertebrate development are only now beginning to be determined. Here we show that miR- 196 acts upstream of Hoxb8 and Sonic hedgehog ( Shh) in vivo in the context of limb development, thereby identifying a previously observed but uncharacterized inhibitory activity that operates specifically in the hindlimb. Our data indicate that miR- 196 functions in a fail- safe mechanism to assure the fidelity of expression domains that are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level, supporting the idea that many vertebrate miRNAs may function as a secondary level of gene regulation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Diabet, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Tabin, CJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM tabin@genetics.med.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 329
Z9 422
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 671
EP 674
DI 10.1038/nature04138
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100051
PM 16319892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Konacki, M
AF Konacki, M
TI An extrasolar giant planet in a close triple-star system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precision radial-velocity; iodine absorption cell; binary-systems; protoplanetary disks; multiplicity; companion; orbits
AB Hot Jupiters are gas-giant planets orbiting with periods of 3 - 9 days around Sun-like stars. They are believed to form in a disk of gas and condensed matter at or beyond similar to 2.7 astronomical units (AU - the Sun - Earth distance) from their parent star(1,2). At such distances, there exists a sufficient amount of solid material to produce a core capable of capturing enough gas to form a giant planet. Subsequently, they migrate inward to their present close orbits(3). Here I report the detection of an unusual hot Jupiter orbiting the primary star of a triple stellar system, HD 188753. The planet has an orbital period of 3.35 days and a minimum mass of 1.14 times that of Jupiter. The primary star's mass is 1.06 times that of the Sun, 1.06 M-.. The secondary star, itself a binary stellar system, orbits the primary at an average distance of 12.3 AU with an eccentricity of 0.50. The mass of the secondary pair is 1.63 M-.. Such a close and massive secondary would have truncated a disk around the primary to a radius of only similar to 1.3 AU ( ref. 4) and might have heated it up to temperatures high enough to prohibit giant-planet formation(5,6), leaving the origin of this planet unclear.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci MC 150 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Konacki, M (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci MC 150 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM maciej@gps.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 59
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 230
EP 233
DI 10.1038/nature03856
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500034
PM 16015323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fraser, JA
   Giles, SS
   Wenink, EC
   Geunes-Boyer, SG
   Wright, JR
   Diezmann, S
   Allen, A
   Stajich, JE
   Dietrich, FS
   Perfect, JR
   Heitman, J
AF Fraser, JA
   Giles, SS
   Wenink, EC
   Geunes-Boyer, SG
   Wright, JR
   Diezmann, S
   Allen, A
   Stajich, JE
   Dietrich, FS
   Perfect, JR
   Heitman, J
TI Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neoformans var. gattii; pathogenic yeast; recombination; reproduction; toxoplasma; australia; virulence; canada
AB Genealogy can illuminate the evolutionary path of important human pathogens. In some microbes, strict clonal reproduction predominates, as with the worldwide dissemination of Mycobacterium leprae, the cause of leprosy(1). In other pathogens, sexual reproduction yields clones with novel attributes, for example, enabling the efficient, oral transmission of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii(2). However, the roles of clonal or sexual propagation in the origins of many other microbial pathogen outbreaks remain unknown, like the recent fungal meningoencephalitis outbreak on Vancouver Island, Canada, caused by Cryptococcus gattii(3). Here we show that the C. gattii outbreak isolates comprise two distinct genotypes. The majority of isolates are hypervirulent and have an identical genotype that is unique to the Pacific Northwest. A minority of the isolates are significantly less virulent and share an identical genotype with fertile isolates from an Australian recombining population. Genotypic analysis reveals evidence of sexual reproduction, in which the majority genotype is the predicted offspring. However, instead of the classic a - alpha sexual cycle, the majority outbreak clone appears to have descended from two alpha mating-type parents. Analysis of nuclear content revealed a diploid environmental isolate homozygous for the major genotype, an intermediate produced during same-sex mating. These studies demonstrate how cryptic same-sex reproduction can enable expansion of a human pathogen to a new geographical niche and contribute to the ongoing production of infectious spores. This has implications for the emergence of other microbial pathogens and inbreeding in host range expansion in the fungal and other kingdoms.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University
RP Heitman, J (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM heitm001@duke.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI050113, R01 AI039115] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R01AI050113, R01AI039115] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 409
Z9 473
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1360
EP 1364
DI 10.1038/nature04220
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100055
PM 16222245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohling, EJ
   Pälike, H
AF Rohling, EJ
   Pälike, H
TI Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden cold event around 8,200 years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic climate; high-resolution record; greenland ice core; holocene climate; last deglaciation; solar variability; monsoon; ocean; europe; sea
AB The extent of climate variability during the current interglacial period, the Holocene, is still debated. Temperature records derived from central Greenland ice cores show one significant temperature anomaly between 8,200 and 8,100 years ago, which is often attributed to a meltwater outflow into the North Atlantic Ocean and a slowdown of North Atlantic Deep Water formation-this anomaly provides an opportunity to study such processes with relevance to present-day freshening of the North Atlantic. Anomalies in climate proxy records from locations around the globe are often correlated with this sharp event in Greenland. But the anomalies in many of these records span 400 to 600 years, start from about 8,600 years ago and form part of a repeating pattern within the Holocene. More sudden climate changes around 8,200 years ago appear superimposed on this longer-term cooling. The compounded nature of the signals implies that far-field climate anomalies around 8,200 years ago cannot be used in a straightforward manner to assess the impact of a slowdown of North Atlantic Deep Water formation, and the geographical extent of the rapid cooling event 8,200 years ago remains to be determined.
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton
RP Rohling, EJ (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM E.Rohling@soc.soton.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/T/S/2002/00453] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 50
TC 572
Z9 638
U1 3
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 975
EP 979
DI 10.1038/nature03421
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600028
PM 15846336
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomasko, MG
   Archinal, B
   Becker, T
   Bézard, B
   Bushroe, M
   Combes, M
   Cook, D
   Coustenis, A
   de Bergh, C
   Dafoe, LE
   Doose, L
   Douté, S
   Eibl, A
   Engel, S
   Gliem, F
   Grieger, B
   Holso, K
   Howington-Kraus, E
   Karkoschka, E
   Keller, HU
   Kirk, R
   Kramm, R
   Küppers, M
   Lanagan, P
   Lellouch, E
   Lemmon, M
   Lunine, J
   McFarlane, E
   Moores, J
   Prout, GM
   Rizk, B
   Rosiek, M
   Rueffer, P
   Schröder, SE
   Schmitt, B
   See, C
   Smith, P
   Soderblom, L
   Thomas, N
   West, R
AF Tomasko, MG
   Archinal, B
   Becker, T
   Bézard, B
   Bushroe, M
   Combes, M
   Cook, D
   Coustenis, A
   de Bergh, C
   Dafoe, LE
   Doose, L
   Douté, S
   Eibl, A
   Engel, S
   Gliem, F
   Grieger, B
   Holso, K
   Howington-Kraus, E
   Karkoschka, E
   Keller, HU
   Kirk, R
   Kramm, R
   Küppers, M
   Lanagan, P
   Lellouch, E
   Lemmon, M
   Lunine, J
   McFarlane, E
   Moores, J
   Prout, GM
   Rizk, B
   Rosiek, M
   Rueffer, P
   Schröder, SE
   Schmitt, B
   See, C
   Smith, P
   Soderblom, L
   Thomas, N
   West, R
TI Rain, winds and haze during the Huygens probe's descent to Titan's surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aggregate particles; atmosphere; aerosols; simulation; ammonia; entry; model; ice
AB The irreversible conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons in Titan's stratosphere implies a surface or subsurface methane reservoir. Recent measurements from the cameras aboard the Cassini orbiter fail to see a global reservoir, but the methane and smog in Titan's atmosphere impedes the search for hydrocarbons on the surface. Here we report spectra and high-resolution images obtained by the Huygens Probe Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer instrument in Titan's atmosphere. Although these images do not show liquid hydrocarbon pools on the surface, they do reveal the traces of once flowing liquid. Surprisingly like Earth, the brighter highland regions show complex systems draining into flat, dark lowlands. Images taken after landing are of a dry riverbed. The infrared reflectance spectrum measured for the surface is unlike any other in the Solar System; there is a red slope in the optical range that is consistent with an organic material such as tholins, and absorption from water ice is seen. However, a blue slope in the near-infrared suggests another, unknown constituent. The number density of haze particles increases by a factor of just a few from an altitude of 150 km to the surface, with no clear space below the tropopause. The methane relative humidity near the surface is 50 per cent.
C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Planetol Grenoble, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
   Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Ist Nazl Astrofis, ARTOV, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Bern, Dept Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Braunschweig University of Technology; Max Planck Society; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Bern; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP See, C (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, 1629 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM csee@lpl.arizona.edu
NR 31
TC 446
Z9 504
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 765
EP 778
DI 10.1038/nature04126
PG 14
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800037
PM 16319829
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Genda, H
   Abe, Y
AF Genda, H
   Abe, Y
TI Enhanced atmospheric loss on protoplanets at the giant impact phase in the presence of oceans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erosion; evolution; origin; water; disk
AB The atmospheric compositions of Venus and Earth differ significantly, with the venusian atmosphere containing about 50 times as much Ar-36 as the atmosphere on Earth(1). The different effects of the solar wind on planet-forming materials for Earth and Venus have been proposed to account for some of this difference in atmospheric composition(2,3), but the cause of the compositional difference has not yet been fully resolved. Here we propose that the absence or presence of an ocean at the surface of a protoplanet during the giant impact phase could have determined its subsequent atmospheric amount and composition. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the presence of an ocean significantly enhances the loss of atmosphere during a giant impact owing to two effects: evaporation of the ocean, and lower shock impedance of the ocean compared to the ground. Protoplanets near Earth's orbit are expected to have had oceans, whereas those near Venus' orbit are not, and we therefore suggest that remnants of the noble-gas rich proto-atmosphere survived on Venus, but not on Earth. Our proposed mechanism explains differences in the atmospheric contents of argon, krypton and xenon on Venus and Earth, but most of the neon must have escaped from both planets' atmospheres later to yield the observed ratio of neon to argon.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Genda, H (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
EM genda@geo.titech.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 842
EP 844
DI 10.1038/nature03360
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600035
PM 15729335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jayaraman, KS
AF Jayaraman, KS
TI Biotech boom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 14
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 480
EP 483
DI 10.1038/436480a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800038
PM 16049469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steffens, S
   Veillard, NR
   Arnaud, C
   Pelli, G
   Burger, F
   Staub, C
   Zimmer, A
   Frossard, JL
   Mach, F
AF Steffens, S
   Veillard, NR
   Arnaud, C
   Pelli, G
   Burger, F
   Staub, C
   Zimmer, A
   Frossard, JL
   Mach, F
TI Low dose oral cannabinoid therapy reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID e-deficient mice; lesion formation; receptor-deficient; cb2 receptor; lymphocytes; delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; inflammation; expression; cells; delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol
AB Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, and is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke in Western countries(1). Derivatives of cannabinoids such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) modulate immune functions(2) and therefore have potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. We investigated the effects of THC in a murine model of established atherosclerosis. Oral administration of THC (1 mg kg(-1) per day) resulted in significant inhibition of disease progression. This effective dose is lower than the dose usually associated with psychotropic effects of THC. Furthermore, we detected the CB2 receptor ( the main cannabinoid receptor expressed on immune cells(2,3)) in both human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques. Lymphoid cells isolated from THC-treated mice showed diminished proliferation capacity and decreased interferon-gamma secretion. Macrophage chemotaxis, which is a crucial step for the development of atherosclerosis(1), was also inhibited in vitro by THC. All these effects were completely blocked by a specific CB2 receptor antagonist(4). Our data demonstrate that oral treatment with a low dose of THC inhibits atherosclerosis progression in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse model, through pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects on lymphoid and myeloid cells. Thus, THC or cannabinoids with activity at the CB2 receptor may be valuable targets for treating atherosclerosis.
C1 Fdn Med Res, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Hosp, Fac Med, Div Gastroenterol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Hosp, Fac Med, Inst Legal Med, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Bonn, Dept Psychiat, Mol Neurobiol Lab, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva; University of Geneva; University of Bonn
RP Mach, F (corresponding author), Fdn Med Res, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
EM Francois.Mach@medecine.unige.ch
NR 30
TC 373
Z9 451
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 782
EP 786
DI 10.1038/nature03389
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700045
PM 15815632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clausen, S
   Smith, AB
AF Clausen, S
   Smith, AB
TI Palaeoanatomy and biological affinities of a Cambrian deuterostome (Stylophora)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID echinoderms
AB Stylophora are a peculiar extinct group of asymmetrical deuterostomes whose biological affinity has been fiercely debated(1-15). Disarticulated skeletal elements of a ceratocystid stylophoran recovered from the earliest Middle Cambrian of Morocco are not only the oldest stylophorans in the fossil record, but their exceptional preservation provides crucial data on the microstructure of its skeleton. Stylophoran plates are constructed of a three-dimensional mesh, termed 'stereom', identical to that of living echinoderms in which stereom microstructure provides a reliable guide to the nature of the investing soft tissues(16-18). Using modern echinoderm anatomy to interpret stereom microstructure of stylophoran elements, here we show that the large proximal lumen of their appendage was filled with muscle and that ligamentary tissues bound distal elements firmly together. We find no evidence for a mouth in the proximal lumen and no evidence that the covering plates of the appendage were articulated. Thus, although skeletal structure suggests that stylophorans are echinoderms, their appendage was not a feeding arm but a muscular locomotory organ.
C1 Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Lab Paleontol & Paleogeog Paleoz, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Paleontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Universite de Lille; Natural History Museum London
RP Clausen, S (corresponding author), Univ Sci & Technol Lille, Lab Paleontol & Paleogeog Paleoz, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
EM sebastien.clausen@ed.univ-lille1.fr
NR 26
TC 67
Z9 73
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 351
EP 354
DI 10.1038/nature04109
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200047
PM 16292309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jeganathan, KB
   Malureanu, L
   van Deursen, JM
AF Jeganathan, KB
   Malureanu, L
   van Deursen, JM
TI The Rae1-Nup98 complex prevents aneuploidy by inhibiting securin degradation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna export factor; spindle-checkpoint; human-cells; cdc20; proteins; bub3; cdh1; proteolysis; apc/c; rae1
AB Cdc20 and Cdh1 are the activating subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that drives cells into anaphase by inducing degradation of cyclin B and the anaphase inhibitor securin(1). To prevent chromosome missegregation, APC activity directed against these mitotic regulators must be inhibited until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle(2). Here we show that in mitosis timely destruction of securin by APC is regulated by the nucleocytoplasmic transport factors Rae1 and Nup98. We show that combined Rae1 and Nup98 haploinsufficiency in mice results in premature separation of sister chromatids, severe aneuploidy and untimely degradation of securin. We find that Rae1 and Nup98 form a complex with Cdh1-activated APC (APC(Cdh1)) in early mitosis and specifically inhibit APC(Cdh1)-mediated ubiquitination of securin. Dissociation of Rae1 and Nup98 from APC(Cdh1) coincides with the release of the mitotic checkpoint protein BubR1 from Cdc20-activated APC (APC(Cdc20)) at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Together, our results suggest that Rae1 and Nup98 are temporal regulators of APC(Cdh1) that maintain euploidy by preventing unscheduled degradation of securin.
C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Coll Med, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic
RP van Deursen, JM (corresponding author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Coll Med, Dept Pediat & Adolescent Med, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
EM vandeursen.jan@mayo.edu
NR 22
TC 158
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1036
EP 1039
DI 10.1038/nature04221
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600071
PM 16355229
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferguson, NM
   Cummings, DAT
   Cauchemez, S
   Fraser, C
   Riley, S
   Meeyai, A
   Iamsirithaworn, S
   Burke, DS
AF Ferguson, NM
   Cummings, DAT
   Cauchemez, S
   Fraser, C
   Riley, S
   Meeyai, A
   Iamsirithaworn, S
   Burke, DS
TI Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virus infections; antiviral drug; transmission; oseltamivir; household; risk; resistant; epidemic; outbreak; diseases
AB Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses are now endemic in avian populations in Southeast Asia, and human cases continue to accumulate. Although currently incapable of sustained human-to-human transmission, H5N1 represents a serious pandemic threat owing to the risk of a mutation or reassortment generating a virus with increased transmissibility. Identifying public health interventions that might be able to halt a pandemic in its earliest stages is therefore a priority. Here we use a simulation model of influenza transmission in Southeast Asia to evaluate the potential effectiveness of targeted mass prophylactic use of antiviral drugs as a containment strategy. Other interventions aimed at reducing population contact rates are also examined as reinforcements to an antiviral-based containment policy. We show that elimination of a nascent pandemic may be feasible using a combination of geographically targeted prophylaxis and social distancing measures, if the basic reproduction number of the new virus is below 1.8. We predict that a stockpile of 3 million courses of antiviral drugs should be sufficient for elimination. Policy effectiveness depends critically on how quickly clinical cases are diagnosed and the speed with which antiviral drugs can be distributed.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Inst Math Sci, London SW7 2PG, England.
   Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   INSERM, U707, F-75571 Paris, France.
   Univ Hong Kong, Dept Community Med, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Dis Control, Bur Epidemiol, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); University of Hong Kong; Ministry of Public Health - Thailand
RP Ferguson, NM (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, St Marys Campus,Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
EM neil.ferguson@imperial.ac.uk
NR 36
TC 1373
Z9 1570
U1 4
U2 297
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 209
EP 214
DI 10.1038/nature04017
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900046
PM 16079797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raghoebarsing, AA
   Smolders, AJP
   Schmid, MC
   Rijpstra, WIC
   Wolters-Arts, M
   Derksen, J
   Jetten, MSM
   Schouten, S
   Damsté, JSS
   Lamers, LPM
   Roelofs, JGM
   den Camp, HJMO
   Strous, M
AF Raghoebarsing, AA
   Smolders, AJP
   Schmid, MC
   Rijpstra, WIC
   Wolters-Arts, M
   Derksen, J
   Jetten, MSM
   Schouten, S
   Damsté, JSS
   Lamers, LPM
   Roelofs, JGM
   den Camp, HJMO
   Strous, M
TI Methanotrophic symbionts provide carbon for photosynthesis in peat bogs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acidophilic bacterium; microbial-populations; biomarker record; gen. nov.; lipids; groundwater; sphagnum
AB Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane(1), the second most important greenhouse gas(2). Methane flux to the atmosphere depends strongly on the climate(3); however, by far the largest part of the methane formed in wetland ecosystems is recycled and does not reach the atmosphere(4,5). The biogeochemical controls on the efficient oxidation of methane are still poorly understood. Here we show that submerged Sphagnum mosses, the dominant plants in some of these habitats, consume methane through symbiosis with partly endophytic methanotrophic bacteria, leading to highly effective in situ methane recycling. Molecular probes revealed the presence of the bacteria in the hyaline cells of the plant and on stem leaves. Incubation with C-13-methane showed rapid in situ oxidation by these bacteria to carbon dioxide, which was subsequently fixed by Sphagnum, as shown by incorporation of C-13-methane into plant sterols. In this way, methane acts as a significant ( 10 - 15%) carbon source for Sphagnum. The symbiosis explains both the efficient recycling of methane and the high organic carbon burial in these wetland ecosystems.
C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Aquat Ecol & Environm Biol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Microbiol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Plant Cell Biol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
RP Smolders, AJP (corresponding author), Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Aquat Ecol & Environm Biol, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM a.smolders@science.ru.nl; damste@nioz.nl
NR 24
TC 355
Z9 410
U1 1
U2 273
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1153
EP 1156
DI 10.1038/nature03802
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600045
PM 16121180
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubin, KH
   van der Zander, I
   Smith, MC
   Bergmanis, EC
AF Rubin, KH
   van der Zander, I
   Smith, MC
   Bergmanis, EC
TI Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism from 210Pb-226Ra-230Th disequilibria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID u-series; radioactive disequilibria; axial volcano; lavas; constraints; beneath; emplacement; systematics; generation; inferences
AB Although 70 per cent of global crustal magmatism occurs at mid-ocean ridges(1) - where the heat budget controls crustal structure, hydrothermal activity and a vibrant biosphere - the tempo of magmatic inputs in these regions remains poorly understood. Such timescales can be assessed, however, with natural radioactive-decay- chain nuclides, because chemical disruption to secular equilibrium systems initiates parent - daughter disequilibria, which re- equilibrate by the shorter half- life in a pair. Here we use (210) Pb - (226) Ra - (230) Th radioactive disequilibria and other geochemical attributes in oceanic basalts less than 20 years old to infer that melts of the Earth's mantle can be transported, accumulated and erupted in a few decades. This implies that magmatic conditions can fluctuate rapidly at ridge volcanoes. (210) Pb deficits of up to 15 per cent relative to (226) Ra occur in normal mid- ocean ridge basalts, with the largest deficits in the most magnesium- rich lavas. The 22- year half- life of (210) Pb requires very recent fractionation of these two uranium- series nuclides. Relationships between (210) Pb- deficits, ( (226) Ra/ (230) Th) activity ratios and compatible trace- element ratios preclude crustal- magma differentiation or daughter- isotope degassing as the main causes for the signal. A mantle- melting model(2) can simulate observed disequilibria but preservation requires a subsequent mechanism to transport melt rapidly. The likelihood of magmatic disequilibria occurring before melt enters shallow crustal magma bodies also limits differentiation and heat replenishment timescales to decades at the localities studied.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Ctr Volcanol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Rubin, KH (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Ctr Volcanol, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1680 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM krubin@hawaii.edu
NR 30
TC 104
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 534
EP 538
DI 10.1038/nature03993
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800046
PM 16177787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Head, JW
   Neukum, G
   Jaumann, R
   Hiesinger, H
   Hauber, E
   Carr, M
   Masson, P
   Foing, B
   Hoffmann, H
   Kreslavsky, M
   Werner, S
   Milkovich, S
   van Gasselt, S
AF Head, JW
   Neukum, G
   Jaumann, R
   Hiesinger, H
   Hauber, E
   Carr, M
   Masson, P
   Foing, B
   Hoffmann, H
   Kreslavsky, M
   Werner, S
   Milkovich, S
   van Gasselt, S
TI Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rock glaciers; evolution; features; debris
AB Images from the Mars Express HRSC (High-Resolution Stereo Camera) of debris aprons at the base of massifs in eastern Hellas reveal numerous concentrically ridged lobate and pitted features and related evidence of extremely ice-rich glacier-like viscous flow and sublimation. Together with new evidence for recent ice-rich rock glaciers at the base of the Olympus Mons scarp superposed on larger Late Amazonian debris-covered piedmont glaciers, we interpret these deposits as evidence for geologically recent and recurring glacial activity in tropical and mid-latitude regions of Mars during periods of increased spin-axis obliquity when polar ice was mobilized and redeposited in microenvironments at lower latitudes. The data indicate that abundant residual ice probably remains in these deposits and that these records of geologically recent climate changes are accessible to future automated and human surface exploration.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   DLR, Inst Planetenforsch, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Orsay Terre, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   ESTEC, SCISR, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
C3 Brown University; Free University of Berlin; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre
RP Head, JW (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM james_head@brown.edu
NR 38
TC 287
Z9 329
U1 3
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 346
EP 351
DI 10.1038/nature03359
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100042
PM 15772652
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rothstein, JD
   Patel, S
   Regan, MR
   Haenggeli, C
   Huang, YH
   Bergles, DE
   Jin, L
   Hoberg, MD
   Vidensky, S
   Chung, DS
   Toan, SV
   Bruijn, LI
   Su, ZZ
   Gupta, P
   Fisher, PB
AF Rothstein, JD
   Patel, S
   Regan, MR
   Haenggeli, C
   Huang, YH
   Bergles, DE
   Jin, L
   Hoberg, MD
   Vidensky, S
   Chung, DS
   Toan, SV
   Bruijn, LI
   Su, ZZ
   Gupta, P
   Fisher, PB
TI β-Lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebrospinal-fluid; prolongs survival; motor-neurons; model; excitotoxicity; ceftriaxone; inhibition; astrocytes; injury; brain
AB Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Inactivation of synaptic glutamate is handled by the glutamate transporter GLT1 (also known as EAAT2; refs 1, 2), the physiologically dominant astroglial protein. In spite of its critical importance in normal and abnormal synaptic activity, no practical pharmaceutical can positively modulate this protein. Animal studies show that the protein is important for normal excitatory synaptic transmission, while its dysfunction is implicated in acute and chronic neurological disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)(3), stroke(4), brain tumours(5) and epilepsy(6). Using a blinded screen of 1,040 FDA-approved drugs and nutritionals, we discovered that many beta-lactam antibiotics are potent stimulators of GLT1 expression. Furthermore, this action appears to be mediated through increased transcription of the GLT1 gene(7). beta-Lactams and various semi-synthetic derivatives are potent antibiotics that act to inhibit bacterial synthetic pathways(8). When delivered to animals, the beta-lactam ceftriaxone increased both brain expression of GLT1 and its biochemical and functional activity. Glutamate transporters are important in preventing glutamate neurotoxicity(1,9- 11). Ceftriaxone was neuroprotective in vitro when used in models of ischaemic injury and motor neuron degeneration, both based in part on glutamate toxicity(11). When used in an animal model of the fatal disease ALS, the drug delayed loss of neurons and muscle strength, and increased mouse survival. Thus these studies provide a class of potential neurotherapeutics that act to modulate the expression of glutamate neurotransmitter transporters via gene activation.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
   ALS Assoc, Palm Harbor, FL 34685 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol Neurosurg & Urol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Columbia University
RP Rothstein, JD (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
EM jrothste@jhmi.edu
NR 26
TC 1293
Z9 1535
U1 0
U2 125
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 73
EP 77
DI 10.1038/nature03180
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100038
PM 15635412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Callaghan, AJ
   Marcaida, MJ
   Stead, JA
   McDowall, KJ
   Scott, WG
   Luisi, BF
AF Callaghan, AJ
   Marcaida, MJ
   Stead, JA
   McDowall, KJ
   Scott, WG
   Luisi, BF
TI Structure of Escherichia coli RNase E catalytic domain and implications for RNA turnover
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 16s ribosomal-rna; messenger-rna; ribonuclease-e; quaternary structure; terminal half; gene; degradation; specificity; degradosome; site
AB The coordinated regulation of gene expression is required for homeostasis, growth and development in all organisms. Such coordination may be partly achieved at the level of messenger RNA stability(1), in which the targeted destruction of subsets of transcripts generates the potential for cross-regulating metabolic pathways. In Escherichia coli, the balance and composition of the transcript population is affected by RNase E, an essential endoribonuclease that not only turns over RNA but also processes certain key RNA precursors(2-10). RNase E cleaves RNA internally, but its catalytic power is determined by the 50 terminus of the substrate, even if this lies at a distance from the cutting site(11-14). Here we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of RNase E as trapped allosteric intermediates with RNA substrates. Four subunits of RNase E catalytic domain associate into an interwoven quaternary structure, explaining why the subunit organization is required for catalytic activity. The subdomain encompassing the active site is structurally congruent to a deoxyribonuclease, making an unexpected link in the evolutionary history of RNA and DNA nucleases. The structure explains how the recognition of the 50 terminus of the substrate may trigger catalysis and also sheds light on the question of how RNase E might selectively process, rather than destroy, specific RNA precursors.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
   Univ Leeds, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Sinsheimer Labs, Ctr Mol Biol RNA, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Leeds; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Luisi, BF (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
EM ben@cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 239
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1187
EP 1191
DI 10.1038/nature04084
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500051
PM 16237448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corwin, EI
   Jaeger, HM
   Nagel, SR
AF Corwin, EI
   Jaeger, HM
   Nagel, SR
TI Structural signature of jamming in granular media
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID distributions; fluctuations; forces
AB Glasses are rigid, but flow when the temperature is increased. Similarly, granular materials are rigid, but become unjammed and flow if sufficient shear stress is applied. The rigid and flowing phases are strikingly different, yet measurements reveal that the structures of glass and liquid are virtually indistinguishable(1,2). It is therefore natural to ask whether there is a structural signature of the jammed granular state that distinguishes it from its flowing counterpart. Here we find evidence for such a signature, by measuring the contact-force distribution between particles during shearing. Because the forces are sensitive to minute variations in particle position, the distribution of forces can serve as a microscope with which to observe correlations in the positions of nearest neighbours. We find a qualitative change in the force distribution at the onset of jamming. If, as has been proposed(3-9), the jamming and glass transitions are related, our observation of a structural signature associated with jamming hints at the existence of a similar structural difference at the glass transition presumably too subtle for conventional scattering techniques to uncover. Our measurements also provide a determination of a granular temperature that is the counterpart in granular systems to the glass-transition temperature in liquids.
C1 Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Corwin, EI (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Dept Phys, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM ecorwin@uchicago.edu
NR 29
TC 271
Z9 327
U1 4
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1075
EP 1078
DI 10.1038/nature03698
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400043
PM 15973404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vogel, EK
   McCollough, AW
   Machizawa, MG
AF Vogel, EK
   McCollough, AW
   Machizawa, MG
TI Neural measures reveal individual differences in controlling access to working memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-term-memory; prefrontal cortex; mechanisms; attention; capacity; selection; representation; conjunctions; intelligence; features
AB The capacity of visual short-term memory is highly limited, maintaining only three to four objects simultaneously(1,2). This extreme limitation necessitates efficient mechanisms to select only the most relevant objects from the immediate environment to be represented in memory and to restrict irrelevant items from consuming capacity(3-5). Here we report a neurophysiological measure of this memory selection mechanism in humans that gauges an individual's efficiency at excluding irrelevant items from being stored in memory. By examining the moment-by-moment contents of visual memory(6), we observe that selection efficiency varies substantially across individuals and is strongly predicted by the particular memory capacity of each person. Specifically, high capacity individuals are much more efficient at representing only the relevant items than are low capacity individuals, who inefficiently encode and maintain information about the irrelevant items present in the display. These results provide evidence that under many circumstances low capacity individuals may actually store more information in memory than high capacity individuals. Indeed, this ancillary allocation of memory capacity to irrelevant objects may be a primary source of putative differences in overall storage capacity.
C1 Univ Oregon, Dept Psychol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Vogel, EK (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Psychol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM vogel@uoregon.edu
NR 24
TC 1043
Z9 1256
U1 5
U2 177
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 500
EP 503
DI 10.1038/nature04171
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200050
PM 16306992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yip, CK
   Kimbrough, TG
   Felise, HB
   Vuckovic, M
   Thomas, NA
   Pfuetzner, RA
   Frey, EA
   Finlay, BB
   Miller, SI
   Strynadka, NCJ
AF Yip, CK
   Kimbrough, TG
   Felise, HB
   Vuckovic, M
   Thomas, NA
   Pfuetzner, RA
   Frey, EA
   Finlay, BB
   Miller, SI
   Strynadka, NCJ
TI Structural characterization of the molecular platform for type III secretion system assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID needle complex; association; multimer; insights; program
AB Type III secretion systems ( TTSSs) are multi-protein macromolecular 'machines' that have a central function in the virulence of many Gram-negative pathogens by directly mediating the secretion and translocation of bacterial proteins ( termed effectors) into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells(1). Most of the 20 unique structural components constituting this secretion apparatus are highly conserved among animal and plant pathogens and are also evolutionarily related to proteins in the flagellar-specific export system. Recent electron microscopy experiments have revealed the gross 'needle-shaped' morphology of the TTSS2-4, yet a detailed understanding of the structural characteristics and organization of these protein components within the bacterial membranes is lacking. Here we report the 1.8-angstrom crystal structure of EscJ from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), a member of the YscJ/ PrgK family whose oligomerization represents one of the earliest events in TTSS assembly(5). Crystal packing analysis and molecular modelling indicate that EscJ could form a large 24-subunit 'ring' superstructure with extensive grooves, ridges and electrostatic features. Electron microscopy, labelling and mass spectrometry studies on the orthologous Salmonella typhimurium PrgK within the context of the assembled TTSS support the stoichiometry, membrane association and surface accessibility of the modelled ring. We propose that the YscJ/ PrgK protein family functions as an essential molecular platform for TTSS assembly.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ Washington, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Dept Microbiol & Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Michael Smith Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of British Columbia
RP Strynadka, NCJ (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 2146 Hlth Sci Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
EM natalie@byron.biochem.ubc.ca
NR 28
TC 161
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 702
EP 707
DI 10.1038/nature03554
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200056
PM 15931226
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nash, JD
   Moum, JN
AF Nash, JD
   Moum, JN
TI River plumes as a source of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solitary waves; gravity current; tidal flow; generation; solitons; turbulence; currents; tides
AB Satellite images have long revealed the surface expression of large amplitude internal waves that propagate along density interfaces beneath the sea surface(1-3). Internal waves are typically the most energetic high-frequency events in the coastal ocean(4-6), displacing water parcels by up to 100 m and generating strong currents and turbulence(7) that mix nutrients into near-surface waters for biological utilization. While internal waves are known to be generated by tidal currents over ocean-bottom topography(8-13), they have also been observed frequently in the absence of any apparent tide topography interactions(1,7,14). Here we present repeated measurements of velocity, density and acoustic backscatter across the Columbia River plume front. These show how internal waves can be generated from a river plume that flows as a gravity current into the coastal ocean. We find that the convergence of horizontal velocities at the plume front causes frontal growth and subsequent displacement downward of near-surface waters. Individual freely propagating waves are released from the river plume front when the front's propagation speed decreases below the wave speed in the water ahead of it. This mechanism generates internal waves of similar amplitude and steepness as internal waves from tide topography interactions observed elsewhere(11), and is therefore important to the understanding of coastal ocean mixing.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Oregon State University
RP Nash, JD (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 COAS Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM nash@coas.oregonstate.edu
NR 29
TC 236
Z9 283
U1 2
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 400
EP 403
DI 10.1038/nature03936
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100051
PM 16163354
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gewin, V
AF Gewin, V
TI Fears rise over leaks of clinical trial results
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 191
EP 191
DI 10.1038/437191a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900026
PM 16148908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, DL
   Bush, JWM
AF Hu, DL
   Bush, JWM
TI Meniscus-climbing insects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-surface; locomotion
AB Water-walking insects and spiders rely on surface tension for static weight support(1,2) and use a variety of means to propel themselves along the surface(3-8). To pass from the water surface to land, they must contend with the slippery slopes of the menisci that border the water's edge. The ability to climb menisci is a skill exploited by water-walking insects as they seek land in order to lay eggs or avoid predators(4); moreover, it was a necessary adaptation for their ancestors as they evolved from terrestrials to live exclusively on the water surface(3). Many millimetre-scale water-walking insects are unable to climb menisci using their traditional means of propulsion(2,3,9). Through a combined experimental and theoretical study, here we investigate the meniscus-climbing technique that such insects use. By assuming a fixed body posture, they deform the water surface in order to generate capillary forces(10-13): they thus propel themselves laterally without moving their appendages. We develop a theoretical model for this novel mode of propulsion and use it to rationalize the climbers' characteristic body postures and predict climbing trajectories consistent with those reported here and elsewhere(3).
C1 MIT, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Bush, JWM (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Math, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM bush@math.mit.edu
NR 25
TC 236
Z9 267
U1 3
U2 182
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/nature03995
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900052
PM 16193052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emerson, BC
   Kolm, N
AF Emerson, BC
   Kolm, N
TI Species diversity can drive speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adaptive radiation; islands; area; endemism
AB A fundamental question in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology is: why do some areas contain greater species diversity than others? Island biogeographic theory has identified the roles of immigration and extinction in relation to area size and proximity to source areas(1,2), and the role of speciation is also recognized as an important factor(3-6). However, one as yet unexplored possibility is that species diversity itself might help to promote speciation, and indeed the central tenets of island biogeographic theory support such a prediction. Here we use data for plants and arthropods of the volcanic archipelagos of the Canary and Hawaiian Islands to address whether there is a positive relationship between species diversity and rate of diversification. Our index of diversification for each island is the proportion of species that are endemic, and we test our prediction that this increases with increasing species number. We show that even after controlling for several important physical features of islands, diversification is strongly related to species number.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
C3 University of East Anglia
RP Emerson, BC (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Conservat, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM b.emerson@uea.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 251
Z9 287
U1 1
U2 135
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1015
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/nature03450
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600037
PM 15846345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bellafiore, S
   Barneche, F
   Peltier, G
   Rochaix, JD
AF Bellafiore, S
   Barneche, F
   Peltier, G
   Rochaix, JD
TI State transitions and light adaptation require chloroplast thylakoid protein kinase STN7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex-ii lhcii; chlamydomonas-reinhardtii; photosystem-ii; energy-distribution; phosphorylation; photosynthesis; xanthophyll; fluorescence; chlorophyll; mutants
AB Photosynthetic organisms are able to adjust to changing light conditions through state transitions, a process that involves the redistribution of light excitation energy between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI)(1,2). Balancing of the light absorption capacity of these two photosystems is achieved through the reversible association of the major antenna complex (LHCII) between PSII and PSI (ref. 3). Excess stimulation of PSII relative to PSI leads to the reduction of the plastoquinone pool and the activation of a kinase(4,5); the phosphorylation of LHCII; and the displacement of LHCII from PSII to PSI ( state 2). Oxidation of the plastoquinone pool by excess stimulation of PSI reverses this process ( state 1). The Chlamydomonas thylakoid-associated Ser-Thr kinase Stt7, which is required for state transitions, has an orthologue named STN7 in Arabidopsis(6). Here we show that loss of STN7 blocks state transitions and LHCII phosphorylation. In stn7 mutant plants the plastoquinone pool is more reduced and growth is impaired under changing light conditions, indicating that STN7, and probably state transitions, have an important role in response to environmental changes.
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Mol Biol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Plant Biol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   CEA Cadarache, DSV,DEVM, Lab Ecophysiol Photosynth, UMR 6191,CNRS CEA, F-3108 St Paul Les Durance, France.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva; CEA
RP Rochaix, JD (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Mol Biol, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
EM jean-david.rochaix@molbio.unige.ch
NR 30
TC 649
Z9 737
U1 3
U2 152
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 892
EP 895
DI 10.1038/nature03286
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600049
PM 15729347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knorr, W
   Prentice, IC
   House, JI
   Holland, EA
AF Knorr, W
   Prentice, IC
   House, JI
   Holland, EA
TI Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-matter; temperature-dependence; co2 emissions; decomposition; respiration; climate; mineralization; constraints; responses; exchange
AB The sensitivity of soil carbon to warming is a major uncertainty in projections of carbon dioxide concentration and climate(1). Experimental studies overwhelmingly indicate increased soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition(2-8) at higher temperatures, resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils. However, recent findings have been cited as evidence against increased soil carbon emissions in a warmer world(9,10). In soil warming experiments, the initially increased carbon dioxide efflux returns to pre-warming rates within one to three years(10-14), and apparent carbon pool turnover times are insensitive to temperature(15). It has already been suggested that the apparent lack of temperature dependence could be an artefact due to neglecting the extreme heterogeneity of soil carbon(16), but no explicit model has yet been presented that can reconcile all the above findings. Here we present a simple three-pool model that partitions SOC into components with different intrinsic turnover rates. Using this model, we show that the results of all the soil-warming experiments are compatible with long-term temperature sensitivity of SOC turnover: they can be explained by rapid depletion of labile SOC combined with the negligible response of non-labile SOC on experimental timescales. Furthermore, we present evidence that non-labile SOC is more sensitive to temperature than labile SOC, implying that the long-term positive feedback of soil decomposition in a warming world may be even stronger than predicted by global models(1,17-20).
C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, QUEST, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Bristol; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
RP Knorr, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, POB 100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
EM wknorr@bgc-jena.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 982
Z9 1203
U1 8
U2 802
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 298
EP 301
DI 10.1038/nature03226
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300051
PM 15662420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ritter, C
   Maddelein, ML
   Siemer, AB
   Lührs, T
   Ernst, M
   Meier, BH
   Saupe, SJ
   Riek, R
AF Ritter, C
   Maddelein, ML
   Siemer, AB
   Lührs, T
   Ernst, M
   Meier, BH
   Saupe, SJ
   Riek, R
TI Correlation of structural elements and infectivity of the HET-s prion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fungus podospora-anserina; solid-state nmr; heterokaryon incompatibility; secondary structure; amyloid fibrils; backbone assignments; h/d-exchange; in-vivo; protein; scrapie
AB Prions are believed to be infectious, self-propagating polymers of otherwise soluble, host-encoded proteins(1,2). This concept is now strongly supported by the recent findings that amyloid fibrils of recombinant prion proteins from yeast(3-5), Podospora anserina(6) and mammals(7) can induce prion phenotypes in the corresponding hosts. However, the structural basis of prion infectivity remains largely elusive because acquisition of atomic resolution structural properties of amyloid fibrils represents a largely unsolved technical challenge. HET-s, the prion protein of P. anserina, contains a carboxy-terminal prion domain comprising residues 218 - 289. Amyloid fibrils of HET-s( 218 - 289) are necessary and sufficient for the induction and propagation of prion infectivity(6). Here, we have used fluorescence studies, quenched hydrogen exchange NMR and solid-state NMR to determine the sequence-specific positions of amyloid fibril secondary structure elements of HET-s( 218 - 289). This approach revealed four beta-strands constituted by two pseudo-repeat sequences, each forming a beta-strand-turn-beta- strand motif. By using a structure-based mutagenesis approach, we show that this conformation is the functional and infectious entity of the HET-s prion. These results correlate distinct structural elements with prion infectivity.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, CNRS,Unite Mixte Rech 5095, Inst Biochim & Genet Cellulaires, Lab Genet Mol Champignons, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
   ETH Honggerberg, ETH Zurich, Phys Chem, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Salk Institute; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Riek, R (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM riek@salk.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS045774-03] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 425
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 844
EP 848
DI 10.1038/nature03793
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700056
PM 15944710
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piva, PG
   DiLabio, GA
   Pitters, JL
   Zikovsky, J
   Rezeq, M
   Dogel, S
   Hofer, WA
   Wolkow, RA
AF Piva, PG
   DiLabio, GA
   Pitters, JL
   Zikovsky, J
   Rezeq, M
   Dogel, S
   Hofer, WA
   Wolkow, RA
TI Field regulation of single-molecule conductivity by a charged surface atom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID generalized gradient approximation; self-directed growth; nanostructures
AB Electrical transport through molecules has been much studied since it was proposed(1) that individual molecules might behave like basic electronic devices, and intriguing single-molecule electronic effects have been demonstrated(2,3). But because transport properties are sensitive to structural variations on the atomic scale(4-7), further progress calls for detailed knowledge of how the functional properties of molecules depend on structural features. The characterization of two-terminal structures has become increasingly robust and reproducible(8-12), and for some systems detailed structural characterization of molecules on electrodes or insulators is available(13-17). Here we present scanning tunnelling microscopy observations and classical electrostatic and quantum mechanical modelling results that show that the electrostatic field emanating from a fixed point charge regulates the conductivity of nearby substrate-bound molecules. We find that the onset of molecular conduction is shifted by changing the charge state of a silicon surface atom, or by varying the spatial relationship between the molecule and that charged centre. Because the shifting results in conductivity changes of substantial magnitude, these effects are easily observed at room temperature.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Avadh Bhatia Phys Lab 534, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Natl Inst Nanotechnol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
   Univ Liverpool, Surface Sci Res Ctr, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Alberta; National Research Council Canada; University of Liverpool
RP Wolkow, RA (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Avadh Bhatia Phys Lab 534, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada.
EM rwolkow@ualberta.ca
NR 30
TC 266
Z9 308
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 658
EP 661
DI 10.1038/nature03563
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200046
PM 15931218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kagawa, F
   Miyagawa, K
   Kanoda, K
AF Kagawa, F
   Miyagawa, K
   Kanoda, K
TI Unconventional critical behaviour in a quasi-two-dimensional organic conductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mean-field theory; metal-insulator-transition; quantum mott transition; cuprate superconductors; c-13 nmr; kappa-(et)(2)cu<n(cn)(2)>br; relaxation; systems; state
AB Changing the interactions between particles in an ensemble-by varying the temperature or pressure, for example-can lead to phase transitions whose critical behaviour depends on the collective nature of the many-body system. Despite the diversity of ingredients, which include atoms, molecules, electrons and their spins, the collective behaviour can be grouped into several families (called 'universality classes') represented by canonical spin models(1). One kind of transition, the Mott transition(2), occurs when the repulsive Coulomb interaction between electrons is increased, causing wave-like electrons to behave as particles. In two dimensions, the attractive behaviour responsible for the superconductivity in high-transition temperature copper oxide(3,4) and organic(5-7) compounds appears near the Mott transition, but the universality class to which two-dimensional, repulsive electronic systems belongs remains unknown. Here we present an observation of the critical phenomena at the pressure-induced Mott transition in a quasi-two-dimensional organic conductor using conductance measurements as a probe. We find that the Mott transition in two dimensions is not consistent with known universality classes, as the observed collective behaviour has previously not been seen. This peculiarity must be involved in any emergent behaviour near the Mott transition in two dimensions.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Kanoda, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM kanoda@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 281
Z9 297
U1 2
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 534
EP 537
DI 10.1038/nature03806
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800056
PM 16049483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Quiroga, RQ
   Reddy, L
   Kreiman, G
   Koch, C
   Fried, I
AF Quiroga, RQ
   Reddy, L
   Kreiman, G
   Koch, C
   Fried, I
TI Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medial temporal-lobe; inferotemporal cortex; object recognition; monkey; faces; memory; hippocampus; potentials; amygdala; cortices
AB It takes a fraction of a second to recognize a person or an object even when seen under strikingly different conditions. How such a robust, high-level representation is achieved by neurons in the human brain is still unclear(1-6). In monkeys, neurons in the upper stages of the ventral visual pathway respond to complex images such as faces and objects and show some degree of invariance to metric properties such as the stimulus size, position and viewing angle(2,4,7-12). We have previously shown that neurons in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) fire selectively to images of faces, animals, objects or scenes(13,14). Here we report on a remarkable subset of MTL neurons that are selectively activated by strikingly different pictures of given individuals, landmarks or objects and in some cases even by letter strings with their names. These results suggest an invariant, sparse and explicit code, which might be important in the transformation of complex visual percepts into long-term and more abstract memories.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Neurosurg, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Neuropsychiat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Tel Aviv Med Ctr, Funct Neurosurg Unit, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine
RP Quiroga, RQ (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Engn, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
EM rodri@vis.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 1249
Z9 1521
U1 3
U2 242
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1102
EP 1107
DI 10.1038/nature03687
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400050
PM 15973409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, WP
   Evans, E
AF Wong, WP
   Evans, E
TI Biological physics - Rare returns on lost effort
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID free-energy differences
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Boston University; Harvard University
RP Wong, WP (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 44 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM wesley@physics.harvard.edu; evanse@bu.edu
NR 3
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 198
EP 199
DI 10.1038/437198a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900035
PM 16148917
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulte-Pelkum, V
   Monsalve, G
   Sheehan, A
   Pandey, MR
   Sapkota, S
   Bilham, R
   Wu, F
AF Schulte-Pelkum, V
   Monsalve, G
   Sheehan, A
   Pandey, MR
   Sapkota, S
   Bilham, R
   Wu, F
TI Imaging the Indian subcontinent beneath the Himalaya
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crustal structure; petrological model; gravity-anomaly; tibet; constraints; support; metamorphism; evolution; plateau; thrust
AB The rocks of the Indian subcontinent are last seen south of the Ganges before they plunge beneath the Himalaya and the Tibetan plateau. They are next glimpsed in seismic reflection profiles deep beneath southern Tibet(1), yet the surface seen there has been modified by processes within the Himalaya that have consumed parts of the upper Indian crust and converted them into Himalayan rocks(2,3). The geometry of the partly dismantled Indian plate as it passes through the Himalayan process zone has hitherto eluded imaging. Here we report seismic images both of the decollement at the base of the Himalaya and of the Moho ( the boundary between crust and mantle) at the base of the Indian crust. A significant finding is that strong seismic anisotropy develops above the decollement in response to shear processes that are taken up as slip in great earthquakes at shallower depths. North of the Himalaya, the lower Indian crust is characterized by a high-velocity region consistent with the formation of eclogite, a high-density material whose presence affects the dynamics of the Tibetan plateau.
C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Dept Mines & Geol, Kathmandu, Nepal.
   SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Binghamton University, SUNY
RP Schulte-Pelkum, V (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM vera.schulte-pelkum@colorado.edu
NR 32
TC 461
Z9 531
U1 7
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1222
EP 1225
DI 10.1038/nature03678
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500041
PM 15988523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Azevedo, RBR
   Lohaus, R
   Braun, V
   Gumbel, M
   Umamaheshwar, M
   Agapow, PM
   Houthoofd, W
   Platzer, U
   Borgonie, G
   Meinzer, HP
   Leroi, AM
AF Azevedo, RBR
   Lohaus, R
   Braun, V
   Gumbel, M
   Umamaheshwar, M
   Agapow, PM
   Houthoofd, W
   Platzer, U
   Borgonie, G
   Meinzer, HP
   Leroi, AM
TI The simplicity of metazoan cell lineages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphological complexity; evolution; nematode; framework
AB Developmental processes are thought to be highly complex, but there have been few attempts to measure and compare such complexity across different groups of organisms(1-5). Here we introduce a measure of biological complexity based on the similarity between developmental and computer programs(6-9). We define the algorithmic complexity of a cell lineage as the length of the shortest description of the lineage based on its constituent sublineages(9-13). We then use this measure to estimate the complexity of the embryonic lineages of four metazoan species from two different phyla. We find that these cell lineages are significantly simpler than would be expected by chance. Furthermore, evolutionary simulations show that the complexity of the embryonic lineages surveyed is near that of the simplest lineages evolvable, assuming strong developmental constraints on the spatial positions of cells and stabilizing selection on cell number. We propose that selection for decreased complexity has played a major role in moulding metazoan cell lineages.
C1 Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
   German Canc Res Ctr, Div Med & Biol Informat, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
C3 University of Houston System; University of Houston; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Imperial College London; Ghent University
RP Azevedo, RBR (corresponding author), Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
EM razevedo@uh.edu
NR 30
TC 32
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 152
EP 156
DI 10.1038/nature03178
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200036
PM 15650738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richter, JD
   Sonenberg, N
AF Richter, JD
   Sonenberg, N
TI Regulation of cap-dependent translation by eIF4E inhibitory proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna translation; term synaptic plasticity; binding-protein; cytoplasmic polyadenylation; drosophila cup; initiation; phosphorylation; complex; recruitment; repression
AB Eukaryotic messenger RNAs contain a modified guanosine, termed a cap, at their 50 ends. Translation of mRNAs requires the binding of an initiation factor, eIF4E, to the cap structure. Here, we describe a family of proteins that through a shared sequence regulate cap-dependent translation. The biological importance of this translational regulation is immense, and affects such processes as cell growth, development, oncogenic transformation and perhaps even axon pathfinding and memory consolidation.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   McGill Univ, McGill Canc Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; McGill University; McGill University
RP Richter, JD (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM joel.richter@umassmed.edu
NR 39
TC 791
Z9 1045
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 477
EP 480
DI 10.1038/nature03205
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200037
PM 15690031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peplow, M
AF Peplow, M
TI Rising star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 140
EP 142
DI 10.1038/435140a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100011
PM 15889061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Torres-Larios, A
   Swinger, KK
   Krasilnikov, AS
   Pan, T
   Mondragón, A
AF Torres-Larios, A
   Swinger, KK
   Krasilnikov, AS
   Pan, T
   Mondragón, A
TI Crystal structure of the RNA component of bacterial ribonuclease P
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoaffinity cross-linking; magnesium-ions; ribonucleoprotein enzyme; catalytic subunit; escherichia-coli; substrate; ribozyme; recognition; binding; domain
AB Transfer RNA ( tRNA) is produced as a precursor molecule that needs to be processed at its 30 and 50 ends. Ribonuclease P is the sole endonuclease responsible for processing the 50 end of tRNA by cleaving the precursor and leading to tRNA maturation. It was one of the first catalytic RNA molecules identified(1) and consists of a single RNA component in all organisms and only one protein component in bacteria. It is a true multi- turnover ribozyme and one of only two ribozymes ( the other being the ribosome) that are conserved in all kingdoms of life. Here we show the crystal structure at 3.85 angstrom resolution of the RNA component of Thermotoga maritima ribonuclease P. The entire RNA catalytic component is revealed, as well as the arrangement of the two structural domains. The structure shows the general architecture of the RNA molecule, the inter- and intra- domain interactions, the location of the universally conserved regions, the regions involved in pre- tRNA recognition and the location of the active site. A model with bound tRNA is in agreement with all existing data and suggests the general basis for RNA - RNA recognition by this ribozyme.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; University of Chicago
RP Mondragón, A (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM a-mondragon@northwestern.edu
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 584
EP 587
DI 10.1038/nature04074
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800057
PM 16113684
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ptacek, J
   Devgan, G
   Michaud, G
   Zhu, H
   Zhu, XW
   Fasolo, J
   Guo, H
   Jona, G
   Breitkreutz, A
   Sopko, R
   McCartney, RR
   Schmidt, MC
   Rachidi, N
   Lee, SJ
   Mah, AS
   Meng, L
   Stark, MJR
   Stern, DF
   De Virgilio, C
   Tyers, M
   Andrews, B
   Gerstein, M
   Schweitzer, B
   Predki, PF
   Snyder, M
AF Ptacek, J
   Devgan, G
   Michaud, G
   Zhu, H
   Zhu, XW
   Fasolo, J
   Guo, H
   Jona, G
   Breitkreutz, A
   Sopko, R
   McCartney, RR
   Schmidt, MC
   Rachidi, N
   Lee, SJ
   Mah, AS
   Meng, L
   Stark, MJR
   Stern, DF
   De Virgilio, C
   Tyers, M
   Andrews, B
   Gerstein, M
   Schweitzer, B
   Predki, PF
   Snyder, M
TI Global analysis of protein phosphorylation in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID database; genome
AB Protein phosphorylation is estimated to affect 30% of the proteome and is a major regulatory mechanism that controls many basic cellular processes(1-3). Until recently, our biochemical understanding of protein phosphorylation on a global scale has been extremely limited; only one half of the yeast kinases have known in vivo substrates and the phosphorylating kinase is known for less than 160 phosphoproteins. Here we describe, with the use of proteome chip technology(4), the in vitro substrates recognized by most yeast protein kinases(5): we identified over 4,000 phosphorylation events involving 1,325 different proteins. These substrates represent a broad spectrum of different biochemical functions and cellular roles. Distinct sets of substrates were recognized by each protein kinase, including closely related kinases of the protein kinase A family and four cyclin- dependent kinases that vary only in their cyclin subunits. Although many substrates reside in the same cellular compartment or belong to the same functional category as their phosphorylating kinase, many others do not, indicating possible new roles for several kinases. Furthermore, integration of the phosphorylation results with protein - protein interaction(6-10) and transcription factor binding data(11,12) revealed novel regulatory modules. Our phosphorylation results have been assembled into a first- generation phosphorylation map for yeast. Because many yeast proteins and pathways are conserved, these results will provide insights into the mechanisms and roles of protein phosphorylation in many eukaryotes.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
   Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Divb Gene Regulat & Express, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Geneva, CMU, Dept Microbiol & Mol Med, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Toronto, ON M55 1A8, Canada.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Thermo Fisher Scientific; University of Toronto; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Dundee; Yale University; California Institute of Technology; University of Geneva; University of Toronto
RP Snyder, M (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
EM michael.snyder@yale.edu
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 800
Z9 1056
U1 0
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 679
EP 684
DI 10.1038/nature04187
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100053
PM 16319894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, DY
   Zhang, SZ
   Block, E
   Katz, LC
AF Lin, DY
   Zhang, SZ
   Block, E
   Katz, LC
TI Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas-chromatography; odorant receptors; house mouse; pheromone; discrimination; identification; dynamics; urine; mus; representations
AB Mammalian urine releases complex mixtures of volatile compounds that are used in reproduction, territoriality and conspecific recognition. To understand how such complex mixtures are represented in the main olfactory bulb, we analysed the electrophysiological responses of individual mitral cells to volatile compounds in mouse urine. In both males and females, urine volatile compounds evoke robust responses in a small subset of mitral cells. Fractionation of the volatile compounds using gas chromatography showed that out of the hundreds of compounds present, mitral cells are activated by single compounds. One cohort of mitral cells responded exclusively to male urine; these neurons were activated by ( methylthio) methanethiol, a potent, previously unknown semiochemical present only in male urine. When added to urine, synthetic ( methylthio) methanethiol significantly enhances urine attractiveness to female mice. We conclude that mitral cells represent natural odorant stimuli by acting as selective feature detectors, and that their activation is largely independent of the presence of other components in the olfactory stimulus.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Dept Chem, Albany, NY 12222 USA.
C3 Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
RP Lin, DY (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM dayulin@neuro.duke.edu
NR 50
TC 346
Z9 418
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 470
EP 477
DI 10.1038/nature03414
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000033
PM 15724148
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, J
   Hupfeld, CJ
   Taylor, SS
   Olefsky, JM
   Tsien, RY
AF Zhang, J
   Hupfeld, CJ
   Taylor, SS
   Olefsky, JM
   Tsien, RY
TI Insulin disrupts β-adrenergic signalling to protein kinase A in adipocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3t3-l1 adipocytes; beta(2)-adrenergic receptor; gene-expression; granulosa-cells; camp; phosphorylation; beta-arrestin-1; desensitization; stimulation; activation
AB Hormones mobilize intracellular second messengers and initiate signalling cascades involving protein kinases and phosphatases, which are often spatially compartmentalized by anchoring proteins to increase signalling specificity(1). These scaffold proteins may themselves be modulated by hormones(2 - 4). In adipocytes, stimulation of beta- adrenergic receptors increases cyclic AMP levels and activates protein kinase A ( PKA)(5), which stimulates lipolysis by phosphorylating hormone- sensitive lipase and perilipin(6 - 8). Acute insulin treatment activates phosphodiesterase 3B, reduces cAMP levels and quenches beta- adrenergic receptor signalling(9). In contrast, chronic hyperinsulinaemic conditions ( typical of type 2 diabetes) enhance beta- adrenergic receptor- mediated cAMP production(10). This amplification of cAMP signalling is paradoxical because it should enhance lipolysis, the opposite of the known short- term effect of hyperinsulinaemia. Here we show that in adipocytes, chronically high insulin levels inhibit beta- adrenergic receptors ( but not other cAMP- elevating stimuli) from activating PKA. We measured this using an improved fluorescent reporter and by phosphorylation of endogenous cAMP- response- element binding protein ( CREB). Disruption of PKA scaffolding mimics the interference of insulin with beta- adrenergic receptor signalling. Chronically high insulin levels may disrupt the close apposition of beta- adrenergic receptors and PKA, identifying a new mechanism for crosstalk between heterologous signal transduction pathways.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Div Endocrinol & Metab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Tsien, RY (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM rtsien@ucsd.edu
NR 26
TC 259
Z9 315
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 569
EP 573
DI 10.1038/nature04140
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800054
PM 16177793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasare, C
   Medzhitov, R
AF Pasare, C
   Medzhitov, R
TI Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germinal center formation; t-cell; immune-responses; plasma-cells; blimp-1; lymphocytes; activation; expression; differentiation; memory
AB Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infection and have an essential role in the induction of immune responses(1-3). TLRs can directly induce innate host defence responses, but the mechanisms of TLR-mediated control of adaptive immunity are not fully understood. Although TLR-induced dendritic cell maturation is required for activation of T-helper (T-H) cells(4), the role of TLRs in B-cell activation and antibody production in vivo is not yet known. Here we show that activation and differentiation of TH cells is not sufficient for the induction of T-dependent B-cell responses. We find that, in addition to CD4(+) T-cell help, generation of T-dependent antigen-specific antibody responses requires activation of TLRs in B cells.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University
RP Medzhitov, R (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM ruslan.medzhitov@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 617
Z9 730
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 364
EP 368
DI 10.1038/nature04267
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200050
PM 16292312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peiter, E
   Maathuis, FJM
   Mills, LN
   Knight, H
   Pelloux, J
   Hetherington, AM
   Sanders, D
AF Peiter, E
   Maathuis, FJM
   Mills, LN
   Knight, H
   Pelloux, J
   Hetherington, AM
   Sanders, D
TI The vacuolar Ca2+-activated channel TPC1 regulates germination and stomatal movement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced calcium-release; guard-cell vacuoles; ion channels; arabidopsis; protein; identification; transformation; oscillations; sodium; system
AB Cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+](cyt)) is a ubiquitous signalling component in plant cells(1). Numerous stimuli trigger sustained or transient elevations of [Ca2+](cyt) that evoke downstream stimulus-specific responses. Generation of [Ca2+](cyt) signals is effected through stimulus-induced opening of Ca2+-permeable ion channels that catalyse a flux of Ca2+ into the cytosol from extracellular or intracellular stores. Many classes of Ca2+ current have been characterized electrophysiologically in plant membranes(2). However, the identity of the ion channels that underlie these currents has until now remained obscure. Here we show that the TPC1 ('two-pore channel 1') gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a class of Ca2+-dependent Ca2+-release channel that is known from numerous electrophysiological studies as the slow vacuolar channel(3-5). Slow vacuolar channels are ubiquitous in plant vacuoles, where they form the dominant conductance at micromolar [Ca2+](cyt). We show that a tpc1 knockout mutant lacks functional slow vacuolar channel activity and is defective in both abscisic acid-induced repression of germination and in the response of stomata to extracellular calcium. These studies unequivocally demonstrate a critical role of intracellular Ca2+-release channels in the physiological processes of plants.
C1 Univ York, Dept Biol, Area 9, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
C3 University of York - UK; Lancaster University; University of Oxford
RP Sanders, D (corresponding author), Univ York, Dept Biol, Area 9, POB 373, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
EM ds10@york.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [P18580] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [P18580] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 427
Z9 476
U1 0
U2 119
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 404
EP 408
DI 10.1038/nature03381
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100057
PM 15772667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsiung, F
   Ramirez-Weber, FA
   Iwaki, DD
   Kornberg, TB
AF Hsiung, F
   Ramirez-Weber, FA
   Iwaki, DD
   Kornberg, TB
TI Dependence of Drosophila wing imaginal disc cytonemes on decapentaplegic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-range action; gradient formation; morphogen gradient; tracheal system; dpp; hedgehog; cells; fgf; expression; filopodia
AB The anterior/ posterior ( A/ P) and dorsal/ ventral ( D/ V) compartment borders that subdivide the wing imaginal discs of Drosophila third instar larvae are each associated with a developmental organizer. Decapentaplegic ( Dpp), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta ( TGF-beta) superfamily, embodies the activity of the A/ P organizer. It is produced at the A/ P organizer and distributes in a gradient of decreasing concentration to regulate target genes, functioning non- autonomously to regulate growth and patterning of both the anterior and posterior compartments(1 - 3). Wingless ( Wg) is produced at the D/ V organizer and embodies its activity(4,5). The mechanisms that distribute Dpp and Wg are not known, but proposed mechanisms include extracellular diffusion(6), successive transfers between neighbouring cells(7,8), vesicle- mediated movement(9), and direct transfer via cytonemes(10). Cytonemes are actin-based filopodial extensions that have been found to orient towards the A/ P organizer from outlying cells. Here we show that in the wing disc, cytonemes orient towards both the A/ P and D/ V organizers, and that their presence and orientation correlates with Dpp signalling. We also show that the Dpp receptor, Thickveins ( Tkv), is present in punctae that move along cytonemes. These observations are consistent with a role for cytonemes in signal transduction.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Kornberg, TB (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM tkornberg@biochem.ucsf.edu
NR 24
TC 170
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 560
EP 563
DI 10.1038/nature03951
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800052
PM 16177792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldhaber-Gordon, I
   Goldhaber-Gordon, D
AF Goldhaber-Gordon, I
   Goldhaber-Gordon, D
TI Schrodinger's mousetrap - Part 6: A cryptic response.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, NSF Stanford IBM Ctr Probing Nanoscale, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 805
EP 805
DI 10.1038/433805a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600021
PM 15729319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rong, HS
   Jones, R
   Liu, AS
   Cohen, O
   Hak, D
   Fang, A
   Paniccia, M
AF Rong, HS
   Jones, R
   Liu, AS
   Cohen, O
   Hak, D
   Fang, A
   Paniccia, M
TI A continuous-wave Raman silicon laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID on-insulator; fabry-perot; guides; amplification; absorption; gain
AB Achieving optical gain and/or lasing in silicon has been one of the most challenging goals in silicon-based photonics(1-3) because bulk silicon is an indirect bandgap semiconductor and therefore has a very low light emission efficiency. Recently, stimulated Raman scattering has been used to demonstrate light amplification and lasing in silicon(4-9). However, because of the nonlinear optical loss associated with two-photon absorption (TPA)-induced free carrier absorption (FCA)(10-12), until now lasing has been limited to pulsed operation(8,9.) Here we demonstrate a continuous-wave silicon Raman laser. Specifically, we show that TPA-induced FCA in silicon can be significantly reduced by introducing a reverse-biased p-i-n diode embedded in a silicon waveguide. The laser cavity is formed by coating the facets of the silicon waveguide with multilayer dielectric films. We have demonstrated stable single mode laser output with side-mode suppression of over 55 dB and linewidth of less than 80 MHz. The lasing threshold depends on the p-i-n reverse bias voltage and the laser wavelength can be tuned by adjusting the wavelength of the pump laser. The demonstration of a continuous-wave silicon laser represents a significant milestone for silicon-based optoelectronic devices.
C1 Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.
   Intel Corp, SBI Pk Har Hotzvim, IL-91031 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Intel Corporation; Intel USA; Intel Corporation; Intel Israel
RP Rong, HS (corresponding author), Intel Corp, 2200 Mission Coll Blvd,CHP3-109, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.
EM haisheng.rong@intel.com
NR 25
TC 1052
Z9 1266
U1 1
U2 359
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 725
EP 728
DI 10.1038/nature03346
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200034
PM 15716948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gompel, N
   Prud'homme, B
   Wittkopp, PJ
   Kassner, VA
   Carroll, SB
AF Gompel, N
   Prud'homme, B
   Wittkopp, PJ
   Kassner, VA
   Carroll, SB
TI Chance caught on the wing: cis-regulatory evolution and the origin of pigment patterns in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanogaster species-group; group diptera; yellow locus; phylogeny; expression; gene; divergence; morphology; elements; lineage
AB The gain, loss or modification of morphological traits is generally associated with changes in gene regulation during development. However, the molecular bases underlying these evolutionary changes have remained elusive. Here we identify one of the molecular mechanisms that contributes to the evolutionary gain of a male-specific wing pigmentation spot in Drosophila biarmipes, a species closely related to Drosophila melanogaster. We show that the evolution of this spot involved modifications of an ancestral cis-regulatory element of the yellow pigmentation gene. This element has gained multiple binding sites for transcription factors that are deeply conserved components of the regulatory landscape controlling wing development, including the selector protein Engrailed. The evolutionary stability of components of regulatory landscapes, which can be co-opted by chance mutations in cis-regulatory elements, might explain the repeated evolution of similar morphological patterns, such as wing pigmentation patterns in flies.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Carroll, SB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1525 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM sbcarrol@wisc.edu
NR 47
TC 515
Z9 670
U1 1
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 481
EP 487
DI 10.1038/nature03235
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200038
PM 15690032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Switzer, WM
   Salemi, M
   Shanmugam, V
   Gao, F
   Cong, ME
   Kuiken, C
   Bhullar, V
   Beer, BE
   Vallet, D
   Gautier-Hion, A
   Tooze, Z
   Villinger, F
   Holmes, EC
   Heneine, W
AF Switzer, WM
   Salemi, M
   Shanmugam, V
   Gao, F
   Cong, ME
   Kuiken, C
   Bhullar, V
   Beer, BE
   Vallet, D
   Gautier-Hion, A
   Tooze, Z
   Villinger, F
   Holmes, EC
   Heneine, W
TI Ancient co-speciation of simian foamy viruses and primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular evolution; divergence times; absolute rates; dna evidence; phylogeny; sequences; gene; hosts; cospeciation; coevolution
AB Although parasite - host co-speciation is a long-held hypothesis, convincing evidence for long-term co-speciation remains elusive, largely because of small numbers of hosts and parasites studied and uncertainty over rates of evolutionary change(1-5). Cospeciation is especially rare in RNA viruses, in which cross-species transfer is the dominant mode of evolution(6-9). Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are ubiquitous, non-pathogenic retroviruses that infect all primates(10,11). Here we test the co-speciation hypothesis in SFVs and their primate hosts by comparing the phylogenies of SFV polymerase and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II from African and Asian monkeys and apes. The phylogenetic trees were remarkably congruent in both branching order and divergence times, strongly supporting cospeciation. Molecular clock calibrations revealed an extremely low rate of SFV evolution, 1.7 x 10(-8) substitutions per site per year, making it the slowest-evolving RNA virus documented so far. These results indicate that SFVs might have co-speciated with Old World primates for at least 30 million years, making them the oldest known vertebrate RNA viruses.
C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Duke Univ, Human Vaccine Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   So Res Inst, Frederick, MD 21701 USA.
   Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, Biol Stn, F-35380 Paimpont, France.
   Cercopan, Calabar, Cross River Sta, Nigeria.
   Emory Univ, Winship Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Duke University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Universite de Rennes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Emory University; University of Oxford
RP Switzer, WM (corresponding author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G-19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
EM bis3@cdc.gov
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 262
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 376
EP 380
DI 10.1038/nature03341
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100050
PM 15772660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, HW
   Nogales, E
AF Wang, HW
   Nogales, E
TI Nucleotide-dependent bending flexibility of tubulin regulates microtubule assembly
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slowly hydrolyzable analog; alpha-beta-tubulin; cryoelectron microscopy; structural-changes; gtp hydrolysis; dynamics; ends; information; colchicine; resolution
AB The atomic structure of tubulin in a polymerized, straight protofilament is clearly distinct from that in a curved conformation bound to a cellular depolymerizer. The nucleotide contents are identical, and in both cases the conformation of the GTP-containing, intra-dimer interface is indistinguishable from the GDP-containing, inter-dimer contact. Here we present two structures corresponding to the start and end points in the microtubule polymerization and hydrolysis cycles that illustrate the consequences of nucleotide state on longitudinal and lateral assembly. In the absence of depolymerizers, GDP-bound tubulin shows distinctive intra-dimer and inter-dimer interactions and thus distinguishes the GTP and GDP interfaces. A cold-stable tubulin polymer with the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue GMPCPP, containing semi-conserved lateral interactions, supports a model in which the straightening of longitudinal interfaces happens sequentially, starting with a conformational change after GTP binding that straightens the dimer enough for the formation of lateral contacts into a non-tubular intermediate. Closure into a microtubule does not require GTP hydrolysis.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Nogales, E (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM enogales@lbl.gov
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM051487] Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 248
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 911
EP 915
DI 10.1038/nature03606
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700038
PM 15959508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ou, GS
   Blacque, OE
   Snow, JJ
   Leroux, MR
   Scholey, JM
AF Ou, GS
   Blacque, OE
   Snow, JJ
   Leroux, MR
   Scholey, JM
TI Functional coordination of intraflagellar transport motors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; chemosensory neurons; c-elegans; sensory cilia; kinesin-ii; flagellar; protein; gene; expression; particles
AB Cilia have diverse roles in motility and sensory reception, and defects in cilia function contribute to ciliary diseases such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Intraflagellar transport (IFT) motors assemble and maintain cilia by transporting ciliary precursors, bound to protein complexes called IFT particles, from the base of the cilium to their site of incorporation at the distal tip(1-3). In Caenorhabditis elegans, this is accomplished by two IFT motors, kinesin-II and osmotic avoidance defective (OSM)-3 kinesin, which cooperate to form two sequential anterograde IFT pathways that build distinct parts of cilia(4-7). By observing the movement of fluorescent IFT motors and IFT particles along the cilia of numerous ciliary mutants, we identified three genes whose protein products mediate the functional coordination of these motors. The BBS proteins BBS-7 and BBS-8 are required to stabilize complexes of IFT particles containing both of the IFT motors, because IFT particles in bbs-7 and bbs-8 mutants break down into two subcomplexes, IFT-A and IFT-B, which are moved separately by kinesin-II and OSM-3 kinesin, respectively. A conserved ciliary protein, DYF-1, is specifically required for OSM-3 kinesin to dock onto and move IFT particles, because OSM-3 kinesin is inactive and intact IFT particles are moved by kinesin-II alone in dyf-1 mutants. These findings implicate BBS ciliary disease proteins and an OSM-3 kinesin activator in the formation of two IFT pathways that build functional cilia.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Genet & Dev, Sect Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Simon Fraser University
RP Scholey, JM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Genet & Dev, Sect Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM jmscholey@ucdavis.edu
NR 28
TC 324
Z9 405
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 583
EP 587
DI 10.1038/nature03818
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800067
PM 16049494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Dying for a drink - Evolution goes backwards in the latest Guinness advertisement.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 1PT, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 1PT, England.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 564
EP 564
DI 10.1038/438564a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butland, G
   Peregrín-Alvarez, JM
   Li, J
   Yang, WH
   Yang, XC
   Canadien, V
   Starostine, A
   Richards, D
   Beattie, B
   Krogan, N
   Davey, M
   Parkinson, J
   Greenblatt, J
   Emili, A
AF Butland, G
   Peregrín-Alvarez, JM
   Li, J
   Yang, WH
   Yang, XC
   Canadien, V
   Starostine, A
   Richards, D
   Beattie, B
   Krogan, N
   Davey, M
   Parkinson, J
   Greenblatt, J
   Emili, A
TI Interaction network containing conserved and essential protein complexes in Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simple dependence; evolution rate; database; identification; system; number; genes
AB Proteins often function as components of multi-subunit complexes. Despite its long history as a model organism(1), no large-scale analysis of protein complexes in Escherichia coli has yet been reported. To this end, we have targeted DNA cassettes into the E. coli chromosome to create carboxy-terminal, affinity-tagged alleles of 1,000 open reading frames (similar to23% of the genome). A total of 857 proteins, including 198 of the most highly conserved, soluble non-ribosomal proteins essential in at least one bacterial species, were tagged successfully, whereas 648 could be purified to homogeneity and their interacting protein partners identified by mass spectrometry. An interaction network of protein complexes involved in diverse biological processes was uncovered and validated by sequential rounds of tagging and purification. This network includes many new interactions as well as interactions predicted based solely on genomic inference or limited phenotypic data(2). This study provides insight into the function of previously uncharacterized bacterial proteins and the overall topology of a microbial interaction network, the core components of which are broadly conserved across Prokaryota.
C1 Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M4K 1X8, Canada.
   Affinium Pharmaceut, Toronto, ON M5J 1V6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Greenblatt, J (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, 112 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
EM jack.greenblatte@utoronto.ca; andrew.emili@utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 931
Z9 1149
U1 0
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 531
EP 537
DI 10.1038/nature03239
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200051
PM 15690043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, DB
   Frail, DA
   Price, PA
   Kulkarni, SR
   Berger, E
   Piran, T
   Soderberg, AM
   Cenko, SB
   Cameron, PB
   Gal-Yam, A
   Kasliwal, MM
   Moon, DS
   Harrison, FA
   Nakar, E
   Schmidt, BP
   Penprase, B
   Chevalier, RA
   Kumar, P
   Roth, K
   Watson, D
   Lee, BL
   Shectman, S
   Phillips, MM
   Roth, M
   McCarthy, PJ
   Rauch, M
   Cowie, L
   Peterson, BA
   Rich, J
   Kawai, N
   Aoki, K
   Kosugi, G
   Totani, T
   Park, HS
   MacFadyen, A
   Hurley, KC
AF Fox, DB
   Frail, DA
   Price, PA
   Kulkarni, SR
   Berger, E
   Piran, T
   Soderberg, AM
   Cenko, SB
   Cameron, PB
   Gal-Yam, A
   Kasliwal, MM
   Moon, DS
   Harrison, FA
   Nakar, E
   Schmidt, BP
   Penprase, B
   Chevalier, RA
   Kumar, P
   Roth, K
   Watson, D
   Lee, BL
   Shectman, S
   Phillips, MM
   Roth, M
   McCarthy, PJ
   Rauch, M
   Cowie, L
   Peterson, BA
   Rich, J
   Kawai, N
   Aoki, K
   Kosugi, G
   Totani, T
   Park, HS
   MacFadyen, A
   Hurley, KC
TI The afterglow of GRB 050709 and the nature of the short-hard γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unusual supernova; short-duration; energy; emission; long
AB The final chapter in the long-standing mystery of the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) centres on the origin of the short-hard class of bursts, which are suspected on theoretical grounds to result from the coalescence of neutron-star or black-hole binary systems. Numerous searches for the afterglows of short-hard bursts have been made, galvanized by the revolution in our understanding of long-duration GRBs that followed the discovery in 1997 of their broadband (X-ray, optical and radio) afterglow emission. Here we present the discovery of the X-ray afterglow of a short-hard burst, GRB 050709, whose accurate position allows us to associate it unambiguously with a star-forming galaxy at redshift z = 0.160, and whose optical lightcurve definitively excludes a supernova association. Together with results from three other recent short-hard bursts, this suggests that short-hard bursts release much less energy than the long-duration GRBs. Models requiring young stellar populations, such as magnetars and collapsars, are ruled out, while coalescing degenerate binaries remain the most promising progenitor candidates.
C1 Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Carnegie Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Pomona Coll, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78731 USA.
   Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); California Institute of Technology; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Hawaii System; Carnegie Institution for Science; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Australian National University; Claremont Colleges; Pomona College; University of Virginia; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; University of Toronto; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Kyoto University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Frail, DA (corresponding author), Natl Radio Astron Observ, POB O, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
EM dfox@astro.psu.edu; dfrail@nrao.edu
NR 43
TC 466
Z9 524
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 845
EP 850
DI 10.1038/nature04189
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600037
PM 16208362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamashita, A
   Singh, SK
   Kawate, T
   Jin, Y
   Gouaux, E
AF Yamashita, A
   Singh, SK
   Kawate, T
   Jin, Y
   Gouaux, E
TI Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of Na+/Cl--dependent neurotransmitter transporters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-aminobutyric-acid; serotonin transporter; dopamine transporter; gaba transporter; transmembrane domain; ion-binding; rat-brain; residues; permeation; substrate
AB Na+/Cl--dependent transporters terminate synaptic transmission by using electrochemical gradients to drive the uptake of neurotransmitters, including the biogenic amines, from the synapse to the cytoplasm of neurons and glia. These transporters are the targets of therapeutic and illicit compounds, and their dysfunction has been implicated in multiple diseases of the nervous system. Here we present the crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of these transporters from Aquifex aeolicus, in complex with its substrate, leucine, and two sodium ions. The protein core consists of the first ten of twelve transmembrane segments, with segments 1 - 5 related to 6 - 10 by a pseudo-two-fold axis in the membrane plane. Leucine and the sodium ions are bound within the protein core, halfway across the membrane bilayer, in an occluded site devoid of water. The leucine and ion binding sites are defined by partially unwound transmembrane helices, with main-chain atoms and helix dipoles having key roles in substrate and ion binding. The structure reveals the architecture of this important class of transporter, illuminates the determinants of substrate binding and ion selectivity, and defines the external and internal gates.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 650 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM jeg52@columbia.edu
NR 50
TC 1420
Z9 1637
U1 1
U2 185
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 215
EP 223
DI 10.1038/nature03978
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900047
PM 16041361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbondanzieri, EA
   Greenleaf, WJ
   Shaevitz, JW
   Landick, R
   Block, SM
AF Abbondanzieri, EA
   Greenleaf, WJ
   Shaevitz, JW
   Landick, R
   Block, SM
TI Direct observation of base-pair stepping by RNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical force clamp; hand-over-hand; single-molecule; transcription elongation; structural basis; mechanism; dna; translocation; backtracking; kinetics
AB During transcription, RNA polymerase ( RNAP) moves processively along a DNA template, creating a complementary RNA. Here we present the development of an ultra-stable optical trapping system with angstrom-level resolution, which we used to monitor transcriptional elongation by single molecules of Escherichia coli RNAP. Records showed discrete steps averaging 3.7 +/- 0.6 angstrom, a distance equivalent to the mean rise per base found in B-DNA. By combining our results with quantitative gel analysis, we conclude that RNAP advances along DNA by a single base pair per nucleotide addition to the nascent RNA. We also determined the force-velocity relationship for transcription at both saturating and sub-saturating nucleotide concentrations; fits to these data returned a characteristic distance parameter equivalent to one base pair. Global fits were inconsistent with a model for movement incorporating a power stroke tightly coupled to pyrophosphate release, but consistent with a brownian ratchet model incorporating a secondary NTP binding site.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Block, SM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM sblock@stanford.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM057035] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 690
Z9 924
U1 6
U2 175
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 460
EP 465
DI 10.1038/nature04268
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200041
PM 16284617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milly, PCD
   Dunne, KA
   Vecchia, AV
AF Milly, PCD
   Dunne, KA
   Vecchia, AV
TI Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Water availability on the continents is important for human health(1,2), economic activity(3), ecosystem function(4) and geophysical processes(5). Because the saturation vapour pressure of water in air is highly sensitive to temperature, perturbations in the global water cycle are expected to accompany climate warming(6). Regional patterns of warming-induced changes in surface hydroclimate are complex and less certain than those in temperature, however, with both regional increases and decreases expected in precipitation and runoff. Here we show that an ensemble of 12 climate models exhibits qualitative and statistically significant skill in simulating observed regional patterns of twentieth-century multidecadal changes in streamflow. These models project 10-40% increases in runoff in eastern equatorial Africa, the La Plata basin and high-latitude North America and Eurasia, and 10-30% decreases in runoff in southern Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East and mid-latitude western North America by the year 2050. Such changes in sustainable water availability would have considerable regional-scale consequences for economies as well as ecosystems.
C1 US Geol Survey, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Bismarck, ND 58503 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Milly, PCD (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
EM cmilly@usgs.gov
NR 13
TC 1718
Z9 2055
U1 24
U2 836
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/nature04312
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200046
PM 16292308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernal-Mizrachi, C
   Gates, AC
   Weng, S
   Imamura, T
   Knutsen, RH
   DeSantis, P
   Coleman, T
   Townsend, RR
   Muglia, LJ
   Semenkovich, CF
AF Bernal-Mizrachi, C
   Gates, AC
   Weng, S
   Imamura, T
   Knutsen, RH
   DeSantis, P
   Coleman, T
   Townsend, RR
   Muglia, LJ
   Semenkovich, CF
TI Vascular respiratory uncoupling increases blood pressure and atherosclerosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brown adipose-tissue; identification; metabolism; deficient; proteins; radicals; lipids; cells; mice
AB The observations that atherosclerosis often occurs in nonsmokers without elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and that most atherosclerosis loci so far identified in mice do not affect systemic risk factors associated with atherosclerosis(1), suggest that as-yet-unidentified mechanisms must contribute to vascular disease. Arterial walls undergo regional disturbances of metabolism(2) that include the uncoupling of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, a process that occurs to some extent in all cells and may be characteristic of blood vessels being predisposed to the development of atherosclerosis(3). To test the hypothesis that inefficient metabolism in blood vessels promotes vascular disease, we generated mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in the artery wall. Here we show that UCP1 expression in aortic smooth muscle cells causes hypertension and increases dietary atherosclerosis without affecting cholesterol levels. UCP1 expression also increases superoxide production and decreases the availability of nitric oxide, evidence of oxidative stress. These results provide proof of principle that inefficient metabolism in blood vessels can cause vascular disease.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Metab & Lipid Res, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Semenkovich, CF (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Metab & Lipid Res, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM csemenko@im.wustl.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK088083] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 147
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 502
EP 506
DI 10.1038/nature03527
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800056
PM 15917810
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Esashi, F
   Christ, N
   Gannon, J
   Liu, YL
   Hunt, T
   Jasin, M
   West, SC
AF Esashi, F
   Christ, N
   Gannon, J
   Liu, YL
   Hunt, T
   Jasin, M
   West, SC
TI CDK-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA2 as a regulatory mechanism for recombinational repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homology-directed repair; double-strand breaks; cancer susceptibility; dna-damage; radiation hypersensitivity; cell-cycle; rad51; repeats; gene; binding
AB Inherited mutations in BRCA2 are associated with a predisposition to early-onset breast cancers. The underlying basis of tumorigenesis is thought to be linked to defects in DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination. Here we show that the carboxy-terminal region of BRCA2, which interacts directly with the essential recombination protein RAD51, contains a site (serine 3291; S3291) that is phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinases. Phosphorylation of S3291 is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. This modification blocks C-terminal interactions between BRCA2 and RAD51. However, DNA damage overcomes cell cycle regulation by decreasing S3291 phosphorylation and stimulating interactions with RAD51. These results indicate that S3291 phosphorylation might provide a molecular switch to regulate RAD51 recombination activity, providing new insight into why BRCA2 C-terminal deletions lead to radiation sensitivity and cancer predisposition.
C1 Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP West, SC (corresponding author), Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
EM stephen.west@cancer.org.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [101009] Funding Source: Medline; Breast Cancer Now [2002:445] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 383
Z9 457
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 598
EP 604
DI 10.1038/nature03404
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000035
PM 15800615
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maeda, T
   Hobbs, RM
   Merghoub, T
   Guernah, I
   Zelent, A
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Teruya-Feldstein, J
   Pandolfi, PP
AF Maeda, T
   Hobbs, RM
   Merghoub, T
   Guernah, I
   Zelent, A
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Teruya-Feldstein, J
   Pandolfi, PP
TI Role of the proto-oncogene Pokemon in cellular transformation and ARF repression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute promyelocytic leukemia; tumor-suppressor; transcriptional repressor; tissue microarray; bmi-1 oncoprotein; gene-expression; cycle arrest; c-myc; lymphoma; senescence
AB Aberrant transcriptional repression through chromatin remodelling and histone deacetylation has been postulated to represent a driving force underlying tumorigenesis because histone deacetylase inhibitors have been found to be effective in cancer treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms by which transcriptional derepression would be linked to tumour suppression are poorly understood. Here we identify the transcriptional repressor Pokemon (encoded by the Zbtb7 gene) as a critical factor in oncogenesis. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking Zbtb7 are completely refractory to oncogene-mediated cellular transformation. Conversely, Pokemon overexpression leads to overt oncogenic transformation both in vitro and in vivo in transgenic mice. Pokemon can specifically repress the transcription of the tumour suppressor gene ARF through direct binding. We find that Pokemon is aberrantly overexpressed in human cancers and that its expression levels predict biological behaviour and clinical outcome. Pokemon's critical role in cellular transformation makes it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Leukaemia Res Fund Ctr, London SW3 6JB, England.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust
RP Pandolfi, PP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM p-pandolfi@ski.mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA102142] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 297
Z9 386
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 278
EP 285
DI 10.1038/nature03203
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300046
PM 15662416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andersen, JS
   Lam, YW
   Leung, AKL
   Ong, SE
   Lyon, CE
   Lamond, AI
   Mann, M
AF Andersen, JS
   Lam, YW
   Leung, AKL
   Ong, SE
   Lyon, CE
   Lamond, AI
   Mann, M
TI Nucleolar proteome dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase i transcription; rna-synthesis; gene; localization; inhibition
AB The nucleolus is a key organelle that coordinates the synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits and forms in the nucleus around the repeated ribosomal gene clusters. Because the production of ribosomes is a major metabolic activity, the function of the nucleolus is tightly linked to cell growth and proliferation, and recent data suggest that the nucleolus also plays an important role in cell-cycle regulation, senescence and stress responses(1-4). Here, using mass-spectrometry-based organellar proteomics and stable isotope labelling(5), we perform a quantitative analysis of the proteome of human nucleoli. In vivo fluorescent imaging techniques are directly compared to endogenous protein changes measured by proteomics. We characterize the flux of 489 endogenous nucleolar proteins in response to three different metabolic inhibitors that each affect nucleolar morphology. Proteins that are stably associated, such as RNA polymerase I subunits and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle complexes, exit from or accumulate in the nucleolus with similar kinetics, whereas protein components of the large and small ribosomal subunits leave the nucleolus with markedly different kinetics. The data establish a quantitative proteomic approach for the temporal characterization of protein flux through cellular organelles and demonstrate that the nucleolar proteome changes significantly over time in response to changes in cellular growth conditions.
C1 Univ Dundee, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.
   Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
C3 University of Dundee
RP Lamond, AI (corresponding author), Univ Dundee, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, MSI WTB Complex, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.
EM a.i.lamond@dundee.ac.uk; mann@bmb.sdu.dk
FU Wellcome Trust [073980] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 956
Z9 1113
U1 1
U2 112
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 77
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature03207
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100039
PM 15635413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dacey, DM
   Liao, HW
   Peterson, BB
   Robinson, FR
   Smith, VC
   Pokorny, J
   Yau, KW
   Gamlin, PD
AF Dacey, DM
   Liao, HW
   Peterson, BB
   Robinson, FR
   Smith, VC
   Pokorny, J
   Yau, KW
   Gamlin, PD
TI Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID action spectrum; s-cone; brightness; responses; adaptation; pathway; humans; system; midget
AB Human vision starts with the activation of rod photoreceptors in dim light and short (S)-, medium (M)-, and long (L)-wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors in daylight. Recently a parallel, non-rod, non-cone photoreceptive pathway, arising from a population of retinal ganglion cells, was discovered in nocturnal rodents(1). These ganglion cells express the putative photopigment melanopsin and by signalling gross changes in light intensity serve the subconscious, 'non-image-forming' functions of circadian photoentrainment and pupil constriction(1-7). Here we show an anatomically distinct population of 'giant', melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the primate retina that, in addition to being intrinsically photosensitive, are strongly activated by rods and cones, and display a rare, S-Off, ( L + M)-On type of colour-opponent receptive field. The intrinsic, rod and (L + M) cone-derived light responses combine in these giant cells to signal irradiance over the full dynamic range of human vision. In accordance with cone-based colour opponency, the giant cells project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the thalamic relay to primary visual cortex. Thus, in the diurnal trichromatic primate, 'non-image-forming' and conventional 'image-forming' retinal pathways are merged, and the melanopsin-based signal might contribute to conscious visual perception.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Washington Natl Primate Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Vis Sci Labs, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Vis Sci Res Ctr, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; University of Chicago; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Dacey, DM (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM dmd@u.washington.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014596, R37 EY006837, R01 EY006837] Funding Source: Medline; NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC006904] Funding Source: Medline; National Eye Institute [R01EY014596] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 1041
Z9 1201
U1 1
U2 132
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 749
EP 754
DI 10.1038/nature03387
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200041
PM 15716953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wingert, RA
   Galloway, JL
   Barut, B
   Foott, H
   Fraenkel, P
   Axe, JL
   Weber, GJ
   Dooley, K
   Davidson, AJ
   Schmidt, B
   Paw, BH
   Shaw, GC
   Kingsley, P
   Palis, J
   Schubert, H
   Chen, O
   Kaplan, J
   Zon, LI
AF Wingert, RA
   Galloway, JL
   Barut, B
   Foott, H
   Fraenkel, P
   Axe, JL
   Weber, GJ
   Dooley, K
   Davidson, AJ
   Schmidt, B
   Paw, BH
   Shaw, GC
   Kingsley, P
   Palis, J
   Schubert, H
   Chen, O
   Kaplan, J
   Zon, LI
TI Deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 reveals Fe-S clusters are required for vertebrate haem synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iron-sulfur clusters; linked sideroblastic anemia; gene; protein; grx5; mutation; ataxia; yeast; abc7; transporter
AB Iron is required to produce haem and iron - sulphur ( Fe - S) clusters, processes thought to occur independently(1,2). Here we show that the hypochromic anaemia in shiraz ( sir) zebrafish mutants is caused by deficiency of glutaredoxin 5 (grx5), a gene required in yeast for Fe - S cluster assembly. We found that grx5 was expressed in erythroid cells of zebrafish and mice. Zebrafish grx5 rescued the assembly of Delta grx5 yeast Fe - S, showing that the biochemical function of grx5 is evolutionarily conserved. In contrast to yeast, vertebrates use iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) to sense intracellular iron and regulate mRNA stability or the translation of iron metabolism genes(1,2). We found that loss of Fe - S cluster assembly in sir animals activated IRP1 and blocked haem biosynthesis catalysed by aminolaevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2). Overexpression of ALAS2 RNA without the 50 iron response element that binds IRP1 rescued sir embryos, whereas overexpression of ALAS2 including the iron response element did not. Further, antisense knockdown of IRP1 restored sir embryo haemoglobin synthesis. These findings uncover a connection between haem biosynthesis and Fe - S clusters, indicating that haemoglobin production in the differentiating red cell is regulated through Fe - S cluster assembly.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Stem Cell Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Hematol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Pediat, Med Ctr, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; University of Rochester; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Zon, LI (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Stem Cell Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM zon@enders.tch.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 305
Z9 358
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1035
EP 1039
DI 10.1038/nature03887
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900054
PM 16110529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ford, EB
   Lystad, V
   Rasio, FA
AF Ford, EB
   Lystad, V
   Rasio, FA
TI Planet-planet scattering in the upsilon Andromedae system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamical instability; giant planets; apsidal resonance; v-andromedae; eccentricity; stability; models
AB Doppler spectroscopy has detected 152 planets around nearby stars(1). A major puzzle is why many of their orbits are highly eccentric; all planets in our Solar System are on nearly circular orbits, as is expected if they formed by accretion processes in a protostellar disk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to generate large eccentricities after planet formation, but so far there has been little observational evidence to support any particular model. Here we report that the current orbital configuration of the three giant planets around upsilon Andromedae(2,3) (v And) probably results from a close dynamical interaction with another planet(4), now lost from the system. The planets started on nearly circular orbits, but chaotic evolution caused the outer planet (v And d) to be perturbed suddenly into a higher-eccentricity orbit. The coupled evolution of the system then causes slow periodic variations in the eccentricity of the middle planet (v And c). Indeed, we show that v And c periodically returns to a very nearly circular state every 6,700 years.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Rasio, FA (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM rasio@northwestern.edu
NR 23
TC 95
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 873
EP 876
DI 10.1038/nature03427
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600034
PM 15829958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makovicky, PJ
   Apesteguía, S
   Agnolín, FL
AF Makovicky, PJ
   Apesteguía, S
   Agnolín, FL
TI The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dinosaur
AB The evolutionary history of Maniraptora, the clade of carnivorous dinosaurs that includes birds and the sickle-clawed Dromaeosauridae, has hitherto been largely restricted to Late Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits on northern continents. The stunning Early Cretaceous diversity of maniraptorans from Liaoning, China(1-3), coupled with a longevity implied by derived Late Jurassic forms such as Archaeopteryx, pushes the origins of maniraptoran lineages back to Pangaean times and engenders the possibility that such lineages existed in Gondwana. A few intriguing, but incomplete, maniraptoran specimens have been reported from South America(4-8), Africa(9) and Madagascar(10). Their affinities remain contested(11-13), however, and they have been interpreted as biogeographic anomalies relative to other faunal components of these land-masses. Here we describe a near-complete, small dromaeosaurid that is both the most complete and the earliest member of the Maniraptora from South America, and which provides new evidence for a unique Gondwanan lineage of Dromaeosauridae with an origin predating the separation between northern and southern landmasses.
C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Secc Paleontol Vertebrados, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Lab Anat Comparada, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Univ Maimonides, CAECNA, Fdn Hist Nat Felix de Azara, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
C3 Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN); Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN)
RP Makovicky, PJ (corresponding author), Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
EM paleoninja@yahoo.com.ar
NR 30
TC 202
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1007
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/nature03996
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100042
PM 16222297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Womb with a view?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 1PT, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 1PT, England.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 147
EP 147
DI 10.1038/435147a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossiter, SJ
   Ransome, RD
   Faulkes, CG
   Le Comber, SC
   Jones, G
AF Rossiter, SJ
   Ransome, RD
   Faulkes, CG
   Le Comber, SC
   Jones, G
TI Mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny in greater horseshoe bats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene diversity; dispersal; behavior; birds
AB Mating strategies that lead to increased kinship within socially cooperative groups may offer inclusive fitness benefits to individuals(1-3), but can also result in higher levels of inbreeding(4-6). Here we show in a sexually segregated bat species that females avoid this conflict through two mating behaviours. First, most females revisit and breed with specific, individual males across years, so that their single offspring born in different years are full siblings. Second, relatives in the maternal line, including mothers and daughters, share breeding partners (intra-lineage polygyny) more often than expected by chance. Although these behaviours increased levels of co-ancestry among colony members, there was no concomitant rise in inbreeding. We suggest that when females engage in mate fidelity and intra-lineage polygyny, kin ties among female roost mates will be strengthened, thereby potentially contributing to social group cohesiveness. Our findings reveal the hidden complexity that can underlie polygynous breeding, and highlight a new potential route by which female mate choice could influence social evolution.
C1 Univ London, Queen Mary, Sch Biol Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London; University of Bristol
RP Rossiter, SJ (corresponding author), Univ London, Queen Mary, Sch Biol Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
EM s.j.rossiter@qmul.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/I/S/2002/00732] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 54
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 408
EP 411
DI 10.1038/nature03965
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100053
PM 16163356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smirnakis, SM
   Brewer, AA
   Schmid, MC
   Tolias, AS
   Schüz, A
   Augath, M
   Inhoffen, W
   Wandell, BA
   Logothetis, NK
AF Smirnakis, SM
   Brewer, AA
   Schmid, MC
   Tolias, AS
   Schüz, A
   Augath, M
   Inhoffen, W
   Wandell, BA
   Logothetis, NK
TI Lack of long-term cortical reorganization after macaque retinal lesions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; primate striate cortex; cross-modal plasticity; receptive-field; adult cat; sensory deafferentation; topographic plasticity; macular degeneration; functional mri; blind humans
AB Several aspects of cortical organization are thought to remain plastic into adulthood, allowing cortical sensorimotor maps to be modified continuously by experience. This dynamic nature of cortical circuitry is important for learning, as well as for repair after injury to the nervous system. Electrophysiology studies suggest that adult macaque primary visual cortex (V1) undergoes large-scale reorganization within a few months after retinal lesioning, but this issue has not been conclusively settled. Here we applied the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI) to detect changes in the cortical topography of macaque area V1 after binocular retinal lesions. fMRI allows non-invasive, in vivo, long-term monitoring of cortical activity with a wide field of view, sampling signals from multiple neurons per unit cortical area. We show that, in contrast with previous studies, adult macaque V1 does not approach normal responsivity during 7.5 months of follow-up after retinal lesions, and its topography does not change. Electrophysiology experiments corroborated the fMRI results. This indicates that adult macaque V1 has limited potential for reorganization in the months following retinal injury.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Psychol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Tubingen, Dept Ophthalmol 1, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Stanford University; Stanford University; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Smirnakis, SM (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, Spemannstr 38, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM smsmirnakis@partners.org
FU NINDS NIH HHS [F30 NS044759] Funding Source: Medline
NR 47
TC 161
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 300
EP 307
DI 10.1038/nature03495
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000036
PM 15902248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zenz, R
   Eferl, R
   Kenner, L
   Florin, L
   Hummerich, L
   Mehic, D
   Scheuch, H
   Angel, P
   Tschachler, E
   Wagner, EF
AF Zenz, R
   Eferl, R
   Kenner, L
   Florin, L
   Hummerich, L
   Mehic, D
   Scheuch, H
   Angel, P
   Tschachler, E
   Wagner, EF
TI Psoriasis-like skin disease and arthritis caused by inducible epidermal deletion of Jun proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mice lacking junb; transgenic mice; activated keratinocytes; down-regulation; growth-factor; mouse model; stem-cells; t-cells; c-jun; expression
AB Psoriasis is a frequent, inflammatory disease of skin and joints with considerable morbidity. Here we report that in psoriatic lesions, epidermal keratinocytes have decreased expression of JunB, a gene localized in the psoriasis susceptibility region PSORS6. Likewise, inducible epidermal deletion of JunB and its functional companion c-Jun in adult mice leads ( within two weeks) to a phenotype resembling the histological and molecular hallmarks of psoriasis, including arthritic lesions. In contrast to the skin phenotype, the development of arthritic lesions requires T and B cells and signalling through tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 ( TNFR1). Prior to the disease onset, two chemotactic proteins (S100A8 and S100A9) previously mapped to the psoriasis susceptibility region PSORS4, are strongly induced in mutant keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro. We propose that the abrogation of JunB/activator protein 1 (AP-1) in keratinocytes triggers chemokine/cytokine expression, which recruits neutrophils and macrophages to the epidermis thereby contributing to the phenotypic changes observed in psoriasis. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that epidermal alterations are sufficient to initiate both skin lesions and arthritis in psoriasis.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Signal Transduct & Growth Control, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Genet, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Med Univ Vienna, Dept Dermatol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Ctr Rech & Invest Epiderm & Sensorielles, F-9251 Neuilly, France.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Medical University of Vienna
RP Wagner, EF (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM wagner@imp.univie.ac.at
NR 50
TC 486
Z9 572
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 369
EP 375
DI 10.1038/nature03963
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100044
PM 16163348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tagliaferri, G
   Goad, M
   Chincarini, G
   Moretti, A
   Campana, S
   Burrows, DN
   Perri, M
   Barthelmy, SD
   Gehrels, N
   Krimm, H
   Sakamoto, T
   Kumar, P
   Mészáros, PI
   Kobayashi, S
   Zhang, B
   Angelini, L
   Banat, P
   Beardmore, AP
   Capalbi, M
   Covino, S
   Cusumano, G
   Giommi, P
   Godet, O
   Hill, JE
   Kennea, JA
   Mangano, V
   Morris, DC
   Nousek, JA
   O'Brien, PT
   Osborne, JP
   Pagani, C
   Page, KL
   Romano, P
   Stella, L
   Wells, A
AF Tagliaferri, G
   Goad, M
   Chincarini, G
   Moretti, A
   Campana, S
   Burrows, DN
   Perri, M
   Barthelmy, SD
   Gehrels, N
   Krimm, H
   Sakamoto, T
   Kumar, P
   Mészáros, PI
   Kobayashi, S
   Zhang, B
   Angelini, L
   Banat, P
   Beardmore, AP
   Capalbi, M
   Covino, S
   Cusumano, G
   Giommi, P
   Godet, O
   Hill, JE
   Kennea, JA
   Mangano, V
   Morris, DC
   Nousek, JA
   O'Brien, PT
   Osborne, JP
   Pagani, C
   Page, KL
   Romano, P
   Stella, L
   Wells, A
TI An unexpectedly rapid decline in the X-ray afterglow emission of long γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID batse
AB 'Long' gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are commonly accepted to originate in the explosion of particularly massive stars, which give rise to highly relativistic jets. Inhomogeneities in the expanding flow result in internal shock waves that are believed to produce the gamma-rays we see(1,2). As the jet travels further outward into the surrounding circumstellar medium, 'external' shocks create the afterglow emission seen in the X-ray, optical and radio bands(1,2). Here we report observations of the early phases of the X-ray emission of five GRBs. Their X-ray light curves are characterised by a surprisingly rapid fall-off for the first few hundred seconds, followed by a less rapid decline lasting several hours. This steep decline, together with detailed spectral properties of two particular bursts, shows that violent shock interactions take place in the early jet outflows.
C1 Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, Italy.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, Columbia, MD 21044 USA.
   CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Com, INAF, I-90146 Palermo, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Leicester; University of Milano-Bicocca; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Las Vegas; Johns Hopkins University; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP Tagliaferri, G (corresponding author), Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy.
EM tagliaferri@merate.mi.astro.it
NR 22
TC 244
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 985
EP 988
DI 10.1038/nature03934
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900042
PM 16107840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hauser, M
AF Hauser, M
TI Our chimpanzee mind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID representations; conspecifics; cognition; language
AB Some might consider the title of this piece preposterous. Bishop Wilberforce would no doubt have shaken his fist at it, just as he disputed Huxley's championing of darwinian continuity. But the title of this essay is no more outrageous than one entitled 'The chimpanzee's bird brain', for there has been extensive evolutionary conservation of many neural and psychological functions across species. We share with chimpanzees some - but not all - mental functions, some of which are shared with other species as well. As the publication of the chimpanzee genome reveals, we also share a good deal of our DNA. Unfortunately, we are virtually in the dark when it comes to understanding how genes build minds. If comparative genomics is to enlighten our understanding of human origins, it must be accompanied by an equally rich description of animal psychology, both in terms of its underlying neural signatures and the evolutionary processes that led to convergence and divergence with other species.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Biol Anthropol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Hauser, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM mdh@wjh.harvard.edu
NR 39
TC 16
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature03917
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400043
PM 16136129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batlle, E
   Bacani, J
   Begthel, H
   Jonkeer, S
   Gregorieff, A
   van de Born, M
   Malats, N
   Sancho, E
   Boon, E
   Pawson, T
   Gallinger, S
   Pals, S
   Clevers, H
AF Batlle, E
   Bacani, J
   Begthel, H
   Jonkeer, S
   Gregorieff, A
   van de Born, M
   Malats, N
   Sancho, E
   Boon, E
   Pawson, T
   Gallinger, S
   Pals, S
   Clevers, H
TI EphB receptor activity suppresses colorectal cancer progression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple intestinal neoplasia; beta-catenin; apc; colon; activation; mice; epithelium; expression; mutations; pathway
AB Most sporadic colorectal cancers are initiated by activating Wnt pathway mutations(1), characterized by the stabilization of beta-catenin and constitutive transcription by the beta-catenin/T cell factor-4 (Tcf-4) complex(2,3). EphB guidance receptors are Tcf4 target genes that control intestinal epithelial architecture through repulsive interactions with Ephrin-B ligands(4,5). Here we show that, although Wnt signalling remains constitutively active, most human colorectal cancers lose expression of EphB at the adenoma-carcinoma transition. Loss of EphB expression strongly correlates with degree of malignancy. Furthermore, reduction of EphB activity accelerates tumorigenesis in the colon and rectum of Apc(Min/+) mice, and results in the formation of aggressive adenocarcinomas. Our data demonstrate that loss of EphB expression represents a critical step in colorectal cancer progression.
C1 Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Biomed Res Inst, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
   ICREA, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
   Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Inst Municipal Invest Med, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW); Institut de Recerca Sant Pau; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Institute for Research in Biomedicine - IRB Barcelona; ICREA; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute
RP Clevers, H (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, Ctr Biomed Genet, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM clevers@niob.knaw.nl
FU ICREA Funding Source: Custom
NR 20
TC 353
Z9 420
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1126
EP 1130
DI 10.1038/nature03626
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400055
PM 15973414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Costa-Mattioli, M
   Gobert, D
   Harding, H
   Herdy, B
   Azzi, M
   Bruno, M
   Bidinosti, M
   Ben Mamou, C
   Marcinkiewicz, E
   Yoshida, M
   Imataka, H
   Cuello, AC
   Seidah, N
   Sossin, W
   Lacaille, JC
   Ron, D
   Nader, K
   Sonenberg, N
AF Costa-Mattioli, M
   Gobert, D
   Harding, H
   Herdy, B
   Azzi, M
   Bruno, M
   Bidinosti, M
   Ben Mamou, C
   Marcinkiewicz, E
   Yoshida, M
   Imataka, H
   Cuello, AC
   Seidah, N
   Sossin, W
   Lacaille, JC
   Ron, D
   Nader, K
   Sonenberg, N
TI Translational control of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory by the eIF2α kinase GCN2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; mammalian homolog; gene-expression; ca1 region; storage; neuroscience; enhancement; degradation; induction
AB Studies on various forms of synaptic plasticity have shown a link between messenger RNA translation, learning and memory. Like memory, synaptic plasticity includes an early phase that depends on modification of pre-existing proteins, and a late phase that requires transcription and synthesis of new proteins(1,2). Activation of postsynaptic targets seems to trigger the transcription of plasticity-related genes. The new mRNAs are either translated in the soma or transported to synapses before translation. GCN2, a key protein kinase, regulates the initiation of translation. Here we report a unique feature of hippocampal slices from GCN2(-/-) mice: in CA1, a single 100-Hz train induces a strong and sustained long-termpotentiation ( late LTP or L-LTP), which is dependent on transcription and translation. In contrast, stimulation that elicits L-LTP in wild-type slices, such as four 100-Hz trains or forskolin, fails to evoke L-LTP in GCN2(-/-) slices. This aberrant synaptic plasticity is mirrored in the behaviour of GCN2(-/-) mice in the Morris water maze: after weak training, their spatial memory is enhanced, but it is impaired after more intense training. Activated GCN2 stimulates mRNA translation of ATF4, an antagonist of cyclic-AMP-response-element-binding protein ( CREB). Thus, in the hippocampus of GCN2(-/-) mice, the expression of ATF4 is reduced and CREB activity is increased. Our study provides genetic, physiological, behavioural and molecular evidence that GCN2 regulates synaptic plasticity, as well as learning and memory, through modulation of the ATF4/CREB pathway.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   McGill Univ, McGill Canc Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Psychol, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Ctr Rech Sci Neurol, Dept Physiol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, Skirball Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Clin Res Inst Montreal, Biochem Neuroendocrinol Lab, Montreal, PQ H2W 1R7, Canada.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
C3 McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; McGill University; Universite de Montreal; New York University; New York University; New York University; Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal (IRCM); Universite de Montreal; RIKEN
RP Sonenberg, N (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, 3655 Drummond St, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
EM nahum.sonenberg@mcgill.ca
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R37 DK047119, R01 DK047119] Funding Source: Medline; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES008681] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 339
Z9 436
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1166
EP 1170
DI 10.1038/nature03897
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600048
PM 16121183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, GX
   Poo, MM
AF Wang, GX
   Poo, MM
TI Requirement of TRPC channels in netrin-1-induced chemotropic turning of nerve growth cones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cation channel; ca2+ channels; calcium; xenopus; brain; cells; modulation; activation; guidance; currents
AB Ion channels formed by the TRP ( transient receptor potential) superfamily of proteins act as sensors for temperature, osmolarity, mechanical stress and taste(1,2). The growth cones of developing axons are responsible for sensing extracellular guidance factors, many of which trigger Ca2+ influx at the growth cone(3,4); however, the identity of the ion channels involved remains to be clarified. Here, we report that TRP-like channel activity exists in the growth cones of cultured Xenopus neurons and can be modulated by exposure to netrin-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, two chemoattractants for axon guidance. Whole-cell recording from growth cones showed that netrin-1 induced a membrane depolarization, part of which remained after all major voltage-dependent channels were blocked. Furthermore, the membrane depolarization was sensitive to blockers of TRP channels. Pharmacological blockade of putative TRP currents or downregulation of Xenopus TRP-1 (xTRPC1) expression with a specific morpholino oligonucleotide abolished the growth-cone turning and Ca2+ elevation induced by a netrin-1 gradient. Thus, TRPC currents reflect early events in the growth cone's detection of some extracellular guidance signals, resulting in membrane depolarization and cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation that mediates the turning of growth cones.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Poo, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM mpoo@berkeley.edu
NR 29
TC 260
Z9 320
U1 2
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 898
EP 904
DI 10.1038/nature03478
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600041
PM 15758951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lister, AM
   Edwards, CJ
   Nock, DAW
   Bunce, M
   van Pijlen, IA
   Bradley, DG
   Thomas, MG
   Barnes, I
AF Lister, AM
   Edwards, CJ
   Nock, DAW
   Bunce, M
   van Pijlen, IA
   Bradley, DG
   Thomas, MG
   Barnes, I
TI The phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' Megaloceros giganteus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fallow-deer; evolutionary; pleistocene; extinction; dynamics
AB The giant deer, or 'Irish elk', has featured extensively in debates on adaptation, sexual selection, and extinction. Its huge antlers - the largest of any deer species, living or extinct - formed a focus of much past work(1-4). Yet the phylogenetic position of the giant deer has remained an enigma. On the basis of its flattened antlers, the species was previously regarded as closely related to the living fallow deer(5-7). Recent morphological studies(8), however, have challenged that view and placed the giant deer closer to the living red deer or wapiti. Here we present a new phylogenetic analysis encompassing morphological and DNA sequence evidence, and find that both sets of data independently support a sister-group relationship of giant and fallow deer. Our results include the successful extraction and sequencing of DNA from this extinct species, and highlight the value of a joint molecular and morphological approach.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Smurfit Inst Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Ancient Biomol Ctr, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Zool, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; Trinity College Dublin; University of Oxford; University of Leicester
RP Barnes, I (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM I.Barnes@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 72
Z9 82
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 850
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature04134
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800050
PM 16148942
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jordan, IK
   Kondrashov, FA
   Adzhubei, IA
   Wolf, YI
   Koonin, EV
   Kondrashov, AS
   Sunyaev, S
AF Jordan, IK
   Kondrashov, FA
   Adzhubei, IA
   Wolf, YI
   Koonin, EV
   Kondrashov, AS
   Sunyaev, S
TI A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frequency; sequences; alignment; gene
AB Amino acid composition of proteins varies substantially between taxa and, thus, can evolve. For example, proteins from organisms with ( G+C)- rich ( or ( A+T)- rich) genomes contain more ( or fewer) amino acids encoded by ( G+C)- rich codons(1 - 4). However, no universal trends in ongoing changes of amino acid frequencies have been reported. We compared sets of orthologous proteins encoded by triplets of closely related genomes from 15 taxa representing all three domains of life ( Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota), and used phylogenies to polarize amino acid substitutions. Cys, Met, His, Ser and Phe accrue in at least 14 taxa, whereas Pro, Ala, Glu and Gly are consistently lost. The same nine amino acids are currently accrued or lost in human proteins, as shown by analysis of non- synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms. All amino acids with declining frequencies are thought to be among the first incorporated into the genetic code; conversely, all amino acids with increasing frequencies, except Ser, were probably recruited late(5 - 7). Thus, expansion of initially under- represented amino acids, which began over 3,400 million years ago(8,9), apparently continues to this day.
C1 Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); University of California System; University of California Davis; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Kondrashov, AS (corresponding author), Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
EM kondrashov@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; ssunyaev@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 219
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 633
EP 638
DI 10.1038/nature03306
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000045
PM 15660107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Badzey, RL
   Mohanty, P
AF Badzey, RL
   Mohanty, P
TI Coherent signal amplification in bistable nanomechanical oscillators by stochastic resonance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID system; noise
AB Stochastic resonance(1,2) is a counterintuitive concept: the addition of noise to a noisy system induces coherent amplification of its response. First suggested as a mechanism for the cyclic recurrence of ice ages, stochastic resonance has been seen in a wide variety of macroscopic physical systems: bistable ring lasers(3), superconducting quantum interference devices(4,5) (SQUIDs), magnetoelastic ribbons(6) and neurophysiological systems such as the receptors in crickets(7) and crayfish(8). Although fundamentally important as a mechanism of coherent signal amplification, stochastic resonance has yet to be observed in nanoscale systems. Here we report the observation of stochastic resonance in bistable nanomechanical silicon oscillators. Our nanomechanical systems consist of beams that are clamped at each end and driven into transverse oscillation with the use of a radiofrequency source. Modulation of the source induces controllable switching of the beams between two stable, distinct states. We observe that the addition of white noise causes a marked amplification of the signal strength. Stochastic resonance in nanomechanical systems could have a function in the realization of controllable high-speed nanomechanical memory cells, and paves the way for exploring macroscopic quantum coherence and tunnelling.
C1 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University
RP Mohanty, P (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Dept Phys, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM mohanty@physics.bu.edu
NR 23
TC 253
Z9 288
U1 2
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 995
EP 998
DI 10.1038/nature04124
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100039
PM 16222295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allen, E
   Ding, JQ
   Wang, W
   Pramanik, S
   Chou, J
   Yau, V
   Yang, YM
AF Allen, E
   Ding, JQ
   Wang, W
   Pramanik, S
   Chou, J
   Yau, V
   Yang, YM
TI Gigaxonin-controlled degradation of MAP1B light chain is critical to neuronal survival
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant axonal neuropathy; ubiquitin-proteasome system; microtubule-associated proteins; cytoplasmic dynein; wallerian degeneration; 1b; binding; kinesin; btb; ligases
AB Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a devastating sensory and motor neuropathy caused by mutations in the GAN gene, which encodes the ubiquitously expressed protein gigaxonin(1-5). Cytopathological features of GAN include axonal degeneration, with accumulation and aggregation of cytoskeletal components(6-7). Little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this recessive disorder. Here we show that gigaxonin controls protein degradation, and is essential for neuronal function and survival. We present evidence that gigaxonin binds to the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 through its amino-terminal BTB domain, while the carboxy-terminal kelch repeat domain interacts directly with the light chain (LC) of microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B)(8). Overexpression of gigaxonin leads to enhanced degradation of MAP1B-LC, which can be antagonized by proteasome inhibitors. Ablation of gigaxonin causes a substantial accumulation of MAP1B-LC in GAN-null neurons. Moreover, we show that overexpression of MAP1B in wild-type cortical neurons leads to cell death characteristic of GAN-null neurons, whereas reducing MAP1B levels significantly improves the survival rate of null neurons. Our results identify gigaxonin as a ubiquitin scaffolding protein that controls MAP1B-LC degradation, and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying human neurodegenerative disorders.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Yang, YM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM yyanmin@stanford.edu
NR 25
TC 113
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 224
EP 228
DI 10.1038/nature04256
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500049
PM 16227972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stoleru, D
   Peng, Y
   Nawathean, P
   Rosbash, M
AF Stoleru, D
   Peng, Y
   Nawathean, P
   Rosbash, M
TI A resetting signal between Drosophila pacemakers synchronizes morning and evening activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circadian gene-expression; clock gene; suprachiasmatic nucleus; individual fibroblasts; nervous-system; timeless genes; neurons; rhythms; brain; cells
AB The biochemical machinery that underlies circadian rhythms is conserved among animal species and drives self-sustained molecular oscillations and functions, even within individual asynchronous tissue-culture cells(1-3). Yet the rhythm- generating neural centres of higher eukaryotes are usually composed of interconnected cellular networks, which contribute to robustness and synchrony as well as other complex features of rhythmic behaviour(4-7). In mammals, little is known about how individual brain oscillators are organized to orchestrate a complex behavioural pattern. Drosophila is arguably more advanced from this point of view: we and others have recently shown that a group of adult brain clock neurons expresses the neuropeptide PDF8 and controls morning activity ( small LNv cells; M-cells), whereas another group of clock neurons controls evening activity (CRY+, PDF- cells; E-cells)(6,9). We have generated transgenic mosaic animals with different circadian periods in morning and evening cells. Here we show, by behavioural and molecular assays, that the six canonical groups of clock neurons(10) are organized into two separate neuronal circuits. One has no apparent effect on locomotor rhythmicity in darkness, but within the second circuit the molecular and behavioural timing of the evening cells is determined by morning-cell properties. This is due to a daily resetting signal from the morning to the evening cells, which run at their genetically programmed pace between consecutive signals. This neural circuit and oscillator-coupling mechanism ensures a proper relationship between the timing of morning and evening locomotor activity.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Natl Ctr Behav Genom, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University; Brandeis University
RP Rosbash, M (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM rosbash@brandeis.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [T32 NS007292] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [T32NS007292] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 24
TC 247
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 238
EP 242
DI 10.1038/nature04192
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500052
PM 16281038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glasson, SS
   Askew, R
   Sheppard, B
   Carito, B
   Blanchet, T
   Ma, HL
   Flannery, CR
   Peluso, D
   Kanki, K
   Yang, ZY
   Majumdar, MK
   Morris, EA
AF Glasson, SS
   Askew, R
   Sheppard, B
   Carito, B
   Blanchet, T
   Ma, HL
   Flannery, CR
   Peluso, D
   Kanki, K
   Yang, ZY
   Majumdar, MK
   Morris, EA
TI Deletion of active ADAMTS5 prevents cartilage degradation in a murine model of osteoarthritis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human synovial-fluid; aggrecan fragments; explants; cloning; cleaves
AB Human osteoarthritis is a progressive disease of the joints characterized by degradation of articular cartilage. Although disease initiation may be multifactorial, the cartilage destruction appears to be a result of uncontrolled proteolytic extracellular matrix destruction. A major component of the cartilage extracellular matrix is aggrecan, a proteoglycan that imparts compressive resistance to the tissue. Aggrecan is cleaved at a specific 'aggrecanase' site in human osteoarthritic cartilage(1-2); this cleavage can be performed by several members of ADAMTS family of metalloproteases(3-9). The relative contribution of individual ADAMTS proteases to cartilage destruction during osteoarthritis has not been resolved. Here we describe experiments with a genetically modified mouse in which the catalytic domain of ADAMTS5 (aggrecanase-2) was deleted. After surgically induced joint instability, there was significant reduction in the severity of cartilage destruction in the ADAMTS5 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. This is the first report of a single gene deletion capable of abrogating the course of cartilage destruction in an animal model of osteoarthritis. These results demonstrate that ADAMTS5 is the primary 'aggrecanase' responsible for aggrecan degradation in a murine model of osteoarthritis, and suggest rational strategies for therapeutic intervention in osteoarthritis.
C1 Wyeth Res, Dept Womens Hlth & Bone, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
   Wyeth Res, Genom, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
   Wyeth Res, Drug Safety & Metab, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
C3 Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Wyeth; Pfizer; Wyeth; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Wyeth; Pfizer USA
RP Morris, EA (corresponding author), Wyeth Res, Dept Womens Hlth & Bone, 200 CambridgePk Dr, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA.
EM Emorris@Wyeth.com
NR 16
TC 1045
Z9 1220
U1 2
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 644
EP 648
DI 10.1038/nature03369
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000045
PM 15800624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, JD
   Chen, J
   Matsiev, D
   Auerbach, DJ
   Wodtke, AM
AF White, JD
   Chen, J
   Matsiev, D
   Auerbach, DJ
   Wodtke, AM
TI Conversion of large-amplitude vibration to electron excitation at a metal surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dissociative chemisorption; exoelectron emission; chemical-reactions; quantum-theory; cs films; molecules; state; n2o; oxidation; dynamics
AB Gaining insight into the nature and dynamics of the transition state is the essence of mechanistic investigations of chemical reactions(1), yet the fleeting configuration when existing chemical bonds dissociate while new ones form is extremely difficult to examine directly(2). Adiabatic potential-energy surfaces - usually derived using quantum chemical methods(3) that assume mutually independent nuclear and electronic motion(4) - quantify the fundamental forces between atoms involved in reaction and thus provide accurate descriptions of a reacting system as it moves through its transition state(5,6). This approach, widely tested for gas-phase reactions(7), is now also commonly applied to chemical reactions at metal surfaces(8). There is, however, some evidence calling into question the correctness of this theoretical approach for surface reactions: electronic excitation upon highly exothermic chemisorption has been observed(9), and indirect evidence suggests that large-amplitude vibrations of reactant molecules can excite electrons at metal surfaces(10,11). Here we report the detection of 'hot' electrons leaving a metal surface as vibrationally highly excited NO molecules collide with it. Electron emission only occurs once the vibrational energy exceeds the surface work function, and is at least 10,000 times more efficient than the emissions seen in similar systems where large-amplitude vibrations were not involved(12-18). These observations unambiguously demonstrate the direct conversion of vibrational to electronic excitation, thus questioning one of the basic assumptions currently used in theoretical approaches to describing bond-dissociation at metal surfaces.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Hitachi Global Storage Technol, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Wodtke, AM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM wodtke@chem.ucsb.edu
NR 24
TC 183
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 503
EP 505
DI 10.1038/nature03213
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200043
PM 15690036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, J
   Nishiyama, I
   Inoue, M
   Yokoyama, H
AF Yamamoto, J
   Nishiyama, I
   Inoue, M
   Yokoyama, H
TI Optical isotropy and iridescence in a smectic 'blue phase'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid-crystal
AB When liquid crystal molecules are chiral, the twisted structure competes with spatially uniform liquid crystalline orders, resulting in a variety of modulated liquid crystal phases, such as the cholesteric blue phase(1), twist grain boundary(2 - 4) and smectic blue phases(5). Here we report a liquid crystal smectic blue phase ( SmBPiso), formed from a two- component mixture containing a chiral monomer and a ' twin' containing two repeat units of the first molecule connected by a linear hydrocarbon spacer. The phase exhibits the simultaneous presence of finite local- order parameters of helices and smectic layers, without any discontinuity on a mesoscopic length scale. The anomalous softening of elasticity due to a strong reduction in entropy caused by mixing the monomer and the twin permits the seamless coexistence of these two competing liquid crystal orders. The new phase spontaneously exhibits an optically isotropic but uniformly iridescent colour and automatically acquires spherical symmetry, so that the associated photonic band gap(6 - 9) maintains the same symmetry despite the local liquid crystalline order. We expect a range of unusual optical transmission properties based on this three-dimensional isotropic structure, and complete tunability due to the intrinsic softness and responsiveness of the liquid crystalline order against external fields.
C1 ERATO, Yokoyama Nanostruct Liquid Crystal Project, JST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3002635, Japan.
   AIST, Nanotechnol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Yamamoto, J (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
EM jun@junyamamoto.jp
NR 17
TC 51
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 525
EP 528
DI 10.1038/nature04034
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800044
PM 16177785
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sipkins, DA
   Wei, XB
   Wu, JW
   Runnels, JM
   Côté, D
   Means, TK
   Luster, AD
   Scadden, DT
   Lin, CP
AF Sipkins, DA
   Wei, XB
   Wu, JW
   Runnels, JM
   Côté, D
   Means, TK
   Luster, AD
   Scadden, DT
   Lin, CP
TI In vivo imaging of specialized bone marrow endothelial microdomains for tumour engraftment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemokine receptor cxcr4; stem-cells; adhesion molecules; nod/scid mice; cancer-cells; precursor-b; expression; leukemia; microvessels; volunteers
AB The organization of cellular niches is known to have a key role in regulating normal stem cell differentiation and regeneration, but relatively little is known about the architecture of microenvironments that support malignant metastasis(1,2). Using dynamic in vivo confocal imaging, here we show that murine bone marrow contains unique anatomic regions defined by specialized endothelium. This vasculature expresses the adhesion molecule E-selectin and the chemoattractant stromal-cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) in discrete, discontinuous areas that influence the homing of a variety of tumour cell lines. Disruption of the interactions between SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 inhibits the homing of Nalm-6 cells (an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line) to these vessels. Further studies revealed that circulating leukaemic cells can engraft around these vessels, suggesting that this molecularly distinct vasculature demarcates a microenvironment for early metastatic tumour spread in bone marrow. Finally, purified haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and lymphocytes also localize to the same microdomains, indicating that this vasculature might also function in benign states to demarcate specific portals for the entry of cells into the marrow space. Specialized vascular structures therefore appear to delineate a microenvironment with unique physiology that can be exploited by circulating malignant cells.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Wellman Ctr Photomed, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Regenerat Med & Technol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp E, Ctr Immunol & Inflammatory Dis, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lin, CP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Wellman Ctr Photomed, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM dsipkins1@partners.org; lin@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [P50 CA086355, T32 CA071345] Funding Source: Medline; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014106] Funding Source: Medline; NIBIB NIH HHS [R01 EB000664] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 697
Z9 842
U1 1
U2 92
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 969
EP 973
DI 10.1038/nature03703
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700052
PM 15959517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshimura, Y
   Dantzker, JLM
   Callaway, EM
AF Yoshimura, Y
   Dantzker, JLM
   Callaway, EM
TI Excitatory cortical neurons form fine-scale functional networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; orientation selectivity; inhibitory neurons; receptive-fields; pyramidal cells; rat; connections; circuits; layers; interneurons
AB The specificity of cortical neuron connections creates columns of functionally similar neurons spanning from the pia to the white matter(1-6). Here we investigate whether there is an additional, finer level of specificity that creates subnetworks of excitatory neurons within functional columns. We tested for fine-scale specificity of connections to cortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in rat visual cortex by using cross-correlation analyses of synaptic currents evoked by photostimulation. Recording simultaneously from adjacent layer 2/3 pyramidal cells, we find that when they are connected to each other (20% of all recorded pairs) they share common input from layer 4 and within layer 2/3. When adjacent layer 2/3 neurons are not connected to each other, they share very little ( if any) common excitatory input from layers 4 and 2/3. In contrast, all layer 2/3 neurons share common excitatory input from layer 5 and inhibitory input from layers 2/3 and 4, regardless of whether they are connected to each other. Thus, excitatory connections from layer 4 to layer 2/3 and within layer 2/3 form fine-scale assemblies of selectively interconnected neurons; inhibitory connections and excitatory connections from layer 5 link neurons across these fine-scale subnetworks. Relatively independent subnetworks of excitatory neurons are therefore embedded within the larger-scale functional architecture; this allows neighbouring neurons to convey information more independently than suggested by previous descriptions of cortical circuitry.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Labs, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Callaway, EM (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Labs, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM callaway@salk.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH063912] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 477
Z9 608
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 868
EP 873
DI 10.1038/nature03252
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600043
PM 15729343
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, SC
   van Keken, PE
AF Lin, SC
   van Keken, PE
TI Multiple volcanic episodes of flood basalts caused by thermochemical mantle plumes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic-crust; evolution; separation; system
AB The hypothesis that a single mushroom-like mantle plume head can generate a large igneous province within a few million years has been widely accepted(1). The Siberian Traps at the Permian Triassic boundary(2) and the Deccan Traps at the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary(3) were probably erupted within one million years. These large eruptions have been linked to mass extinctions. But recent geochronological data(4-11) reveal more than one pulse of major eruptions with diverse magma flux within several flood basalts extending over tens of million years. This observation indicates that the processes leading to large igneous provinces are more complicated than the purely thermal, single-stage plume model suggests. Here we present numerical experiments to demonstrate that the entrainment of a dense eclogite-derived material at the base of the mantle by thermal plumes can develop secondary instabilities due to the interaction between thermal and compositional buoyancy forces. The characteristic timescales of the development of the secondary instabilities and the variation of the plume strength are compatible with the observations. Such a process may contribute to multiple episodes of large igneous provinces.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Lin, SC (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM skylin@umich.edu
NR 25
TC 79
Z9 94
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 250
EP 252
DI 10.1038/nature03697
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500039
PM 16015328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumarevel, T
   Mizuno, H
   Kumar, PKR
AF Kumarevel, T
   Mizuno, H
   Kumar, PKR
TI Structural basis of HutP-mediated anti-termination and roles of the Mg2+ ion and L-histidine ligand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-binding protein; x-ray-diffraction; bacillus-subtilis; transcriptional antitermination; genome sequence; messenger-rna; attenuation protein; crystal-structure; in-vitro; operon
AB HutP regulates the expression of the hut structural genes of Bacillus subtilis by an anti-termination mechanism and requires two components, Mg2+ ions and L-histidine. HutP recognizes three UAG triplet units, separated by four non-conserved nucleotides on the terminator region. Here we report the 1.60-Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the quaternary complex ( HutP - L- histidine - Mg2+ 21-base single-stranded RNA). In the complex, the RNA adopts a novel triangular fold on the hexameric surface of HutP, without any base-pairing, and binds to the protein mostly by specific protein - base interactions. The structure explains how the HutP and RNA interactions are regulated critically by the L- histidine and Mg2+ ion through the structural rearrangement. To gain insights into these structural rearrangements, we solved two additional crystal structures ( uncomplexed HutP and HutP - L- histidine - Mg2+) that revealed the intermediate structures of HutP ( before forming an active structure) and the importance of the Mg2+ ion interactions in the complexes.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, Funct Nucl Acids Grp, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Dept Biochem, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan
RP Kumar, PKR (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, Funct Nucl Acids Grp, Cent 6,1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
EM pkr-kumar@aist.go.jp
NR 39
TC 40
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 183
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature03355
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500037
PM 15758992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reimann, S
   Manning, AJ
   Simmonds, PG
   Cunnold, DM
   Wang, RHJ
   Li, JL
   McCulloch, A
   Prinn, RG
   Huang, J
   Weiss, RF
   Fraser, PJ
   O'Doherty, S
   Greally, BR
   Stemmler, K
   Hill, M
   Folini, D
AF Reimann, S
   Manning, AJ
   Simmonds, PG
   Cunnold, DM
   Wang, RHJ
   Li, JL
   McCulloch, A
   Prinn, RG
   Huang, J
   Weiss, RF
   Fraser, PJ
   O'Doherty, S
   Greally, BR
   Stemmler, K
   Hill, M
   Folini, D
TI Low European methyl chloroform emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropospheric oh; trace gases; variability; hydroxyl; history; trends
AB Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3, 1,1,1,-trichloroethane) was used widely as a solvent before it was recognized to be an ozone-depleting substance and its phase-out was introduced under the Montreal Protocol(1). Subsequently, its atmospheric concentration has declined steadily(2-4) and recent European methyl chloroform consumption and emissions were estimated to be less than 0.1 gigagrams per year(1,5). However, data from a short-term tropospheric measurement campaign ( EXPORT) indicated that European methyl chloroform emissions could have been over 20 gigagrams in 2000 (ref. 6), almost doubling previously estimated global emissions(1,4). Such enhanced emissions would significantly affect results from the CH3CCl3 method of deriving global abundances of hydroxyl radicals ( OH) (refs 7 - 12) - the dominant reactive atmospheric chemical for removing trace gases related to air pollution, ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. Here we use long-term, high-frequency data from MaceHead, Ireland and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, to infer European methyl chloroform emissions. We find that European emission estimates declined from about 60 gigagrams per year in the mid-1990s to 0.3 - 1.4 and 1.9 - 3.4 gigagrams per year in 2000 - 03, based on Mace Head and Jungfraujoch data, respectively. Our European methyl chloroform emission estimates are therefore higher than calculated from consumption data(1,5), but are considerably lower than those derived from the EXPORT campaign in 2000 ( ref. 6).
C1 Empa, Inst Mat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
   Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   CSIRO, PMBI, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology (EMPA); Met Office - UK; University of Bristol; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Reimann, S (corresponding author), Empa, Inst Mat Sci & Technol, Ueberlandstr 129, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
EM stefan.reimann@empa.ch
NR 22
TC 49
Z9 56
U1 2
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 506
EP 508
DI 10.1038/nature03220
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200044
PM 15690037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Achlioptas, D
   Naor, A
   Peres, Y
AF Achlioptas, D
   Naor, A
   Peres, Y
TI Rigorous location of phase transitions in hard optimization problems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID statistical-mechanics; k-sat; satisfiability; threshold
AB It is widely believed that for many optimization problems, no algorithm is substantially more efficient than exhaustive search. This means that finding optimal solutions for many practical problems is completely beyond any current or projected computational capacity. To understand the origin of this extreme 'hardness', computer scientists, mathematicians and physicists have been investigating for two decades a connection between computational complexity and phase transitions in random instances of constraint satisfaction problems. Here we present a mathematically rigorous method for locating such phase transitions. Our method works by analysing the distribution of distances between pairs of solutions as constraints are added. By identifying critical behaviour in the evolution of this distribution, we can pinpoint the threshold location for a number of problems, including the two most-studied ones: random k-SAT and random graph colouring. Our results prove that the heuristic predictions of statistical physics in this context are essentially correct. Moreover, we establish that random instances of constraint satisfaction problems have solutions well beyond the reach of any analysed algorithm.
C1 Microsoft Res, Redmond, WA 98052 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Stat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Microsoft; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Achlioptas, D (corresponding author), Microsoft Res, 1 Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052 USA.
EM optas@microsoft.com
NR 25
TC 172
Z9 193
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 759
EP 764
DI 10.1038/nature03602
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700039
PM 15944693
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McMullen, K
AF McMullen, K
TI Experimental physics, experimental art
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 310
EP 311
DI 10.1038/434310a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100036
PM 15772647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basu, P
AF Basu, P
TI Vaccines on trial
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 484
EP 484
DI 10.1038/436484a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800039
PM 16049470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wootton, JT
AF Wootton, JT
TI Field parameterization and experimental test of the neutral theory of biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capita interaction strength; competition; models; community; impact; space; time
AB Ecologists would like to explain general patterns observed across multi-species communities, such as species-area(1) and abundance-frequency relationships(1-4), in terms of the fundamental processes of birth, death and migration underlying the dynamics of all constituent species. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity(5,6) and related theories(7,8) based on these fundamental population processes have successfully recreated general species-abundance patterns without accounting for either the variation among species and individuals or resource-releasing processes such as predation and disturbance, long emphasized in ecological theory(9-14). If ecological communities can be described adequately without estimating variation in species and their interactions(15), our understanding of ecological community organization and the predicted consequences of reduced biodiversity and environmental change would shift markedly. Here, I introduce a strong method to test the neutral theory that combines field parameterization of the underlying population dynamics with a field experiment, and apply it to a rocky intertidal community. Although the observed abundance-frequency distribution of the system follows that predicted by the neutral theory, the neutral theory predicts poorly the field experimental results, indicating an essential role for variation in species interactions.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Wootton, JT (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, 1101 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM twootton@uchicago.edu
NR 27
TC 116
Z9 136
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 309
EP 312
DI 10.1038/nature03211
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300054
PM 15662423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, P
AF Moore, P
TI Simplifying the probe set
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 238
EP 238
DI 10.1038/435238a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100052
PM 15889103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Depaepe, V
   Suarez-Gonzalez, N
   Dufour, A
   Passante, L
   Gorski, JA
   Jones, KR
   Ledent, C
   Vanderhaeghen, P
AF Depaepe, V
   Suarez-Gonzalez, N
   Dufour, A
   Passante, L
   Gorski, JA
   Jones, KR
   Ledent, C
   Vanderhaeghen, P
TI Ephrin signalling controls brain size by regulating apoptosis of neural progenitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-death; mouse neocortex; receptors; migration; survival; proliferation; neurogenesis; inhibition; neurons; cortex
AB Mechanisms controlling brain size include the regulation of neural progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration(1,2). Here we show that ephrin-A/EphA receptor signalling plays a key role in controlling the size of the mouse cerebral cortex by regulating cortical progenitor cell apoptosis. In vivo gain of EphA receptor function, achieved through ectopic expression of ephrin-A5 in early cortical progenitors expressing EphA7, caused a transient wave of neural progenitor cell apoptosis, resulting in premature depletion of progenitors and a subsequent dramatic decrease in cortical size. In vitro treatment with soluble ephrin-A ligands similarly induced the rapid death of cultured dissociated cortical progenitors in a caspase-3-dependent manner, thereby confirming a direct effect of ephrin/Eph signalling on apoptotic cascades. Conversely, in vivo loss of EphA function, achieved through EphA7 gene disruption, caused a reduction in apoptosis occurring normally in forebrain neural progenitors, resulting in an increase in cortical size and, in extreme cases, exencephalic forebrain overgrowth. Together, these results identify ephrin/Eph signalling as a physiological trigger for apoptosis that can alter brain size and shape by regulating the number of neural progenitors.
C1 Univ Brussels, IRIBHM, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Vanderhaeghen, P (corresponding author), Univ Brussels, IRIBHM, Campus Erasme,808 Route Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
EM pvdhaegh@ulb.ac.be
NR 30
TC 233
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1244
EP 1250
DI 10.1038/nature03651
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500046
PM 15902206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turnell, AS
   Stewart, GS
   Grand, RJA
   Rookes, SM
   Martin, A
   Yamano, H
   Elledge, SJ
   Gallimore, PH
AF Turnell, AS
   Stewart, GS
   Grand, RJA
   Rookes, SM
   Martin, A
   Yamano, H
   Elledge, SJ
   Gallimore, PH
TI The APC/C and CBP/p300 cooperate to regulate transcription and cell-cycle progression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase-promoting complex; adenovirus e1a; ubiquitin ligase; cbp coactivator; protein p300; p53; activation; transformation; binding; proteolysis
AB The anaphase- promoting complex/ cyclosome ( APC/ C) is a multicomponent E3 ubiquitin ligase that, by targeting protein substrates for 26S proteasome- mediated degradation through ubiquitination, coordinates the temporal progression of eukaryotic cells through mitosis and the subsequent G1 phase of the cell cycle(1-4). Other functions of the APC/ C are, however, less well defined. Here we show that two APC/ C components, APC5 and APC7, interact directly with the coactivators CBP and p300 through protein - protein interaction domains that are evolutionarily conserved in adenovirus E1A(5-8). This interaction stimulates intrinsic CBP/ p300 acetyltransferase activity and potentiates CBP/ p300- dependent transcription. We also show that APC5 and APC7 suppress E1A- mediated transformation in a CBP/ p300- dependent manner, indicating that these components of the APC/ C may be targeted during cellular transformation. Furthermore, we establish that CBP is required in APC/ C function; specifically, gene ablation of CBP by RNA- mediated interference markedly reduces the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the APC/ C and the progression of cells through mitosis. Taken together, our results define discrete roles for the APC/ C - CBP/ p300 complexes in growth regulation.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Canc Res UK Inst Canc Studies, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Marie Curie Res Inst, Surrey RH8 OTL, England.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Genet & Genom, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of Birmingham; Baylor College of Medicine; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Turnell, AS (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Canc Res UK Inst Canc Studies, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM A.S.Turnell@bham.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 85
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 690
EP 695
DI 10.1038/nature04151
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100055
PM 16319895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brocks, JJ
   Love, GD
   Summons, RE
   Knoll, AH
   Logan, GA
   Bowden, SA
AF Brocks, JJ
   Love, GD
   Summons, RE
   Knoll, AH
   Logan, GA
   Bowden, SA
TI Biomarker evidence for green and purple sulphur bacteria in a stratified Palaeoproterozoic sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proterozoic ocean chemistry; mcarthur basin; northern australia; petroleum geology; geochemistry; sulfate; anoxia; rock
AB The disappearance of iron formations from the geological record similar to 1.8 billion years (Gyr) ago was the consequence of rising oxygen levels in the atmosphere starting 2.45 - 2.32 Gyr ago(1-3). It marks the end of a 2.5-Gyr period dominated by anoxic and iron-rich deep oceans. However, despite rising oxygen levels and a concomitant increase in marine sulphate concentration, related to enhanced sulphide oxidation during continental weathering(4), the chemistry of the oceans in the following mid-Proterozoic interval (similar to 1.8 - 0.8 Gyr ago) probably did not yet resemble our oxygen-rich modern oceans. Recent data(5-8) indicate that marine oxygen and sulphate concentrations may have remained well below current levels during this period, with one model indicating that anoxic and sulphidic marine basins were widespread, and perhaps even globally distributed(4). Here we present hydrocarbon biomarkers ( molecular fossils) from a 1.64-Gyr-old basin in northern Australia, revealing the ecological structure of mid-Proterozoic marine communities. The biomarkers signify a marine basin with anoxic, sulphidic, sulphate-poor and permanently stratified deep waters, hostile to eukaryotic algae. Phototrophic purple sulphur bacteria ( Chromatiaceae) were detected in the geological record based on the new carotenoid biomarker okenane, and they seem to have co-existed with communities of green sulphur bacteria ( Chlorobiaceae). Collectively, the biomarkers support mounting evidence for a long-lasting Proterozoic world in which oxygen levels remained well below modern levels.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Geosci Australia, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geol & Petr Geol, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland.
C3 Australian National University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Macquarie University; Harvard University; Harvard University; Geoscience Australia; University of Aberdeen
RP Brocks, JJ (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM jochen.brocks@anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 468
Z9 556
U1 3
U2 174
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 866
EP 870
DI 10.1038/nature04068
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600042
PM 16208367
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sowa, Y
   Rowe, AD
   Leake, MC
   Yakushi, T
   Homma, M
   Ishijima, A
   Berry, RM
AF Sowa, Y
   Rowe, AD
   Leake, MC
   Yakushi, T
   Homma, M
   Ishijima, A
   Berry, RM
TI Direct observation of steps in rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID torque-generating units; escherichia-coli; rotary motor; na+-driven; vibrio-alginolyticus; protonmotive force; f-1-atpase; mechanism; speed; rotor
AB The bacterial flagellar motor is a rotary molecular machine that rotates the helical filaments that propel many species of swimming bacteria(1,2). The rotor is a set of rings up to 45 nm in diameter in the cytoplasmic membrane(3); the stator contains about ten torque-generating units anchored to the cell wall at the perimeter of the rotor(4,5). The free-energy source for the motor is an inward-directed electrochemical gradient of ions across the cytoplasmic membrane, the protonmotive force or sodium-motive force for H+-driven and Na+-driven motors, respectively. Here we demonstrate a stepping motion of a Na+-driven chimaeric flagellar motor in Escherichia coli(6) at low sodium-motive force and with controlled expression of a small number of torque-generating units. We observe 26 steps per revolution, which is consistent with the periodicity of the ring of FliG protein, the proposed site of torque generation on the rotor(7,8). Backwards steps despite the absence of the flagellar switching protein CheY indicate a small change in free energy per step, similar to that of a single ion transit.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Appl Phys, Chikusa Ku, Aichi 4648603, Japan.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Chikusa Ku, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Kawagoe, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; University of Oxford; Nagoya University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Berry, RM (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Appl Phys, Chikusa Ku, Aichi 4648603, Japan.
EM r.berry1@physics.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 294
U1 2
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 916
EP 919
DI 10.1038/nature04003
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600053
PM 16208378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oganov, AR
   Martonák, R
   Laio, A
   Raiteri, P
   Parrinello, M
AF Oganov, AR
   Martonák, R
   Laio, A
   Raiteri, P
   Parrinello, M
TI Anisotropy of Earth's D" layer and stacking faults in the MgSiO3 post-perovskite phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID augmented-wave method; core-mantle boundary; lowermost mantle; azimuthal anisotropy; seismic anisotropy; molecular-dynamics; transition; elasticity
AB The post-perovskite phase of (Mg, Fe) SiO3 is believed to be the main mineral phase of the Earth's lowermost mantle (the D '' layer). Its properties explain(1-6) numerous geophysical observations associated with this layer - for example, the D '' discontinuity(7), its topography(8) and seismic anisotropy within the layer(9). Here we use a novel simulation technique, first-principles metadynamics, to identify a family of low-energy polytypic stacking-fault structures intermediate between the perovskite and post-perovskite phases. Metadynamics trajectories identify plane sliding involving the formation of stacking faults as the most favourable pathway for the phase transition, and as a likely mechanism for plastic deformation of perovskite and post-perovskite. In particular, the predicted slip planes are {010} for perovskite ( consistent with experiment(10,11)) and {110} for postperovskite ( in contrast to the previously expected {010} slip planes(1-4)). Dominant slip planes define the lattice preferred orientation and elastic anisotropy of the texture. The {110} slip planes in post-perovskite require a much smaller degree of lattice preferred orientation to explain geophysical observations of shear-wave anisotropy in the D '' layer.
C1 ETH, Dept Mat, Crystallog Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   ETH, Dept Chem & Appl Sci, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Oganov, AR (corresponding author), ETH, Dept Mat, Crystallog Lab, HCI G 515,Wolfgang Pauli Str 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM a.oganov@mat.ethz.ch
NR 27
TC 188
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1142
EP 1144
DI 10.1038/nature04439
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500047
PM 16372006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loll, B
   Kern, J
   Saenger, W
   Zouni, A
   Biesiadka, J
AF Loll, B
   Kern, J
   Saenger, W
   Zouni, A
   Biesiadka, J
TI Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 Å resolution structure of photosystem II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ftir difference spectroscopy; cytochrome b(6)f complex; amino-acid-residues; manganese cluster; crystal-structure; water-oxidation; d1 polypeptide; mn-cluster; angstrom resolution; coordination
AB Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae and cyanobacteria is initiated at photosystem II, a homodimeric multisubunit protein cofactor complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane(1). Photosystem II captures sunlight and powers the unique photo-induced oxidation of water to atmospheric oxygen(1,2). Crystallographic investigations of cyanobacterial photosystem II have provided several medium-resolution structures (3.8 to 3.2 angstrom)(3-6) that explain the general arrangement of the protein matrix and cofactors, but do not give a full picture of the complex. Here we describe the most complete cyanobacterial photosystem II structure obtained so far, showing locations of and interactions between 20 protein subunits and 77 cofactors per monomer. Assignment of 11 beta-carotenes yields insights into electron and energy transfer and photoprotection mechanisms in the reaction centre and antenna subunits. The high number of 14 integrally bound lipids reflects the structural and functional importance of these molecules for flexibility within and assembly of photosystem II. A lipophilic pathway is proposed for the diffusion of secondary plastoquinone that transfers redox equivalents from photosystem II to the photosynthetic chain. The structure provides information about the Mn4Ca cluster, where oxidation of water takes place. Our study uncovers near-atomic details necessary to understand the processes that convert light to chemical energy.
C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Chem & Biochem Kristallog, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Tech Univ Berlin, Inst Chem, Max Volmer Lab Biophys Chem, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Technical University of Berlin
RP Saenger, W (corresponding author), Free Univ Berlin, Inst Chem & Biochem Kristallog, Takustr 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
EM saenger@chemie.fu-berlin.de; zouni@phosis1.chem.tu-berlin.de
NR 30
TC 1616
Z9 1818
U1 7
U2 400
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1040
EP 1044
DI 10.1038/nature04224
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600072
PM 16355230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janssen, EM
   Droin, NM
   Lemmens, EE
   Pinkoski, MJ
   Bensinger, SJ
   Ehst, BD
   Griffith, TS
   Green, DR
   Schoenberger, SP
AF Janssen, EM
   Droin, NM
   Lemmens, EE
   Pinkoski, MJ
   Bensinger, SJ
   Ehst, BD
   Griffith, TS
   Green, DR
   Schoenberger, SP
TI CD4+ T-cell help controls CD8+ T-cell memory via TRAIL-mediated activation-induced cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; cd8-t-cell memory; cd4-t-cell help; acute infection; ligand trail; fas-ligand; apoptosis; expression; receptor; family
AB The 'help' provided by CD4(+) T lymphocytes during the priming of CD8(+) T lymphocytes confers a key feature of immune memory: the capacity for autonomous secondary expansion following re-encounter with antigen(1-4). Once primed in the presence of CD4(+) T cells, 'helped' CD8(+) T cells acquire the ability to undergo a second round of clonal expansion upon restimulation in the absence of T-cell help. 'Helpless' CD8(+) T cells that are primed in the absence of CD4(+) T cells, in contrast, can mediate effector functions such as cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion upon restimulation, but do not undergo a second round of clonal expansion. These disparate responses have features of being 'programmed', that is, guided by signals that are transmitted to naive CD8(+) T cells during priming, which encode specific fates for their clonal progeny. Here we explore the instructional programme that governs the secondary response of CD8(+) T cells and find that helpless cells undergo death by activation-induced cell death upon secondary stimulation. This death is mediated by tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)- related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( TRAIL). Regulation of Trail expression can therefore account for the role of CD4(+) T cells in the generation of CD8(+) T cell memory and represents a novel mechanism for controlling adaptive immune responses.
C1 La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Div Cellular Immunol, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Urol, Interdisciplinary Grad Program Immunol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 La Jolla Institute for Immunology; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Iowa
RP Schoenberger, SP (corresponding author), La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Div Cellular Immunol, 10355 Sci Ctr Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
EM doug@liai.org; sps@liai.org
NR 26
TC 511
Z9 653
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 88
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature03337
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600049
PM 15744305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qiu, XD
   Kumbalasiri, T
   Carlson, SM
   Wong, KY
   Krishna, V
   Provencio, I
   Berson, DM
AF Qiu, XD
   Kumbalasiri, T
   Carlson, SM
   Wong, KY
   Krishna, V
   Provencio, I
   Berson, DM
TI Induction of photosensitivity by heterologous expression of melanopsin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinal ganglion-cells; trp channels; responses; phototransduction; melanophores; currents; opsin
AB Melanopsin(1-8) has been proposed to be the photopigment of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)(7-15); these photoreceptors of the mammalian eye drive circadian and pupillary adjustments through direct projections to the brain(5,6,8 - 14,16 - 18). Their action spectrum (lambda(max) approximate to 480 nm) implicates an opsin(10) and melanopsin is the only opsin known to exist in these cells. Melanopsin is required for ipRGC photosensitivity(13) and for behavioural photoresponses that survive disrupted rod and cone function(14,17). Heterologously expressed melanopsin apparently binds retinaldehyde and mediates photic activation of G proteins(19). However, its amino- acid sequence differs from vertebrate photosensory opsins(1,20) and some have suggested that melanopsin may be a photoisomerase, providing retinoid chromophore to an unidentified opsin(3,20). To determine whether melanopsin is a functional sensory photopigment, here we transiently expressed it in HEK293 cells that stably expressed TRPC3 channels. Light triggered a membrane depolarization in these cells and increased intracellular calcium. The light response resembled that of ipRGCs, with almost identical spectral sensitivity (lambda(max) approximate to 479 nm). The phototransduction pathway included Gq or a related G protein, phospholipase C and TRPC3 channels. We conclude that mammalian melanopsin is a functional sensory photopigment, that it is the photopigment of ganglion-cell photoreceptors, and that these photoreceptors may use an invertebrate-like phototransduction cascade.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Anat Physiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
   Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Grad Program Neurosci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
C3 Brown University; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - USA
RP Berson, DM (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Box 1953, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM David_Berson@brown.edu
NR 32
TC 347
Z9 457
U1 2
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 745
EP 749
DI 10.1038/nature03345
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200040
PM 15674243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaensler, BM
   Kouveliotou, C
   Gelfand, JD
   Taylor, GB
   Eichler, D
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Granot, J
   Ramirez-Ruiz, E
   Lyubarsky, YE
   Hunstead, RW
   Campbell-Wilson, D
   van der Horst, AJ
   McLaughlin, MA
   Fender, RP
   Garrett, MA
   Newton-McGee, KJ
   Palmer, DM
   Gehrels, N
   Woods, PM
AF Gaensler, BM
   Kouveliotou, C
   Gelfand, JD
   Taylor, GB
   Eichler, D
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Granot, J
   Ramirez-Ruiz, E
   Lyubarsky, YE
   Hunstead, RW
   Campbell-Wilson, D
   van der Horst, AJ
   McLaughlin, MA
   Fender, RP
   Garrett, MA
   Newton-McGee, KJ
   Palmer, DM
   Gehrels, N
   Woods, PM
TI An expanding radio nebula produced by a giant flare from the magnetar SGR 1806-20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ray repeater sgr1900+14; soft gamma-repeaters; radiative mechanism; sgr 1806-20; pulsar; sgr-1900+14; afterglows
AB Soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are 'magnetars', a small class of slowly spinning neutron stars with extreme surface magnetic fields, B approximate to 10(15) gauss (refs 1-3). On 27 December 2004, a giant flare(4) was detected from the magnetar SGR 1806-20 (ref. 2), only the third such event recorded(5,6). This burst of energy was detected by a variety of instruments(7,8) and even caused an ionospheric disturbance in the Earth's upper atmosphere that was recorded around the globe(9). Here we report the detection of a fading radio afterglow produced by this outburst, with a luminosity 500 times larger than the only other detection of a similar source(10). From day 6 to day 19 after the flare from SGR 1806-20, a resolved, linearly polarized, radio nebula was seen, expanding at approximately a quarter of the speed of light. To create this nebula, at least 4 x 10(43) ergs of energy must have been emitted by the giant flare in the form of magnetic fields and relativistic particles.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   Joint Inst VLBI Europe, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Stanford University; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; University of Amsterdam; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of Sydney; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; University of Southampton; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Gaensler, BM (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM bgaensler@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 27
TC 151
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1104
EP 1106
DI 10.1038/nature03498
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300035
PM 15858566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benabid, F
   Couny, F
   Knight, JC
   Birks, TA
   Russell, PS
AF Benabid, F
   Couny, F
   Knight, JC
   Birks, TA
   Russell, PS
TI Compact, stable and efficient all-fibre gas cells using hollow-core photonic crystal fibres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shift
AB Gas-phase materials are used in a variety of laser-based applications - for example, in high- precision frequency measurement(1,2), quantum optics and nonlinear optics(3,4). Their full potential has however not been realized because of the lack of a suitable technology for creating gas cells that can guide light over long lengths in a single transverse mode while still offering a high level of integration in a practical and compact set-up or device. As a result, solid-phase materials are still often favoured, even when their performance compares unfavourably with gas-phase systems. Here we report the development of all-fibre gas cells that meet these challenges. Our structures are based on gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibres, in which we have recently demonstrated substantially enhanced stimulated Raman scattering(5,6), and which exhibit high performance, excellent long-term pressure stability and ease of use. To illustrate the practical potential of these structures, we report two different devices: a hydrogen-filled cell for efficient generation of rotational Raman scattering using only quasi-continuous-wave laser pulses; and acetylene-filled cells, which we use for absolute frequency-locking of diode lasers with very high signal-to-noise ratios. The stable performance of these compact gas-phase devices could permit, for example, gas-phase laser devices incorporated in a 'credit card' or even in a laser pointer.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Photon & Photon Mat Grp, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bath
RP Benabid, F (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Phys, Photon & Photon Mat Grp, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM pysab@bath.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S20178/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 17
TC 451
Z9 508
U1 8
U2 198
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 488
EP 491
DI 10.1038/nature03349
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000037
PM 15791251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borchert, R
   Renner, SS
   Calle, Z
   Navarrete, D
   Tye, A
   Gautier, L
   Spichiger, R
   von Hildebrand, P
AF Borchert, R
   Renner, SS
   Calle, Z
   Navarrete, D
   Tye, A
   Gautier, L
   Spichiger, R
   von Hildebrand, P
TI Photoperiodic induction of synchronous flowering near the Equator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID length; trees
AB In tropical rainforests, 30 - 65% of tree species grow at densities of less than one individual per hectare(1). At these low population densities, successful cross- pollination relies on synchronous flowering. In rainforests with low climatic seasonality, photoperiodic control is the only reliable mechanism for inducing synchronous flowering(2,3). This poses a problem because there is no variation in day length at the Equator. Here we propose a new mechanism of photoperiodic timekeeping based on the perception of variation in sunrise or sunset time, which explains and predicts the annually repeated, staggered, synchronous and bimodal flowering of many tree species in Amazonian rainforests near the Equator.
C1 Univ Kansas, Div Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Munich, Dept Biol, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
   CIPAV, Ctr Res Sustainable Agr, Cali AA 20591, Colombia.
   Fdn Puerto Rastrojo, Bogota AA 241438, Colombia.
   Charles Darwin Res Stn, Dept Bot, Quito, Ecuador.
   Conservatoire & Jardin Bot Ville Geneve, CH-1292 Chambesy, GE, Switzerland.
C3 University of Kansas; University of Munich
RP Borchert, R (corresponding author), Univ Kansas, Div Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
EM borchert@ku.edu
NR 17
TC 177
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 627
EP 629
DI 10.1038/nature03259
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000043
PM 15703746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rasmann, S
   Köllner, TG
   Degenhardt, J
   Hiltpold, I
   Toepfer, S
   Kuhlmann, U
   Gershenzon, J
   Turlings, TCJ
AF Rasmann, S
   Köllner, TG
   Degenhardt, J
   Hiltpold, I
   Toepfer, S
   Kuhlmann, U
   Gershenzon, J
   Turlings, TCJ
TI Recruitment of entomopathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID corn-rootworm coleoptera; sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; volatile emissions; biological-control; plants; steinernematidae; carpocapsae; variability; parasitism; efficacy
AB Plants under attack by arthropod herbivores often emit volatile compounds from their leaves that attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Here we report the first identification of an insect-induced belowground plant signal, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, which strongly attracts an entomopathogenic nematode. Maize roots release this sesquiterpene in response to feeding by larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, a maize pest that is currently invading Europe. Most North American maize lines do not release (E)-beta-caryophyllene, whereas European lines and the wild maize ancestor, teosinte, readily do so in response to D. v. virgifera attack. This difference was consistent with striking differences in the attractiveness of representative lines in the laboratory. Field experiments showed a fivefold higher nematode infection rate of D. v. virgifera larvae on a maize variety that produces the signal than on a variety that does not, whereas spiking the soil near the latter variety with authentic (E)-beta-caryophyllene decreased the emergence of adult D. v. virgifera to less than half. North American maize lines must have lost the signal during the breeding process. Development of new varieties that release the attractant in adequate amounts should help enhance the efficacy of nematodes as biological control agents against root pests like D. v. virgifera.
C1 Univ Neuchatel, Inst Zool, Lab Anim Ecol & Entomol, CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   CABI Biosci Switzerland Ctr, CH-2800 Delemont, Switzerland.
C3 University of Neuchatel; Max Planck Society
RP Turlings, TCJ (corresponding author), Univ Neuchatel, Inst Zool, Lab Anim Ecol & Entomol, CP 2, CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
EM ted.turlings@unine.ch
NR 40
TC 1019
Z9 1211
U1 14
U2 559
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 732
EP 737
DI 10.1038/nature03451
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700032
PM 15815622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirn, TJ
   Jude, BA
   Taylor, RK
AF Kirn, TJ
   Jude, BA
   Taylor, RK
TI A colonization factor links Vibrio cholerae environmental survival and human infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxin-coregulated pilus; receptor protein; epithelial-cells; intestinal-cells; blood-group; chitin; zooplankton; attachment; expression; adherence
AB Many bacteria that cause diseases must be able to survive inside and outside the host. Attachment to and colonization of abiotic or biotic surfaces is a common mechanism by which various microorganisms enhance their ability to survive in diverse environments(1). Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative aquatic bacillus that is often found in the environment attached to the chitinous exo-skeletons of zooplankton(2,3). It has been suggested that attachment to zooplankton enhances environmental survival of Vibrio spp., probably by providing both an abundant source of carbon and nitrogen and protection from numerous environmental challenges(4). On ingestion by humans, some serogroups of V. cholerae cause the diarrhoeal disease cholera(5). The pathophysiology of cholera is a result of the effects of cholera toxin on intestinal epithelial cells. For sufficient quantities of cholera toxin to reach the intestinal epithelium and to produce clinical symptoms, colonization of the small bowel must occur. Because most V. cholerae do not colonize humans, but all probably require strategies for survival in the environment, we considered that colonization factors selected for in the environment may be the same as those required for intestinal colonization of humans. In support of this hypothesis, here we have identified a single protein required for efficient intestinal colonization that mediates attachment to both zooplankton and human epithelial cells by binding to a sugar present on both surfaces.
C1 Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 Dartmouth College
RP Taylor, RK (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
EM Ronald.K.Taylor@dartmouth.edu
NR 27
TC 265
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 863
EP 866
DI 10.1038/nature04249
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800053
PM 16341015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xavier, KB
   Bassler, BL
AF Xavier, KB
   Bassler, BL
TI Interference with Al-2-mediated bacterial cell-cell communication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quorum-sensing signal; vibrio-harveyi; salmonella-typhimurium; escherichia-coli; expression; cholerae; luminescence; sequence; al-2; family
AB Bacteria communicate by means of chemical signal molecules called autoinducers. This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to count the members in the community and to alter gene expression synchronously across the population. Quorum-sensing-controlled processes are often crucial for successful bacterial - host relationships - both symbiotic and pathogenic. Most quorum-sensing autoinducers promote intraspecies communication, but one autoinducer, called AI-2, is produced and detected by a wide variety of bacteria and is proposed to allow interspecies communication(1,2). Here we show that some species of bacteria can manipulate AI-2 signalling and interfere with other species' ability to assess and respond correctly to changes in cell population density. AI-2 signalling, and the interference with it, could have important ramifications for eukaryotes in the maintenance of normal microflora and in protection from pathogenic bacteria.
C1 Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Bassler, BL (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM bbassler@molbio.princeton.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM065859] Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 255
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 129
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 750
EP 753
DI 10.1038/nature03960
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900056
PM 16193054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, DB
   Coe, AL
   Cohen, AS
   Schwark, L
AF Kemp, DB
   Coe, AL
   Cohen, AS
   Schwark, L
TI Astronomical pacing of methane release in the Early Jurassic period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic anoxic event; sea-level change; gas-hydrate; isotope evidence; thermal maximum; toarcian; dissociation; carbon; sedimentary; end
AB A pronounced negative carbon-isotope (delta(13)C) excursion of similar to 5-7 parts per thousand (refs 1 - 7) indicates the occurrence of a significant perturbation to the global carbon cycle during the Early Jurassic period (early Toarcian age, similar to 183 million years ago). The rapid release of C-12-enriched biogenic methane as a result of continental-shelf methane hydrate dissociation has been put forward as a possible explanation for this observation(1,7,8). Here we report high-resolution organic carbon-isotope data from well-preserved mudrocks in Yorkshire, UK, which demonstrate that the carbon-isotope excursion occurred in three abrupt stages, each showing a shift of -2 parts per thousand to -3 parts per thousand. Spectral analysis of these carbon-isotope measurements and of high-resolution carbonate abundance data reveals a regular cyclicity. We interpret these results as providing strong evidence that methane release proceeded in three rapid pulses and that these pulses were controlled by astronomically forced changes in climate, superimposed upon longer-term global warming. We also find that the first two pulses of methane release each coincided with the extinction of a large proportion of marine species(9).
C1 Open Univ, Ctr Earth Planetary Space & Astron Res, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Geol, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
C3 Open University - UK; University of Cologne
RP Kemp, DB (corresponding author), Open Univ, Ctr Earth Planetary Space & Astron Res, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
EM d.kemp@open.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 440
Z9 478
U1 8
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 396
EP 399
DI 10.1038/nature04037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100050
PM 16163353
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baugh, J
   Moussa, O
   Ryan, CA
   Nayak, A
   Laflamme, R
AF Baugh, J
   Moussa, O
   Ryan, CA
   Nayak, A
   Laflamme, R
TI Experimental implementation of heat-bath algorithmic cooling using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum computation; computers
AB The counter-intuitive properties of quantum mechanics have the potential to revolutionize information processing by enabling the development of efficient algorithms with no known classical counterparts(1,2). Harnessing this power requires the development of a set of building blocks(3), one of which is a method to initialize the set of quantum bits (qubits) to a known state. Additionally, fresh ancillary qubits must be available during the course of computation to achieve fault tolerance(4-7). In any physical system used to implement quantum computation, one must therefore be able to selectively and dynamically remove entropy from the part of the system that is to be mapped to qubits. One such method is an 'open-system' cooling protocol in which a subset of qubits can be brought into contact with an external system of large heat capacity. Theoretical efforts(8-10) have led to an implementation-independent cooling procedure, namely heat-bath algorithmic cooling. These efforts have culminated with the proposal of an optimal algorithm, the partner-pairing algorithm, which was used to compute the physical limits of heat-bath algorithmic cooling(11). Here we report the experimental realization of multi-step cooling of a quantum system via heat-bath algorithmic cooling. The experiment was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance of a solid-state ensemble three-qubit system. We demonstrate the repeated repolarization of a particular qubit to an effective spin-bath temperature, and alternating logical operations within the three-qubit subspace to ultimately cool a second qubit below this temperature. Demonstration of the control necessary for these operations represents an important step forward in the manipulation of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance qubits.
C1 Univ Waterloo, Inst Quantum Comp, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Combinator & Optimizat, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
   Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada.
C3 University of Waterloo; University of Waterloo; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
RP Baugh, J (corresponding author), Univ Waterloo, Inst Quantum Comp, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
EM baugh@iqc.ca
NR 22
TC 108
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 470
EP 473
DI 10.1038/nature04272
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200043
PM 16306986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palla, G
   Derenyi, I
   Farkas, I
   Vicsek, T
AF Palla, G
   Derenyi, I
   Farkas, I
   Vicsek, T
TI Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Many complex systems in nature and society can be described in terms of networks capturing the intricate web of connections among the units they are made of(1-4). A key question is how to interpret the global organization of such networks as the coexistence of their structural subunits ( communities) associated with more highly interconnected parts. Identifying these a priori unknown building blocks ( such as functionally related proteins(5,6), industrial sectors(7) and groups of people(8,9)) is crucial to the understanding of the structural and functional properties of networks. The existing deterministic methods used for large networks find separated communities, whereas most of the actual networks are made of highly overlapping cohesive groups of nodes. Here we introduce an approach to analysing the main statistical features of the interwoven sets of overlapping communities that makes a step towards uncovering the modular structure of complex systems. After defining a set of new characteristic quantities for the statistics of communities, we apply an efficient technique for exploring overlapping communities on a large scale. We find that overlaps are significant, and the distributions we introduce reveal universal features of networks. Our studies of collaboration, word-association and protein interaction graphs show that the web of communities has non-trivial correlations and specific scaling properties.
C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Biol Phys Res Grp, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Vicsek, T (corresponding author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Biol Phys Res Grp, Pazmany Pstny 1A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
EM vicsek@angel.elte.hu
NR 30
TC 3361
Z9 4187
U1 12
U2 580
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 814
EP 818
DI 10.1038/nature03607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700050
PM 15944704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hill, RS
   Walsh, CA
AF Hill, RS
   Walsh, CA
TI Molecular insights into human brain evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral cortical size; major determinant; mammalian neocortex; homo-sapiens; great apes; cell-cycle; gene; language; speech; cortex
AB Rapidly advancing knowledge of genome structure and sequence enables new means for the analysis of specific DNA changes associated with the differences between the human brain and that of other mammals. Recent studies implicate evolutionary changes in messenger RNA and protein expression levels, as well as DNA changes that alter amino acid sequences. We can anticipate having a systematic catalogue of DNA changes in the lineage leading to humans, but an ongoing challenge will be relating these changes to the anatomical and functional differences between our brain and that of our ancient and more recent ancestors.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Neurogenet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Walsh, CA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Neurogenet, Room 266,New Res Bldg,77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM cwalsh@bidmc.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 174
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature04103
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400044
PM 16136130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collier, LS
   Carlson, CM
   Ravimohan, S
   Dupuy, AJ
   Largaespada, DA
AF Collier, LS
   Carlson, CM
   Ravimohan, S
   Dupuy, AJ
   Largaespada, DA
TI Cancer gene discovery in solid tumours using transposon-based somatic mutagenesis in the mouse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sleeping-beauty; expression; genome; cells; fish; mice
AB Retroviruses, acting as somatic cell insertional mutagens, have been widely used to identify cancer genes in the haematopoietic system and mammary gland(1,2). An insertional mutagen for use in other mouse somatic cells would facilitate the identification of genes involved in tumour formation in a wider variety of tissues. Here we report the ability of the Sleeping Beauty transposon to act as a somatic insertional mutagen to identify genes involved in solid tumour formation. A Sleeping Beauty transposon, engineered to elicit loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations, transposed in all somatic tissues tested and accelerated tumour formation in mice predisposed to cancer. Cloning transposon insertion sites from these tumours revealed the presence of common integration sites, at known and candidate cancer genes, similar to those observed in retroviral mutagenesis screens. Sleeping Beauty is a new tool for unbiased, forward genetic screens for cancer genes in vivo.
C1 Univ Minnesota Twin Cities, Ctr Canc, Arnold & Mabel Beckman Ctr Transposon Res, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Largaespada, DA (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota Twin Cities, Ctr Canc, Arnold & Mabel Beckman Ctr Transposon Res, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM larga002@umn.edu
NR 27
TC 341
Z9 419
U1 2
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 272
EP 276
DI 10.1038/nature03681
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500044
PM 16015333
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, JT
   Gérard, JC
   Grodent, D
   Wannawichian, S
   Gustin, J
   Connerney, J
   Crary, F
   Dougherty, M
   Kurth, W
   Cowley, SWH
   Bunce, EJ
   Hill, T
   Kim, J
AF Clarke, JT
   Gérard, JC
   Grodent, D
   Wannawichian, S
   Gustin, J
   Connerney, J
   Crary, F
   Dougherty, M
   Kurth, W
   Cowley, SWH
   Bunce, EJ
   Hill, T
   Kim, J
TI Morphological differences between Saturn's ultraviolet aurorae and those of Earth and Jupiter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha emission; magnetosphere; oval
AB It has often been stated that Saturn's magnetosphere and aurorae are intermediate between those of Earth, where the dominant processes are solar wind driven(1), and those of Jupiter, where processes are driven by a large source of internal plasma(2-4). But this view is based on information about Saturn that is far inferior to what is now available. Here we report ultraviolet images of Saturn, which, when combined with simultaneous Cassini measurements of the solar wind(5) and Saturn kilometric radio emission(6), demonstrate that its aurorae differ morphologically from those of both Earth and Jupiter. Saturn's auroral emissions vary slowly; some features appear in partial corotation whereas others are fixed to the solar wind direction; the auroral oval shifts quickly in latitude; and the aurora is often not centred on the magnetic pole nor closed on itself. In response to a large increase in solar wind dynamic pressure(5) Saturn's aurora brightened dramatically, the brightest auroral emissions moved to higher latitudes, and the dawn side polar regions were filled with intense emissions. The brightening is reminiscent of terrestrial aurorae, but the other two variations are not. Rather than being intermediate between the Earth and Jupiter, Saturn's auroral emissions behave fundamentally differently from those at the other planets.
C1 Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Rice Univ, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Yonsei Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
C3 Boston University; University of Liege; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Southwest Research Institute; Imperial College London; University of Iowa; University of Leicester; Rice University; Yonsei University
RP Clarke, JT (corresponding author), Boston Univ, 725 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM jclarke@bu.edu
NR 15
TC 139
Z9 145
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 717
EP 719
DI 10.1038/nature03331
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200031
PM 15716945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU LaCount, DJ
   Vignali, M
   Chettier, R
   Phansalkar, A
   Bell, R
   Hesselberth, JR
   Schoenfeld, LW
   Ota, I
   Sahasrabudhe, S
   Kurschner, C
   Fields, S
   Hughes, RE
AF LaCount, DJ
   Vignali, M
   Chettier, R
   Phansalkar, A
   Bell, R
   Hesselberth, JR
   Schoenfeld, LW
   Ota, I
   Sahasrabudhe, S
   Kurschner, C
   Fields, S
   Hughes, RE
TI A protein interaction network of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast; genomics; acetyltransferase; expression; virulence; biology; map
AB Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria and kills up to 2.7 million people annually(1). Despite the global importance of P. falciparum, the vast majority of its proteins have not been characterized experimentally. Here we identify P. falciparum protein - protein interactions using a high-throughput version of the yeast two-hybrid assay that circumvents the difficulties in expressing P. falciparum proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. From more than 32,000 yeast two-hybrid screens with P. falciparum protein fragments, we identified 2,846 unique interactions, most of which include at least one previously uncharacterized protein. Informatic analyses of network connectivity, coexpression of the genes encoding interacting fragments, and enrichment of specific protein domains or Gene Ontology annotations(2) were used to identify groups of interacting proteins, including one implicated in chromatin modification, transcription, messenger RNA stability and ubiquitination, and another implicated in the invasion of host cells. These data constitute the first extensive description of the protein interaction network for this important human pathogen.
C1 Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Prolexys Pharmaceut Inc, Salt Lake City, UT 84111 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Fields, S (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Box 357730, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM fields@u.washington.edu; rhughes@buckinstitute.org
NR 30
TC 418
Z9 506
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 103
EP 107
DI 10.1038/nature04104
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000050
PM 16267556
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, L
   Thomson, JM
   Hemann, MT
   Hernando-Monge, E
   Mu, D
   Goodson, S
   Powers, S
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Lowe, SW
   Hannon, GJ
   Hammond, SM
AF He, L
   Thomson, JM
   Hemann, MT
   Hernando-Monge, E
   Mu, D
   Goodson, S
   Powers, S
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Lowe, SW
   Hannon, GJ
   Hammond, SM
TI A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; rna; suppression; encodes; target
AB To date, more than 200 microRNAs have been described in humans; however, the precise functions of these regulatory, noncoding RNAs remains largely obscure. One cluster of microRNAs, the mir-17-92 polycistron, is located in a region of DNA that is amplified in human B-cell lymphomas(1). Here we compared B-cell lymphoma samples and cell lines to normal tissues, and found that the levels of the primary or mature microRNAs derived from the mir-17-92 locus are often substantially increased in these cancers. Enforced expression of the mir-17-92 cluster acted with c-myc expression to accelerate tumour development in a mouse B-cell lymphoma model. Tumours derived from haematopoietic stem cells expressing a subset of the mir- 17 - 92 cluster and c-myc could be distinguished by an absence of apoptosis that was otherwise prevalent in c-myc-induced lymphomas. Together, these studies indicate that non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs, can modulate tumour formation, and implicate the mir- 17 - 92 cluster as a potential human oncogene.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Div Mol Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Hannon, GJ (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM hannon@cshl.edu; hammond@med.unc.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [P01CA087497, P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA087497, P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 3051
Z9 3731
U1 3
U2 287
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 828
EP 833
DI 10.1038/nature03552
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700053
PM 15944707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, P
   Huang, XH
   Zhou, RH
   Berne, BJ
AF Liu, P
   Huang, XH
   Zhou, RH
   Berne, BJ
TI Observation of a dewetting transition in the collapse of the melittin tetramer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrophobic hydration; water; simulation; plates
AB Marked hydration changes occur during the self-assembly of the melittin protein tetramer in water. Hydrophobicity induces a drying transition in the gap between simple sufficiently large ( more than 1 nm(2)) strongly hydrophobic surfaces as they approach each other(1-6), resulting in the subsequent collapse of the system, as well as a depletion of water next to single surfaces(7-10). Here we investigate whether the hydrophobic induced collapse of multidomain proteins or the formation of protein oligimers exhibits a similar drying transition. We performed computer simulations to study the collapse of the tetramer of melittin in water, and observed a marked water drying transition inside a nanoscale channel of the tetramer ( with a channel size of up to two or three water-molecule diameters). This transition, although occurring on a microscopic length scale, is analogous to a first-order phase transition from liquid to vapour. We find that this drying is very sensitive to single mutations of the three isoleucines to less hydrophobic residues and that such mutations in the right locations can switch the channel from being dry to being wet. Thus, quite subtle changes in hydrophobic surface topology can profoundly influence the drying transition. We show that, even in the presence of the polar protein backbone, sufficiently hydrophobic protein surfaces can induce a liquid - vapour transition providing an enormous driving force towards further collapse. This behaviour was unexpected because of the absence of drying in the collapse of the multidomain protein 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase (BphC).
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Computat Biol Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 Columbia University; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Zhou, RH (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM ruhongz@us.ibm.com; berne@chem.columbia.edu
NR 20
TC 348
Z9 392
U1 2
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/nature03926
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400061
PM 16136146
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weber, CP
   Gedik, N
   Moore, JE
   Orenstein, J
   Stephens, J
   Awschalom, DD
AF Weber, CP
   Gedik, N
   Moore, JE
   Orenstein, J
   Stephens, J
   Awschalom, DD
TI Observation of spin Coulomb drag in a two-dimensional electron gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stimulated raman-scattering; heterodyne-detection
AB An electron propagating through a solid carries spin angular momentum in addition to its mass and charge. Of late there has been considerable interest in developing electronic devices based on the transport of spin that offer potential advantages in dissipation, size and speed over charge-based devices(1). However, these advantages bring with them additional complexity. Because each electron carries a single, fixed value (-e) of charge, the electrical current carried by a gas of electrons is simply proportional to its total momentum. A fundamental consequence is that the charge current is not affected by interactions that conserve total momentum, notably collisions among the electrons themselves(2). In contrast, the electron's spin along a given spatial direction can take on two values, +/-(h) over bar /2 (conventionally up arrow, down arrow), so that the spin current and momentum need not be proportional. Although the transport of spin polarization is not protected by momentum conservation, it has been widely assumed that, like the charge current, spin current is unaffected by electron - electron ( e - e) interactions. Here we demonstrate experimentally not only that this assumption is invalid, but also that over a broad range of temperature and electron density, the flow of spin polarization in a two-dimensional gas of electrons is controlled by the rate of e - e collisions.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CALTECH, Arthur Amos Noyes Lab Chem Phys, Lab Mol Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Ctr Spintron & Quantum Computat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Weber, CP (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM cpweber@lbl.gov
NR 18
TC 206
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1330
EP 1333
DI 10.1038/nature04206
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100047
PM 16251958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andolfatto, P
AF Andolfatto, P
TI Adaptive evolution of non-coding DNA in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID background selection; molecular evolution; protein evolution; patterns; melanogaster; sequence; gene; constraints; genm
AB A large fraction of eukaryotic genomes consists of DNA that is not translated into protein sequence, and little is known about its functional significance. Here I show that several classes of non-coding DNA in Drosophila are evolving considerably slower than synonymous sites, and yet show an excess of between-species divergence relative to polymorphism when compared with synonymous sites. The former is a hallmark of selective constraint, but the latter is a signature of adaptive evolution, resembling general patterns of protein evolution in Drosophila(1,2). I estimate that about 40-70% of nucleotides in intergenic regions, untranslated portions of mature mRNAs ( UTRs) and most intronic DNA are evolutionarily constrained relative to synonymous sites. However, I also use an extension to the McDonald-Kreitman test(3) to show that a substantial fraction of the nucleotide divergence in these regions was driven to fixation by positive selection (about 20% for most intronic and intergenic DNA, and 60% for UTRs). On the basis of these observations, I suggest that a large fraction of the non-translated genome is functionally important and subject to both purifying selection and adaptive evolution. These results imply that, although positive selection is clearly an important facet of protein evolution, adaptive changes to non-coding DNA might have been considerably more common in the evolution of D. melanogaster.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, Sect Ecol Behav & Evolut, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Andolfatto, P (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, Sect Ecol Behav & Evolut, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM pandolfatto@ucsd.edu
NR 29
TC 503
Z9 606
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1149
EP 1152
DI 10.1038/nature04107
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500043
PM 16237443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bradshaw, GA
   Finlay, BL
AF Bradshaw, GA
   Finlay, BL
TI Natural symmetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Oregon State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Programme, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Psychol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Bradshaw, GA (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Programme, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
NR 4
TC 11
Z9 12
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 149
EP 149
DI 10.1038/435149a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100020
PM 15889070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wardle, DA
   Zackrisson, O
AF Wardle, DA
   Zackrisson, O
TI Effects of species and functional group loss on island ecosystem properties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microbial biomass; current knowledge; plant diversity; model systems; productivity; biodiversity; community; richness; area
AB Considerable recent attention has focused on predicting how the losses of species and functional groups influence ecosystem properties(1,2), but the extent to which these effects vary among ecosystems remains poorly understood(3,4). Island systems have considerable scope for studying how biotic and abiotic factors influence processes in different ecosystems, because they enable the simultaneous study of large numbers of independent replicate systems at ecologically meaningful spatial scales(5-7). We studied a group of 30 islands in northern Sweden, for which island size determined disturbance history, and therefore vegetation successional stage and biotic and abiotic ecosystem properties. On each island we conducted a seven-year study that involved experimental removals of combinations of both plant functional groups and plant species. We show that although losses of functional groups and species often impaired key ecosystem processes, these effects were highly context-dependent and strongly influenced by island size. Our study provides evidence that the consequences of biotic loss for ecosystem functioning vary greatly among ecosystems and depend on the specific abiotic and biotic attributes of the system.
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Fac Forestry, Dept Forest Vegetat Ecol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden.
   Landcare Res, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Landcare Research - New Zealand
RP Wardle, DA (corresponding author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Fac Forestry, Dept Forest Vegetat Ecol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden.
EM david.wardle@svek.slu.se
NR 27
TC 231
Z9 264
U1 5
U2 176
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 806
EP 810
DI 10.1038/nature03611
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700048
PM 15944702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kao, MH
   Doupe, AJ
   Brainard, MS
AF Kao, MH
   Doupe, AJ
   Brainard, MS
TI Contributions of an avian basal ganglia-forebrain circuit to real-time modulation of song
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pursuit eye-movements; zebra finch; neural activity; nucleus; mechanisms; lesions; stimulation; birdsong; neurons; pathway
AB Cortical - basal ganglia circuits have a critical role in motor control and motor learning(1). In songbirds, the anterior forebrain pathway ( AFP) is a basal ganglia - forebrain circuit required for song learning and adult vocal plasticity but not for production of learned song(2 - 5). Here, we investigate functional contributions of this circuit to the control of song, a complex, learned motor skill. We test the hypothesis that neural activity in the AFP of adult birds can direct moment- by- moment changes in the primary motor areas responsible for generating song. We show that song- triggered microstimulation in the output nucleus of the AFP induces acute and specific changes in learned parameters of song(6,7). Moreover, under both natural and experimental conditions, variability in the pattern of AFP activity is associated with variability in song structure. Finally, lesions of the output nucleus of the AFP prevent naturally occurring modulation of song variability. These findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated capacity of the AFP to direct real- time changes in song. More generally, they suggest that frontal cortical and basal ganglia areas may contribute to motor learning by biasing motor output towards desired targets or by introducing stochastic variability required for reinforcement learning.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Kao, MH (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Keck Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM mimi@phy.ucsf.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC006636] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 404
Z9 519
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 638
EP 643
DI 10.1038/nature03127
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000046
PM 15703748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomoyasu, Y
   Wheeler, SR
   Denell, RE
AF Tomoyasu, Y
   Wheeler, SR
   Denell, RE
TI Ultrabithorax is required for membranous wing identity in the beetle Tribolium castaneum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-complex; drosophila-melanogaster; homeotic complex; evolution; expression; specification; morphogenesis; ortholog; sequence; dpp
AB The two pairs of wings that are characteristic of ancestral pterygotes ( winged insects) have often undergone evolutionary modification. In the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, differences between the membranous forewings and the modified hindwings ( halteres) depend on the Hox gene Ultrabithorax ( Ubx). The Drosophila forewings develop without Hox input, while Ubx represses genes that are important for wing development, promoting haltere identity(1,2). However, the idea that Hox input is important to the morphologically specialized wing derivatives such as halteres, and not the more ancestral wings, requires examination in other insect orders. In beetles, such as Tribolium castaneum, it is the forewings that are modified ( to form elytra), while the hindwings retain a morphologically more ancestral identity. Here we show that in this beetle Ubx ' despecializes' the hindwings, which are transformed to elytra when the gene is knocked down. We also show evidence that elytra result from a Hox- free state, despite their diverged morphology. Ubx function in the hindwing seems necessary for a change in the expression of spalt, iroquois and achaete- scute homologues from elytron- like to more typical wing- like patterns. This counteracting effect of Ubx in beetle hindwings represents a previously unknown mode of wing diversification in insects.
C1 Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Kansas State University; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Tomoyasu, Y (corresponding author), Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
EM tomoyasu@ksu.edu
NR 28
TC 166
Z9 199
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 643
EP 647
DI 10.1038/nature03272
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000047
PM 15703749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mawer, S
AF Mawer, S
TI Science in literature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
C3 Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)
RP Mawer, S (corresponding author), Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
NR 5
TC 6
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 297
EP 299
DI 10.1038/434297a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100032
PM 15772643
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miranker, AD
AF Miranker, AD
TI Structural biology - Fibres hinge on swapped domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribonuclease; state
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Miranker, AD (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, 260 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM Andrew.Miranker@yale.edu
NR 9
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 197
EP 198
DI 10.1038/437197a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900034
PM 16148916
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rual, JF
   Venkatesan, K
   Hao, T
   Hirozane-Kishikawa, T
   Dricot, A
   Li, N
   Berriz, GF
   Gibbons, FD
   Dreze, M
   Ayivi-Guedehoussou, N
   Klitgord, N
   Simon, C
   Boxem, M
   Milstein, S
   Rosenberg, J
   Goldberg, DS
   Zhang, LV
   Wong, SL
   Franklin, G
   Li, SM
   Albala, JS
   Lim, JH
   Fraughton, C
   Llamosas, E
   Cevik, S
   Bex, C
   Lamesch, P
   Sikorski, RS
   Vandenhaute, J
   Zoghbi, HY
   Smolyar, A
   Bosak, S
   Sequerra, R
   Doucette-Stamm, L
   Cusick, ME
   Hill, DE
   Roth, FP
   Vidal, M
AF Rual, JF
   Venkatesan, K
   Hao, T
   Hirozane-Kishikawa, T
   Dricot, A
   Li, N
   Berriz, GF
   Gibbons, FD
   Dreze, M
   Ayivi-Guedehoussou, N
   Klitgord, N
   Simon, C
   Boxem, M
   Milstein, S
   Rosenberg, J
   Goldberg, DS
   Zhang, LV
   Wong, SL
   Franklin, G
   Li, SM
   Albala, JS
   Lim, JH
   Fraughton, C
   Llamosas, E
   Cevik, S
   Bex, C
   Lamesch, P
   Sikorski, RS
   Vandenhaute, J
   Zoghbi, HY
   Smolyar, A
   Bosak, S
   Sequerra, R
   Doucette-Stamm, L
   Cusick, ME
   Hill, DE
   Roth, FP
   Vidal, M
TI Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orfeome version 1.1; database; genome; annotation; resource; platform
AB Systematic mapping of protein-protein interactions, or 'interactome' mapping, was initiated in model organisms, starting with defined biological processes(1,2) and then expanding to the scale of the proteome(3-7). Although far from complete, such maps have revealed global topological and dynamic features of interactome networks that relate to known biological properties(8,9), suggesting that a human interactome map will provide insight into development and disease mechanisms at a systems level. Here we describe an initial version of a proteome-scale map of human binary protein-protein interactions. Using a stringent, high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system, we tested pairwise interactions among the products of similar to 8,100 currently available Gateway-cloned open reading frames and detected similar to 2,800 interactions. This data set, called CCSB-HI1, has a verification rate of similar to 78% as revealed by an independent co-affinity purification assay, and correlates significantly with other biological attributes. The CCSB-HI1 data set increases by similar to 70% the set of available binary interactions within the tested space and reveals more than 300 new connections to over 100 disease-associated proteins. This work represents an important step towards a systematic and comprehensive human interactome project.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Fac Notre Dame Paix, Unite Rech Biol Mol, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Univ, Dept Neurol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Univ, Dept Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Univ, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Arcbay Inc, Boston, MA 01915 USA.
   Agencourt Biosci Corp, Beverly, MA 01915 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor University; Baylor University; Baylor University; Baylor University
RP Vidal, M (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM david_hill@dfci.harvard.edu; fritz_roth@hms.harvard.edu; marc_vidal@dfci.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R33 CA132073] Funding Source: Medline; NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG001715, RC4 HG006066, P50 HG004233, U01 HG001715] Funding Source: Medline; NHLBI NIH HHS [U01 HL098166] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 2271
Z9 2751
U1 2
U2 297
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1173
EP 1178
DI 10.1038/nature04209
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500048
PM 16189514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Araki, T
   Enomoto, S
   Furuno, K
   Gando, Y
   Ichimura, K
   Ikeda, H
   Inoue, K
   Kishimoto, Y
   Koga, M
   Koseki, Y
   Maeda, T
   Mitsui, T
   Motoki, M
   Nakajima, K
   Ogawa, H
   Ogawa, M
   Owada, K
   Ricol, JS
   Shimizu, I
   Shirai, J
   Suekane, F
   Suzuki, A
   Tada, K
   Takeuchi, S
   Tamae, K
   Tsuda, Y
   Watanabe, H
   Busenitz, J
   Classen, T
   Djurcic, Z
   Keefer, G
   Leonard, D
   Piepke, A
   Yakushev, E
   Berger, BE
   Chan, YD
   Decowski, MP
   Dwyer, DA
   Freedman, SJ
   Fujikawa, BK
   Goldman, J
   Gray, F
   Heeger, KM
   Hsu, L
   Lesko, KT
   Luk, KB
   Murayama, H
   O'Donnell, T
   Poon, AWP
   Steiner, HM
   Winslow, LA
   Mauger, C
   McKeown, RD
   Vogel, P
   Lane, CE
   Miletic, T
   Guillian, G
   Learned, JG
   Maricic, J
   Matsuno, S
   Pakvasa, S
   Horton-Smith, GA
   Dazeley, S
   Hatakeyama, S
   Rojas, A
   Svoboda, R
   Dieterle, BD
   Detwiler, J
   Gratta, G
   Ishii, K
   Tolich, N
   Uchida, Y
   Batygov, M
   Bugg, W
   Efremenko, Y
   Kamyshkov, Y
   Kozlov, A
   Nakamura, Y
   Karwowski, HJ
   Markoff, DM
   Nakamura, K
   Rohm, RM
   Tornow, W
   Wendell, R
   Chen, MJ
   Wang, YF
   Piquemal, F
AF Araki, T
   Enomoto, S
   Furuno, K
   Gando, Y
   Ichimura, K
   Ikeda, H
   Inoue, K
   Kishimoto, Y
   Koga, M
   Koseki, Y
   Maeda, T
   Mitsui, T
   Motoki, M
   Nakajima, K
   Ogawa, H
   Ogawa, M
   Owada, K
   Ricol, JS
   Shimizu, I
   Shirai, J
   Suekane, F
   Suzuki, A
   Tada, K
   Takeuchi, S
   Tamae, K
   Tsuda, Y
   Watanabe, H
   Busenitz, J
   Classen, T
   Djurcic, Z
   Keefer, G
   Leonard, D
   Piepke, A
   Yakushev, E
   Berger, BE
   Chan, YD
   Decowski, MP
   Dwyer, DA
   Freedman, SJ
   Fujikawa, BK
   Goldman, J
   Gray, F
   Heeger, KM
   Hsu, L
   Lesko, KT
   Luk, KB
   Murayama, H
   O'Donnell, T
   Poon, AWP
   Steiner, HM
   Winslow, LA
   Mauger, C
   McKeown, RD
   Vogel, P
   Lane, CE
   Miletic, T
   Guillian, G
   Learned, JG
   Maricic, J
   Matsuno, S
   Pakvasa, S
   Horton-Smith, GA
   Dazeley, S
   Hatakeyama, S
   Rojas, A
   Svoboda, R
   Dieterle, BD
   Detwiler, J
   Gratta, G
   Ishii, K
   Tolich, N
   Uchida, Y
   Batygov, M
   Bugg, W
   Efremenko, Y
   Kamyshkov, Y
   Kozlov, A
   Nakamura, Y
   Karwowski, HJ
   Markoff, DM
   Nakamura, K
   Rohm, RM
   Tornow, W
   Wendell, R
   Chen, MJ
   Wang, YF
   Piquemal, F
TI Experimental investigation of geologically produced antineutrinos with KamLAND
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earth; geophysics; oscillations; terrestrial; neutrinos; decay; flux
AB The detection of electron antineutrinos produced by natural radioactivity in the Earth could yield important geophysical information. The Kamioka liquid scintillator antineutrino detector (KamLAND) has the sensitivity to detect electron antineutrinos produced by the decay of U-238 and Th-232 within the Earth. Earth composition models suggest that the radiogenic power from these isotope decays is 16 TW, approximately half of the total measured heat dissipation rate from the Earth. Here we present results from a search for geoneutrinos with KamLAND. Assuming a Th/U mass concentration ratio of 3.9, the 90 per cent confidence interval for the total number of geoneutrinos detected is 4.5 to 54.2. This result is consistent with the central value of 19 predicted by geophysical models. Although our present data have limited statistical power, they nevertheless provide by direct means an upper limit (60 TW) for the radiogenic power of U and Th in the Earth, a quantity that is currently poorly constrained.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Res Ctr Neutrino Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CALTECH, WK Kellogg Radiat Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Drexel Univ, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Phys & Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA.
   Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27008 USA.
   N Carolina State Univ, Dept Phys, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Inst High Energy Phys, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China.
   CEN Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3, CNRS, F-33175 Gradignan, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, F-33175 Gradignan, France.
C3 Tohoku University; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Drexel University; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Kansas State University; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; University of New Mexico; Stanford University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Duke University; North Carolina State University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universite de Bordeaux; Universite de Bordeaux
RP Enomoto, S (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Res Ctr Neutrino Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
EM sanshiro@awa.tohoku.ac.jp; nrtolich@lbl.gov
NR 29
TC 295
Z9 338
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 499
EP 503
DI 10.1038/nature03980
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800050
PM 16049478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Argyris, A
   Syvridis, D
   Larger, L
   Annovazzi-Lodi, V
   Colet, P
   Fischer, I
   García-Ojalvo, J
   Mirasso, CR
   Pesquera, L
   Shore, KA
AF Argyris, A
   Syvridis, D
   Larger, L
   Annovazzi-Lodi, V
   Colet, P
   Fischer, I
   García-Ojalvo, J
   Mirasso, CR
   Pesquera, L
   Shore, KA
TI Chaos-based communications at high bit rates using commercial fibre-optic links
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cavity semiconductor-lasers; nonlinear dynamics; optical chaos; closed-loop; synchronization; systems; diodes
AB Chaotic signals have been proposed as broadband information carriers with the potential of providing a high level of robustness and privacy in data transmission(1,2). Laboratory demonstrations of chaos-based optical communications have already shown the potential of this technology(3-5), but a field experiment using commercial optical networks has not been undertaken so far. Here we demonstrate high-speed long-distance communication based on chaos synchronization over a commercial fibre-optic channel. An optical carrier wave generated by a chaotic laser is used to encode a message for transmission over 120 km of optical fibre in the metropolitan area network of Athens, Greece. The message is decoded using an appropriate second laser which, by synchronizing with the chaotic carrier, allows for the separation of the carrier and the message. Transmission rates in the gigabit per second range are achieved, with corresponding bit-error rates below 10(-7). The system uses matched pairs of semiconductor lasers as chaotic emitters and receivers, and off-the-shelf fibre-optic telecommunication components. Our results show that information can be transmitted at high bit rates using deterministic chaos in a manner that is robust to perturbations and channel disturbances unavoidable under real-world conditions.
C1 Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07122 Palma De Mallorca, Spain.
   Univ Athens, Dept Informat, Athens 15784, Greece.
   Univ Franche Comte, CNRS, UMR 6174, FEMTOST Opt, F-25030 Besancon, France.
   Univ Pavia, Dept Elect, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   UIB, CSIC, IMEDEA, Inst Mediterraneo Estudios Avanzados, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
   Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Appl Phys, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain.
   Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
   Univ Cantabria, CSIC, Inst Fis Cantabria, E-39005 Santander, Spain.
   Univ Wales, Sch Informat, Bangor LL57 1UT, Gwynedd, Wales.
C3 Universitat de les Illes Balears; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Engineering & Systems Sciences (INSIS); Universite Marie et Louis Pasteur; University of Pavia; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); ATTITUS Educacao; Technical University of Darmstadt; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; Universitat de les Illes Balears; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universidad de Cantabria; CSIC - Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria (IFCA); Bangor University
RP Mirasso, CR (corresponding author), Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07122 Palma De Mallorca, Spain.
EM claudio@galiota.uib.es
NR 24
TC 1517
Z9 1667
U1 16
U2 384
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/nature04275
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200045
PM 16292256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nalbant, SS
   Steacy, S
   Sieh, K
   Natawidjaja, D
   McCloskey, J
AF Nalbant, SS
   Steacy, S
   Sieh, K
   Natawidjaja, D
   McCloskey, J
TI Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Ulster, Sch Environm Sci, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland.
   CALTECH, Tecton Observ, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Ulster University; California Institute of Technology
RP Nalbant, SS (corresponding author), Univ Ulster, Sch Environm Sci, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland.
EM j.mccloskey@ulster.ac.uk
NR 8
TC 128
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 756
EP 757
DI 10.1038/nature435756a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700037
PM 15944691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, DL
   Dushoff, J
   Snow, RW
   Hay, SI
AF Smith, DL
   Dushoff, J
   Snow, RW
   Hay, SI
TI The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global distribution; malaria; transmission; population; disease; model; risk
AB Malaria is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. The fact that some people are bitten more often than others has a large effect on the relationship between risk factors and prevalence of vector-borne diseases(1-3). Here we develop a mathematical framework that allows us to estimate the heterogeneity of infection rates from the relationship between rates of infectious bites and community prevalence. We apply this framework to a large, published data set that combines malaria measurements from more than 90 communities(4). We find strong evidence that heterogeneous biting or heterogeneous susceptibility to infection are important and pervasive factors determining the prevalence of infection: 20% of people receive 80% of all infections. We also find that individual infections last about six months on average, per infectious bite, and children who clear infections are not immune to new infections. The results have important implications for public health interventions: the success of malaria control will depend heavily on whether efforts are targeted at those who are most at risk of infection.
C1 NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   KEMRI, Ctr Geog Med, Malaria Publ Hlth & Epidemiol Grp, Kenyatta Hosp, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Ctr Trop Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, TALA Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Fogarty International Center (FIC); Princeton University; Kenyatta National Hospital; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Smith, DL (corresponding author), NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, Bldg 16,16 Ctr Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM smitdave@helix.nih.gov
FU Wellcome Trust [058992, 069045] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 235
Z9 264
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 492
EP 495
DI 10.1038/nature04024
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200048
PM 16306991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takamoto, M
   Hong, FL
   Higashi, R
   Katori, H
AF Takamoto, M
   Hong, FL
   Higashi, R
   Katori, H
TI An optical lattice clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frequency standards; lasers; ion; spectroscopy; atoms
AB The precision measurement of time and frequency is a prerequisite not only for fundamental science but also for technologies that support broadband communication networks and navigation with global positioning systems ( GPS). The SI second is currently realized by the microwave transition of Cs atoms with a fractional uncertainty of 10(-15) ( ref. 1). Thanks to the optical frequency comb technique(2,3), which established a coherent link between optical and radio frequencies, optical clocks(4) have attracted increasing interest as regards future atomic clocks with superior precision. To date, single trapped ions(4-6) and ultracold neutral atoms in free fall(7,8) have shown record high performance that is approaching that of the best Cs fountain clocks(1). Here we report a different approach, in which atoms trapped in an optical lattice serve as quantum references. The 'optical lattice clock'(9,10) demonstrates a linewidth one order of magnitude narrower than that observed for neutral-atom optical clocks(7,8,11), and its stability is better than that of single-ion clocks(4,5). The transition frequency for the Sr lattice clock is 429,228,004,229,952( 15) Hz, as determined by an optical frequency comb referenced to the SI second.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Engn Res, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol NMIJ AIST, Natl Meteorol Inst Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Metrology Institute of Japan; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Katori, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Engn Res, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM katori@amo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 708
Z9 818
U1 3
U2 229
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 321
EP 324
DI 10.1038/nature03541
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000040
PM 15902252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veazey, RS
   Klasse, PJ
   Schader, SM
   Hu, QX
   Ketas, TJ
   Lu, M
   Marx, PA
   Dufour, J
   Colonno, RJ
   Shattock, RJ
   Springer, MS
   Moore, JP
AF Veazey, RS
   Klasse, PJ
   Schader, SM
   Hu, QX
   Ketas, TJ
   Lu, M
   Marx, PA
   Dufour, J
   Colonno, RJ
   Shattock, RJ
   Springer, MS
   Moore, JP
TI Protection of macaques from vaginal SHIV challenge by vaginally delivered inhibitors of virus-cell fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; hiv-1 infection; entry inhibitors; ccr5 inhibitor; transmission; type-1; antagonists; attachment; prevention; discovery
AB Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) continues to spread, principally by heterosexual sex, but no vaccine is available(1). Hence, alternative prevention methods are needed to supplement educational and behavioural-modification programmes. One such approach is a vaginal microbicide: the application of inhibitory compounds before intercourse(2). Here, we have evaluated the microbicide concept using the rhesus macaque 'high dose'vaginal transmission model with a CCR5-receptor-using simian - human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-162P3) and three compounds that inhibit different stages of the virus - cell attachment and entry process. These compounds are BMS-378806, a small molecule that binds the viral gp120 glycoprotein and prevents its attachment to the CD4 and CCR5 receptors(3,4), CMPD167, a small molecule that binds to CCR5 to inhibit gp120 association(5), and C52L, a bacterially expressed peptide inhibitor of gp41-mediated fusion(6). In vitro, all three compounds inhibit infection of T cells and cervical tissue explants, and C52L acts synergistically with CMPD167 or BMS-378806 to inhibit infection of cell lines. In vivo, significant protection was achieved using each compound alone and in combinations. CMPD167 and BMS-378806 were protective even when applied 6 h before challenge.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Tulane Natl Primate Res Ctr, Covington, LA 70433 USA.
   Univ London, St Georges, London SW17 0RE, England.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Inst Pharmaceut, Wallingford, CT 06492 USA.
   Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Tulane University; University of London; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Merck & Company
RP Moore, JP (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM jpm2003@med.cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 257
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 99
EP 102
DI 10.1038/nature04055
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000049
PM 16258536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tard, C
   Liu, XM
   Ibrahim, SK
   Bruschi, M
   De Gioia, L
   Davies, SC
   Yang, X
   Wang, LS
   Sawers, G
   Pickett, CJ
AF Tard, C
   Liu, XM
   Ibrahim, SK
   Bruschi, M
   De Gioia, L
   Davies, SC
   Yang, X
   Wang, LS
   Sawers, G
   Pickett, CJ
TI Synthesis of the H-cluster framework of iron-only hydrogenase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density-functional theory; electronic-structure; diiron subsite; active-site; structural elements; model complexes; approximation; mechanism; evolution; ligands
AB The metal- sulphur active sites of hydrogenases catalyse hydrogen evolution or uptake at rapid rates. Understanding the structure and function of these active sites - through mechanistic studies of hydrogenases(1 - 4), synthetic assemblies(5 - 12) and in silico models(13 - 15) - will help guide the design of new materials for hydrogen production or uptake(16). Here we report the assembly of the iron- sulphur framework of the active site of iron- only hydrogenase ( the H- cluster), and show that it functions as an electrocatalyst for proton reduction. Through linking of a di- iron subsite to a {4Fe4S} cluster, we achieve the first synthesis of a metallosulphur cluster core involved in small- molecule catalysis. In addition to advancing our understanding of the natural biological system, the availability of an active, free- standing analogue of the H- cluster may enable us to develop useful electrocatalytic materials for application in, for example, reversible hydrogen fuel cells. ( Platinum is currently the preferred electrocatalyst for such applications, but is expensive, limited in availability and, in the long term, unsustainable(17).)
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Biol Chem, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Mol Microbiol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Phys, Richland, WA USA.
   Pacific NW Natl Lab, WR Wiley Environm Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
   Pacific NW Natl Lab, Div Chem Sci, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University of Milano-Bicocca; Washington State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Pickett, CJ (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Biol Chem, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM chris.pickett@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 467
Z9 508
U1 0
U2 169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/nature03298
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000038
PM 15703741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, P
   Gillet, P
   El Goresy, A
   Mostefaoui, S
AF Beck, P
   Gillet, P
   El Goresy, A
   Mostefaoui, S
TI Timescales of shock processes in chondritic and martian meteorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metamorphism; diffusion; minerals; olivine; temperature; constraints; shergotty; phases; zagami; veins
AB The accretion of the terrestrial planets from asteroid collisions and the delivery to the Earth of martian and lunar meteorites has been modelled extensively(1,2). Meteorites that have experienced shock waves from such collisions can potentially be used to reveal the accretion process at different stages of evolution within the Solar System. Here we have determined the peak pressure experienced and the duration of impact in a chondrite and a martian meteorite, and have combined the data with impact scaling laws to infer the sizes of the impactors and the associated craters on the meteorite parent bodies. The duration of shock events is inferred from trace element distributions between coexisting high-pressure minerals in the shear melt veins of the meteorites. The shock duration and the associated sizes of the impactor are found to be much greater in the chondrite (similar to 1 s and 5 km, respectively) than in the martian meteorite (similar to 10 ms and 100 m). The latter result compares well with numerical modelling studies of cratering on Mars, and we suggest that martian meteorites with similar, recent ejection ages (10(5) to 10(7) years ago)(3) may have originated from the same few square kilometres on Mars.
C1 Ecole Normale Super Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5570, Lab Sci Terre, F-69364 Lyon, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, F-69364 Lyon, France.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Lyon 1; Max Planck Society
RP Beck, P (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5570, Lab Sci Terre, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France.
EM pbeck@ens-lyon.fr
NR 30
TC 129
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1071
EP 1074
DI 10.1038/nature03616
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400042
PM 15973403
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terasawa, T
   Tanaka, YT
   Takei, Y
   Kawai, N
   Yoshida, A
   Nomoto, K
   Yoshikawa, I
   Saito, Y
   Kasaba, Y
   Takashima, T
   Mukai, T
   Noda, H
   Murakami, T
   Watanabe, K
   Muraki, Y
   Yokoyama, T
   Hoshino, M
AF Terasawa, T
   Tanaka, YT
   Takei, Y
   Kawai, N
   Yoshida, A
   Nomoto, K
   Yoshikawa, I
   Saito, Y
   Kasaba, Y
   Takashima, T
   Mukai, T
   Noda, H
   Murakami, T
   Watanabe, K
   Muraki, Y
   Yokoyama, T
   Hoshino, M
TI Repeated injections of energy in the first 600ms of the giant flare of SGR 1806-20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetized neutron-stars; soft gamma-repeaters; radiative mechanism; sgr 1900+14; august 27; solar-a; x-ray
AB The massive flare of 27 December 2004 from the soft gamma-ray repeater SGR 1806-20, a possible magnetar(1-3), saturated almost all gamma-ray detectors(4-7), meaning that the profile of the pulse was poorly characterized. An accurate profile is essential to determine physically what was happening at the source. Here we report the unsaturated gamma-ray profile for the first 600 ms of the flare, with a time resolution of 5.48 ms. The peak of the profile (of the order of 10(7) photons cm(-2) s(-1)) was reached similar to 50 ms after the onset of the flare, and was then followed by a gradual decrease with superposed oscillatory modulations possibly representing repeated energy injections with similar to 60-ms intervals. The implied total energy is comparable to the stored magnetic energy in a magnetar (similar to 10(47) erg) based on the dipole magnetic field intensity (similar to 10(15) G), suggesting either that the energy release mechanism was extremely efficient or that the interior magnetic field is much stronger than the external dipole field(2).
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Math & Phys, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298558, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   ISAS, JAXA, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ, Mizusawa Astrogeodynam Observ, Mizusawa 0230861, Japan.
   Kanazawa Univ, Dept Phys, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201192, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Res Lab, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Aoyama Gakuin University; University of Tokyo; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Kanazawa University; Nagoya University
RP Terasawa, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM terasawa@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 13
TC 128
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1110
EP 1111
DI 10.1038/nature03573
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300037
PM 15858568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, S
   Poursine-Laurent, J
   Truscott, SM
   Lybarger, L
   Song, YJ
   Yang, LP
   French, AR
   Sunwoo, JB
   Lemieux, S
   Hansen, TH
   Yokoyama, WM
AF Kim, S
   Poursine-Laurent, J
   Truscott, SM
   Lybarger, L
   Song, YJ
   Yang, LP
   French, AR
   Sunwoo, JB
   Lemieux, S
   Hansen, TH
   Yokoyama, WM
TI Licensing of natural killer cells by host major histocompatibility complex class I molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nk cells; hematopoietic transplants; t-cells; mhc; receptors; mice; cytotoxicity; expression; rejection; peptide
AB Self versus non-self discrimination is a central theme in biology from plants(1) to vertebrates, and is particularly relevant for lymphocytes that express receptors capable of recognizing self-tissues and foreign invaders. Comprising the third largest lymphocyte population, natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill cellular targets and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. These potentially self-destructive effector functions can be controlled by inhibitory receptors for the polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules that are ubiquitously expressed on target cells(2-4). However, inhibitory receptors are not uniformly expressed on NK cells, and are germline-encoded by a set of polymorphic genes that segregate independently from MHC genes(5,6). Therefore, how NK-cell self-tolerance arises in vivo is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that NK cells acquire functional competence through 'licensing' by self-MHC molecules. Licensing involves a positive role for MHC-specific inhibitory receptors and requires the cytoplasmic inhibitory motif originally identified in effector responses. This process results in two types of self-tolerant NK cells - licensed or unlicensed - and may provide new insights for exploiting NK cells in immunotherapy. This self-tolerance mechanism may be more broadly applicable within the vertebrate immune system because related germline-encoded inhibitory receptors are widely expressed on other immune cells.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Div Rheumatol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Otolaryngol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Quebec, Inst Armand Frappier, INRS, Laval, PQ H7V 1B7, Canada.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of Quebec; Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)
RP Yokoyama, WM (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Div Rheumatol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM yokoyama@wustl.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI051345, R37 AI034385, R01 AI033903] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1057
Z9 1272
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 709
EP 713
DI 10.1038/nature03847
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500046
PM 16079848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, JB
   Muller, JP
   Neukum, G
   Werner, SC
   van Gasselt, S
   Hauber, E
   Markiewicz, WJ
   Head, JW
   Foing, BH
   Page, D
   Mitchell, KL
   Portyankina, G
AF Murray, JB
   Muller, JP
   Neukum, G
   Werner, SC
   van Gasselt, S
   Hauber, E
   Markiewicz, WJ
   Head, JW
   Foing, BH
   Page, D
   Mitchell, KL
   Portyankina, G
TI Evidence from the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera for a frozen sea close to Mars' equator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerberus fossae; water; plains; fate; groundwater; volcanism; stability; evolution; floods; model
AB It is thought that the Cerberus Fossae fissures on Mars were the source of both lava and water floods(1,2-4) two to ten million years ago(1,2,5). Evidence for the resulting lava plains has been identified in eastern Elysium(1,2,4,6 - 8), but seas and lakes from these fissures and previous water flooding events were presumed to have evaporated and sublimed away(9-11). Here we present High Resolution Stereo Camera images from the European Space Agency Mars Express spacecraft that indicate that such lakes may still exist. We infer that the evidence is consistent with a frozen body of water, with surface pack-ice, around 5 degrees north latitude and 150 degrees east longitude in southern Elysium. The frozen lake measures about 800 x 900 km in lateral extent and may be up to 45 metres deep - similar in size and depth to the North Sea. From crater counts, we determined its age to be 5 +/- 2 million years old. If our interpretation is confirmed, this is a place that might preserve evidence of primitive life, if it has ever developed on Mars.
C1 Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   UCL, Dept Geomat Engn, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geosci, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   DLR, Inst Planetenforsch, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Aeron, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   European Space Agcy, Res & Sci Support Dept, ESTEC, SCISR, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Mineral, London SW7 5PB, England.
   Univ Lancaster, Dept Environm Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
C3 Open University - UK; University of London; University College London; Free University of Berlin; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); Max Planck Society; Brown University; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; Natural History Museum London; Lancaster University
RP Murray, JB (corresponding author), Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
EM J.B.Murray@open.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 143
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 352
EP 356
DI 10.1038/nature03379
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100043
PM 15772653
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, JJ
   Spear, JR
   Pace, NR
AF Walker, JJ
   Spear, JR
   Pace, NR
TI Geobiology of a microbial endolithic community in the Yellowstone geothermal environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID search; mars; life; microorganisms; biomarkers; ecosystem; desert; record; algae; soils
AB The endolithic environment, the pore space of rocks, is a ubiquitous habitat for microorganisms on the Earth(1) and is an important target of the search for life elsewhere in the Solar System(2). Photosynthetic, endolithic microbial communities commonly inhabit the outer millimetres to centimetres of all rocks exposed to the Earth's surface. In the most extreme terrestrial climates, such as hot and cold deserts, endolithic microorganisms are often the main form of life(3-5). The endolithic microhabitat gives protection from intense solar radiation and desiccation, and it provides mineral nutrients, rock moisture and growth surfaces(4,5). Here we describe the discovery and identification of the constituents of an extremely acidic (pH 1) endolithic microbial community inhabiting the pore space of rocks in the geothermal environment of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Subjected to silica mineralization, such endolithic communities constitute biomarkers that can become fossilized and potentially preserved in the geological record. Remnants of these communities could serve as biosignatures and provide important clues about ancient life associated with geothermal environments on the Earth or elsewhere in the Solar System.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrobiol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Pace, NR (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM nrpace@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 178
Z9 213
U1 2
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1011
EP 1014
DI 10.1038/nature03447
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600036
PM 15846344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU El-Khamisy, SF
   Saifi, GM
   Weinfeld, M
   Johansson, F
   Helleday, T
   Lupski, JR
   Caldecott, KW
AF El-Khamisy, SF
   Saifi, GM
   Weinfeld, M
   Johansson, F
   Helleday, T
   Lupski, JR
   Caldecott, KW
TI Defective DNA single-strand break repair in spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID i covalent complexes; topoisomerase-i; base damages; phosphodiesterase; xrcc1; mutation; tdp1; elongation; pathways; absence
AB Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy- 1 (SCAN1) is a neurodegenerative disease that results from mutation of tyrosyl phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1)(1). In lower eukaryotes, Tdp1 removes topoisomerase 1 (top1) peptide from DNA termini during the repair of double-strand breaks created by collision of replication forks with top1 cleavage complexes in proliferating cells(2-4). Although TDP1 most probably fulfils a similar function in human cells, this role is unlikely to account for the clinical phenotype of SCAN1, which is associated with progressive degeneration of post-mitotic neurons. In addition, this role is redundant in lower eukaryotes, and Tdp1 mutations alone confer little phenotype(4-7). Moreover, defects in processing or preventing double-strand breaks during DNA replication are most probably associated with increased genetic instability and cancer, phenotypes not observed in SCAN1 ( ref. 8). Here we show that in human cells TDP1 is required for repair of chromosomal singlestrand breaks arising independently of DNA replication from abortive top1 activity or oxidative stress. We report that TDP1 is sequestered into multi-protein single-strand break repair (SSBR) complexes by direct interaction with DNA ligase IIIalpha and that these complexes are catalytically inactive in SCAN1 cells. These data identify a defect in SSBR in a neurodegenerative disease, and implicate this process in the maintenance of genetic integrity in post-mitotic neurons.
C1 Univ Sussex, Genome Damage & Stabil Ctr, Brighton BN1 9RQ, E Sussex, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Cross Canc Inst, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
   Univ Stockholm, Arrhenius Lab, Dept Genet Microbiol & Toxicol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Sheffield, Sch Med, Inst Canc Studies, Sheffield S10 2RX, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sussex; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Alberta; Stockholm University; University of Sheffield
RP Caldecott, KW (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Genome Damage & Stabil Ctr, Sci Pk Rd, Brighton BN1 9RQ, E Sussex, England.
EM k.w.caldecott@sussex.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0001259] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0001259] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0001259] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 374
Z9 399
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 108
EP 113
DI 10.1038/nature03314
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600053
PM 15744309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eathiraj, S
   Pan, XJ
   Ritacco, C
   Lambright, DG
AF Eathiraj, S
   Pan, XJ
   Ritacco, C
   Lambright, DG
TI Structural basis of family-wide Rab GTPase recognition by rabenosyn-5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endocytic compartments; membrane trafficking; binding-proteins; early endosm; trans-golgi; specificity; effector; complex; localization; dissociation
AB Rab GTPases regulate all stages of membrane trafficking, including vesicle budding, cargo sorting, transport, tethering and fusion(1,2). In the inactive (GDP-bound) conformation, accessory factors facilitate the targeting of Rab GTPases to intracellular compartments(3-8). After nucleotide exchange to the active (GTP-bound) conformation, Rab GTPases interact with functionally diverse effectors including lipid kinases, motor proteins and tethering complexes. How effectors distinguish between homologous Rab GTPases represents an unresolved problem with respect to the specificity of vesicular trafficking. Using a structural proteomic approach, we have determined the specificity and structural basis underlying the interaction of the multivalent effector rabenosyn-5 with the Rab family. The results demonstrate that even the structurally similar effector domains in rabenosyn-5 can achieve highly selective recognition of distinct subsets of Rab GTPases exclusively through interactions with the switch and interswitch regions. The observed specificity is determined at a family-wide level by structural diversity in the active conformation, which governs the spatial disposition of critical conserved recognition determinants, and by a small number of both positive and negative sequence determinants that allow further discrimination between Rab GTPases with similar switch conformations.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biochem, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Lambright, DG (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM David.Lambright@umassmed.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [P30 AI042845] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM056324] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 228
U1 2
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 415
EP 419
DI 10.1038/nature03798
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400047
PM 16034420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, N
   Chai, JJ
   Lee, ES
   Gu, LC
   Liu, Q
   He, JQ
   Wu, JW
   Kokel, D
   Li, HL
   Hao, Q
   Xue, D
   Shi, YG
AF Yan, N
   Chai, JJ
   Lee, ES
   Gu, LC
   Liu, Q
   He, JQ
   Wu, JW
   Kokel, D
   Li, HL
   Hao, Q
   Xue, D
   Shi, YG
TI Structure of the CED-4-CED-9 complex provides insights into programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulators ced-9; protein; encodes; egl-1; oligomerization; recognition; association; activation
AB Interplay among four genes - egl-1, ced-9, ced-4 and ced-3 - controls the onset of programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Activation of the cell-killing protease CED-3 requires CED-4. However, CED-4 is constitutively inhibited by CED-9 until its release by EGL-1. Here we report the crystal structure of the CED-4 - CED-9 complex at 2.6 angstrom resolution, and a complete reconstitution of the CED-3 activation pathway using homogeneous proteins of CED-4, CED-9 and EGL-1. One molecule of CED-9 binds to an asymmetric dimer of CED-4, but specifically recognizes only one of the two CED-4 molecules. This specific interaction prevents CED-4 from activating CED-3. EGL-1 binding induces pronounced conformational changes in CED-9 that result in the dissociation of the CED-4 dimer from CED-9. The released CED-4 dimer further dimerizes to form a tetramer, which facilitates the autoactivation of CED-3. Together, our studies provide important insights into the regulation of cell death activation in C. elegans.
C1 Princeton Univ, Lewis Thomas Lab, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Kwangju 500712, South Korea.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST); Cornell University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Shi, YG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Lewis Thomas Lab, Dept Mol Biol, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM yshi@molbio.princeton.edu
NR 40
TC 189
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 132
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 831
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature04002
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600035
PM 16208361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Unsworth, MJ
   Jones, AG
   Wei, W
   Marquis, G
   Gokarn, SG
   Spratt, JE
AF Unsworth, MJ
   Jones, AG
   Wei, W
   Marquis, G
   Gokarn, SG
   Spratt, JE
TI Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental deformation; evolution; plateau; granite; channel; growth; fluids; melt
AB The Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Asian continents formed the Tibetan plateau, beginning about 70 million years ago. Since this time, at least 1,400 km of convergence has been accommodated(1) by a combination of underthrusting of Indian(2) and Asian lithosphere, crustal shortening(3), horizontal extrusion(4) and lithospheric delamination(5). Rocks exposed in the Himalaya show evidence of crustal melting(1,6) and are thought to have been exhumed by rapid erosion and climatically forced crustal flow(7,8). Magnetotelluric data can be used to image subsurface electrical resistivity, a parameter sensitive to the presence of interconnected fluids in the host rock matrix, even at low volume fractions. Here we present magnetotelluric data from the Tibetan - Himalayan orogen from 77 degrees E to 92 degrees E, which show that low resistivity, interpreted as a partially molten layer, is present along at least 1,000 km of the southern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The inferred low viscosity of this layer is consistent with the development of climatically forced crustal flow in Southern Tibet.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada.
   Dublin Inst Adv Studies, Sch Cosm Phys, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   China Univ Geosci, Minist Educ, Geodetect Lab, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
   Univ Strasbourg, EOST IPGS, EOST ULP, UMR 7516, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
   Indian Inst Geomagnetism, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India.
C3 University of Alberta; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies; China University of Geosciences; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Department of Science & Technology (India); Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG)
RP Unsworth, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada.
EM unsworth@phys.Ualberta.ca
NR 30
TC 499
Z9 598
U1 15
U2 160
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature04154
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000044
PM 16267552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sieburth, D
   Ch'ng, Q
   Dybbs, M
   Tavazoie, M
   Kennedy, S
   Wang, D
   Dupuy, D
   Rual, JF
   Hill, DE
   Vidal, M
   Ruvkun, G
   Kaplan, JM
AF Sieburth, D
   Ch'ng, Q
   Dybbs, M
   Tavazoie, M
   Kennedy, S
   Wang, D
   Dupuy, D
   Rual, JF
   Hill, DE
   Vidal, M
   Ruvkun, G
   Kaplan, JM
TI Systematic analysis of genes required for synapse structure and function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; protein; kinase; actin; release; transmission; unc-13; beta; ubiquitination; interference
AB Chemical synapses are complex structures that mediate rapid intercellular signalling in the nervous system. Proteomic studies suggest that several hundred proteins will be found at synaptic specializations. Here we describe a systematic screen to identify genes required for the function or development of Caenorhabditis elegans neuromuscular junctions. A total of 185 genes were identified in an RNA interference screen for decreased acetylcholine secretion; 132 of these genes had not previously been implicated in synaptic transmission. Functional profiles for these genes were determined by comparing secretion defects observed after RNA interference under a variety of conditions. Hierarchical clustering identified groups of functionally related genes, including those involved in the synaptic vesicle cycle, neuropeptide signalling and responsiveness to phorbol esters. Twenty-four genes encoded proteins that were localized to presynaptic specializations. Loss-of-function mutations in 12 genes caused defects in presynaptic structure.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pharmacol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Kaplan, JM (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM kaplan@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK070147] Funding Source: Medline
NR 54
TC 306
Z9 445
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 510
EP 517
DI 10.1038/nature03809
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800052
PM 16049479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McBrearty, S
   Jablonski, NG
AF McBrearty, S
   Jablonski, NG
TI First fossil chimpanzee
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kapthurin formation; pan-troglodytes; baringo; origin
AB There are thousands of fossils of hominins, but no fossil chimpanzee has yet been reported. The chimpanzee ( Pan) is the closest living relative to humans(1). Chimpanzee populations today are confined to wooded West and central Africa, whereas most hominin fossil sites occur in the semi-arid East African Rift Valley. This situation has fuelled speculation regarding causes for the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages five to eight million years ago. Some investigators have invoked a shift from wooded to savannah vegetation in East Africa, driven by climate change, to explain the apparent separation between chimpanzee and human ancestral populations and the origin of the unique hominin locomotor adaptation, bipedalism(2-5). The Rift Valley itself functions as an obstacle to chimpanzee occupation in some scenarios(6). Here we report the first fossil chimpanzee. These fossils, from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya, show that representatives of Pan were present in the East African Rift Valley during the Middle Pleistocene, where they were contemporary with an extinct species of Homo. Habitats suitable for both hominins and chimpanzees were clearly present there during this period, and the Rift Valley did not present an impenetrable barrier to chimpanzee occupation.
C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Anthropol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
   Calif Acad Sci, Dept Anthropol, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA.
C3 University of Connecticut; California Academy of Sciences
RP McBrearty, S (corresponding author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Anthropol, Box U-2176, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
EM mcbrearty@uconn.edu
NR 29
TC 114
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 105
EP 108
DI 10.1038/nature04008
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400049
PM 16136135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Häffner, H
   Hänsel, W
   Roos, CF
   Benhelm, J
   Chek-al-kar, D
   Chwalla, M
   Körber, T
   Rapol, UD
   Riebe, M
   Schmidt, PO
   Becher, C
   Gühne, O
   Dür, W
   Blatt, R
AF Häffner, H
   Hänsel, W
   Roos, CF
   Benhelm, J
   Chek-al-kar, D
   Chwalla, M
   Körber, T
   Rapol, UD
   Riebe, M
   Schmidt, PO
   Becher, C
   Gühne, O
   Dür, W
   Blatt, R
TI Scalable multiparticle entanglement of trapped ions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID current situation; quantum; communication; separability; states
AB The generation, manipulation and fundamental understanding of entanglement lies at the very heart of quantum mechanics. Entangled particles are non- interacting but are described by a common wavefunction; consequently, individual particles are not independent of each other and their quantum properties are inextricably interwoven(1-3). The intriguing features of entanglement become particularly evident if the particles can be individually controlled and physically separated. However, both the experimental realization and characterization of entanglement become exceedingly difficult for systems with many particles. The main difficulty is to manipulate and detect the quantum state of individual particles as well as to control the interaction between them. So far, entanglement of four ions(4) or five photons(5) has been demonstrated experimentally. The creation of scalable multiparticle entanglement demands a non- exponential scaling of resources with particle number. Among the various kinds of entangled states, the 'W state'(6-8) plays an important role as its entanglement is maximally persistent and robust even under particle loss. Such states are central as a resource in quantum information processing(9) and multiparty quantum communication. Here we report the scalable and deterministic generation of four-, five-, six-, seven- and eight- particle entangled states of the W type with trapped ions. We obtain the maximum possible information on these states by performing full characterization via state tomography(10), using individual control and detection of the ions. A detailed analysis proves that the entanglement is genuine. The availability of such multiparticle entangled states, together with full information in the form of their density matrices, creates a test- bed for theoretical studies of multiparticle entanglement. Independently, ' Greenberger - Horne - Zeilinger' entangled states(11) with up to six ions have been created and analysed in Boulder(12).
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck; University of Innsbruck; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Häffner, H (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM Hartmut.Haeffner@uibk.ac.at
NR 27
TC 1017
Z9 1118
U1 2
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 643
EP 646
DI 10.1038/nature04279
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100044
PM 16319886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuda, R
   Kitaura, R
   Kitagawa, S
   Kubota, Y
   Belosludov, RV
   Kobayashi, TC
   Sakamoto, H
   Chiba, T
   Takata, M
   Kawazoe, Y
   Mita, Y
AF Matsuda, R
   Kitaura, R
   Kitagawa, S
   Kubota, Y
   Belosludov, RV
   Kobayashi, TC
   Sakamoto, H
   Chiba, T
   Takata, M
   Kawazoe, Y
   Mita, Y
TI Highly controlled acetylene accommodation in a metal-organic microporous material
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coordination polymers; charge-density; adsorption; molecules; crystals; design; diffraction; frameworks; catalysis; network
AB Metal - organic microporous materials(1-4) (MOMs) have attracted wide scientific attention owing to their unusual structure and properties, as well as commercial interest due to their potential applications in storage(5-9), separation(10,11) and heterogeneous catalysis(12,13). One of the advantages of MOMs compared to other microporous materials, such as activated carbons, is their ability to exhibit a variety of pore surface properties such as hydrophilicity and chirality, as a result of the controlled incorporation of organic functional groups into the pore walls(11,13-15). This capability means that the pore surfaces of MOMs could be designed to adsorb specific molecules; but few design strategies for the adsorption of small molecules have been established so far. Here we report high levels of selective sorption of acetylene molecules as compared to a very similar molecule, carbon dioxide, onto the functionalized surface of a MOM. The acetylene molecules are held at a periodic distance from one another by hydrogen bonding between two non-coordinated oxygen atoms in the nanoscale pore wall of the MOM and the two hydrogen atoms of the acetylene molecule. This permits the stable storage of acetylene at a density 200 times the safe compression limit of free acetylene at room temperature.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Synthet Chem & Biol Chem, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
   Osaka Prefecture Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Osaka 5900035, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Okayama Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
   Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst SPring8, Sayo, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Mat Engn, Div Mat Phys, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Osaka Metropolitan University; Tohoku University; Okayama University; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka
RP Kitagawa, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Synthet Chem & Biol Chem, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
EM kitagawa@sbchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 1370
Z9 1492
U1 26
U2 582
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 238
EP 241
DI 10.1038/nature03852
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500036
PM 16015325
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, KY
   Hengst, U
   Cox, LJ
   Macosko, EZ
   Jeromin, A
   Urquhart, ER
   Jaffrey, SR
AF Wu, KY
   Hengst, U
   Cox, LJ
   Macosko, EZ
   Jeromin, A
   Urquhart, ER
   Jaffrey, SR
TI Local translation of RhoA regulates growth cone collapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin messenger-rna; protein-synthesis; hippocampal-neurons; sympathetic neurons; semaphorin-iii; localization; sequences; transport; degradation; neuropilin
AB Neuronal development requires highly coordinated regulation of the cytoskeleton within the developing axon. This dynamic regulation manifests itself in axonal branching, turning and pathfinding, presynaptic differentiation, and growth cone collapse and extension. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a secreted guidance cue that primarily functions to repel axons from inappropriate targets, induces cytoskeletal rearrangements that result in growth cone collapse(1). These effects require intra-axonal messenger RNA translation. Here we show that transcripts for RhoA, a small guanosine triphosphatase ( GTPase) that regulates the actin cytoskeleton, are localized to developing axons and growth cones, and this localization is mediated by an axonal targeting element located in the RhoA 30 untranslated region (UTR). Sema3A induces intra-axonal translation of RhoA mRNA, and this local translation of RhoA is necessary and sufficient for Sema3A-mediated growth cone collapse. These studies indicate that local RhoA translation regulates the neuronal cytoskeleton and identify a new mechanism for the regulation of RhoA signalling.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Weill Med Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Jaffrey, SR (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Weill Med Coll, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM srj2003@med.cornell.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH066204] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS056306] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 340
Z9 442
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1020
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/nature03885
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900051
PM 16107849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knill, E
AF Knill, E
TI Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID teleportation; computation; algorithms; time
AB In theory, quantum computers offer a means of solving problems that would be intractable on conventional computers. Assuming that a quantum computer could be constructed, it would in practice be required to function with noisy devices called 'gates'. These gates cause decoherence of the fragile quantum states that are central to the computer's operation. The goal of so-called 'fault-tolerant quantum computing' is therefore to compute accurately even when the error probability per gate (EPG) is high. Here we report a simple architecture for fault-tolerant quantum computing, providing evidence that accurate quantum computing is possible for EPGs as high as three per cent. Such EPGs have been experimentally demonstrated, but to avoid excessive resource overheads required by the necessary architecture, lower EPGs are needed. Assuming the availability of quantum resources comparable to the digital resources available in today's computers, we show that non-trivial quantum computations at EPGs of as high as one per cent could be implemented.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Knill, E (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM knill@boulder.nist.gov
NR 34
TC 929
Z9 1126
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 39
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature03350
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600036
PM 15744292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNamara, AK
   Zhong, SJ
AF McNamara, AK
   Zhong, SJ
TI Thermochemical structures beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle convection; boundary-layer; shear; heterogeneity; inversion; velocity; viscosity; hotspots; models; base
AB Large low-velocity seismic anomalies have been detected in the Earth's lower mantle beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean that are not easily explained by temperature variations alone(1-11). The African anomaly has been interpreted to be a northwest southeast-trending structure(3-5,7) with a sharp-edged linear, ridgelike morphology(9,10). The Pacific anomaly, on the other hand, appears to be more rounded in shape(1-4,6,7,11). Mantle models with heterogeneous composition have related these structures to dense thermochemical piles or superplumes(12-19). It has not been shown, however, that such models can lead to thermochemical structures that satisfy the geometrical constraints, as inferred from seismological observations. Here we present numerical models of thermochemical convection in a three-dimensional spherical geometry using plate velocities inferred for the past 119 million years(20). We show that Earth's subduction history can lead to thermochemical structures similar in shape to the observed large, lower-mantle velocity anomalies. We find that subduction history tends to focus dense material into a ridge-like pile beneath Africa and a relatively more-rounded pile under the Pacific Ocean, consistent with seismic observations.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP McNamara, AK (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM allen.mcnamara@asu.edu
NR 25
TC 394
Z9 447
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1136
EP 1139
DI 10.1038/nature04066
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500040
PM 16237440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ren, ZY
   Ingle, S
   Takahashi, E
   Hirano, N
   Hirata, T
AF Ren, ZY
   Ingle, S
   Takahashi, E
   Hirano, N
   Hirata, T
TI The chemical structure of the Hawaiian mantle plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intershield geochemical differences; scientific drilling project; hosted melt inclusions; isotopic evolution; koolau volcano; mauna-loa; lavas; variability; abundances; minerals
AB The Hawaiian - Emperor volcanic island and seamount chain is usually attributed to a hot mantle plume, located beneath the Pacific lithosphere, that delivers material sourced from deep in the mantle to the surface(1-5). The shield volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands are distributed in two curvilinear, parallel trends ( termed 'Kea' and 'Loa'), whose rocks are characterized by general geochemical differences(2-5). This has led to the proposition that Hawaiian volcanoes sample compositionally distinct, concentrically zoned, regions of the underlying mantle plume(4,5). Melt inclusions, or samples of local magma 'frozen' in olivine phenocrysts during crystallization, may record complexities of mantle sources(6), thereby providing better insight into the chemical structure of plumes. Here we report the discovery of both Kea- and Loa-like major and trace element compositions in olivine-hosted melt inclusions in individual, shield-stage Hawaiian volcanoes - even within single rock samples. We infer from these data that one mantle source component may dominate a single lava flow, but that the two mantle source components are consistently represented to some extent in all lavas, regardless of the specific geographic location of the volcano. We therefore suggest that the Hawaiian mantle plume is unlikely to be compositionally concentrically zoned. Instead, the observed chemical variation is probably controlled by the thermal structure of the plume.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Frontier Res Earth Evolut, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC)
RP Ren, ZY (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
EM zyren@jamstec.go.jp
NR 33
TC 112
Z9 138
U1 3
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 837
EP 840
DI 10.1038/nature03907
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500043
PM 16100780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chendrimada, TP
   Gregory, RI
   Kumaraswamy, E
   Norman, J
   Cooch, N
   Nishikura, K
   Shiekhattar, R
AF Chendrimada, TP
   Gregory, RI
   Kumaraswamy, E
   Norman, J
   Cooch, N
   Nishikura, K
   Shiekhattar, R
TI TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-binding-protein; microprocessor complex; c-elegans; interference; initiation; argonaute2; cells
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are generated by a two-step processing pathway to yield RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides that negatively regulate target gene expression at the post-transcriptional level(1). Primary miRNAs are processed to precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) by the Microprocessor complex(2-4). These pre-miRNAs are cleaved by the RNase III Dicer(5-8) to generate mature miRNAs that direct the RNA-induced silencing complex ( RISC) to messenger RNAs with complementary sequence(9). Here we show that TRBP ( the human immunodeficiency virus transactivating response RNA-binding protein(10)), which contains three double-stranded, RNA-binding domains, is an integral component of a Dicer-containing complex. Biochemical analysis of TRBP-containing complexes revealed the association of Dicer - TRBP with Argonaute 2 (Ago2)(11,12), the catalytic engine of RISC. The physical association of Dicer - TRBP and Ago2 was confirmed after the isolation of the ternary complex using Flag-tagged Ago2 cell lines. In vitro reconstitution assays demonstrated that TRBP is required for the recruitment of Ago2 to the small interfering RNA ( siRNA) bound by Dicer. Knockdown of TRBP results in destabilization of Dicer and a consequent loss of miRNA biogenesis. Finally, depletion of the Dicer - TRBP complex via exogenously introduced siRNAs diminished RISC-mediated reporter gene silencing. These results support a role of the Dicer - TRBP complex not only in miRNA processing but also as a platform for RISC assembly.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute
RP Shiekhattar, R (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM shiekhattar@wistar.org
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [R01GM040536] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA072765] Funding Source: Medline; NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL070045] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM040536] Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 1593
Z9 2114
U1 2
U2 191
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 740
EP 744
DI 10.1038/nature03868
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500052
PM 15973356
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Couder, Y
   Protière, S
   Fort, E
   Boudaoud, A
AF Couder, Y
   Protière, S
   Fort, E
   Boudaoud, A
TI Dynamical phenomena - Walking and orbiting droplets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solitons; systems; states; waves
C1 Univ Paris 07, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Lab Phys Stat, F-75231 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite
RP Couder, Y (corresponding author), Univ Paris 07, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM boudaoud@lps.ens.fr
NR 10
TC 368
Z9 392
U1 7
U2 136
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 208
EP 208
DI 10.1038/437208a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900042
PM 16148925
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Quinlan, ME
   Heuser, JE
   Kerkhoff, E
   Mullins, RD
AF Quinlan, ME
   Heuser, JE
   Kerkhoff, E
   Mullins, RD
TI Drosophila Spire is an actin nucleation factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna localization; wiskott-aldrich-syndrome; arp2/3 complex; filament nucleation; wasp/scar proteins; structural basis; fission yeast; formins; oocyte; rab11
AB The actin cytoskeleton is essential for many cellular functions including shape determination, intracellular transport and locomotion. Previous work has identified two factors - the Arp2/3 complex and the formin family of proteins - that nucleate new actin filaments via different mechanisms. Here we show that the Drosophila protein Spire represents a third class of actin nucleation factor. In vitro, Spire nucleates new filaments at a rate that is similar to that of the formin family of proteins but slower than in the activated Arp2/3 complex, and it remains associated with the slow-growing pointed end of the new filament. Spire contains a cluster of four WASP homology 2 (WH2) domains, each of which binds an actin monomer. Maximal nucleation activity requires all four WH2 domains along with an additional actin-binding motif, conserved among Spire proteins. Spire itself is conserved among metazoans and, together with the formin Cappuccino, is required for axis specification in oocytes and embryos, suggesting that multiple actin nucleation factors collaborate to construct essential cytoskeletal structures.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Wurzburg, Inst Med Strahlenkunde & Zellforsch, D-97078 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Wurzburg
RP Mullins, RD (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
EM dyche@mullinslab.ucsf.edu
NR 34
TC 279
Z9 380
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 382
EP 388
DI 10.1038/nature03241
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200034
PM 15674283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schalch, T
   Duda, S
   Sargent, DF
   Richmond, TJ
AF Schalch, T
   Duda, S
   Sargent, DF
   Richmond, TJ
TI X-ray structure of a tetranucleosome and its implications for the chromatin fibre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID higher-order structure; nucleosome core; repeat length; linker length; in-situ; diameter; dna; organization; filament; ribbon
AB DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes is organized in arrays of nucleosomes compacted into chromatin fibres. This higher-order structure of nucleosomes is the substrate for DNA replication, recombination, transcription and repair. Although the structure of the nucleosome core is known at near-atomic resolution(1), even the most fundamental information about the organization of nucleosomes in the fibre is controversial. Here we report the crystal structure of an oligonucleosome (a compact tetranucleosome) at 9 angstrom resolution, solved by molecular replacement using the nucleosome core structure. The structure shows that linker DNA zigzags back and forth between two stacks of nucleosome cores, which forma truncated two-start helix, and does not follow a path compatible with a one-start solenoidal helix(2). The length of linker DNA is most probably buffered by stretching of the DNA contained in the nucleosome cores. We have built continuous fibre models by successively stacking tetranucleosomes one on another. The resulting models are nearly fully compacted and most closely resemble the previously described crossed-linker model(3). They suggest that the interfaces between nucleosomes along a single helix start are polymorphic.
C1 ETH Honggerberg, ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Richmond, TJ (corresponding author), ETH Honggerberg, ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM richmond@mol.biol.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 627
Z9 814
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 138
EP 141
DI 10.1038/nature03686
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600054
PM 16001076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biswas, T
   Aihara, H
   Radman-Livaja, M
   Filman, D
   Landy, A
   Ellenberger, T
AF Biswas, T
   Aihara, H
   Radman-Livaja, M
   Filman, D
   Landy, A
   Ellenberger, T
TI A structural basis for allosteric control of DNA recombination by λ integrase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific recombination; crystal-structure; int protein; complex; order; ihf; architecture; flexibility; mutations; vanadate
AB Site-specific DNA recombination is important for basic cellular functions including viral integration, control of gene expression, production of genetic diversity and segregation of newly replicated chromosomes, and is used by bacteriophage lambda to integrate or excise its genome into and out of the host chromosome. lambda recombination is carried out by the bacteriophage-encoded integrase protein (lambda-int) together with accessory DNA sites and associated bending proteins that allow regulation in response to cell physiology. Here we report the crystal structures of lambda-int in higher-order complexes with substrates and regulatory DNAs representing different intermediates along the reaction pathway. The structures show how the simultaneous binding of two separate domains of lambda-int to DNA facilitates synapsis and can specify the order of DNA strand cleavage and exchange. An intertwined layer of amino-terminal domains bound to accessory (arm) DNAs shapes the recombination complex in a way that suggests how arm binding shifts the reaction equilibrium in favour of recombinant products.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brown Univ, Div Biol & Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Brown University
RP Ellenberger, T (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM tome@hms.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM033928, R01 GM062723] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 142
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1059
EP 1066
DI 10.1038/nature03657
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400040
PM 15973401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falcke, H
   Apel, WD
   Badea, AF
   Bähren, L
   Bekk, K
   Bercuci, A
   Bertaina, M
   Biermann, PL
   Blümer, J
   Bozdog, H
   Brancus, IM
   Buitink, S
   Brüggemann, M
   Buchholz, P
   Butcher, H
   Chiavassa, A
   Daumiller, K
   de Bruyn, AG
   de Vos, CM
   Di Pierro, F
   Doll, P
   Engel, R
   Gemmeke, H
   Ghia, PL
   Glasstetter, R
   Grupen, C
   Haungs, A
   Heck, D
   Hörandel, JR
   Horneffer, A
   Huege, T
   Kampert, KH
   Kant, GW
   Klein, U
   Kolotaev, Y
   Koopman, Y
   Krömer, O
   Kuijpers, J
   Lafebre, S
   Maier, G
   Mathes, HJ
   Mayer, HJ
   Milke, J
   Mitrica, B
   Morello, C
   Navarra, G
   Nehls, S
   Nigl, A
   Obenland, R
   Oehlschläger, J
   Ostapchenko, S
   Over, S
   Pepping, HJ
   Petcu, M
   Petrovic, J
   Plewnia, S
   Rebel, H
   Risse, A
   Roth, M
   Schieler, H
   Schoonderbeek, G
   Sima, O
   Stümpert, M
   Toma, G
   Trinchero, GC
   Ulrich, H
   Valchierotti, S
   van Buren, J
   van Cappellen, W
   Walkowiak, W
   Weindl, A
   Wijnholds, S
   Wochele, J
   Zabierowski, J
   Zensus, JA
   Zimmermann, D
AF Falcke, H
   Apel, WD
   Badea, AF
   Bähren, L
   Bekk, K
   Bercuci, A
   Bertaina, M
   Biermann, PL
   Blümer, J
   Bozdog, H
   Brancus, IM
   Buitink, S
   Brüggemann, M
   Buchholz, P
   Butcher, H
   Chiavassa, A
   Daumiller, K
   de Bruyn, AG
   de Vos, CM
   Di Pierro, F
   Doll, P
   Engel, R
   Gemmeke, H
   Ghia, PL
   Glasstetter, R
   Grupen, C
   Haungs, A
   Heck, D
   Hörandel, JR
   Horneffer, A
   Huege, T
   Kampert, KH
   Kant, GW
   Klein, U
   Kolotaev, Y
   Koopman, Y
   Krömer, O
   Kuijpers, J
   Lafebre, S
   Maier, G
   Mathes, HJ
   Mayer, HJ
   Milke, J
   Mitrica, B
   Morello, C
   Navarra, G
   Nehls, S
   Nigl, A
   Obenland, R
   Oehlschläger, J
   Ostapchenko, S
   Over, S
   Pepping, HJ
   Petcu, M
   Petrovic, J
   Plewnia, S
   Rebel, H
   Risse, A
   Roth, M
   Schieler, H
   Schoonderbeek, G
   Sima, O
   Stümpert, M
   Toma, G
   Trinchero, GC
   Ulrich, H
   Valchierotti, S
   van Buren, J
   van Cappellen, W
   Walkowiak, W
   Weindl, A
   Wijnholds, S
   Wochele, J
   Zabierowski, J
   Zensus, JA
   Zimmermann, D
TI Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass composition; energy-spectrum; emission; neutrinos; radiation; pulses; charge
AB The nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies > 10(20) eV remains a mystery(1). They are likely to be of extragalactic origin, but should be absorbed within ∼ 50 Mpc through interactions with the cosmic microwave background. As there are no sufficiently powerful accelerators within this distance from the Galaxy, explanations for UHECRs range from unusual astrophysical sources to exotic string physics(2). Also unclear is whether UHECRs consist of protons, heavy nuclei, neutrinos or γ-rays. To resolve these questions, larger detectors with higher duty cycles and which combine multiple detection techniques(3) are needed. Radio emission from UHECRs, on the other hand, is unaffected by attenuation, has a high duty cycle, gives calorimetric measurements and provides high directional accuracy. Here we report the detection of radio flashes from cosmic-ray air showers using low-cost digital radio receivers. We show that the radiation can be understood in terms of the geosynchrotron effect(4-8). Our results show that it should be possible to determine the nature and composition of UHECRs with combined radio and particle detectors, and to detect the ultrahigh-energy neutrinos expected from flavour mixing(9,10).
C1 Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn, Bucharest 7690, Romania.
   ASTRON, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Expt Kernphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Kernphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   FZK, Inst Prozessdatenverarbeitung & Elektron, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Soltan Inst Nucl Studies, PL-90950 Lodz, Poland.
   Radboud Univ, Dept Astrophys, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Siegen, Fachbereich Phys, D-57072 Siegen, Germany.
   Univ Turin, Dipartimento Fis Gen, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
   INAF, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-10133 Turin, Italy.
   Univ Wuppertal, Fachbereich Phys C, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Bonn; Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics & Nuclear Engineering; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies; Radboud University Nijmegen; Universitat Siegen; University of Turin; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Wuppertal
RP Falcke, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
EM falcke@astron.nl
NR 20
TC 323
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 313
EP 316
DI 10.1038/nature03614
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000038
PM 15902250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pelkmans, L
   Zerial, M
AF Pelkmans, L
   Zerial, M
TI Kinase-regulated quantal assemblies and kiss-and-run recycling of caveolae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endocytosis; internalization; dynamin; trafficking; transport; release; domains; pathway
AB A functional genomics approach has revealed that caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis is subject to regulation by a large number of kinases(1). Here we explore the role of some of these kinases in caveolae dynamics. We discover that caveolae operate using principles different from classical membrane trafficking. First, each caveolar coat contains a set number (one 'quantum') of caveolin-1 molecules. Second, caveolae are either stored as in stationary multi-caveolar structures at the plasma membrane, or undergo continuous cycles of fission and fusion with the plasma membrane in a small volume beneath the surface, without disassembling the caveolar coat. Third, a switch mechanism shifts caveolae from this localized cycle to long-range cytoplasmic transport. We have identified six kinases that regulate different steps of the caveolar cycle. Our observations reveal new principles in caveolae trafficking and suggest that the dynamic properties of caveolae and their transport competence are regulated by different kinases operating at several levels.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Pelkmans, L (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauerstr 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM pelkmans@mpi-cbg.de
NR 22
TC 290
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 128
EP 133
DI 10.1038/nature03866
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600052
PM 16001074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hetz, SK
   Bradley, TJ
AF Hetz, SK
   Bradley, TJ
TI Insects breathe discontinuously to avoid oxygen toxicity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas-exchange cycles; superoxide-dismutase; oxidative damage; life-span; respiration; overexpression; hypotheses; scarabaeidae; ventilation; diffusion
AB The respiratory organs of terrestrial insects consist of tracheal tubes with external spiracular valves that control gas exchange. Despite their relatively high metabolic rate, many insects have highly discontinuous patterns of gas exchange, including long periods when the spiracles are fully closed. Two explanations have previously been put forward to explain this behaviour: first, that this pattern serves to reduce respiratory water loss(1), and second, that the pattern may have initially evolved in underground insects as a way of dealing with hypoxic or hypercapnic conditions(2). Here we propose a third possible explanation based on the idea that oxygen is necessary for oxidative metabolism but also acts as a toxic chemical that can cause oxidative damage of tissues even at relatively low concentrations. At physiologically normal partial pressures of CO2, the rate of CO2 diffusion out of the insect respiratory system is slower than the rate of O-2 entry; this leads to a build-up of intratracheal CO2. The spiracles must therefore be opened at intervals to rid the insect of accumulated CO2, a process that exposes the tissues to dangerously high levels of O-2. We suggest that the cyclical pattern of open and closed spiracles observed in resting insects is a necessary consequence of the need to rid the respiratory system of accumulated CO2, followed by the need to reduce oxygen toxicity.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Humboldt Univ, Dept Anim Physiol, D-10115 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; Humboldt University of Berlin
RP Bradley, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM tbradley@uci.edu
NR 30
TC 258
Z9 299
U1 2
U2 112
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 516
EP 519
DI 10.1038/nature03106
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200047
PM 15690040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiou, PY
   Ohta, AT
   Wu, MC
AF Chiou, PY
   Ohta, AT
   Wu, MC
TI Massively parallel manipulation of single cells and microparticles using optical images
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID traveling-wave dielectrophoresis; separation; bacteria; beams; chip
AB The ability to manipulate biological cells and micrometre-scale particles plays an important role in many biological and colloidal science applications. However, conventional manipulation techniques - including optical tweezers(1-6), electrokinetic forces (electrophoresis(7,8), dielectrophoresis(9), travelling-wave dielectrophoresis(10,11)), magnetic tweezers(12,13), acoustic traps(14) and hydrodynamic flows(15-17) - cannot achieve high resolution and high throughput at the same time. Optical tweezers offer high resolution for trapping single particles, but have a limited manipulation area owing to tight focusing requirements; on the other hand, electrokinetic forces and other mechanisms provide high throughput, but lack the flexibility or the spatial resolution necessary for controlling individual cells. Here we present an optical image-driven dielectrophoresis technique that permits high-resolution patterning of electric fields on a photoconductive surface for manipulating single particles. It requires 100,000 times less optical intensity than optical tweezers. Using an incoherent light source ( a light-emitting diode or a halogen lamp) and a digital micromirror spatial light modulator, we have demonstrated parallel manipulation of 15,000 particle traps on a 1.3 x 1.0 mm(2) area. With direct optical imaging control, multiple manipulation functions are combined to achieve complex, multi-step manipulation protocols.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Wu, MC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM wu@eecs.berkeley.edu
NR 26
TC 1192
Z9 1478
U1 10
U2 708
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 370
EP 372
DI 10.1038/nature03831
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400037
PM 16034413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Urnov, FD
   Miller, JC
   Lee, YL
   Beausejour, CM
   Rock, JM
   Augustus, S
   Jamieson, AC
   Porteus, MH
   Gregory, PD
   Holmes, MC
AF Urnov, FD
   Miller, JC
   Lee, YL
   Beausejour, CM
   Rock, JM
   Augustus, S
   Jamieson, AC
   Porteus, MH
   Gregory, PD
   Holmes, MC
TI Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; homologous recombination; dna recognition; site; cleavage; specificity; activation; proteins; therapy; repair
AB Permanent modification of the human genome in vivo is impractical owing to the low frequency of homologous recombination in human cells, a fact that hampers biomedical research and progress towards safe and effective gene therapy. Here we report a general solution using two fundamental biological processes: DNA recognition by C2H2 zinc-finger proteins and homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Zinc-finger proteins engineered to recognize a unique chromosomal site can be fused to a nuclease domain, and a double-strand break induced by the resulting zinc-finger nuclease can create specific sequence alterations by stimulating homologous recombination between the chromosome and an extrachromosomal DNA donor. We show that zinc-finger nucleases designed against an X-linked severe combined immune deficiency ( SCID) mutation in the IL2R gamma gene yielded more than 18% gene-modified human cells without selection. Remarkably, about 7% of the cells acquired the desired genetic modification on both X chromosomes, with cell genotype accurately reflected at the messenger RNA and protein levels. We observe comparably high frequencies in human T cells, raising the possibility of strategies based on zinc-finger nucleases for the treatment of disease.
C1 Sangamo BioSci Inc, Richmond, CA 94804 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc.; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Holmes, MC (corresponding author), Sangamo BioSci Inc, Pt Richmond Tech Ctr 501,Canal Blvd,Suite A100, Richmond, CA 94804 USA.
EM matthew.porteus@UTSouthwestern.edu; mholmes@sangamo.com
NR 39
TC 1276
Z9 1963
U1 2
U2 234
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 646
EP 651
DI 10.1038/nature03556
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200043
PM 15806097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghedin, E
   Sengamalay, NA
   Shumway, M
   Zaborsky, J
   Feldblyum, T
   Subbu, V
   Spiro, DJ
   Sitz, J
   Koo, H
   Bolotov, P
   Dernovoy, D
   Tatusova, T
   Bao, YM
   St George, K
   Taylor, J
   Lipman, DJ
   Fraser, CM
   Taubenberger, JK
   Salzberg, SL
AF Ghedin, E
   Sengamalay, NA
   Shumway, M
   Zaborsky, J
   Feldblyum, T
   Subbu, V
   Spiro, DJ
   Sitz, J
   Koo, H
   Bolotov, P
   Dernovoy, D
   Tatusova, T
   Bao, YM
   St George, K
   Taylor, J
   Lipman, DJ
   Fraser, CM
   Taubenberger, JK
   Salzberg, SL
TI Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virus neuraminidase; antigenic sites; reassortment; protein; hospitalizations; pb1-f2; asia
AB Influenza viruses are remarkably adept at surviving in the human population over a long timescale. The human influenza A virus continues to thrive even among populations with widespread access to vaccines, and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality(1,2). The virus mutates from year to year, making the existing vaccines ineffective on a regular basis, and requiring that new strains be chosen for a new vaccine. Less-frequent major changes, known as antigenic shift, create new strains against which the human population has little protective immunity, thereby causing worldwide pandemics. The most recent pandemics include the 1918 'Spanish' flu, one of the most deadly outbreaks in recorded history, which killed 30-50 million people worldwide, the 1957 'Asian' flu, and the 1968 'Hong Kong' flu(3). Motivated by the need for a better understanding of influenza evolution, we have developed flexible protocols that make it possible to apply large-scale sequencing techniques to the highly variable influenza genome. Here we report the results of sequencing 209 complete genomes of the human influenza A virus, encompassing a total of 2,821,103 nucleotides. In addition to increasing markedly the number of publicly available, complete influenza virus genomes, we have discovered several anomalies in these first 209 genomes that demonstrate the dynamic nature of influenza transmission and evolution. This new, large-scale sequencing effort promises to provide a more comprehensive picture of the evolution of influenza viruses and of their pattern of transmission through human and animal populations. All data from this project are being deposited, without delay, in public archives.
C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
   New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Mol Pathol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, Ctr Bioinformat & Computat Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM); State University of New York (SUNY) System; Wadsworth Center; United States Department of Defense; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Salzberg, SL (corresponding author), Inst Genom Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM salzberg@umd.edu
NR 27
TC 356
Z9 449
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1162
EP 1166
DI 10.1038/nature04239
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500046
PM 16208317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tulapurkar, AA
   Suzuki, Y
   Fukushima, A
   Kubota, H
   Maehara, H
   Tsunekawa, K
   Djayaprawira, DD
   Watanabe, N
   Yuasa, S
AF Tulapurkar, AA
   Suzuki, Y
   Fukushima, A
   Kubota, H
   Maehara, H
   Tsunekawa, K
   Djayaprawira, DD
   Watanabe, N
   Yuasa, S
TI Spin-torque diode effect in magnetic tunnel junctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID room-temperature; driven; magnetoresistance; resonance; waves
AB There is currently much interest in the development of 'spin-tronic' devices, in which harnessing the spins of electrons (rather than just their charges) is anticipated to provide new functionalities that go beyond those possible with conventional electronic devices. One widely studied example of an effect that has its roots in the electron's spin degree of freedom is the torque exerted by a spin-polarized electric current on the spin moment of a nanometre-scale magnet. This torque causes the magnetic moment to rotate(1-19) at potentially useful frequencies. Here we report a very different phenomenon that is also based on the interplay between spin dynamics and spin-dependent transport, and which arises from unusual diode behaviour. We show that the application of a small radio-frequency alternating current to a nanometre-scale magnetic tunnel junction(20-22) can generate a measurable direct-current (d.c.) voltage across the device when the frequency is resonant with the spin oscillations that arise from the spin-torque effect: at resonance (which can be tuned by an external magnetic field), the structure exhibits different resistance states depending on the direction of the current. This behaviour is markedly different from that of a conventional semiconductor diode(23), and could form the basis of a nanometre-scale radio-frequency detector in telecommunication circuits.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Nanoelectr Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Canon ANELVA Corp, Electron Device Equipment Div, Tokyo 1838508, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; Canon Incorporated
RP Suzuki, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Nanoelectr Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
EM suzuki-y@mp.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 738
Z9 841
U1 2
U2 202
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 339
EP 342
DI 10.1038/nature04207
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200044
PM 16292307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davidson, G
   Wu, W
   Shen, JL
   Bilic, J
   Fenger, U
   Stannek, P
   Glinka, A
   Niehrs, C
AF Davidson, G
   Wu, W
   Shen, JL
   Bilic, J
   Fenger, U
   Stannek, P
   Glinka, A
   Niehrs, C
TI Casein kinase 1γ couples Wnt receptor activation to cytoplasmic signal transduction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-5; mechanism; pathway
AB Signalling by Wnt proteins ( Wingless in Drosophila) has diverse roles during embryonic development and in adults, and is implicated in human diseases, including cancer(1,2). LDL-receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5 and LRP6; Arrow in Drosophila) are key receptors required for transmission of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling in metazoa(3). Although the role of these receptors in Wnt signalling is well established, their coupling with the cytoplasmic signalling apparatus remains poorly defined. Using a protein modification screen for regulators of LRP6, we describe the identification of Xenopus Casein kinase 1 gamma (CK1 gamma), a membrane-bound member of the CK1 family. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments show that CK1 gamma is both necessary and sufficient to transduce LRP6 signalling in vertebrates and Drosophila cells. In Xenopus embryos, CK1 gamma is required during anterio-posterior patterning to promote posteriorizing Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. CK1 gamma is associated with LRP6, which has multiple, modular CK1 phosphorylation sites. Wnt treatment induces the rapid CK1 gamma-mediated phosphorylation of these sites within LRP6, which, in turn, promotes the recruitment of the scaffold protein Axin. Our results reveal an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that couples Wnt receptor activation to the cytoplasmic signal transduction apparatus.
C1 Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP Niehrs, C (corresponding author), Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM g.davidson@dkfz-heidelberg.de; Niehrs@dkfz-heidelberg.de
NR 23
TC 483
Z9 672
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 867
EP 872
DI 10.1038/nature04170
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800054
PM 16341016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carulla, N
   Caddy, GL
   Hall, DR
   Zurdo, J
   Gairí, M
   Feliz, M
   Giralt, E
   Robinson, CV
   Dobson, CM
AF Carulla, N
   Caddy, GL
   Hall, DR
   Zurdo, J
   Gairí, M
   Feliz, M
   Giralt, E
   Robinson, CV
   Dobson, CM
TI Molecular recycling within amyloid fibrils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein aggregation; core; microscopy; resistant; possess; prions; model
AB Amyloid fibrils are thread-like protein aggregates with a core region formed from repetitive arrays of beta-sheets oriented parallel to the fibril axis(1,2). Such structures were first recognized in clinical disorders(1,3), but more recently have also been linked to a variety of non-pathogenic phenomena ranging from the transfer of genetic information to synaptic changes associated with memory(4-7). The observation that many proteins can convert into similar structures in vitro has suggested that this ability is a generic feature of polypeptide chains(1,8). Here we have probed the nature of the amyloid structure by monitoring hydrogen/deuterium exchange in fibrils formed from an SH3 domain(9-12) using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The results reveal that under the conditions used in this study, exchange is dominated by a mechanism of dissociation and re-association that results in the recycling of molecules within the fibril population. This insight into the dynamic nature of amyloid fibrils, and the ability to determine the parameters that define this behaviour, have important implications for the design of therapeutic strategies directed against amyloid disease.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Serv Cient Tecn, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
   Inst Recerca Biomed Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
   Univ Barcelona, Dept Quim Organ, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 University of Cambridge; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Institute for Research in Biomedicine - IRB Barcelona; University of Barcelona
RP Dobson, CM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
EM cvr24@cam.ac.uk; cmd44@cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 298
Z9 323
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 554
EP 558
DI 10.1038/nature03986
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800061
PM 16049488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wassen, MJ
   Venterink, HO
   Lapshina, ED
   Tanneberger, F
AF Wassen, MJ
   Venterink, HO
   Lapshina, ED
   Tanneberger, F
TI Endangered plants persist under phosphorus limitation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species richness; nutrient limitation; nitrogen; restoration; diversity; biodiversity; constraints; grassland; capacity; wetlands
AB Nitrogen enrichment is widely thought to be responsible for the loss of plant species from temperate terrestrial ecosystems. This view is based on field surveys and controlled experiments showing that species richness correlates negatively with high productivity(1,2) and nitrogen enrichment(3). However, as the type of nutrient limitation has never been examined on a large geographical scale the causality of these relationships is uncertain. We investigated species richness in herbaceous terrestrial ecosystems, sampled along a transect through temperate Eurasia that represented a gradient of declining levels of atmospheric nitrogen deposition - from similar to 50 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in western Europe to natural background values of less than 5 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) in Siberia(4). Here we show that many more endangered plant species persist under phosphorus- limited than under nitrogen- limited conditions, and we conclude that enhanced phosphorus is more likely to be the cause of species loss than nitrogen enrichment. Our results highlight the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of phosphorus enrichment, and for a stronger focus on conservation management to reduce phosphorus availability.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev & Innovat, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   ETH, Geobot Inst, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Tomsk State Univ, Dept Bot, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
   Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Inst Bot & Landscape Ecol, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
C3 Utrecht University; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Tomsk State University; Universitat Greifswald
RP Wassen, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev & Innovat, POB 80115, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM m.wassen@geo.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 439
Z9 502
U1 9
U2 399
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 547
EP 550
DI 10.1038/nature03950
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800049
PM 16177790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, X
   Zhuang, J
   Peng, Q
   Li, YD
AF Wang, X
   Zhuang, J
   Peng, Q
   Li, YD
TI A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-crystal nanowires; quantum dots; nanoparticles; nanotubes; superlattices; oxides
AB New strategies for materials fabrication are of fundamental importance in the advancement of science and technology(1-12). Organometallic(13,14) and other organic solution phase(15-17) synthetic routes have enabled the synthesis of functional inorganic quantum dots or nanocrystals. These nanomaterials form the building blocks for new bottom-up approaches to materials assembly for a range of uses; such materials also receive attention because of their intrinsic size-dependent properties and resulting applications(18-21). Here we report a unified approach to the synthesis of a large variety of nanocrystals with different chemistries and properties and with low dispersity; these include noble metal, magnetic/ dielectric, semiconducting, rare-earth fluorescent, biomedical, organic optoelectronic semiconducting and conducting polymer nanoparticles. This strategy is based on a general phase transfer and separation mechanism occurring at the interfaces of the liquid, solid and solution phases present during the synthesis. We believe our methodology provides a simple and convenient route to a variety of building blocks for assembling materials with novel structure and function in nanotechnology(13-29).
C1 Tsinghua Univ, Dept Chem, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
   Natl Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
C3 Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience & Technology, CAS
RP Li, YD (corresponding author), Tsinghua Univ, Dept Chem, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
EM ydli@tsinghua.edu.cn
NR 29
TC 2471
Z9 2752
U1 35
U2 4445
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 121
EP 124
DI 10.1038/nature03968
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400053
PM 16136139
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Tomaso, AW
   Nyholm, SV
   Palmeri, KJ
   Ishizuka, KJ
   Ludington, WB
   Mitchel, K
   Weissman, IL
AF De Tomaso, AW
   Nyholm, SV
   Palmeri, KJ
   Ishizuka, KJ
   Ludington, WB
   Mitchel, K
   Weissman, IL
TI Isolation and characterization of a protochordate histocompatibility locus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID killer-cell receptors; botryllus-schlosseri; immunoglobulin superfamily; germ cells; recognition; evolution; allorecognition; urochordate; proteins; ligands
AB Histocompatibility - the ability of an organism to distinguish its own cells and tissue from those of another - is a universal phenomenon in the Metazoa. In vertebrates, histocompatibility is a function of the immune system controlled by a highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which encodes proteins that target foreign molecules for immune cell recognition. The association of the MHC and immune function suggests an evolutionary relationship between metazoan histocompatibility and the origins of vertebrate immunity. However, the MHC of vertebrates is the only functionally characterized histocompatibility system; the mechanisms underlying this process in non-vertebrates are unknown. A primitive chordate, the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, also undergoes a histocompatibility reaction controlled by a highly polymorphic locus. Here we describe the isolation of a candidate gene encoding an immunoglobulin superfamily member that, by itself, predicts the outcome of histocompatibility reactions. This is the first non-vertebrate histocompatibility gene described, and may provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Dept Biol, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP De Tomaso, AW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM tdet@stanford.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI041588] Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 168
Z9 192
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 454
EP 459
DI 10.1038/nature04150
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200040
PM 16306984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulz, O
   Diebold, SS
   Chen, M
   Näslund, TI
   Nolte, MA
   Alexopoulou, L
   Azuma, YT
   Flavell, RA
   Liljeström, P
   Sousa, CRE
AF Schulz, O
   Diebold, SS
   Chen, M
   Näslund, TI
   Nolte, MA
   Alexopoulou, L
   Azuma, YT
   Flavell, RA
   Liljeström, P
   Sousa, CRE
TI Toll-like receptor 3 promotes cross-priming to virus-infected cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd8-alpha(+) dendritic cells; double-stranded-rna; cd8(+) t-cells; in-vivo; viral-infection; cutting edge; dying cells; antigens; interferon; immunity
AB Cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens plays an important role in regulating CD8(+) T cell responses to proteins that are not expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)(1). Dendritic cells are the principal cross-presenting APCs in vivo and much progress has been made in elucidating the pathways that allow dendritic cells to capture and process cellular material(1). However, little is known about the signals that determine whether such presentation ultimately results in a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response (cross-priming) or in CD8(+) T cell inactivation (cross-tolerance). Here we describe a mechanism that promotes cross-priming during viral infections. We show that murine CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells are activated by double-stranded (ds)RNA present in virally infected cells but absent from uninfected cells. Dendritic cell activation requires phagocytosis of infected material, followed by signalling through the dsRNA receptor, toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Immunization with virus-infected cells or cells containing synthetic dsRNA leads to a striking increase in CTL cross-priming against cell-associated antigens, which is largely dependent on TLR3 expression by antigen-presenting cells. Thus, TLR3 may have evolved to permit cross-priming of CTLs against viruses that do not directly infect dendritic cells.
C1 Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, Immunobiol Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, Dept Vaccine Res, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Cancer Research UK; Karolinska Institutet; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Sousa, CRE (corresponding author), Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, Immunobiol Lab, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM caetano@cancer.org.uk
NR 30
TC 737
Z9 895
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 887
EP 892
DI 10.1038/nature03326
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600048
PM 15711573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parman, SW
   Kurz, MD
   Hart, SR
   Grove, TL
AF Parman, SW
   Kurz, MD
   Hart, SR
   Grove, TL
TI Helium solubility in olivine and implications for high 3He/4He in ocean island basalts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noble-gases; mantle heterogeneity; earths mantle; systematics; evolution; ridge; melts; neon; fractionation; constraints
AB High (3)He/(4) He ratios found in ocean island basalts are the main evidence for the existence of an undegassed mantle reservoir(1-3). However, models of helium isotope evolution depend critically on the chemical behaviour of helium during mantle melting. It is generally assumed that helium is strongly enriched in mantle melts relative to uranium and thorium, yet estimates of helium partitioning in mantle minerals have produced conflicting results(4-6). Here we present experimental measurements of helium solubility in olivine at atmospheric pressure. Natural and synthetic olivines were equilibrated with a 50% helium atmosphere and analysed by crushing in vacuo followed by melting, and yield a minimum olivine-melt partition coefficient of 0.0025 +/- 0.0005 (s.d.) and a maximum of 0.0060 +/- 0.0007 (s.d.). The results indicate that helium might be more compatible than uranium and thorium during mantle melting and that high (3)He/(4) He ratios can be preserved in depleted residues of melting. A depleted source for high (3)He/(4) He ocean island basalts would resolve the apparent discrepancy(7) in the relative helium concentrations of ocean island and mid-ocean-ridge basalts.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Parman, SW (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Sci Labs, Dept Earth Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
EM stephen.parman@durham.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 115
Z9 131
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1140
EP 1143
DI 10.1038/nature04215
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500041
PM 16237441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Izawa, D
   Goto, M
   Yamashita, A
   Yamano, H
   Yamamoto, M
AF Izawa, D
   Goto, M
   Yamashita, A
   Yamano, H
   Yamamoto, M
TI Fission yeast Mes1p ensures the onset of meiosis II by blocking degradation of cyclin Cdc13p
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaphase-promoting complex; genetically interacts; protein-kinase; direct binding; cell-cycle; apc; cdc20; emi1; proteolysis; expression
AB Meiosis is a special form of nuclear division to generate eggs, spermand spores in eukaryotes. Meiosis consists of the first (MI) and the second (MII) meiotic divisions, which occur consecutively. MI is reductional, in which homologous chromosomes derived from parents segregate. MI is supported by an elaborate mechanism involving meiosis-specific cohesin and its protector(1). MII is equational, in which replicated sister-chromatids separate as in mitosis. MII is generally considered to mimic mitosis in mechanism. However, fission yeastMes1p is essential for MII but dispensable for mitosis. The mes1-B44 mutant arrests before MII2. Transcription of mes1 is low in vegetative cells and boosted in a narrow window between late MI and late MII3. The mes1 mRNA undergoes meiosis-specific splicing(4). Here we show that Mes1p is a factor that suppresses the degradation of cyclin Cdc13p at anaphase I. Mes1p binds to Slp1p, an activator of APC/C ( anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome), and counteracts its function to engage Cdc13p in proteolysis. Inhibition of APC/C-dependent degradation of Cdc13p by Mes1p was reproduced in a Xenopus egg extract. We therefore propose that Mes1p has a key function in saving a sufficient level of MPF ( M-phase-promoting factor) activity required for the execution of MII.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Mol Genet Res Lab, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Cell Proliferat, Okazaki, Aichi 4440867, Japan.
   Marie Curie Res Inst, Cell Cycle Control Grp, Surrey RH8 0TL, England.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB)
RP Yamamoto, M (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM myamamot@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 64
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 529
EP 533
DI 10.1038/nature03406
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000047
PM 15791259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, XL
   Kellner, AWA
   Zhou, ZH
   Campos, DD
AF Wang, XL
   Kellner, AWA
   Zhou, ZH
   Campos, DD
TI Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jiufotang formation; inner-mongolia
AB New specimens and an analysis of the Jehol pterosaur faunae of northeastern China show an unexpected diversity of flying reptile groups in terrestrial Cretaceous ecosystems(1-4). Here we report two new pterosaurs that are referred to European groups previously unknown in deposits of northeastern China. Feilongus youngi, from the Yixian Formation(1,3), is closely related to the Gallodactylidae(5-6) and is distinguished by the presence of two independent sagittal crests and a protruding upper jaw. Nurhachius ignaciobritoi, from the Jiufotang Formation(2,3), has teeth formed by labiolingually compressed triangular crowns, only previously reported in Istiodactylus latidens(7) from England. With these new discoveries, the Jehol pterosaurs show a wide range of groups including both primitive and derived forms that are not matched by any other deposit in the world. The discoveries also document the turnover of pterosaur faunae, with the primitive Anurognathidae and early archaeopterodactyloids being replaced by derived pterodactyloids. Furthermore, these deposits offer an opportunity to examine the interaction and competition between birds and pterosaurs - it indicates that the avian fauna during the Lower Cretaceous ( and possibly most of the Mesozoic) dominated terrestrial, inland regions, whereas pterosaurs were more abundant in coastal areas.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacl, Dept Geol & Paleontol, Paleovertebrate Sector, BR-20940040 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Museu Ciencias Terra, Dept Nacl Prod Mineral, BR-22290240 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
RP Wang, XL (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xlinwang@263.net; kellner@acd.ufrj.br
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 177
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 875
EP 879
DI 10.1038/nature03982
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600044
PM 16208369
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rong, HS
   Liu, AS
   Jones, R
   Cohen, O
   Hak, D
   Nicolaescu, R
   Fang, A
   Paniccia, M
AF Rong, HS
   Liu, AS
   Jones, R
   Cohen, O
   Hak, D
   Nicolaescu, R
   Fang, A
   Paniccia, M
TI An all-silicon Raman laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1.54 mu-m; optical gain; 2-photon absorption; si nanocrystals; wave-guides; amplification; luminescence; emission; photoluminescence
AB The possibility of light generation and/or amplification in silicon has attracted a great deal of attention(1) for silicon-based optoelectronic applications owing to the potential for forming inexpensive, monolithic integrated optical components. Because of its indirect bandgap, bulk silicon shows very inefficient band-to-band radiative electron-hole recombination. Light emission in silicon has thus focused on the use of silicon engineered materials such as nanocrystals(2-5), Si/SiO2 superlattices(6), erbium-doped silicon-rich oxides(7-10), surface-textured bulk silicon(11) and Si/SiGe quantum cascade structures(12). Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) has recently been demonstrated as a mechanism to generate optical gain in planar silicon waveguide structures(13-21). In fact, net optical gain in the range 2-11 dB due to SRS has been reported in centimetre-sized silicon waveguides using pulsed pumping(18-21). Recently, a lasing experiment involving silicon as the gain medium by way of SRS was reported, where the ring laser cavity was formed by an 8-m-long optical fibre(22). Here we report the experimental demonstration of Raman lasing in a compact, all-silicon, waveguide cavity on a single silicon chip. This demonstration represents an important step towards producing practical continuous-wave optical amplifiers and lasers that could be integrated with other optoelectronic components onto CMOS-compatible silicon chips.
C1 Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.
   Intel Corp, IL-91031 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Intel Corporation; Intel USA; Intel Corporation; Intel Israel
RP Rong, HS (corresponding author), Intel Corp, 2200 Mission Coll Blvd,CHP3-109, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA.
EM haisheng.rong@intel.com
NR 27
TC 765
Z9 903
U1 5
U2 376
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 292
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature03273
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300049
PM 15635371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berken, A
   Thomas, C
   Wittinghofer, A
AF Berken, A
   Thomas, C
   Wittinghofer, A
TI A new family of RhoGEFs activates the Rop molecular switch in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guanine-nucleotide exchange; salmonella-typhimurium; gtpase; domain; ras; fluorescence; superfamily; inhibitor; guanosine; region
AB In plants, the small GTP-binding proteins called Rops work as signalling switches that control growth, development and plant responses to various environmental stimuli(1-3). Rop proteins ( Rho of plants, Rac-like and AtRac in Arabidopsis thaliana) belong to the Rho family of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins that turn on signalling pathways by switching from a GDP-bound inactive to a GTP-bound active conformation(4,5). Activation depends on guanine nucleotide exchange factors ( GEFs) that catalyse the otherwise slow GDP dissociation for subsequent GTP binding(6). Although numerous RhoGEFs exist in animals and yeasts(7), no Rop-specific GEFs have yet been identified in plants and so Rop activation has remained elusive(1-3,8). Here we describe a new family of RhoGEF proteins that are exclusive to plants. We define a unique domain within these RopGEFs, termed PRONE (plant-specific Rop nucleotide exchanger), which is exclusively active towards members of the Rop subfamily. It increases nucleotide dissociation from Rop more than a thousand-fold and forms a tight complex with nucleotide-free Rop. RopGEFs may represent the missing link in signal transduction from receptor kinases to Rops and their identification has implications for the evolution of the Rho molecular switch.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Berken, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Otto Hahn Str 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
EM antje.berken@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 230
Z9 285
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1176
EP 1180
DI 10.1038/nature03883
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600050
PM 15980860
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bringmann, H
   Hyman, AA
AF Bringmann, H
   Hyman, AA
TI A cytokinesis furrow is positioned by two consecutive signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sand dollar eggs; caenorhabditis-elegans embryo; c-elegans; mitotic apparatus; spindle midzone; cell-division; protein; rnai; embryogenesis; organization
AB The position of the cytokinesis furrow in a cell determines the relative sizes of its two daughter cells as well as the distribution of their contents. In animal cells, the position of the cytokinesis furrow is specified by the position of the mitotic spindle(1). The cytokinesis furrow bisects the spindle midway between the microtubule asters, at the site of the microtubule-based midzone, producing two daughter cells. Experiments in some cell types have suggested that the midzone positions the furrow(2,3), but experiments in other cells have suggested that the asters position the furrow(4,5). One possibility is that different organisms and cell types use different mechanisms to position the cytokinesis furrow. An alternative possibility is that both asters and the midzone contribute to furrow positioning(6,7). Recent work in C. elegans has suggested that centrosome separation and the midzone are implicated in cytokinesis(8). Here we examine the relative contributions of different parts of the mitotic spindle to positioning of the cytokinesis furrow in the C. elegans zygote. By spatially separating the spindle midzone from one of the asters using an ultraviolet laser, we show that the cytokinesis furrow is first positioned by a signal determined by microtubule asters, and then by a second signal that is derived from the spindle midzone. Thus, the position of the cytokinesis furrow is specified by two consecutive furrowing activities.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Bringmann, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauer Str 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM bringman@mpi-cbg.de
NR 25
TC 176
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 731
EP 734
DI 10.1038/nature03823
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500050
PM 16079852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aldhous, P
AF Aldhous, P
TI Melioidosis? Never heard of it ...
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID burkholderia-pseudomallei; ceftazidime; mallei
NR 6
TC 41
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 692
EP 693
DI 10.1038/434692a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700012
PM 15815599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maskos, U
   Molles, BE
   Pons, S
   Besson, M
   Guiard, BP
   Guilloux, JP
   Evrard, A
   Cazala, P
   Cormier, A
   Mameli-Engvall, M
   Dufour, N
   Cloëz-Tayarani, I
   Bemelmans, AP
   Mallet, J
   Gardier, AM
   David, V
   Faure, P
   Granon, S
   Changeux, JP
AF Maskos, U
   Molles, BE
   Pons, S
   Besson, M
   Guiard, BP
   Guilloux, JP
   Evrard, A
   Cazala, P
   Cormier, A
   Mameli-Engvall, M
   Dufour, N
   Cloëz-Tayarani, I
   Bemelmans, AP
   Mallet, J
   Gardier, AM
   David, V
   Faure, P
   Granon, S
   Changeux, JP
TI Nicotine reinforcement and cognition restored by targeted expression of nicotinic receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; acetylcholine-receptors; physiological diversity; nucleus-accumbens; neurons; mice; rat; behavior; identification; addiction
AB Worldwide, 100 million people are expected to die this century from the consequences of nicotine addiction(1), but nicotine is also known to enhance cognitive performance(2). Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in nicotine reinforcement and cognition is a priority and requires the development of new in vivo experimental paradigms. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain is thought to mediate the reinforcement properties of many drugs of abuse. Here we specifically re-expressed the beta 2-subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) by stereotaxically injecting a lentiviral vector into the VTA of mice carrying beta 2-subunit deletions(3,4). We demonstrate the efficient re-expression of electrophysiologically responsive, ligand-binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in dopamine-containing neurons of the VTA, together with the recovery of nicotine-elicited dopamine release and nicotine self-administration. We also quantified exploratory behaviours of the mice, and showed that beta 2-subunit re-expression restored slow exploratory behaviour (a measure of cognitive function) to wild-type levels, but did not affect fast navigation behaviour. We thus demonstrate the sufficient role of the VTA in both nicotine reinforcement and endogenous cholinergic regulation of cognitive functions.
C1 Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2182, Unite Recepteurs & Cognit, F-75724 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris Sud, Fac Pharm, Lab Neuropharmacol EA3544, F-92296 Chatenay Malabry, France.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5106, Cognit Neurosci Lab, F-33405 Talence, France.
   Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, CNRS, UMR 7091, Lab Genet Mol Neurotransmiss & Proc Neurodegenera, F-75013 Paris, France.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP; Sorbonne Universite
RP Changeux, JP (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2182, Unite Recepteurs & Cognit, 25 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris, France.
EM changeux@pasteur.fr
NR 30
TC 461
Z9 550
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 103
EP 107
DI 10.1038/nature03694
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600047
PM 16001069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lipford, JR
   Smith, GT
   Chi, Y
   Deshaies, RJ
AF Lipford, JR
   Smith, GT
   Chi, Y
   Deshaies, RJ
TI A putative stimulatory role for activator turnover in gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteasome inhibition; transcription; gcn4; degradation; recruitment; proteolysis; gal4
AB The ubiquitin - proteasome system (UPS) promotes the destruction of target proteins by attaching to them a ubiquitin chain that is recognized by the 26S proteasome(1). The UPS influences most cellular processes, and its targets include transcriptional activators that are primary determinants of gene expression. Emerging evidence indicates that non-proteolytic functions of the UPS might stimulate transcriptional activity(2,3). Here we show that the proteolysis of some transcriptional activators by the UPS can stimulate their function. We focused on the role of UPS-dependent proteolysis in the function of inducible transcriptional activators in yeast, and found that inhibition of the proteasome(4) reduced transcription of the targets of the activators Gcn4, Gal4 and Ino2/4. In addition, mutations in SCFCdc4, the ubiquitin ligase for Gcn4 (ref. 5), or mutations in ubiquitin that prevent degradation(6), also impaired the transcription of Gcn4 targets. These transcriptional defects were manifested despite the enhanced abundance of Gcn4 on cognate promoters. Proteasome inhibition also decreased the association of RNA polymerase II with Gcn4, Gal4 and Ino2/4 targets, as did mutations in SCFCdc4 for Gcn4 targets. Expression of a stable phospho-site mutant of Gcn4 ( ref. 7) or disruption of the kinases that target Gcn4 for turnover(5,7) alleviated the sensitivity of Gcn4 activity to defects in the UPS.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Deshaies, RJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, MC 156-29,1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM deshaies@caltech.edu
NR 27
TC 159
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 113
EP 116
DI 10.1038/nature04098
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000052
PM 16267558
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klie, RF
   Buban, JP
   Varela, M
   Franceschetti, A
   Jooss, C
   Zhu, Y
   Browning, ND
   Pantelides, ST
   Pennycook, SJ
AF Klie, RF
   Buban, JP
   Varela, M
   Franceschetti, A
   Jooss, C
   Zhu, Y
   Browning, ND
   Pantelides, ST
   Pennycook, SJ
TI Enhanced current transport at grain boundaries in high-Tc superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yba2cu3o7-delta; calcium; dislocations; charge
AB Large-scale applications of high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors, such as their use in superconducting cables, are impeded by the fact that polycrystalline materials ( the only practical option) support significantly lower current densities than single crystals(1-6). The superconducting critical current density (J(c)) across a grain boundary drops exponentially if the misorientation angle exceeds 2 degrees- 7 degrees. Grain texturing reduces the average misorientation angle, but problems persist(7,8). Adding impurities ( such as Ca in YBa2Cu3O7-delta; YBCO) leads to increased J(c) (refs 9, 10), which is generally attributed to excess holes introduced by Ca2+ substituting for Y3+ (ref. 11). However, a comprehensive physical model for the role of grain boundaries and Ca doping has remained elusive. Here we report calculations, imaging and spectroscopy at the atomic scale that demonstrate that in poly-crystalline YBCO, highly strained grain-boundary regions contain excess O vacancies, which reduce the local hole concentration. The Ca impurities indeed substitute for Y, but in grain-boundary regions under compression and tension they also replace Ba and Cu, relieving strain and suppressing O-vacancy formation. Our results demonstrate that the ionic radii are more important than their electronic valences for enhancing J(c).
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Engn Innovat, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Mat Phys, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of Tokyo; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Vanderbilt University; University of Gottingen; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Klie, RF (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Ctr Funct Nanomat, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM klie@bnl.gov
NR 28
TC 177
Z9 201
U1 3
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 475
EP 478
DI 10.1038/nature03644
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800050
PM 15917804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tzima, E
   Irani-Tehrani, M
   Kiosses, WB
   Dejana, E
   Schultz, DA
   Engelhardt, B
   Cao, GY
   DeLisser, H
   Schwartz, MA
AF Tzima, E
   Irani-Tehrani, M
   Kiosses, WB
   Dejana, E
   Schultz, DA
   Engelhardt, B
   Cao, GY
   DeLisser, H
   Schwartz, MA
TI A mechanosensory complex that mediates the endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; nitric-oxide; affinity modulation; activation; atherosclerosis; transduction; cadherin; mechanotransduction; proliferation; permeability
AB Shear stress is a fundamental determinant of vascular homeostasis, regulating vascular remodelling, cardiac development and atherogenesis(1), but the mechanisms of transduction are poorly understood. Previous work showed that the conversion of integrins to a high-affinity state mediates a subset of shear responses, including cell alignment and gene expression(2-4). Here we investigate the pathway upstream of integrin activation. PECAM-1 ( which directly transmits mechanical force), vascular endothelial cell cadherin ( which functions as an adaptor) and VEGFR2 ( which activates phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase) comprise a mechanosensory complex. Together, these receptors are sufficient to confer responsiveness to flow in heterologous cells. In support of the relevance of this pathway in vivo, PECAM-1-knockout mice do not activate NF-kappa B and downstream inflammatory genes in regions of disturbed flow. Therefore, this mechanosensing pathway is required for the earliest-known events in atherogenesis.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Milan, Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Fac Sci, Dept Biomol & Biotechnol Sci, FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Bern, Theodor Kocher Inst, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Penn, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Mellon Prostate Canc Res Ctr, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Mellon Prostate Canc Res Ctr, Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Dept Biomed Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS; University of Milan; IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; University of Milan; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Bern; Theodor Kocher Institute; University of Pennsylvania; University of Virginia; University of Virginia
RP Schwartz, MA (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM maschwartz@virginia.edu
NR 30
TC 1392
Z9 1780
U1 3
U2 236
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 426
EP 431
DI 10.1038/nature03952
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100057
PM 16163360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sako, S
   Yamashita, T
   Kataza, H
   Miyata, T
   Okamoto, YK
   Honda, M
   Fujiyoshi, T
   Terada, H
   Kamazaki, T
   Jiang, ZB
   Hanawa, T
   Onaka, T
AF Sako, S
   Yamashita, T
   Kataza, H
   Miyata, T
   Okamoto, YK
   Honda, M
   Fujiyoshi, T
   Terada, H
   Kamazaki, T
   Jiang, ZB
   Hanawa, T
   Onaka, T
TI No high-mass protostars in the silhouette young stellar object M17-S01
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-resolution; co emission; m17; envelopes; camera; scale; cloud; disks
AB The birth of very massive stars is not well understood(1-3), in contrast to the formation process of low-mass stars like our Sun(4,5). It is not even clear that massive stars can form as single entities; rather, they might form through the mergers of smaller ones born in tight groups(6,7). The recent claim of the discovery of a massive protostar in M17 (a nearby giant ionized region) forming through the same mechanism as low-mass stars(8) has therefore generated considerable interest. Here we show that this protostar has an intermediate mass of only 2.5 to 8 solar masses (M.), contrary to the earlier claim of 20. (ref. 8). The surrounding circumstellar envelope contains only 0.09M. and a much more extended local molecular cloud has 4-9M..
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Natl Inst Nat Sci, Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Astron, Tokyo 1810015, Japan.
   Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Ibaraki Univ, Inst Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Mito, Ibaraki 3108512, Japan.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, Purple Mt Observ, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
   Chiba Univ, Ctr Fontier Sci, Inage Ku, Chiba 2638522, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); University of Tokyo; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Ibaraki University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Astronomical Observatory, CAS; Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics & Technology, NAOC, CAS; Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS; Chiba University
RP Sako, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM sako@ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 16
Z9 16
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 995
EP 998
DI 10.1038/nature03471
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600031
PM 15846339
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pocai, A
   Lam, TKT
   Gutierrez-Juarez, R
   Obici, S
   Schwartz, GJ
   Bryan, J
   Aguilar-Bryan, L
   Rossetti, L
AF Pocai, A
   Lam, TKT
   Gutierrez-Juarez, R
   Obici, S
   Schwartz, GJ
   Bryan, J
   Aguilar-Bryan, L
   Rossetti, L
TI Hypothalamic KATP channels control hepatic glucose production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensitive potassium channels; food-intake; body-weight; sulfonylurea receptor; insulin-secretion; arcuate nucleus; mice; inhibition; obesity; leptin
AB Obesity is the driving force behind the worldwide increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(1,2). Hyperglycaemia is a hallmark of diabetes and is largely due to increased hepatic gluconeogenesis(3). The medial hypothalamus is a major integrator of nutritional and hormonal signals(1,2,4), which play pivotal roles not only in the regulation of energy balance but also in the modulation of liver glucose output(5,6). Bidirectional changes in hypothalamic insulin signalling therefore result in parallel changes in both energy balance(7-10) and glucose metabolism(5). Here we show that activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels(11) in the mediobasal hypothalamus is sufficient to lower blood glucose levels through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Finally, the infusion of a K-ATP blocker within the mediobasal hypothalamus, or the surgical resection of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve, negates the effects of central insulin and halves the effects of systemic insulin on hepatic glucose production. Consistent with these results, mice lacking the SUR1 subunit of the K-ATP channel(12) are resistant to the inhibitory action of insulin on gluconeogenesis. These findings suggest that activation of hypothalamic K-ATP channels normally restrains hepatic gluconeogenesis, and that any alteration within this central nervous system/liver circuit can contribute to diabetic hyperglycaemia.
C1 Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Med, Diabet Res Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Diabet Res Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Diabet Res Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Rossetti, L (corresponding author), Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Med, Diabet Res Ctr, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
EM rossetti@aecom.yu.edu
NR 29
TC 519
Z9 596
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1026
EP 1031
DI 10.1038/nature03439
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600040
PM 15846348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohinata, Y
   Payer, B
   O'Carroll, D
   Ancelin, K
   Ono, Y
   Sano, M
   Barton, SC
   Obukhanych, T
   Nussenzweig, M
   Tarakhovsky, A
   Saitou, M
   Surani, MA
AF Ohinata, Y
   Payer, B
   O'Carroll, D
   Ancelin, K
   Ono, Y
   Sano, M
   Barton, SC
   Obukhanych, T
   Nussenzweig, M
   Tarakhovsky, A
   Saitou, M
   Surani, MA
TI Blimp1 is a critical determinant of the germ cell lineage in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clonal analysis; mouse embryo; gene-expression; specification; fate; gastrulation; maturation; generation; excision; program
AB Germ cell fate in mice is induced in pluripotent epiblast cells in response to signals from extraembryonic tissues. The specification of approximately 40 founder primordial germ cells and their segregation from somatic neighbours are important events in early development. We have proposed that a critical event during this specification includes repression of a somatic programme that is adopted by neighbouring cells. Here we show that Blimp1 ( also known as Prdm1), a known transcriptional repressor, has a critical role in the foundation of the mouse germ cell lineage, as its disruption causes a block early in the process of primordial germ cell formation. Blimp1-deficient mutant embryos form a tight cluster of about 20 primordial germ cell-like cells, which fail to show the characteristic migration, proliferation and consistent repression of homeobox genes that normally accompany specification of primordial germ cells. Furthermore, our genetic lineage-tracing experiments indicate that the Blimp1-positive cells originating from the proximal posterior epiblast cells are indeed the lineage-restricted primordial germ cell precursors.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst Canc & Dev, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   RIKEN Kobe Inst, Ctr Dev Biol, Lab Mammalian Germ Cell Biol, Chuo Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6500047, Japan.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Precursory Res Embryon Sci & Technol, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Biostudies, Lab Mol Cell Biol & Dev, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 University of Cambridge; RIKEN; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kyoto University
RP Surani, MA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst Canc & Dev, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
EM saitou@cdb.riken.jp; as10021@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 834
Z9 990
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 207
EP 213
DI 10.1038/nature03813
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500030
PM 15937476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carol, RJ
   Takeda, S
   Linstead, P
   Durrant, MC
   Kakesova, H
   Derbyshire, P
   Drea, S
   Zarsky, V
   Dolan, L
AF Carol, RJ
   Takeda, S
   Linstead, P
   Durrant, MC
   Kakesova, H
   Derbyshire, P
   Drea, S
   Zarsky, V
   Dolan, L
TI A RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor spatially regulates growth in root hair cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nadph oxidase; gtpase; morphogenesis; expansion
AB Root hairs are cellular protuberances extending from the root surface into the soil; there they provide access to immobile inorganic ions such as phosphate, which are essential for growth(1). Their cylindrical shape results from a polarized mechanism of cell expansion called tip growth in which elongation is restricted to a small area at the surface of the hair-forming cell (trichoblast) tip(2-4). Here we identify proteins that spatially control the sites at which cell growth occurs by isolating Arabidopsis mutants (scn1) that develop ectopic sites of growth on trichoblasts. We cloned SCN1 and showed that SCN1 is a RhoGTPase GDP dissociation inhibitor ( RhoGDI) that spatially restricts the sites of growth to a single point on the trichoblast. We showed previously that localized production of reactive oxygen species by RHD2/AtrbohC NADPH oxidase is required for hair growth(5); here we show that SCN1/AtrhoGDI1 is a component of the mechanism that focuses RHD2/AtrbohC-catalysed production of reactive oxygen species to hair tips during wild-type development. We propose that the spatial organization of growth in plant cells requires the local RhoGDI-regulated activation of the RHD2/AtrbohC NADPH oxidase.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Computat Biol Grp, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Charles Univ Prague, Dept Plant Physiol, Prague 12800 2, Czech Republic.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Expt Bot, CR-16502 Prague, Czech Republic.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Charles University Prague; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Dolan, L (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM liam.dolan@bbsrc.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000168] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/J/00000168] Funding Source: researchfish; Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C510732/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 22
TC 283
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1013
EP 1016
DI 10.1038/nature04198
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600066
PM 16355224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abouchami, W
   Hofmann, AW
   Galer, SJG
   Frey, FA
   Eisele, J
   Feigenson, M
AF Abouchami, W
   Hofmann, AW
   Galer, SJG
   Frey, FA
   Eisele, J
   Feigenson, M
TI Lead isotopes reveal bilateral asymmetry and vertical continuity in the Hawaiian mantle plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mauna-kea volcano; major-element; hf; systematics; evolution; lavas; pb; basalt; origin; zone
AB The two parallel chains of Hawaiian volcanoes ('Loa' and ` Kea') are known to have statistically different but overlapping radiogenic isotope characteristics. This has been explained by a model of a concentrically zoned mantle plume, where the Kea chain preferentially samples a more peripheral portion of the plume. Using high-precision lead isotope data for both centrally and peripherally located volcanoes, we show here that the two trends have very little compositional overlap and instead reveal bilateral, non-concentric plume zones, probably derived from the plume source in the mantle. On a smaller scale, along the Kea chain, there are isotopic differences between the youngest lavas from the Mauna Kea and Kilauea volcanoes, but the 550-thousand-year-old Mauna Kea lavas are isotopically identical to Kilauea lavas, consistent with Mauna Kea's position relative to the plume, which was then similar to that of present-day Kilauea. We therefore conclude that narrow ( less than 50 kilometres wide) compositional streaks, as well as the larger-scale bilateral zonation, are vertically continuous over tens to hundreds of kilometres within the plume.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Abouchami, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
EM wafa@mpch-mainz.mpg.de
NR 43
TC 237
Z9 271
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 851
EP 856
DI 10.1038/nature03402
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600030
PM 15829954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parker, JS
   Roe, SM
   Barford, D
AF Parker, JS
   Roe, SM
   Barford, D
TI Structural insights into mRNA recognition from a PIWI domain-siRNA guide complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; microrna; argonaute2; interference; mechanisms; cleavage
AB RNA interference and related RNA silencing phenomena use short antisense guide RNA molecules to repress the expression of target genes(1,2). Argonaute proteins(3), containing amino-terminal PAZ (for PIWI/Argonaute/Zwille) domains and carboxy-terminal PIWI domains, are core components of these mechanisms. Here we show the crystal structure of a Piwi protein from Archaeoglobus fulgidus (AfPiwi) in complex with a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-like duplex, which mimics the 5 ' end of a guide RNA strand bound to an overhanging target messenger RNA. The structure contains a highly conserved metal-binding site that anchors the 5 ' nucleotide of the guide RNA. The first base pair of the duplex is unwound, separating the 5 ' nucleotide of the guide from the complementary nucleotide on the target strand, which exits with the 3 ' overhang through a short channel. The remaining base-paired nucleotides assume an A-form helix, accommodated within a channel in the PIWI domain, which can be extended to place the scissile phosphate of the target strand adjacent to the putative slicer catalytic site. This study provides insights into mechanisms of target mRNA recognition and cleavage by an Argonaute-siRNA guide complex.
C1 Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Struct Biol, London SW3 6JB, England.
C3 Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK
RP Barford, D (corresponding author), Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Struct Biol, 237 Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JB, England.
EM david.barford@icr.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [074543] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 406
Z9 535
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 663
EP 666
DI 10.1038/nature03462
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000049
PM 15800628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eichinger, L
   Pachebat, JA
   Glöckner, G
   Rajandream, MA
   Sucgang, R
   Berriman, M
   Song, J
   Olsen, R
   Szafranski, K
   Xu, Q
   Tunggal, B
   Kummerfeld, S
   Madera, M
   Konfortov, BA
   Rivero, F
   Bankier, AT
   Lehmann, R
   Hamlin, N
   Davies, R
   Gaudet, P
   Fey, P
   Pilcher, K
   Chen, G
   Saunders, D
   Sodergren, E
   Davis, P
   Kerhornou, A
   Nie, X
   Hall, N
   Anjard, C
   Hemphill, L
   Bason, N
   Farbrother, P
   Desany, B
   Just, E
   Morio, T
   Rost, R
   Churcher, C
   Cooper, J
   Haydock, S
   van Driessche, N
   Cronin, A
   Goodhead, I
   Muzny, D
   Mourier, T
   Pain, A
   Lu, M
   Harper, D
   Lindsay, R
   Hauser, H
   James, K
   Quiles, M
   Babu, MM
   Saito, T
   Buchrieser, C
   Wardroper, A
   Felder, M
   Thangavelu, M
   Johnson, D
   Knights, A
   Loulseged, H
   Mungall, K
   Oliver, K
   Price, C
   Quail, MA
   Urushihara, H
   Hernandez, J
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Steffen, D
   Sanders, M
   Ma, J
   Kohara, Y
   Sharp, S
   Simmonds, M
   Spiegler, S
   Tivey, A
   Sugano, S
   White, B
   Walker, D
   Woodward, J
   Winckler, T
   Tanaka, Y
   Shaulsky, G
   Schleicher, M
   Weinstock, G
   Rosenthal, A
   Cox, EC
   Chisholm, RL
   Gibbs, R
   Loomis, WF
   Platzer, M
   Kay, RR
   Williams, J
   Dear, PH
   Noegel, AA
   Barrell, B
   Kuspa, A
AF Eichinger, L
   Pachebat, JA
   Glöckner, G
   Rajandream, MA
   Sucgang, R
   Berriman, M
   Song, J
   Olsen, R
   Szafranski, K
   Xu, Q
   Tunggal, B
   Kummerfeld, S
   Madera, M
   Konfortov, BA
   Rivero, F
   Bankier, AT
   Lehmann, R
   Hamlin, N
   Davies, R
   Gaudet, P
   Fey, P
   Pilcher, K
   Chen, G
   Saunders, D
   Sodergren, E
   Davis, P
   Kerhornou, A
   Nie, X
   Hall, N
   Anjard, C
   Hemphill, L
   Bason, N
   Farbrother, P
   Desany, B
   Just, E
   Morio, T
   Rost, R
   Churcher, C
   Cooper, J
   Haydock, S
   van Driessche, N
   Cronin, A
   Goodhead, I
   Muzny, D
   Mourier, T
   Pain, A
   Lu, M
   Harper, D
   Lindsay, R
   Hauser, H
   James, K
   Quiles, M
   Babu, MM
   Saito, T
   Buchrieser, C
   Wardroper, A
   Felder, M
   Thangavelu, M
   Johnson, D
   Knights, A
   Loulseged, H
   Mungall, K
   Oliver, K
   Price, C
   Quail, MA
   Urushihara, H
   Hernandez, J
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Steffen, D
   Sanders, M
   Ma, J
   Kohara, Y
   Sharp, S
   Simmonds, M
   Spiegler, S
   Tivey, A
   Sugano, S
   White, B
   Walker, D
   Woodward, J
   Winckler, T
   Tanaka, Y
   Shaulsky, G
   Schleicher, M
   Weinstock, G
   Rosenthal, A
   Cox, EC
   Chisholm, RL
   Gibbs, R
   Loomis, WF
   Platzer, M
   Kay, RR
   Williams, J
   Dear, PH
   Noegel, AA
   Barrell, B
   Kuspa, A
TI The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID horizontal gene-transfer; signal-transduction; abc transporters; cell-adhesion; protein; differentiation; evolution; sequence; expression; cellulose
AB The social amoebae are exceptional in their ability to alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms. Here we describe the genome of the best-studied member of this group, Dictyostelium discoideum. The gene-dense chromosomes of this organism encode approximately 12,500 predicted proteins, a high proportion of which have long, repetitive amino acid tracts. There are many genes for polyketide synthases and ABC transporters, suggesting an extensive secondary metabolism for producing and exporting small molecules. The genome is rich in complex repeats, one class of which is clustered and may serve as centromeres. Partial copies of the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA ( rDNA) element are found at the ends of each chromosome, suggesting a novel telomere structure and the use of a common mechanism to maintain both the rDNA and chromosomal termini. A proteome-based phylogeny shows that the amoebozoa diverged from the animal - fungal lineage after the plant - animal split, but Dictyostelium seems to have retained more of the diversity of the ancestral genome than have plants, animals or fungi.
C1 MRC Ctr, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Cologne, Ctr Biochem, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Ctr Mol Med Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Inst Mol Biotechnol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Grad Program Struct & Computat Biol & Mol Biophys, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol, Sect Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Ctr Med Genet, DictyBase, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Univ Tsukuba, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058572, Japan.
   Univ Munich, Adolf Butenandt Inst Cell Biol, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1QW, England.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Genom Microorganismes Pathogenes, F-75724 Paris, France.
   Univ York, Dept Biol, York YO10 5YW, N Yorkshire, England.
   MRC Res Ctr, MRC Canc Cell Unit, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, England.
   Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Genet Resource Informat, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Med Genome Sci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Biozentrum, Inst Pharmazeut Biol, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Cologne; University of Cologne; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Northwestern University; University of Tsukuba; University of Munich; University of Cambridge; Hokkaido University; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of York - UK; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; University of Tokyo; Goethe University Frankfurt; Princeton University; University of Dundee
RP Dear, PH (corresponding author), MRC Ctr, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM phd@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105115237] Funding Source: Medline; NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD035925] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [MC_U105115237] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 98
TC 1044
Z9 5375
U1 2
U2 285
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 43
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature03481
PG 15
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600034
PM 15875012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haug, GH
   Ganopolski, A
   Sigman, DM
   Rosell-Mele, A
   Swann, GEA
   Tiedemann, R
   Jaccard, SL
   Bollmann, J
   Maslin, MA
   Leng, MJ
   Eglinton, G
AF Haug, GH
   Ganopolski, A
   Sigman, DM
   Rosell-Mele, A
   Swann, GEA
   Tiedemann, R
   Jaccard, SL
   Bollmann, J
   Maslin, MA
   Leng, MJ
   Eglinton, G
TI North Pacific seasonality and the glaciation of North America 2.7 million years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic; climate; calibration; records; silica; panama; index; model
AB In the context of gradual Cenozoic cooling, the timing of the onset of significant Northern Hemisphere glaciation 2.7 million years ago is consistent with Milankovitch's orbital theory, which posited that ice sheets grow when polar summertime insolation and temperature are low. However, the role of moisture supply in the initiation of large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets has remained unclear. The subarctic Pacific Ocean represents a significant source of water vapour to boreal North America, but it has been largely overlooked in efforts to explain Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Here we present alkenone unsaturation ratios and diatom oxygen isotope ratios from a sediment core in the western subarctic Pacific Ocean, indicating that 2.7 million years ago late-summer sea surface temperatures in this ocean region rose in response to an increase in stratification. At the same time, winter sea surface temperatures cooled, winter floating ice became more abundant and global climate descended into glacial conditions. We suggest that the observed summer warming extended into the autumn, providing water vapour to northern North America, where it precipitated and accumulated as snow, and thus allowed the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
C1 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Autonomous Univ Barcelona, ICREA, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
   Autonomous Univ Barcelona, ICTA, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
   UCL, Dept Geog, Environm Change Res Ctr, London WC1H 0AP, England.
   IFM Geomar, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   ETH, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   British Geol Survey, NERC, Isotope Geosci Lab, Keyworth NG12 5GG, Notts, England.
   Univ Bristol, Biogeochem Ctr, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Potsdam Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung; Princeton University; ICREA; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Autonomous University of Barcelona; University of London; University College London; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Geological Survey; University of Bristol
RP Haug, GH (corresponding author), Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
EM haug@gfz-potsdam.de
FU ICREA Funding Source: Custom; NERC [bgs03002] Funding Source: UKRI; Natural Environment Research Council [bgs03002] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 34
TC 314
Z9 372
U1 1
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 821
EP 825
DI 10.1038/nature03332
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600032
PM 15729332
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kroymann, J
   Mitchell-Olds, T
AF Kroymann, J
   Mitchell-Olds, T
TI Epistasis and balanced polymorphism influencing complex trait variation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; genetic-variation; dna polymorphism; kinase; architecture; drosophila; evolution; encodes; locus
AB Complex traits such as human disease, growth rate, or crop yield are polygenic, or determined by the contributions from numerous genes in a quantitative manner. Although progress has been made in identifying major quantitative trait loci (QTL), experimental constraints have limited our knowledge of small-effect QTL, which may be responsible for a large proportion of trait variation(1-3). Here, we identified and dissected a one-centimorgan chromosome interval in Arabidopsis thaliana without regard to its effect on growth rate, and examined the signature of historical sequence polymorphism among Arabidopsis accessions. We found that the interval contained two growth rate QTL within 210 kilobases. Both QTL showed epistasis; that is, their phenotypic effects depended on the genetic background. This amount of complexity in such a small area suggests a highly polygenic architecture of quantitative variation, much more than previously documented(4). One QTL was limited to a single gene. The gene in question displayed a nucleotide signature indicative of balancing selection, and its phenotypic effects are reversed depending on genetic background. If this region typifies many complex trait loci, then non-neutral epistatic polymorphism may be an important contributor to genetic variation in complex traits.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Dept Genet & Evolut, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Kroymann, J (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, Dept Genet & Evolut, Hans Knoell Str 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
EM kroymann@ice.mpg.de
NR 22
TC 223
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 95
EP 98
DI 10.1038/nature03480
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600045
PM 15875023
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ha, SC
   Lowenhaupt, K
   Rich, A
   Kim, YG
   Kim, KK
AF Ha, SC
   Lowenhaupt, K
   Rich, A
   Kim, YG
   Kim, KK
TI Crystal structure of a junction between B-DNA and Z-DNA reveals two extruded bases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID handed z-dna; biological function; binding; gene; promoter; complex; forms; model
AB Left-handed Z-DNA is a higher-energy form of the double helix, stabilized by negative supercoiling generated by transcription or unwrapping nucleosomes(1). Regions near the transcription start site frequently contain sequence motifs favourable for forming Z-DNA(2), and formation of Z-DNA near the promoter region stimulates transcription(3,4). Z-DNA is also stabilized by specific protein binding; several proteins have been identified with low nanomolar binding constants(5-9). Z-DNA occurs in a dynamic state, forming as a result of physiological processes then relaxing to the right-handed B-DNA(1). Each time a DNA segment turns into Z-DNA, two B-Z junctions form. These have been examined extensively(10-12), but their structure was unknown. Here we describe the structure of a B-Z junction as revealed by X-ray crystallography at 2.6 angstrom resolution. A 15-base-pair segment of DNA is stabilized at one end in the Z conformation by Z-DNA binding proteins, while the other end remains B-DNA. Continuous stacking of bases between B-DNA and Z-DNA segments is found, with the breaking of one base pair at the junction and extrusion of the bases on each side (Fig. 1). These extruded bases may be sites for DNA modification.
C1 Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sch Med, Samsung Biomed Res Inst, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
   Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sungkyunkwan Adv Inst Nanotecnol, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Chung Ang Univ, Coll Med, Dept Biochem, Seoul 156756, South Korea.
C3 Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU); Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Chung Ang University; Chung Ang University Hospital
RP Kim, KK (corresponding author), Sungkyunkwan Univ, Sch Med, Samsung Biomed Res Inst, Dept Mol Cell Biol, Suwon 440746, South Korea.
EM ygkimmit@cau.ac.kr; kkim@med.skku.ac.kr
NR 31
TC 231
Z9 272
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1183
EP 1186
DI 10.1038/nature04088
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500050
PM 16237447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knauth, LP
   Burt, DM
   Wohletz, KH
AF Knauth, LP
   Burt, DM
   Wohletz, KH
TI Impact origin of sediments at the opportunity landing site on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meridiani-planum; accretionary lapilli; crater ejecta; hematite; water; geochemistry; environment; spherules; suevite; brines
AB Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity discovered sediments with layered structures thought to be unique to aqueous deposition and with minerals attributed to evaporation of an acidic salty sea. Remarkable iron-rich spherules were ascribed to later groundwater alteration, and the inferred abundance of water reinforced optimism that Mars was once habitable. The layered structures, however, are not unique to water deposition, and the scenario encounters difficulties in accounting for highly soluble salts admixed with less soluble salts, the lack of clay minerals from acid - rock reactions, high sphericity and near- uniform sizes of the spherules and the absence of a basin boundary. Here we present a simple alternative explanation involving deposition from a ground-hugging turbulent flow of rock fragments, salts, sulphides, brines and ice produced by meteorite impact. Subsequent weathering by intergranular water films can account for all of the features observed without invoking shallow seas, lakes or near- surface aquifers. Layered sequences observed elsewhere on heavily cratered Mars and attributed to wind, water or volcanism may well have formed similarly. If so, the search for past life on Mars should be reassessed accordingly.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Knauth, LP (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM Knauth@asu.edu
NR 50
TC 123
Z9 144
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1123
EP 1128
DI 10.1038/nature04383
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500042
PM 16372001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitra, K
   Schaffitzel, C
   Shaikh, T
   Tama, F
   Jenni, S
   Brooks, CL III
   Ban, N
   Frank, J
AF Mitra, K
   Schaffitzel, C
   Shaikh, T
   Tama, F
   Jenni, S
   Brooks, CL III
   Ban, N
   Frank, J
TI Structure of the E-coli protein-conducting channel bound to a translating ribosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; translocation channel; cross-linking; angstrom resolution; electron-microscopy; bacterial protein; membrane-vesicles; plasma-membrane; signal sequence; sec61 complex
AB Secreted and membrane proteins are translocated across or into cell membranes through a protein-conducting channel (PCC). Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the Escherichia coli PCC, SecYEG, complexed with the ribosome and a nascent chain containing a signal anchor. This reconstruction shows a messenger RNA, three transfer RNAs, the nascent chain, and detailed features of both a translocating PCC and a second, non-translocating PCC bound to mRNA hairpins. The translocating PCC forms connections with ribosomal RNA hairpins on two sides and ribosomal proteins at the back, leaving a frontal opening. Normal mode-based flexible fitting of the archaeal SecYE beta structure into the PCC electron microscopy densities favours a front-to-front arrangement of two SecYEG complexes in the PCC, and supports channel formation by the opening of two linked SecY halves during polypeptide translocation. On the basis of our observation in the translocating PCC of two segregated pores with different degrees of access to bulk lipid, we propose a model for co-translational protein translocation.
C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Hlth Res Inc, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   ETH Honggerberg, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Dept Biomed Sci, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
C3 Health Research Inc; Wadsworth Center; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Scripps Research Institute; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY
RP Frank, J (corresponding author), New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Hlth Res Inc, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
EM Joachim@wadsworth.org
FU NCRR NIH HHS [P41 RR012255, P41 RR001219] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM055440, R37 GM029169] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 214
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 318
EP 324
DI 10.1038/nature04133
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200040
PM 16292303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bakun, WH
   Aagaard, B
   Dost, B
   Ellsworth, WL
   Hardebeck, JL
   Harris, RA
   Ji, C
   Johnston, MJS
   Langbein, J
   Lienkaemper, JJ
   Michael, AJ
   Murray, JR
   Nadeau, RM
   Reasenberg, PA
   Reichle, MS
   Roeloffs, EA
   Shakal, A
   Simpson, RW
   Waldhauser, F
AF Bakun, WH
   Aagaard, B
   Dost, B
   Ellsworth, WL
   Hardebeck, JL
   Harris, RA
   Ji, C
   Johnston, MJS
   Langbein, J
   Lienkaemper, JJ
   Michael, AJ
   Murray, JR
   Nadeau, RM
   Reasenberg, PA
   Reichle, MS
   Roeloffs, EA
   Shakal, A
   Simpson, RW
   Waldhauser, F
TI Implications for prediction and hazard assessment from the 2004 Parkfield earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; california earthquake; recurrence; slip; behavior; rupture; microearthquakes; seismicity; segment; models
AB Obtaining high-quality measurements close to a large earthquake is not easy: one has to be in the right place at the right time with the right instruments. Such a convergence happened, for the first time, when the 28 September 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake occurred on the San Andreas fault in the middle of a dense network of instruments designed to record it. The resulting data reveal aspects of the earthquake process never before seen. Here we show what these data, when combined with data from earlier Parkfield earthquakes, tell us about earthquake physics and earthquake prediction. The 2004 Parkfield earthquake, with its lack of obvious precursors, demonstrates that reliable short-term earthquake prediction still is not achievable. To reduce the societal impact of earthquakes now, we should focus on developing the next generation of models that can provide better predictions of the strength and location of damaging ground shaking.
C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst, Seismol Div, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Calif Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Columbia University
RP Bakun, WH (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
EM bakun@usgs.gov
NR 51
TC 318
Z9 385
U1 3
U2 103
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 969
EP 974
DI 10.1038/nature04067
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100034
PM 16222291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, XR
   Hull, CM
   Heitman, J
AF Lin, XR
   Hull, CM
   Heitman, J
TI Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pneumocystis-carinii; filobasidiella-neoformans; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; alpha; yeast; gene; association; toxoplasma; activation; evolution
AB Cryptococcus neoformans is a globally distributed human fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients(1). It has a defined sexual cycle involving haploid cells of a and a mating types(2), yet the vast majority of environmental and clinical isolates are a (ref. 3). Sexual recombination is normally expected to occur between isolates of opposite mating type in organisms with two mating types (or sexes). How sexual reproductive potential can be maintained in an organism with a largely unisexual, nearly clonal population genetic structure is unknown. One clue, however, is that a strains undergo fruiting, a process that resembles sexual mating(4) but is thought to be strictly mitotic and asexual. We report here that hallmarks of mating occur during fruiting, including diploidization and meiosis. Pheromone response pathway elements and the key meiotic regulator Dmc1 are required for efficient fruiting. Furthermore, fusion and meiosis can occur between non-isogenic a strains, enabling genetic exchange. These studies reveal how sexual reproduction can occur between partners of the same mating type. These findings have implications for the evolution of microbial pathogens, as well as for parthenogenesis, cell fusion events and transitions between self-fertilizing and outcrossing modes of reproduction observed in both fungi and other kingdoms.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Lin, XR (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM xrlin@duke.edu; heitm001@duke.edu
NR 30
TC 327
Z9 391
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1017
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/nature03448
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600038
PM 15846346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Esnault, C
   Heidmann, O
   Delebecque, F
   Dewannieux, M
   Ribet, D
   Hance, AJ
   Heidmann, T
   Schwartz, O
AF Esnault, C
   Heidmann, O
   Delebecque, F
   Dewannieux, M
   Ribet, D
   Hance, AJ
   Heidmann, T
   Schwartz, O
TI APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase inhibits retrotransposition of endogenous retroviruses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID editing enzyme apobec3g; mammalian-cells; vif protein; antiretroviral factor; indicator gene; hiv-1; dna; retroelements; genome; mobile
AB Endogenous retroviruses are multicopy retroelements accounting for nearly 10% of murine or human genomes(1,2). These retroelements spread into our ancestral genome millions of years ago and have acted as a driving force for genome evolution(2-4). Endogenous retroviruses may also be deleterious for their host, and have been implicated in cancers and autoimmune diseases(5). Most retroelements have lost replication competence because of the accumulation of inactivating mutations, but several, including some murine intracisternal A-particle (IAP) and MusD sequences, are still mobile(6,7). These elements encode a reverse transcriptase activity and move by retrotransposition, an intracellular copy-and-paste process involving an RNA intermediate. The host has developed mechanisms to silence their expression, mainly cosuppression and gene methylation(4,8). Here we identify another level of antiviral control, mediated by APOBEC3G, a member of the cytidine deaminase family that was previously shown to block HIV replication(9-12). We show that APOBEC3G markedly inhibits retrotransposition of IAP and MusD elements, and induces G-to-A hypermutations in their DNA copies. APOBEC3G, by editing viral genetic material, provides an ancestral wide cellular defence against endogenous and exogenous invaders.
C1 Inst Gustave Roussy, CNRS, UMR8122, Unite Retrovirus Endogenes & Elements Retroides E, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Dept Virol, CNRS, URA 1930,Virus & Immun Grp, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Hop Bichat Claude Bernard, INSERM, U552, F-75018 Paris, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard - APHP
RP Heidmann, T (corresponding author), Inst Gustave Roussy, CNRS, UMR8122, Unite Retrovirus Endogenes & Elements Retroides E, Rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
EM heidmann@igr.fr; schwartz@pasteur.fr
NR 30
TC 278
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 430
EP 433
DI 10.1038/nature03238
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200046
PM 15674295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dupuy, AJ
   Akagi, K
   Largaespada, DA
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
AF Dupuy, AJ
   Akagi, K
   Largaespada, DA
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
TI Mammalian mutagenesis using a highly mobile somatic Sleeping Beauty transposon system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosomal transposition; mlv integration; human-cells; gene; mouse; drosophila; genome; mice; disruption; expression
AB Transposons have provided important genetic tools for functional genomic screens in lower eukaryotes but have proven less useful in higher eukaryotes because of their low transposition frequency. Here we show that Sleeping Beauty (SB), a member of the Tc1/mariner class of transposons, can be mobilized in mouse somatic cells at frequencies high enough to induce embryonic death and cancer in wild-type mice. Tumours are aggressive, with some animals developing two or even three different types of cancer within a few months of birth. The tumours result from SB insertional mutagenesis of cancer genes, thus facilitating the identification of genes and pathways that induce disease. SB transposition can easily be controlled to mutagenize any target tissue and can therefore, in principle, be used to induce many of the cancers affecting humans, including those for which little is known about the aetiology. The uses of SB are also not restricted to the mouse and could potentially be used for forward genetic screens in any higher eukaryote in which transgenesis is possible.
C1 NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Mouse Canc Genet Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Ctr Canc, Dept Genet Cell Biol & Dev, Arnold & Mabel Beckman Ctr Transposon Res, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Jenkins, NA (corresponding author), NCI, Ctr Canc Res, Mouse Canc Genet Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
EM jenkins@ncifcrf.gov
NR 24
TC 412
Z9 501
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 221
EP 226
DI 10.1038/nature03691
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500032
PM 16015321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayorga, E
   Aufdenkampe, AK
   Masiello, CA
   Krusche, AV
   Hedges, JI
   Quay, PD
   Richey, JE
   Brown, TA
AF Mayorga, E
   Aufdenkampe, AK
   Masiello, CA
   Krusche, AV
   Hedges, JI
   Quay, PD
   Richey, JE
   Brown, TA
TI Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-14; fractionation; geochemistry; radiocarbon; stream; age
AB Rivers are generally supersaturated with respect to carbon dioxide, resulting in large gas evasion fluxes that can be a significant component of regional net carbon budgets(1,2). Amazonian rivers were recently shown to outgas more than ten times the amount of carbon exported to the ocean in the form of total organic carbon or dissolved inorganic carbon(1). High carbon dioxide concentrations in rivers originate largely from in situ respiration of organic carbon(1-3), but little agreement exists about the sources or turnover times of this carbon(2,4,5). Here we present results of an extensive survey of the carbon isotope composition (C-13 and C-14) of dissolved inorganic carbon and three size-fractions of organic carbon across the Amazonian river system. We find that respiration of contemporary organic matter (less than five years old) originating on land and near rivers is the dominant source of excess carbon dioxide that drives outgassing in medium to large rivers, although we find that bulk organic carbon fractions transported by these rivers range from tens to thousands of years in age. We therefore suggest that a small, rapidly cycling pool of organic carbon is responsible for the large carbon fluxes from land to water to atmosphere in the humid tropics.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Stroud Water Res Ctr, Avondale, PA 19311 USA.
   Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Univ Sao Paulo, CENA, Lab Ecol Isotop, BR-13400970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Rice University; Universidade de Sao Paulo; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Mayorga, E (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM emiliomayorga@alum.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 500
Z9 587
U1 5
U2 305
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 538
EP 541
DI 10.1038/nature03880
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800057
PM 16049484
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verma, I
AF Verma, I
TI Then and now
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Verma, I (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 478
EP 479
DI 10.1038/436478a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800037
PM 16049468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, B
   Vogan, EM
   Gong, HY
   Skehel, JJ
   Wiley, DC
   Harrison, SC
AF Chen, B
   Vogan, EM
   Gong, HY
   Skehel, JJ
   Wiley, DC
   Harrison, SC
TI Structure of an unliganded simian immunodeficiency virus gp120 core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID envelope glycoprotein; type-1 gp120; neutralization sensitivity; cd4 independence; hiv-1 envelope; soluble cd4; receptor; protein; antibody; gp41
AB Envelope glycoproteins of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) undergo a series of conformational changes when they interact with receptor (CD4) and co-receptor on the surface of a potential host cell, leading ultimately to fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Structures of fragments of gp120 and gp41 from the envelope protein are known, in conformations corresponding to their post-attachment and postfusion states, respectively. We report the crystal structure, at 4 A resolution, of a fully glycosylated SIV gp120 core, in a conformation representing its prefusion state, before interaction with CD4. Parts of the protein have a markedly different organization than they do in the CD4-bound state. Comparison of the unliganded and CD4-bound structures leads to a model for events that accompany receptor engagement of an envelope glycoprotein trimer. The two conformations of gp120 also present distinct antigenic surfaces. We identify the binding site for a compound that inhibits viral entry.
C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Mol Med Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Harrison, SC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Mol Med Lab, 320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM harrison@crystal.harvard.edu
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117512711] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U117512711] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117512711] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 445
Z9 610
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 834
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature03327
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600034
PM 15729334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fuyuno, I
AF Fuyuno, I
TI Olympus finds market rival hard to swallow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 913
EP 913
DI 10.1038/438913a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600027
PM 16355187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Padma, TV
AF Padma, TV
TI India's drug tests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 7
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 485
EP 485
DI 10.1038/436485a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800040
PM 16049471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, QS
   Pu, L
   Poo, MM
AF Liu, QS
   Pu, L
   Poo, MM
TI Repeated cocaine exposure in vivo facilitates LTP induction in midbrain dopamine neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; long-term potentiation; gamma-vinyl gaba; feedforward inhibition; synaptic plasticity; visual-cortex; addiction; rat; drugs; abuse
AB Drugs of abuse are known to cause persistent modification of neural circuits, leading to addictive behaviours(1-5). Changes in synaptic plasticity in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) may contribute to circuit modification induced by many drugs of abuse, including cocaine(6-13). Here we report that, following repeated exposure to cocaine in vivo, excitatory synapses to rat VTA dopamine neurons become highly susceptible to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) by correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity. This facilitated LTP induction is caused by cocaine-induced reduction of GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor- mediated inhibition of these dopamine neurons. In midbrain slices from rats treated with saline or a single dose of cocaine, LTP could not be induced in VTA dopamine neurons unless GABA-mediated inhibition was reduced by bicuculline or picrotoxin. However, LTP became readily inducible in slices from rats treated repeatedly with cocaine; this LTP induction was prevented by enhancing GABA-mediated inhibition using diazepam. Furthermore, repeated cocaine exposure reduced the amplitude of GABA-mediated synaptic currents and increased the probability of spike initiation in VTA dopamine neurons. This cocaine-induced enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the VTA may be important for the formation of drug-associated memory.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Poo, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Helen Wills Neurosci Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM qsliu@berkeley.edu; mpoo@berkeley.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS036999, R01 NS037831] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 250
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1027
EP 1031
DI 10.1038/nature04050
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100046
PM 16222299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunte, C
   Screpanti, E
   Venturi, M
   Rimon, A
   Padan, E
   Michel, H
AF Hunte, C
   Screpanti, E
   Venturi, M
   Rimon, A
   Padan, E
   Michel, H
TI Structure of a Na+/H+ antiporter and insights into mechanism of action and regulation by pH
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent conformational-change; escherichia-coli; glycerol-3-phosphate transporter; plasma-membrane; nhaa; protein; proton; arabidopsis; exchanger; angstrom
AB The control by Na+/ H+ antiporters of sodium/proton concentration and cell volume is crucial for the viability of all cells. Adaptation to high salinity and/or extreme pH in plants and bacteria or in human heart muscles requires the action of Na+/H+ antiporters. Their activity is tightly controlled by pH. Here we present the crystal structure of pH-downregulated NhaA, the main antiporter of Escherichia coli and many enterobacteria. A negatively charged ion funnel opens to the cytoplasm and ends in the middle of the membrane at the putative ion-binding site. There, a unique assembly of two pairs of short helices connected by crossed, extended chains creates a balanced electrostatic environment. We propose that the binding of charged substrates causes an electric imbalance, inducing movements, that permit a rapid alternating-access mechanism. This ion-exchange machinery is regulated by a conformational change elicited by a pH signal perceived at the entry to the cytoplasmic funnel.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys, Dept Mol Membrane Biol, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Inst Life Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Max Planck Society; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Hunte, C (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys, Dept Mol Membrane Biol, Max von Laue Str 3, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM carola.hunte@mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de; etana@vms.huji.ac.il; hartmut.michel@mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de
NR 50
TC 575
Z9 642
U1 2
U2 129
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1197
EP 1202
DI 10.1038/nature03692
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500035
PM 15988517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krot, AN
   Yurimoto, H
   Hutcheon, ID
   MacPherson, GJ
AF Krot, AN
   Yurimoto, H
   Hutcheon, ID
   MacPherson, GJ
TI Chronology of the early Solar System from chondrule-bearing calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contemporaneous formation; refractory inclusions; isotope evidence; evaporation; chondrites
AB Chondrules and Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are high-temperature components of meteorites that formed during transient heating events in the early Solar System. A major unresolved issue is the relative timing of CAI and chondrule formation(1-4). From the presence of chondrule fragments in an igneous CAI, it was concluded that some chondrules formed before CAIs (ref. 5). This conclusion is contrary to the presence of relict CAIs inside chondrules(6-10), as well as to the higher abundance of Al-26 in CAIs(11); both observations indicate that CAIs predate chondrules by 1-3 million years (Myr). Here we report that relict chondrule material in the Allende meteorite, composed of olivine and low-calcium pyroxene, occurs in the outer portions of two CAIs and is O-16-poor (Delta O-17 approximate to -1 parts per thousand to -5 parts per thousand). Spinel and diopside in the CAI cores are O-16-rich (Delta O-17 up to -20 parts per thousand), whereas diopside in their outer zones, as well as melilite and anorthite, are O-16-depleted (Delta O-17 = -8 parts per thousand to 2 parts per thousand). Both chondrule-bearing CAIs are Al-26-poor with initial Al-26/Al-27 ratios of (4.7 +/- 1.4) x 10(-6) and <1.2 x 10(-6). We conclude that these CAIs had chondrule material added to them during a re-melting episode similar to 2 Myr after formation of CAIs with the canonical Al-26/Al-27 ratio of 5 x 10(-5).
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Livermore, CA 94451 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, GT Seaborg Inst, Livermore, CA 94451 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Dept Mineral Sci, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
RP Krot, AN (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM sasha@higp.hawaii.edu
NR 29
TC 75
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 998
EP 1001
DI 10.1038/nature03470
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600032
PM 15846340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughes, MD
   Xu, YJ
   Jenkins, P
   McMorn, P
   Landon, P
   Enache, DI
   Carley, AF
   Attard, GA
   Hutchings, GJ
   King, F
   Stitt, EH
   Johnston, P
   Griffin, K
   Kiely, CJ
AF Hughes, MD
   Xu, YJ
   Jenkins, P
   McMorn, P
   Landon, P
   Enache, DI
   Carley, AF
   Attard, GA
   Hutchings, GJ
   King, F
   Stitt, EH
   Johnston, P
   Griffin, K
   Kiely, CJ
TI Tunable gold catalysts for selective hydrocarbon oxidation under mild conditions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-peroxide; epoxidation; acid; au; nanoparticles; conversion; glycerol; air; pd
AB Oxidation is an important method for the synthesis of chemical intermediates in the manufacture of high-tonnage commodities, high-value fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals: but oxidations are often inefficient(1). The introduction of catalytic systems using oxygen from air is preferred for 'green' processing(2). Gold catalysis is now showing potential in selective redox processes(3-6), particularly for alcohol oxidation(7-10) and the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide(11,12). However, a major challenge that persists is the synthesis of an epoxide by the direct electrophilic addition of oxygen to an alkene(13). Although ethene is epoxidized efficiently using molecular oxygen with silver catalysts in a large-scale industrial process(14), this is unique because higher alkenes can only be effectively epoxidized using hydrogen peroxide(15-17), hydroperoxides(16) or stoichiometric oxygen donors. Here we show that nanocrystalline gold catalysts can provide tunable active catalysts for the oxidation of alkenes using air, with exceptionally high selectivity to partial oxidation products (similar to 98%) and significant conversions. Our finding significantly extends the discovery by Haruta(18,19) that nanocrystalline gold can epoxidize alkenes when hydrogen is used to activate the molecular oxygen; in our case, no sacrificial reductant is needed. We anticipate that our finding will initiate attempts to understand more fully the mechanism of oxygen activation at gold surfaces, which might lead to commercial exploitation of the high redox activity of gold nanocrystals.
C1 Cardiff Univ, Sch Chem, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales.
   Johnson Matthey Catalysts, Middlesbrough TS23 1LB, England.
   Johnson Matthey Catalysts, Royston SG8 5HE, Herts, England.
   Lehigh Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Nanotechnol, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.
C3 Cardiff University; Lehigh University
RP Hutchings, GJ (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Chem, Main Bldg,Pk Pl, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales.
EM hutch@cardiff.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/R54590/01, GR/S41906/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 24
TC 947
Z9 1053
U1 3
U2 671
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1132
EP 1135
DI 10.1038/nature04190
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500039
PM 16237439
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buck, WR
   Lavier, LL
   Poliakov, ANB
AF Buck, WR
   Lavier, LL
   Poliakov, ANB
TI Modes of faulting at mid-ocean ridges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; mid-atlantic ridge; seismic structure; oceanic-crust; seamarc-ii; lithosphere; segmentation; generation; evolution; direction
AB Abyssal-hill-bounding faults that pervade the oceanic crust are the most common tectonic feature on the surface of the Earth. The recognition that these faults form at plate spreading centres came with the plate tectonic revolution. Recent observations reveal a large range of fault sizes and orientations; numerical models of plate separation, dyke intrusion and faulting require at least two distinct mechanisms of fault formation at ridges to explain these observations. Plate unbending with distance from the top of an axial high reproduces the observed dip directions and offsets of faults formed at fast-spreading centres. Conversely, plate stretching, with differing amounts of constant-rate magmatic dyke intrusion, can explain the great variety of fault offset seen at slow-spreading ridges. Very-large-offset normal faults only form when about half the plate separation at a ridge is accommodated by dyke intrusion.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   CALTECH, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Royal Bank Canada, London EC4V 4DE, England.
C3 Columbia University; California Institute of Technology; Bank of Canada
RP Buck, WR (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM buck@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 42
TC 358
Z9 414
U1 2
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 719
EP 723
DI 10.1038/nature03358
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700030
PM 15815620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bellamy, PH
   Loveland, PJ
   Bradley, RI
   Lark, RM
   Kirk, GJD
AF Bellamy, PH
   Loveland, PJ
   Bradley, RI
   Lark, RM
   Kirk, GJD
TI Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978-2003
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-carbon; climate-change; land-use; temperature; atmosphere; exchange; matter; model
AB More than twice as much carbon is held in soils as in vegetation or the atmosphere(1), and changes in soil carbon content can have a large effect on the global carbon budget. The possibility that climate change is being reinforced by increased carbon dioxide emissions from soils owing to rising temperature is the subject of a continuing debate(2-9). But evidence for the suggested feedback mechanism has to date come solely from small-scale laboratory and field experiments and modelling studies(2-9). Here we use data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 to show that carbon was lost from soils across England and Wales over the survey period at a mean rate of 0.6% yr(-1) ( relative to the existing soil carbon content). We find that the relative rate of carbon loss increased with soil carbon content and was more than 2% yr(-1) in soils with carbon contents greater than 100 g kg(-1). The relationship between rate of carbon loss and carbon content is irrespective of land use, suggesting a link to climate change. Our findings indicate that losses of soil carbon in England and Wales - and by inference in other temperate regions - are likely to have been offsetting absorption of carbon by terrestrial sinks.
C1 Cranfield Univ, Natl Soil Resources Inst, Bedford MK45 4DT, England.
   Rothamsted Res, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
C3 Cranfield University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Rothamsted Research
RP Kirk, GJD (corresponding author), Cranfield Univ, Natl Soil Resources Inst, Bedford MK45 4DT, England.
EM g.kirk@cranfield.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 915
Z9 1035
U1 1
U2 422
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 245
EP 248
DI 10.1038/nature04038
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900053
PM 16148931
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morgan, AD
   Gandon, S
   Buckling, A
AF Morgan, AD
   Gandon, S
   Buckling, A
TI The effect of migration on local adaptation in a coevolving host-parasite system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-for-gene; coevolution; virulence; maladaptation; divergence; evolution; flow
AB Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites in spatially structured populations can result in local adaptation of parasites(1-5); that is, the greater infectivity of local parasites than foreign parasites on local hosts(1). Such parasite specialization on local hosts has implications for human health and agriculture. By contrast with classic single-species population-genetic models(6,7), theory indicates that parasite migration between subpopulations might increase parasite local adaptation, as long as migration does not completely homogenize populations(8-11). To test this hypothesis we developed a system-specific mathematical model and then coevolved replicate populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and a parasitic bacteriophage with parasite only, with host only or with no migration. Here we show that patterns of local adaptation have considerable temporal and spatial variation and that, in the absence of migration, parasites tend to be locally maladapted. However, in accord with our model, parasite migration results in parasite local adaptation, but host migration alone has no significant effect.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   CNRS, UMR 2724, IRD, F-34394 Montpellier, France.
C3 University of Oxford; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Morgan, AD (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM andrew.morgan@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 225
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 253
EP 256
DI 10.1038/nature03913
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900055
PM 16148933
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Derégnaucourt, S
   Mitra, PP
   Fehér, O
   Pytte, C
   Tchernichovski, O
AF Derégnaucourt, S
   Mitra, PP
   Fehér, O
   Pytte, C
   Tchernichovski, O
TI How sleep affects the developmental learning of bird song
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anterior forebrain; vocal imitation; age; consolidation; memory; dynamics; neurons
AB Sleep affects learning and development in humans and other animals, but the role of sleep in developmental learning has never been examined. Here we show the effects of night-sleep on song development in the zebra finch by recording and analysing the entire song ontogeny. During periods of rapid learning we observed a pronounced deterioration in song structure after night-sleep. The song regained structure after intense morning singing. Daily improvement in similarity to the tutored song occurred during the late phase of this morning recovery; little further improvement occurred thereafter. Furthermore, birds that showed stronger post-sleep deterioration during development achieved a better final imitation. The effect diminished with age. Our experiments showed that these oscillations were not a result of sleep inertia or lack of practice, indicating the possible involvement of an active process, perhaps neural song-replay during sleep. We suggest that these oscillations correspond to competing demands of plasticity and consolidation during learning, creating repeated opportunities to reshape previously learned motor skills.
C1 CUNY City Coll, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10031 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Wesleyan Univ, Dept Biol, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; City College of New York (CUNY); Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Wesleyan University
RP Derégnaucourt, S (corresponding author), CUNY City Coll, Dept Biol, 138Th St & Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA.
EM sderegna@sci.ccny.cuny.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC004722] Funding Source: Medline
NR 46
TC 258
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 710
EP 716
DI 10.1038/nature03275
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200030
PM 15716944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerstenberger, MC
   Wiemer, S
   Jones, LM
   Reasenberg, PA
AF Gerstenberger, MC
   Wiemer, S
   Jones, LM
   Reasenberg, PA
TI Real-time forecasts of tomorrow's earthquakes in California
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID m-w; aftershocks; hazard
AB Despite a lack of reliable deterministic earthquake precursors, seismologists have significant predictive information about earthquake activity from an increasingly accurate understanding of the clustering properties of earthquakes(1-4). In the past 15 years, time-dependent earthquake probabilities based on a generic short-term clustering model have been made publicly available in near-real time during major earthquake sequences. These forecasts describe the probability and number of events that are, on average, likely to occur following a mainshock of a given magnitude, but are not tailored to the particular sequence at hand and contain no information about the likely locations of the aftershocks. Our model builds upon the basic principles of this generic forecast model in two ways: it recasts the forecast in terms of the probability of strong ground shaking, and it combines an existing time-independent earthquake occurrence model based on fault data and historical earthquakes(5) with increasingly complex models describing the local time-dependent earthquake clustering(1,2). The result is a time-dependent map showing the probability of strong shaking anywhere in California within the next 24 hours. The seismic hazard modelling approach we describe provides a better understanding of time-dependent earthquake hazard, and increases its usefulness for the public, emergency planners and the media.
C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA.
   ETH, Inst Geophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Gerstenberger, MC (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA.
EM mattg@usgs.gov
NR 16
TC 264
Z9 293
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/nature03622
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000042
PM 15902254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calvano, SE
   Xiao, WZ
   Richards, DR
   Felciano, RM
   Baker, HV
   Cho, RJ
   Chen, RO
   Brownstein, BH
   Cobb, JP
   Tschoeke, SK
   Miller-Graziano, C
   Moldawer, LL
   Mindrinos, MN
   Davis, RW
   Tompkins, RG
   Lowry, SF
AF Calvano, SE
   Xiao, WZ
   Richards, DR
   Felciano, RM
   Baker, HV
   Cho, RJ
   Chen, RO
   Brownstein, BH
   Cobb, JP
   Tschoeke, SK
   Miller-Graziano, C
   Moldawer, LL
   Mindrinos, MN
   Davis, RW
   Tompkins, RG
   Lowry, SF
TI A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial permeability transition; molecular classification; expression; endotoxin; dysfunction; disease; prediction; mechanism; discovery; severity
AB Oligonucleotide and complementary DNA microarrays are being used to subclassify histologically similar tumours, monitor disease progress, and individualize treatment regimens(1-5). However, extracting new biological insight from high-throughput genomic studies of human diseases is a challenge, limited by difficulties in recognizing and evaluating relevant biological processes from huge quantities of experimental data. Here we present a structured network knowledge-base approach to analyse genome-wide transcriptional responses in the context of known functional interrelationships among proteins, small molecules and phenotypes. This approach was used to analyse changes in blood leukocyte gene expression patterns in human subjects receiving an inflammatory stimulus ( bacterial endotoxin). We explore the known genome-wide interaction network to identify significant functional modules perturbed in response to this stimulus. Our analysis reveals that the human blood leukocyte response to acute systemic inflammation includes the transient dysregulation of leukocyte bioenergetics and modulation of translational machinery. These findings provide insight into the regulation of global leukocyte activities as they relate to innate immune system tolerance and increased susceptibility to infection in humans.
C1 Stanford Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Surg, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
   Ingenuity Syst Inc, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Surg, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Surg, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Rochester; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Davis, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM dbowe@stanford.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [U54 GM062119] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 1181
Z9 1370
U1 1
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1032
EP 1037
DI 10.1038/nature03985
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100047
PM 16136080
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Machida, M
   Asai, K
   Sano, M
   Tanaka, T
   Kumagai, T
   Terai, G
   Kusumoto, KI
   Arima, T
   Akita, O
   Kashiwagi, Y
   Abe, K
   Gomi, K
   Horiuchi, H
   Kitamoto, K
   Kobayashi, T
   Takeuchi, M
   Denning, DW
   Galagan, JE
   Nierman, WC
   Yu, JJ
   Archer, DB
   Bennett, JW
   Bhatnagar, D
   Cleveland, TE
   Fedorova, ND
   Gotoh, O
   Horikawa, H
   Hosoyama, A
   Ichinomiya, M
   Igarashi, R
   Iwashita, K
   Juvvadi, PR
   Kato, M
   Kato, Y
   Kin, T
   Kokubun, A
   Maeda, H
   Maeyama, N
   Maruyama, J
   Nagasaki, H
   Nakajima, T
   Oda, K
   Okada, K
   Paulsen, I
   Sakamoto, K
   Sawano, T
   Takahashi, M
   Takase, K
   Terabayashi, Y
   Wortman, JR
   Yamada, O
   Yamagata, Y
   Anazawa, H
   Hata, Y
   Koide, Y
   Komori, T
   Koyama, Y
   Minetoki, T
   Suharnan, S
   Tanaka, A
   Isono, K
   Kuhara, S
   Ogasawara, N
   Kikuchi, H
AF Machida, M
   Asai, K
   Sano, M
   Tanaka, T
   Kumagai, T
   Terai, G
   Kusumoto, KI
   Arima, T
   Akita, O
   Kashiwagi, Y
   Abe, K
   Gomi, K
   Horiuchi, H
   Kitamoto, K
   Kobayashi, T
   Takeuchi, M
   Denning, DW
   Galagan, JE
   Nierman, WC
   Yu, JJ
   Archer, DB
   Bennett, JW
   Bhatnagar, D
   Cleveland, TE
   Fedorova, ND
   Gotoh, O
   Horikawa, H
   Hosoyama, A
   Ichinomiya, M
   Igarashi, R
   Iwashita, K
   Juvvadi, PR
   Kato, M
   Kato, Y
   Kin, T
   Kokubun, A
   Maeda, H
   Maeyama, N
   Maruyama, J
   Nagasaki, H
   Nakajima, T
   Oda, K
   Okada, K
   Paulsen, I
   Sakamoto, K
   Sawano, T
   Takahashi, M
   Takase, K
   Terabayashi, Y
   Wortman, JR
   Yamada, O
   Yamagata, Y
   Anazawa, H
   Hata, Y
   Koide, Y
   Komori, T
   Koyama, Y
   Minetoki, T
   Suharnan, S
   Tanaka, A
   Isono, K
   Kuhara, S
   Ogasawara, N
   Kikuchi, H
TI Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-level expression; gene; evolution; transformation; plasmid; program; flavus; yeast; tags; dna
AB The genome of Aspergillus oryzae, a fungus important for the production of traditional fermented foods and beverages in Japan, has been sequenced. The ability to secrete large amounts of proteins and the development of a transformation system(1) have facilitated the use of A. oryzae in modern biotechnology(2-4). Although both A. oryzae and Aspergillus flavus belong to the section Flavi of the subgenus Circumdati of Aspergillus, A. oryzae, unlike A. flavus, does not produce aflatoxin, and its long history of use in the food industry has proved its safety. Here we show that the 37-megabase (Mb) genome of A. oryzae contains 12,074 genes and is expanded by 7 - 9 Mb in comparison with the genomes of Aspergillus nidulans(5) and Aspergillus fumigatus(6). Comparison of the three aspergilli species revealed the presence of syntenic blocks and A. oryzae-specific blocks ( lacking synteny with A. nidulans and A. fumigatus) in a mosaic manner throughout the genome of A. oryzae. The blocks of A. oryzae-specific sequence are enriched for genes involved in metabolism, particularly those for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Specific expansion of genes for secretory hydrolytic enzymes, amino acid metabolism and amino acid/sugar uptake transporters supports the idea that A. oryzae is an ideal microorganism for fermentation.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol AIST, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   AIST, Computat Biol Res Ctr, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
   Natl Inst Technol & Evaluat, Shibuya Ku, Tokyo 1510066, Japan.
   Natl Food Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058642, Japan.
   Natl Res Inst Brewing, Hiroshima 7390046, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9818555, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Agr & Technol, Tokyo 1830054, Japan.
   Univ Manchester, Manchester M23 9PL, Lancs, England.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
   ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
   Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008185, Japan.
   Gekkeikan Sake Co Ltd, Res Inst, Fushimi Ku, Kyoto 6128361, Japan.
   Amano Enzyme Inc, Gifu 5090108, Japan.
   INTEC Web & Genome Informat Corp, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1368637, Japan.
   Kikkoman Foods Inc, Chiba 2780037, Japan.
   Ozeki Co Ltd, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638227, Japan.
   Axiohelix, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
   Higeta Shoyu Ltd, Chiba 2888680, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Nara 6300101, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Agriculture & Food Research Organization - Japan; National Food Research Institute - Japan; Tohoku University; University of Tokyo; Nagoya University; Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology; University of Manchester; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; J. Craig Venter Institute; George Washington University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University of Nottingham; Tulane University; Kyowa Kirin Ltd; Kikkoman Corporation; Kyushu University; Nara Institute of Science & Technology
RP Machida, M (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol AIST, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
EM m.machida@aist.go.jp
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [CFB17726] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [CFB17726] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 1013
Z9 1821
U1 5
U2 315
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1157
EP 1161
DI 10.1038/nature04300
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500051
PM 16372010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sæther, BE
   Lande, R
   Engen, S
   Weimerskirch, H
   Lillegård, M
   Altwegg, R
   Becker, PH
   Bregnballe, T
   Brommer, JE
   McCleery, RH
   Merilä, J
   Nyholm, E
   Rendell, W
   Robertson, RR
   Tryjanowski, P
   Visser, ME
AF Sæther, BE
   Lande, R
   Engen, S
   Weimerskirch, H
   Lillegård, M
   Altwegg, R
   Becker, PH
   Bregnballe, T
   Brommer, JE
   McCleery, RH
   Merilä, J
   Nyholm, E
   Rendell, W
   Robertson, RR
   Tryjanowski, P
   Visser, ME
TI Generation time and temporal scaling of bird population dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-history variation; density-dependence; climate; parameters; trends
AB Theoretical studies have shown that variation in density regulation strongly influences population dynamics(1), yet our understanding of factors influencing the strength of density dependence in natural populations still is limited(2). Consequently, few general hypotheses have been advanced to explain the large differences between species in the magnitude of population fluctuations(3-6). One reason for this is that the detection of density regulation in population time series is complicated by time lags induced by the life history of species(7,8) that make it difficult to separate the relative contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to the population dynamics. Here we use population time series for 23 bird species to estimate parameters of a stochastic density-dependent age-structured model. We show that both the strength of total density dependence in the life history and the magnitude of environmental stochasticity, including transient fluctuations in age structure, increase with generation time. These results indicate that the relationships between demographic and life-history traits in birds(9,10) translate into distinct population dynamical patterns that are apparent only on a scale of generations.
C1 Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol 0116, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Math Sci, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
   CNRS, CEBC, FR-79360 Villiers En Bois, France.
   Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada.
   Inst Vogelforsch Vogelwarte Helgoland, D-26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
   Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Coastal Zone Ecol, DK-8410 Ronde, Denmark.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Umea Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Loyalist Coll, Belleville, ON K8N 5B9, Canada.
   Queens Univ, Dept Biol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Adam Mickiewicz Univ, Dept Behav Ecol, PL-61614 Poznan, Poland.
   Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
C3 Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); University of California System; University of California San Diego; Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Victoria; Aarhus University; Danish National Environmental Research Institute; University of Helsinki; University of Oxford; Umea University; Queens University - Canada; Adam Mickiewicz University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)
RP Sæther, BE (corresponding author), Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
EM bernt-erik.sather@bio.ntnu.no
NR 30
TC 154
Z9 176
U1 2
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 99
EP 102
DI 10.1038/nature03666
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600046
PM 16001068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richards, TA
   Cavalier-Smith, T
AF Richards, TA
   Cavalier-Smith, T
TI Myosin domain evolution and the primary divergence of eukaryotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; phylogenetic analysis; classification; kingdoms; tree; relatives; cercozoa; sequence; position; database
AB Eukaryotic cells have two contrasting cytoskeletal and ciliary organizations. The simplest involves a single cilium-bearing centriole, nucleating a cone of individual microtubules ( probably ancestral for unikonts: animals, fungi, Choanozoa and Amoebozoa). In contrast, bikonts ( plants, chromists and all other protozoa) were ancestrally biciliate with a younger anterior cilium, converted every cell cycle into a dissimilar posterior cilium and multiple ciliary roots of microtubule bands. Here we show by comparative genomic analysis that this fundamental cellular dichotomy also involves different myosin molecular motors. We found 37 different protein domain combinations, often lineage-specific, and many previously unidentified. The sequence phylogeny and taxonomic distribution of myosin domain combinations identified five innovations that strongly support unikont monophyly and the primary bikont/unikont bifurcation. We conclude that the eukaryotic cenancestor ( last common ancestor) had a cilium, mitochondria, pseudopodia, and myosins with three contrasting domain combinations and putative functions.
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 Natural History Museum London; University of Oxford
RP Richards, TA (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, Washington Singer Labs, Perry Rd, Exeter EX4 4QG, Devon, England.
EM thomr@nhm.ac.uk
NR 41
TC 319
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1113
EP 1118
DI 10.1038/nature03949
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600036
PM 16121172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pedersen, TR
   Gerken, EA
AF Pedersen, TR
   Gerken, EA
TI Creation of visible artificial optical emissions in the aurora by high-power radio waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Generation of artificial light in the sky by means of high-power radio waves interacting with the ionospheric plasma has been envisaged since the early days of radio exploration of the upper atmosphere, with proposed applications ranging from regional night-time street lighting to atmospheric measurements(1). Weak optical emissions have been produced for decades in such ionospheric 'heating' experiments, where they serve as key indicators of electron acceleration, thermal heating, and other effects of incompletely understood wave - particle interactions in the plasma under conditions difficult to replicate in the laboratory(2). The extremely low intensities produced previously have, however, required sensitive instrumentation for detection, preventing applications beyond scientific research. Here we report observations of radio-induced optical emissions bright enough to be seen by the naked eye, and produced not in the quiet midlatitude ionosphere, but in the midst of a pulsating natural aurora. This may open the door to visual applications of ionospheric heating technology or provide a way to probe the dynamics of the natural aurora and magnetosphere.
C1 USAF, Space Vehicles Directorate, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; Cornell University
RP Pedersen, TR (corresponding author), USAF, Space Vehicles Directorate, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA.
EM todd.pedersen@hanscom.af.mil
NR 11
TC 28
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 498
EP 500
DI 10.1038/nature03243
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200041
PM 15690034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xie, SC
   Pancost, RD
   Yin, HF
   Wang, HM
   Evershed, RP
AF Xie, SC
   Pancost, RD
   Yin, HF
   Wang, HM
   Evershed, RP
TI Two episodes of microbial change coupled with Permo/Triassic faunal mass extinction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID permian-triassic boundary; south china; diversity; australia; patterns; basin
AB Microbial expansion following faunal mass extinctions in Earth history can be studied by petrographic examination of microbialites ( microbial crusts)(1,2) or well-preserved organic-walled microbes(3). However, where preservation is poor, quantification of microbial communities can be problematic. We have circumvented this problem by adopting a lipid biomarker-based approach to evaluate microbial community changes across the Permo/Triassic (P/Tr) boundary at Meishan in South China. We present here a biomarker stratigraphic record showing episodic microbial changes coupled with a high-resolution record of invertebrate mass extinction. Variation in the microbial community structure is characterized by the 2-methylhopane (2-MHP) index ( a ratio of the abundance of cyanobacterial biomarkers to more general bacterial biomarkers). Two episodes of faunal mass extinction were each preceded by minima in the 2-MHP index, followed by strong maxima, likely reflecting microbial responses to the catastrophic events that caused the extinction and initiated ecosystem changes. Hence, both cyanobacterial biomarker and invertebrate fossil records provide evidence for two episodes of biotic crisis across the P/Tr boundary.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol Biogeochem Ctr, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
   China Univ Geosci, Fac Earth Sci, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.
   China Univ Geosci, State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.
   China Univ Geosci, Sch Environm Studies, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.
C3 University of Bristol; China University of Geosciences; China University of Geosciences; China University of Geosciences
RP Pancost, RD (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Organ Geochem Unit, Bristol Biogeochem Ctr, Cantocks Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England.
EM r.d.pancost@bristol.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 287
Z9 380
U1 26
U2 277
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 494
EP 497
DI 10.1038/nature03396
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000039
PM 15791253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lénárt, P
   Bacher, CP
   Daigle, N
   Hand, AR
   Eils, R
   Terasaki, M
   Ellenberg, J
AF Lénárt, P
   Bacher, CP
   Daigle, N
   Hand, AR
   Eils, R
   Terasaki, M
   Ellenberg, J
TI A contractile nuclear actin network drives chromosome congression in oocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germinal vesicle breakdown; cycle-dependent changes; xenopus egg extracts; microtubule dynamics; starfish oocytes; mitotic-spindle; envelope breakdown; cytochalasin-b; mouse oocytes; f-actin
AB Chromosome capture by microtubules is widely accepted as the universal mechanism of spindle assembly in dividing cells. However, the observed length of spindle microtubules and computer simulations of spindle assembly predict that chromosome capture is efficient in small cells, but may fail in cells with large nuclear volumes such as animal oocytes. Here we investigate chromosome congression during the first meiotic division in starfish oocytes. We show that microtubules are not sufficient for capturing chromosomes. Instead, chromosome congression requires actin polymerization. After nuclear envelope breakdown, we observe the formation of a filamentous actin mesh in the nuclear region, and find that contraction of this network delivers chromosomes to the microtubule spindle. We show that this mechanism is essential for preventing chromosome loss and aneuploidy of the egg - a leading cause of pregnancy loss and birth defects in humans.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Gene Express & Cell Biol Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Biophys Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   German Canc Res Ctr, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Orthodont, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Oral & Maxillofacial Surg, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Pediat Dent, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Adv Gen Dent, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Physiol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
   Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; University of Connecticut; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
RP Ellenberg, J (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Gene Express & Cell Biol Programme, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM jan.ellenberg@embl.de
NR 40
TC 197
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 812
EP 818
DI 10.1038/nature03810
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500037
PM 16015286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, BJ
   Knopf, DA
   Bertram, AK
AF Murray, BJ
   Knopf, DA
   Bertram, AK
TI The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; phase-transitions; water; nucleation; crystallization; microphysics; chemistry; halo
AB An important mechanism for ice cloud formation in the Earth's atmosphere is homogeneous nucleation of ice in aqueous droplets, and this process is generally assumed to produce hexagonal ice(1,2). However, there are some reports that the metastable crystalline phase of ice, cubic ice, may form in the Earth's atmosphere(3-5). Here we present laboratory experiments demonstrating that cubic ice forms when micrometre-sized droplets of pure water and aqueous solutions freeze homogeneously at cooling rates approaching those found in the atmosphere. We find that the formation of cubic ice is dominant when droplets freeze at temperatures below 190 K, which is in the temperature range relevant for polar stratospheric clouds and clouds in the tropical tropopause region. These results, together with heat transfer calculations, suggest that cubic ice will form in the Earth's atmosphere. If there were a significant fraction of cubic ice in some cold clouds this could increase their water vapour pressure, and modify their microphysics and ice particle size distributions(5). Under specific conditions this may lead to enhanced dehydration of the tropopause region(5).
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Bertram, AK (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
EM bertram@chem.ubc.ca
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 259
U1 1
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 202
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature03403
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500041
PM 15758996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Evans, RL
   Hirth, G
   Baba, K
   Forsyth, D
   Chave, A
   Mackie, R
AF Evans, RL
   Hirth, G
   Baba, K
   Forsyth, D
   Chave, A
   Mackie, R
TI Geophysical evidence from the MELT area for compositional controls on oceanic plates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; upper-mantle; electrical-conductivity; water; flow; velocity; transition; hydrogen; beneath; region
AB Magnetotelluric and seismic data, collected during the MELT experiment at the southern East Pacific Rise(1,2), constrain the distribution of melt beneath this mid-ocean-ridge spreading centre and also the evolution of the oceanic lithosphere during its early cooling history. Here we focus on structures imaged at distances similar to 100 to 350 km east of the ridge crest, corresponding to seafloor ages of similar to 1.3 to 4.5 million years (Myr), where the seismic and electrical conductivity structure is nearly constant and independent of age. Beginning at a depth of about 60 km, we image a large increase in electrical conductivity and a change from isotropic to transversely anisotropic electrical structure, with higher conductivity in the direction of fast propagation for seismic waves. Conductive cooling models predict structure that increases in depth with age, extending to about 30 km at 4.5 Myr ago. We infer, however, that the structure of young oceanic plates is instead controlled by a decrease in water content above a depth of 60 km induced by the melting process beneath the spreading centre(3).
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Res Earth Evolut, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   GSY USA Inc, San Francisco, CA 94114 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); Brown University
RP Evans, RL (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM revans@whoi.edu
NR 27
TC 212
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/nature04014
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900054
PM 16148932
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sirocko, F
   Seelos, K
   Schaber, K
   Rein, B
   Dreher, F
   Diehl, M
   Lehne, R
   Jäger, K
   Krbetschek, M
   Degering, D
AF Sirocko, F
   Seelos, K
   Schaber, K
   Rein, B
   Dreher, F
   Diehl, M
   Lehne, R
   Jäger, K
   Krbetschek, M
   Degering, D
TI A late Eemian aridity pulse in central Europe during the last glacial inception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; circulation changes; climate; temperature; long; sea
AB Investigating the processes that led to the end of the last interglacial period is relevant for understanding how our ongoing interglacial will end, which has been a matter of much debate ( see, for example, refs 1,2). A recent ice core from Greenland demonstrates climate cooling from 122,000 years ago(3) driven by orbitally controlled insolation, with glacial inception at 118,000 years ago(4-8). Here we present an annually resolved, layer-counted record of varve thickness, quartz grain size and pollen assemblages from a maar lake in the Eifel ( Germany), which documents a late Eemian aridity pulse lasting 468 years with dust storms, aridity, bushfire and a decline of thermophilous trees at the time of glacial inception. We interpret the decrease in both precipitation and temperature as an indication of a close link of this extreme climate event to a sudden southward shift of the position of the North Atlantic drift, the ocean current that brings warm surface waters to the northern European region. The late Eemian aridity pulse occurred at a 65 degrees N July insolation of 416 W m(-2), close to today's value of 428 W m(-2) ( ref. 9), and may therefore be relevant for the interpretation of present-day climate variability.
C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Geosci, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Saxon Acad Sci Leipzig, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP Sirocko, F (corresponding author), Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Geosci, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
EM sirocko@uni-mainz.de
NR 29
TC 142
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 833
EP 836
DI 10.1038/nature03905
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500042
PM 16094365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU James, C
   Ugo, V
   Le Couédic, JP
   Staerk, J
   Delhommeau, F
   Lacout, C
   Garçon, L
   Raslova, H
   Berger, R
   Bennaceur-Griscelli, A
   Villeval, JL
   Constantinescu, SN
   Casadevall, N
   Vainchenker, W
AF James, C
   Ugo, V
   Le Couédic, JP
   Staerk, J
   Delhommeau, F
   Lacout, C
   Garçon, L
   Raslova, H
   Berger, R
   Bennaceur-Griscelli, A
   Villeval, JL
   Constantinescu, SN
   Casadevall, N
   Vainchenker, W
TI A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID erythroid progenitors; pseudokinase domain; tyrosine kinase; t-cell; erythropoietin; expression; leukemia; janus-kinase-2; interferon; responses
AB Myeloproliferative disorders are clonal haematopoietic stem cell malignancies characterized by independency or hypersensitivity of haematopoietic progenitors to numerous cytokines(1,2). The molecular basis of most myeloproliferative disorders is unknown. On the basis of the model of chronic myeloid leukaemia, it is expected that a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity could be at the origin of these diseases. Polycythaemia vera is an acquired myeloproliferative disorder, characterized by the presence of polycythaemia diversely associated with thrombocytosis, leukocytosis and splenomegaly(3). Polycythaemia vera progenitors are hypersensitive to erythropoietin and other cytokines(4,5). Here, we describe a clonal and recurrent mutation in the JH2 pseudo-kinase domain of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene in most (>80%) polycythaemia vera patients. The mutation, a valine-to-phenylalanine substitution at amino acid position 617, leads to constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation activity that promotes cytokine hypersensitivity and induces erythrocytosis in a mouse model. As this mutation is also found in other myeloproliferative disorders, this unique mutation will permit a new molecular classification of these disorders and novel therapeutical approaches.
C1 Univ Paris 11, Inst Gustave Roussy, INSERM, U362, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
   CHU Brest, Hematol Lab, F-29609 Brest, France.
   Hop Hotel Dieu, Hematol Lab, F-75181 Paris, France.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, Christian de Duve Inst Cellular Pathol, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, MEXP Unit, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Hop Necker Enfants Malad, INSERM, E0210, F-75743 Paris, France.
   Inst Gustave Roussy, Hematol Lab, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
   Hop St Louis, Polyclin Hematol, F-75475 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; CHU Brest; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Universite Catholique Louvain; Universite Catholique Louvain; Universite Catholique Louvain; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP
RP Vainchenker, W (corresponding author), Univ Paris 11, Inst Gustave Roussy, INSERM, U362, PR1,39 Rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
EM verpre@igr.fr
NR 27
TC 2871
Z9 3375
U1 5
U2 148
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1144
EP 1148
DI 10.1038/nature03546
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300046
PM 15793561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smalley, R Jr
   Ellis, MA
   Paul, J
   Van Arsdale, RB
AF Smalley, R Jr
   Ellis, MA
   Paul, J
   Van Arsdale, RB
TI Tectonic strain in plate interiors? Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
   Univ Memphis, Dept Earth Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
C3 University of Memphis; University of Memphis
RP Smalley, R Jr (corresponding author), Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
EM mellis@nsf.gov
NR 2
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP E10
EP E10
DI 10.1038/nature04429
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scheel, O
   Zdebik, AA
   Lourdel, S
   Jentsch, TJ
AF Scheel, O
   Zdebik, AA
   Lourdel, S
   Jentsch, TJ
TI Voltage-dependent electrogenic chloride/proton exchange by endosomal CLC proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-basis; dents-disease; channels; leads; acidification; selectivity; mouse; disruption; cloning; model
AB Eukaryotic members of the CLC gene family function as plasma membrane chloride channels, or may provide neutralizing anion currents for V-type H+-ATPases that acidify compartments of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway(1). Loss-of-function mutations in the endosomal protein ClC-5 impair renal endocytosis(2) and lead to kidney stones(3), whereas loss of function of the endosomal/ lysosomal protein ClC-7 entails osteopetrosis(4) and lysosomal storage disease(5). Vesicular CLCs have been thought to be Cl- channels, in particular because ClC-4 and ClC-5 mediate plasma membrane Cl- currents upon heterologous expression(6,7). Here we show that these two mainly endosomal CLC proteins instead function as electrogenic Cl-/H+ exchangers ( also called antiporters), resembling the transport activity of the bacterial protein ClC-e1 ( ref. 8), the crystal structure of which has already been determined(9). Neutralization of a critical glutamate residue not only abolished the steep voltage-dependence of transport(7), but also eliminated the coupling of anion flux to proton counter-transport. ClC-4 and ClC-5 may still compensate the charge accumulation by endosomal proton pumps, but are expected to couple directly vesicular pH gradients to Cl- gradients.
C1 Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
RP Jentsch, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol, Falkenried 94, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
EM Jentsch@zmnh.uni-hamburg.de
NR 26
TC 424
Z9 488
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 424
EP 427
DI 10.1038/nature03860
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400049
PM 16034422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dalton, R
AF Dalton, R
TI Ornithology: A wing and a prayer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 10
Z9 11
U1 1
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 188
EP 190
DI 10.1038/437188a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900025
PM 16148906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, H
   Nussbaum-Wagler, T
   Li, BL
   Zhao, Q
   Vigouroux, Y
   Faller, M
   Bomblies, K
   Lukens, L
   Doebley, JF
AF Wang, H
   Nussbaum-Wagler, T
   Li, BL
   Zhao, Q
   Vigouroux, Y
   Faller, M
   Bomblies, K
   Lukens, L
   Doebley, JF
TI The origin of the naked grains of maize
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular evolution; fruit size; gene; domestication; selection; teosinte; locus
AB The most critical step in maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) domestication was the liberation of the kernel from the hardened, protective casing that envelops the kernel in the maize progenitor, teosinte(1). This evolutionary step exposed the kernel on the surface of the ear, such that it could readily be used by humans as a food source. Here we show that this key event in maize domestication is controlled by a single gene ( teosinte glume architecture or tga1), belonging to the SBP-domain family(2) of transcriptional regulators. The factor controlling the phenotypic difference between maize and teosinte maps to a 1-kilobase region, within which maize and teosinte show only seven fixed differences in their DNA sequences. One of these differences encodes a non-conservative amino acid substitution and may affect protein function, and the other six differences potentially affect gene regulation. Molecular evolution analyses show that this region was the target of selection during maize domestication. Our results demonstrate that modest genetic changes in single genes can induce dramatic changes in phenotype during domestication and evolution.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   DuPont Crop Genet, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Plant Agr, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; DuPont; DuPont USA; University of Guelph
RP Doebley, JF (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM jdoebley@wisc.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM058816] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 442
Z9 560
U1 0
U2 188
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 714
EP 719
DI 10.1038/nature03863
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500047
PM 16079849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, K
   Mukae, N
   Dewar, H
   van Breugel, M
   James, EK
   Prescott, AR
   Antony, C
   Tanaka, TU
AF Tanaka, K
   Mukae, N
   Dewar, H
   van Breugel, M
   James, EK
   Prescott, AR
   Antony, C
   Tanaka, TU
TI Molecular mechanisms of kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; newt lung-cells; budding yeast; mitotic-spindle; chromosome attachment; precocious separation; sister chromatids; bi-orientation; dash complex; dynamics
AB For high-fidelity chromosome segregation, kinetochores must be properly captured by spindle microtubules, but the mechanisms underlying initial kinetochore capture have remained elusive. Here we visualized individual kinetochore-microtubule interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by regulating the activity of a centromere. Kinetochores are captured by the side of microtubules extending from spindle poles, and are subsequently transported poleward along them. The microtubule extension from spindle poles requires microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins and the Ran GDP/GTP exchange factor. Distinct kinetochore components are used for kinetochore capture by microtubules and for ensuring subsequent sister kinetochore bi-orientation on the spindle. Kar3, a kinesin-14 family member, is one of the regulators that promote transport of captured kinetochores along microtubules. During such transport, kinetochores ensure that they do not slide off their associated microtubules by facilitating the conversion of microtubule dynamics from shrinkage to growth at the plus ends. This conversion is promoted by the transport of Stu2 from the captured kinetochores to the plus ends of microtubules.
C1 Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Dundee; Max Planck Society; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Tanaka, K (corresponding author), Univ Dundee, Sch Life Sci, Wellcome Trust Bioctr, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
EM t.tanaka@dundee.ac.uk
NR 50
TC 229
Z9 316
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 987
EP 994
DI 10.1038/nature03483
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600030
PM 15846338
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oliveira, RF
   Carneiro, LA
   Canário, AVM
AF Oliveira, RF
   Carneiro, LA
   Canário, AVM
TI No hormonal response in tied fights
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cichlid fish; challenge hypothesis; social modulation; androgens
C1 Inst Super Psicol Aplicada, Unidade Invest Ecoetol, P-1149041 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Univ Algarve, CCMar, P-8005139 Faro, Portugal.
C3 Instituto Superior Psicologia Aplicada (ISPA); Universidade do Algarve
RP Oliveira, RF (corresponding author), Inst Super Psicol Aplicada, Unidade Invest Ecoetol, P-1149041 Lisbon, Portugal.
EM ruiol@ispa.pt
NR 10
TC 136
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 207
EP 208
DI 10.1038/437207a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900041
PM 16148924
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wild, EM
   Teschler-Nicola, M
   Kutschera, W
   Steier, P
   Trinkaus, E
   Wanek, W
AF Wild, EM
   Teschler-Nicola, M
   Kutschera, W
   Steier, P
   Trinkaus, E
   Wanek, W
TI Direct dating of Early Upper Palaeolithic human remains from Mladec
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human fossils; bone; collagen; dates
AB The human fossil assemblage from the Mladec. Caves in Moravia ( Czech Republic)(1) has been considered to derive from a middle or later phase of the Central European Aurignacian period on the basis of archaeological remains ( a few stone artefacts and organic items such as bone points, awls, perforated teeth)(2), despite questions(3) of association between the human fossils and the archaeological materials and concerning the chronological implications of the limited archaeological remains(4). The morphological variability in the human assemblage, the presence of apparently archaic features in some specimens, and the assumed early date of the remains have made this fossil assemblage pivotal in assessments of modern human emergence within Europe(5-7). We present here the first successful direct accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of five representative human fossils from the site. We selected sample materials from teeth and from one bone for C-14 dating. The four tooth samples yielded uncalibrated ages of similar to 31,000 C-14 years before present, and the bone sample ( an ulna) provided an uncertain more-recent age. These data are sufficient to confirm that the Mladec. human assemblage is the oldest cranial, dental and postcranial assemblage of early modern humans in Europe and is therefore central to discussions of modern human emergence in the northwestern Old World and the fate of the Neanderthals.
C1 Univ Vienna, Inst Isotopenforsch & Kernphys, VERA Lab, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Vienna, Dept Chem Okol & Okosyst Wissensch, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Nat Hist Museum Wien, Anthropol Abt, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
   Washington Univ, Dept Anthropol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 University of Vienna; University of Vienna; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Teschler-Nicola, M (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Inst Isotopenforsch & Kernphys, VERA Lab, Wahringerstr 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM maria.teschler@univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 123
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 332
EP 335
DI 10.1038/nature03585
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000043
PM 15902255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, HJ
   Chen, YP
   Liang, J
   Shi, B
   Wu, G
   Zhang, Y
   Wang, D
   Li, RF
   Yi, X
   Zhang, H
   Sun, LY
   Shang, YF
AF Wu, HJ
   Chen, YP
   Liang, J
   Shi, B
   Wu, G
   Zhang, Y
   Wang, D
   Li, RF
   Yi, X
   Zhang, H
   Sun, LY
   Shang, YF
TI Hypomethylation-linked activation of PAX2 mediates tamoxifen-stimulated endometrial carcinogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID estrogen-receptor modulators; cancer-cells; breast-cancer; gene-expression; aberrant expression; promoter context; binding protein; target genes; er-alpha; in-vivo
AB Tamoxifen, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, has been used in the treatment of all stages of hormone-responsive breast cancer. However, tamoxifen shows partial oestrogenic activity in the uterus and its use has been associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer. The molecular explanation for these observations is not known. Here we show that tamoxifen and oestrogen have distinct but overlapping target gene profiles. Among the overlapping target genes, we identify a paired-box gene, PAX2, that is crucially involved in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis in the endometrium. Our experiments show that PAX2 is activated by oestrogen and tamoxifen in endometrial carcinomas but not in normal endometrium, and that this activation is associated with cancer-linked hypomethylation of the PAX2 promoter.
C1 Peking Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
C3 Peking University
RP Shang, YF (corresponding author), Peking Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.
EM jason@bjmu.edu.cn
NR 47
TC 229
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 981
EP 987
DI 10.1038/nature04225
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600058
PM 16355216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, Y
   Jia, YC
   Cui, K
   Li, N
   Zheng, ZY
   Wang, YZ
   Yuan, XB
AF Li, Y
   Jia, YC
   Cui, K
   Li, N
   Zheng, ZY
   Wang, YZ
   Yuan, XB
TI Essential role of TRPC channels in the guidance of nerve growth cones by brain-derived neurotrophic factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipase-c; cation channels; axon guidance; cells; receptors; activation; inhibitor; currents; family; bdnf
AB Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) is known to promote neuronal survival and differentiation(1) and to guide axon extension both in vitro(2,3) and in vivo(4). The BDNF-induced chemoattraction of axonal growth cones requires Ca2+ signalling(3), but how Ca2+ is regulated by BDNF at the growth cone remains largely unclear. Extracellular application of BDNF triggers membrane currents resembling those through TRPC ( transient receptor potential canonical) channels in rat pontine neurons(5) and in Xenopus spinal neurons(6). Here, we report that in cultured cerebellar granule cells, TRPC channels contribute to the BDNF-induced elevation of Ca2+ at the growth cone and are required for BDNF-induced chemo-attractive turning. Several members of the TRPC family are highly expressed in these neurons, and both Ca2+ elevation and growth-cone turning induced by BDNF are abolished by pharmacological inhibition of TRPC channels, overexpression of a dominant-negative form of TRPC3 or TRPC6, or downregulation of TRPC3 expression via short interfering RNA. Thus, TRPC channel activity is essential for nerve-growth-cone guidance by BDNF.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Biol Sci, Inst Neurosci, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences
RP Yuan, XB (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Biol Sci, Inst Neurosci, Shanghai 200031, Peoples R China.
EM yzwang@ion.ac.cn; yuanxb@ion.ac.cn
NR 29
TC 376
Z9 466
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 894
EP 898
DI 10.1038/nature03477
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600040
PM 15758952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petersen, J
   Hagan, IM
AF Petersen, J
   Hagan, IM
TI Polo kinase links the stress pathway to cell cycle control and tip growth in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; genetic-control; division cycle; map kinase; histone h3; phosphorylation; adaptation; expression; protein; length
AB Stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades instigate a range of changes to enable eukaryotic cells to cope with particular insults. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe these responses include the transcription of specific gene sets and inhibition of entry into mitosis(1,2). The S. pombe stress response pathway (SRP) also promotes commitment to mitosis in unperturbed cell cycles to allow cells to match their rate of division with nutrient availability(1,3). The nature of this SRP function in cell cycle control is unknown. Entry into mitosis is controlled by mitosis-promoting factor (MPF; Cdc2/cyclin B) activity. Inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc2 by Wee1 kinase inactivates MPF until Cdc25 removes this phosphate to promote mitosis(4). The balance between Wee1 and Cdc25 activities is influenced by the recruitment of polo kinase (Plo1) to the spindle pole body (SPB)(5). The SPB component Cut12 mediates this recruitment(5,6). Hyper-activating mutations in either cut12 or plo1 enable Cdc25-defective cells to enter mitosis(5,7). The hyperactive cut12.s11 mutation suppresses cdc25.22, as it promotes recruitment of active Plo1 to interphase SPBs(6,7). Here we show that the SRP promotes phosphorylation of Plo1 on Ser 402. In unperturbed cell cycles, SRP-mediated phosphorylation of Ser 402 promotes Plo1 recruitment to SPBs and thus commitment to mitosis. Ser 402 phosphorylation also ensures efficient reinitiation of cell tip growth and cell division during recovery from particular stresses. Thus, phosphorylation of Plo1 Ser 402 not only enables SRP signalling to modulate the timing of mitotic commitment in response to nutrient status in unperturbed cycles, but also promotes the return to normal cell cycle control after stress.
C1 Paterson Inst Canc Res, Canc Res UK Cell Div Grp, Manchester M20 4BX, Lancs, England.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Paterson Institute for Cancer Research; Rockefeller University
RP Hagan, IM (corresponding author), Paterson Inst Canc Res, Canc Res UK Cell Div Grp, Wilmslow Rd, Manchester M20 4BX, Lancs, England.
EM ihagan@picr.man.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 100
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 507
EP 512
DI 10.1038/nature03590
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800057
PM 15917811
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fung, E
   Wong, WW
   Suen, JK
   Bulter, T
   Lee, SG
   Liao, JC
AF Fung, E
   Wong, WW
   Suen, JK
   Bulter, T
   Lee, SG
   Liao, JC
TI A synthetic gene-metabolic oscillator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; cell-cell communication; escherichia-coli; glycolytic oscillations; toggle switch; networks; expression; regulators; clock; yeast
AB Autonomous oscillations found in gene expression and metabolic, cardiac and neuronal systems(1-4) have attracted significant attention both because of their obvious biological roles and their intriguing dynamics. In addition, de novo designed(5-12) oscillators(13,14) have been demonstrated, using components that are not part of the natural oscillators. Such oscillators are useful in testing the design principles and in exploring potential applications not limited by natural cellular behaviour(15). To achieve transcriptional and metabolic integration characteristic of natural oscillators, here we designed and constructed a synthetic circuit in Escherichia coli K12, using glycolytic flux to generate oscillation through the signalling metabolite acetyl phosphate. If two metabolite pools are interconverted by two enzymes that are placed under the transcriptional control of acetyl phosphate, the system oscillates when the glycolytic rate exceeds a critical value. We used bifurcation analysis to identify the boundaries of oscillation, and verified these experimentally. This work demonstrates the possibility of using metabolic flux as a control factor in system-wide oscillation, as well as the predictability of a de novo gene - metabolic circuit designed using nonlinear dynamic analysis.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Biomed Engn Interdepartmental Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Liao, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM liaoj@ucla.edu
NR 29
TC 307
Z9 383
U1 1
U2 69
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 118
EP 122
DI 10.1038/nature03508
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600050
PM 15875027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Falck, J
   Coates, J
   Jackson, SP
AF Falck, J
   Coates, J
   Jackson, SP
TI Conserved modes of recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; double-strand breaks; catalytic subunit; s-phase; ionizing-radiation; mre11 complex; in-vitro; checkpoint; activation; repair
AB Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are members of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family, and are rapidly activated in response to DNA damage. ATM and DNA-PKcs respond mainly to DNA double-strand breaks, whereas ATR is activated by single-stranded DNA and stalled DNA replication forks. In all cases, activation involves their recruitment to the sites of damage. Here we identify related, conserved carboxy-terminal motifs in human Nbs1, ATRIP and Ku80 proteins that are required for their interaction with ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, respectively. These motifs are essential not only for efficient recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of damage, but are also critical for ATM-, ATR- and DNA-PKcs-mediated signalling events that trigger cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair. Our findings reveal that recruitment of these PIKKs to DNA lesions occurs by common mechanisms through an evolutionarily conserved motif, and provide direct evidence that PIKK recruitment is required for PIKK-dependent DNA-damage signalling.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Jackson, SP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
EM s.jackson@gurdon.cam.ac.uk
NR 42
TC 1017
Z9 1326
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 605
EP 611
DI 10.1038/nature03442
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000036
PM 15758953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lloyd-Smith, JO
   Schreiber, SJ
   Kopp, PE
   Getz, WM
AF Lloyd-Smith, JO
   Schreiber, SJ
   Kopp, PE
   Getz, WM
TI Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute respiratory syndrome; transmission dynamics; sars transmission; models; community; workers
AB Population-level analyses often use average quantities to describe heterogeneous systems, particularly when variation does not arise from identifiable groups(1,2). A prominent example, central to our current understanding of epidemic spread, is the basic reproductive number, R-0, which is defined as the mean number of infections caused by an infected individual in a susceptible population(3,4). Population estimates of R-0 can obscure considerable individual variation in infectiousness, as highlighted during the global emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by numerous 'superspreading events' in which certain individuals infected unusually large numbers of secondary cases(5-10). For diseases transmitted by non-sexual direct contacts, such as SARS or smallpox, individual variation is difficult to measure empirically, and thus its importance for outbreak dynamics has been unclear(2,10,11). Here we present an integrated theoretical and statistical analysis of the influence of individual variation in infectiousness on disease emergence. Using contact tracing data from eight directly transmitted diseases, we show that the distribution of individual infectiousness around R-0 is often highly skewed. Model predictions accounting for this variation differ sharply from average-based approaches, with disease extinction more likely and outbreaks rarer but more explosive. Using these models, we explore implications for outbreak control, showing that individual-specific control measures outperform population-wide measures. Moreover, the dramatic improvements achieved through targeted control policies emphasize the need to identify predictive correlates of higher infectiousness. Our findings indicate that superspreading is a normal feature of disease spread, and to frame ongoing discussion we propose a rigorous definition for superspreading events and a method to predict their frequency.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Biophys Grad Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Coll William & Mary, Dept Math, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA.
   Univ Hull, Ctr Math, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, N Humberside, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; William & Mary; University of Hull
RP Lloyd-Smith, JO (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, 140 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jls@nature.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 1799
Z9 2083
U1 3
U2 269
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 355
EP 359
DI 10.1038/nature04153
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200048
PM 16292310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, KL
AF Tanaka, KL
TI Geology and insolation-driven climatic history of Amazonian north polar materials on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface; evolution; morphology; deposits; origin; ice
AB Mariner 9 and Viking spacecraft images revealed that the polar regions of Mars, like those of Earth, record the planet's climate history. However, fundamental uncertainties regarding the materials, features, ages and processes constituting the geologic record remained(1-6). Recently acquired Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data(7) and Mars Orbiter Camera high-resolution images(8) from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft and moderately high-resolution Thermal Emission Imaging System visible images(9) from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft permit more comprehensive geologic and climatic analyses(10-17). Here I map and show the history of geologic materials and features in the north polar region that span the Amazonian period (similar to 3.0 Gyr ago to present) (18,19). Erosion and redeposition of putative circumpolar mud volcano deposits(15) ( formed by eruption of liquefied, fine-grained material) led to the formation of an Early Amazonian polar plateau consisting of dark layered materials. Crater ejecta superposed on pedestals indicate that a thin mantle was present during most of the Amazonian, suggesting generally higher obliquity and insolation conditions at the poles than at present. Brighter polar layered deposits rest unconformably on the dark layers and formed mainly during lower obliquity over the past 4 - 5Myr (ref. 20). Finally, the uppermost layers post-date the latest downtrend in obliquity < 20,000 years ago(20).
C1 US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Tanaka, KL (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, 2255 N Gemini Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
EM ktanaka@usgs.gov
NR 27
TC 71
Z9 83
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 991
EP 994
DI 10.1038/nature04065
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100038
PM 16222294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akiyama, K
   Matsuzaki, K
   Hayashi, H
AF Akiyama, K
   Matsuzaki, K
   Hayashi, H
TI Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seed-germination stimulant; striga-lutea lour; synthetic analogs; red-clover; orobanche; (+)-strigol; recognition; signals; growth
AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form mutualistic, symbiotic associations with the roots of more than 80% of land plants(1). The fungi are incapable of completing their life cycle in the absence of a host root. Their spores can germinate and grow in the absence of a host, but their hyphal growth is very limited. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern signalling and recognition between AM fungi and their host plants. In one of the first stages of host recognition, the hyphae of AM fungi show extensive branching in the vicinity of host roots before formation of the appressorium(2-4), the structure used to penetrate the plant root. Host roots are known to release signalling molecules that trigger hyphal branching(5-7), but these branching factors have not been isolated. Here we have isolated a branching factor from the root exudates of Lotus japonicus and used spectroscopic analysis and chemical synthesis to identify it as a strigolactone, 5-deoxy-strigol. Strigolactones are a group of sesquiterpene lactones, previously isolated as seed-germination stimulants for the parasitic weeds Striga and Orobanche(8). The natural strigolactones 5-deoxy-strigol, sorgolactone and strigol, and a synthetic analogue, GR24, induced extensive hyphal branching in germinating spores of the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita at very low concentrations.
C1 Osaka Prefecture Univ, Grad Sch Agr & Biol Sci, Div Appl Biol Chem, Osaka 5998531, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320112, Japan.
C3 Osaka Metropolitan University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Akiyama, K (corresponding author), Osaka Prefecture Univ, Grad Sch Agr & Biol Sci, Div Appl Biol Chem, Osaka 5998531, Japan.
EM akiyama@biochem.osakafu-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 1765
Z9 2071
U1 32
U2 1075
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 824
EP 827
DI 10.1038/nature03608
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700052
PM 15944706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marchis, F
   Descamps, P
   Hestroffer, D
   Berthier, J
AF Marchis, F
   Descamps, P
   Hestroffer, D
   Berthier, J
TI Discovery of the triple asteroidal system 87 Sylvia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID catastrophic collisions; satellites; orbit
AB After decades of speculation(1), the existence of binary asteroids has been observationally confirmed(2,3), with examples in all minor planet populations(4). However, no triple systems have hitherto been discovered. Here we report the unambiguous detection of a triple asteroidal system in the main belt, composed of a 280-km primary ( 87 Sylvia) and two small moonlets orbiting at 710 and 1,360 km. We estimate their orbital elements and use them to refine the shape of the primary body. Both orbits are equatorial, circular and prograde, suggesting a common origin. Using the orbital information to estimate its mass and density, 87 Sylvia appears to have a rubble-pile structure with a porosity of 25 - 60 per cent. The system was most probably formed through the disruptive collision of a parent asteroid, with the new primary resulting from accretion of fragments, while the moonlets are formed from the debris, as has been predicted previously(5).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Observ Paris, Inst Mecan Celeste & Calculs Ephemerides, F-75014 Paris, France.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Marchis, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM fmarchis@berkeley.edu
NR 22
TC 95
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 822
EP 824
DI 10.1038/nature04018
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500039
PM 16094362
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moberg, A
   Sonechkin, DM
   Holmgren, K
   Datsenko, NM
   Karlén, W
AF Moberg, A
   Sonechkin, DM
   Holmgren, K
   Datsenko, NM
   Karlén, W
TI Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface air-temperature; climate-change; past millennium; last millennium; model; simulation
AB A number of reconstructions of millennial- scale climate variability have been carried out in order to understand patterns of natural climate variability, on decade to century timescales, and the role of anthropogenic forcing(1 - 8). These reconstructions have mainly used tree- ring data and other data sets of annual to decadal resolution. Lake and ocean sediments have a lower time resolution, but provide climate information at multicentennial timescales that may not be captured by tree- ring data(9,10). Here we reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures for the past 2,000 years by combining low- resolution proxies with tree- ring data, using a wavelet transform technique(11) to achieve timescale- dependent processing of the data. Our reconstruction shows larger multicentennial variability than most previous multi- proxy reconstructions(1 - 4,7), but agrees well with temperatures reconstructed from borehole measurements(12) and with temperatures obtained with a general circulation model(13,14). According to our reconstruction, high temperatures - similar to those observed in the twentieth century before 1990 occurred around AD 1000 to 1100, and minimum temperatures that are about 0.7K below the average of 1961 - 90 occurred around AD 1600. This large natural variability in the past suggests an important role of natural multicentennial variability that is likely to continue.
C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Hydrometeorol Res Ctr Russia, Dynam Stochast Lab, Moscow 123242, Russia.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Quaternary Geol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Stockholm University; Stockholm University
RP Moberg, A (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Meteorol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM anders.moberg@misu.su.se
NR 30
TC 1221
Z9 1437
U1 2
U2 364
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 613
EP 617
DI 10.1038/nature03265
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000039
PM 15703742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Panáková, D
   Sprong, H
   Marois, E
   Thiele, C
   Eaton, S
AF Panáková, D
   Sprong, H
   Marois, E
   Thiele, C
   Eaton, S
TI Lipoprotein particles are required for Hedgehog and Wingless signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heparan-sulfate proteoglycans; cell-adhesion molecule; intercellular transfer; sonic hedgehog; multivesicular body; drosophila; protein; receptor; gradient; domain
AB Wnt and Hedgehog family proteins are secreted signalling molecules (morphogens) that act at both long and short range to control growth and patterning during development. Both proteins are covalently modified by lipid, and the mechanism by which such hydrophobic molecules might spread over long distances is unknown. Here we show that Wingless, Hedgehog and glycophosphatidylinositol-linked proteins copurify with lipoprotein particles, and co-localize with them in the developing wing epithelium of Drosophila. In larvae with reduced lipoprotein levels, Hedgehog accumulates near its site of production, and fails to signal over its normal range. Similarly, the range of Wingless signalling is narrowed. We propose a novel function for lipoprotein particles, in which they act as vehicles for the movement of lipid-linked morphogens and glycophosphatidylinositol-linked proteins.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Thiele, C (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauerstr 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM thiele@mpi-cbg.de; eaton@mpi-cbg.de
NR 48
TC 553
Z9 705
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 58
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature03504
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600035
PM 15875013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schippers, A
   Neretin, LN
   Kallmeyer, J
   Ferdelman, TG
   Cragg, BA
   Parkes, RJ
   Jorgensen, BB
AF Schippers, A
   Neretin, LN
   Kallmeyer, J
   Ferdelman, TG
   Cragg, BA
   Parkes, RJ
   Jorgensen, BB
TI Prokaryotic cells of the deep sub-seafloor biosphere identified as living bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-situ hybridization; catalyzed reporter deposition; subseafloor sediments; marine-bacteria; methane hydrate; copy number; community; ocean; quantification; dissociation
AB Chemical analyses of the pore waters from hundreds of deep ocean sediment cores have over decades provided evidence for ongoing processes that require biological catalysis by prokaryotes(1-3). This sub-seafloor activity of microorganisms may influence the surface Earth by changing the chemistry of the ocean and by triggering the emission of methane, with consequences for the marine carbon cycle and even the global climate(4-6). Despite the fact that only about 1% of the total marine primary production of organic carbon is available for deep-sea microorganisms(7,8), subseafloor sediments harbour over half of all prokaryotic cells on Earth(7). This estimation has been calculated from numerous microscopic cell counts in sediment cores of the Ocean Drilling Program(1,9). Because these counts cannot differentiate between dead and alive cells, the population size of living microorganisms is unknown(10,11). Here, using ribosomal RNA as a target for the technique known as catalysed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH), we provide direct quantification of live cells as defined by the presence of ribosomes. We show that a large fraction of the sub-seafloor prokaryotes is alive, even in very old (16 million yr) and deep (>400 m) sediments. All detectable living cells belong to the Bacteria and have turnover times of 0.25-22 yr, comparable to surface sediments.
C1 Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources, Sect Geomicrobiol, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Dept Biogeochem, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Sch Earth Ocean & Planetary Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, S Glam, Wales.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Cardiff University
RP Schippers, A (corresponding author), Fed Inst Geosci & Nat Resources, Sect Geomicrobiol, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.
EM a.schippers@bgr.de
NR 30
TC 357
Z9 423
U1 0
U2 119
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 861
EP 864
DI 10.1038/nature03302
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600041
PM 15729341
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pray-Grant, MG
   Daniel, JA
   Schieltz, D
   Yates, JR III
   Grant, PA
AF Pray-Grant, MG
   Daniel, JA
   Schieltz, D
   Yates, JR III
   Grant, PA
TI Chd1 chromodomain links histone H3 methylation with SAGA- and SLIK-dependent acetylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; elongation-factors; active genes; chromatin; yeast; h3; transcription; complexes; domain; association
AB The specific post-translational modifications to histones influence many nuclear processes including gene regulation, DNA repair and replication(1). Recent studies have identified effector proteins that recognize patterns of histone modification and transduce their function in downstream processes(2). For example, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) have been shown to participate in many essential cellular processes, particularly those associated with activation of transcription(3). Yeast SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase) and SLIK (SAGA-like) are two highly homologous and conserved multi-subunit HAT complexes, which preferentially acetylate histones H3 and H2B and deubiquitinate histone H2B. Here we identify the chromatin remodelling protein Chd1 (chromo-ATPase/helicase-DNAbinding domain 1) as a component of SAGA and SLIK. Our findings indicate that one of the two chromodomains of Chd1 specifically interacts with the methylated lysine 4 mark on histone H3 that is associated with transcriptional activity. Furthermore, the SLIK complex shows enhanced acetylation of a methylated substrate and this activity is dependent upon a functional methyl-binding chromodomain, both in vitro and in vivo. Our study identifies the first chromodomain that recognizes methylated histone H3 (Lys 4) and possibly identifies a larger subfamily of chromodomain proteins with similar recognition properties.
C1 Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Diversa Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; Verenium Corporation; Scripps Research Institute
RP Grant, PA (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM pag9n@virginia.edu
NR 30
TC 394
Z9 576
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 434
EP 438
DI 10.1038/nature03242
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200047
PM 15647753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tellinghuisen, TL
   Marcotrigiano, J
   Rice, CM
AF Tellinghuisen, TL
   Marcotrigiano, J
   Rice, CM
TI Structure of the zinc-binding domain of an essential component of the hepatitis C virus replicase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; ns5a; bond
AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a human pathogen affecting nearly 3% of the world's population(1). Chronic infections can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The RNA replication machine of HCV is a multi-subunit membrane-associated complex. The nonstructural protein NS5A is an active component of HCV replicase(2,3), as well as a pivotal regulator of replication(2,4) and a modulator of cellular processes ranging from innate immunity to dysregulated cell growth(5,6). NS5A is a large phosphoprotein (56 - 58 kDa) with an amphipathic alpha-helix at its amino terminus that promotes membrane association(7-9). After this helix region, NS5A is organized into three domains(10). The N-terminal domain ( domain I) coordinates a single zinc atom per protein molecule(10). Mutations disrupting either the membrane anchor(7,8) or zinc binding(10) of NS5A are lethal for RNA replication. However, probing the role of NS5A in replication has been hampered by a lack of structural information about this multifunctional protein. Here we report the structure of NS5A domain I at 2.5-angstrom resolution, which contains a novel fold, a new zinc-coordination motif and a disulphide bond. We use molecular surface analysis to suggest the location of protein-, RNA- and membrane-interaction sites.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Study Hepatitis C, Lab Virol & Infect Dis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Marcotrigiano, J (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Study Hepatitis C, Lab Virol & Infect Dis, 1230 York Ave Box 64, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM marcotj@rockefeller.edu; ricec@rockefeller.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA057973] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [F32 AI051820] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 386
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 374
EP 379
DI 10.1038/nature03580
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000051
PM 15902263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christensen, PR
   McSween, HY Jr
   Bandfield, JL
   Ruff, SW
   Rogers, AD
   Hamilton, VE
   Gorelick, N
   Wyatt, MB
   Jakosky, BM
   Kieffer, HH
   Malin, MC
   Moersch, JE
AF Christensen, PR
   McSween, HY Jr
   Bandfield, JL
   Ruff, SW
   Rogers, AD
   Hamilton, VE
   Gorelick, N
   Wyatt, MB
   Jakosky, BM
   Kieffer, HH
   Malin, MC
   Moersch, JE
TI Evidence for magmatic evolution and diversity on Mars from infrared observations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal emission spectrometer; mini-tes experiment; martian surface; gusev crater; spectral evidence; meridiani-planum; rocks; mineralogy; spectroscopy; chemistry
AB Compositional mapping of Mars at the 100-metre scale with the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) has revealed a wide diversity of igneous materials. Volcanic evolution produced compositions from low-silica basalts to high-silica dacite in the Syrtis Major caldera. The existence of dacite demonstrates that highly evolved lavas have been produced, at least locally, by magma evolution through fractional crystallization. Olivine basalts are observed on crater floors and in layers exposed in canyon walls up to 4.5 km beneath the surface. This vertical distribution suggests that olivine-rich lavas were emplaced at various times throughout the formation of the upper crust, with their growing inventory suggesting that such ultramafic (picritic) basalts may be relatively common. Quartz-bearing granitoid rocks have also been discovered, demonstrating that extreme differentiation has occurred. These observations show that the martian crust, while dominated by basalt, contains a diversity of igneous materials whose range in composition from picritic basalts to granitoids rivals that found on the Earth.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Carson City, NV 89703 USA.
   Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; University of Hawaii System; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Christensen, PR (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM phil.christensen@asu.edu
NR 48
TC 178
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 504
EP 509
DI 10.1038/nature03639
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800051
PM 16007077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, WM
   Cronk, L
   Grochow, K
   Jacobson, A
   Liu, CK
   Popovic, Z
   Trivers, R
AF Brown, WM
   Cronk, L
   Grochow, K
   Jacobson, A
   Liu, CK
   Popovic, Z
   Trivers, R
TI RETRACTED: Dance reveals symmetry especially in young men (Retracted article. See vol. 504, pg. 470, 2013)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID fluctuating asymmetry; developmental stability; attractiveness; performance; success
AB Dance is believed to be important in the courtship of a variety of species, including humans, but nothing is known about what dance reveals about the underlying phenotypic - or genotypic quality of the dancer(1-6). One measure of quality in evolutionary studies is the degree of bodily symmetry ( fluctuating asymmetry, FA), because it measures developmental stability(7,8). Does dance quality reveal FA to the observer and is the effect stronger for male dancers than female? To answer these questions, we chose a population that has been measured twice for FA since 1996 (ref. 9) in a society ( Jamaican) in which dancing is important in the lives of both sexes. Motion-capture cameras created controlled stimuli ( in the form of videos) that isolated dance movements from all other aspects of visual appearance ( including FA), and the same population evaluated these videos for dancing ability. Here we report that there are strong positive associations between symmetry and dancing ability, and these associations were stronger in men than in women. In addition, women rate dances by symmetrical men relatively more positively than do men, and more-symmetrical men value symmetry in women dancers more than do less-symmetrical men. In summary, dance in Jamaica seems to show evidence of sexual selection and to reveal important information about the dancer.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ctr Human Evolutionary Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Brown, WM (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Ctr Human Evolutionary Studies, 131 George St, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
EM wmbrown@rci.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 115
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1148
EP 1150
DI 10.1038/nature04344
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500049
PM 16372008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Makinoshima, H
   Glickman, MS
AF Makinoshima, H
   Glickman, MS
TI Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope composition and virulence by intramembrane proteolysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress-response; bovis bcg; biosynthesis; cleavage; mice; identification; survival; pathway; rsea
AB Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is a continuing global health crisis that kills 2 million people each year(1). Although the structurally diverse lipids of the M. tuberculosis cell envelope each have non-redundant roles in virulence or persistence(2-7), the molecular mechanisms regulating cell envelope composition in M. tuberculosis are undefined. In higher eukaryotes, membrane composition is controlled by site two protease (S2P)-mediated cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins(8,9), membrane-bound transcription factors that control lipid biosynthesis. S2P is the founding member of a widely distributed family of membrane metalloproteases(10,11) that cleave substrate proteins within transmembrane segments(12). Here we show that a previously uncharacterized M. tuberculosis S2P homologue (Rv2869c) regulates M. tuberculosis cell envelope composition, growth in vivo and persistence in vivo. These results establish that regulated intramembrane proteolysis is a conserved mechanism controlling membrane composition in prokaryotes and show that this proteolysis is a proximal regulator of cell envelope virulence determinants in M. tuberculosis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Program Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Div Infect Dis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Glickman, MS (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Program Immunol, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM glickmam@mskcc.org
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI080619, R01 AI053417] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 406
EP 409
DI 10.1038/nature03713
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400045
PM 16034419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhao, Y
   Samal, E
   Srivastava, D
AF Zhao, Y
   Samal, E
   Srivastava, D
TI Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bhlh transcription factor; c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; posttranscriptional regulation; cardiac development; gene-expression; small rnas; heart; prediction; myocardin
AB Gradients of signalling and transcription factors govern many aspects of embryogenesis, highlighting the need for spatiotemporal control of regulatory protein levels. MicroRNAs are phylogenetically conserved small RNAs that regulate the translation of target messenger RNAs, providing a mechanism for protein dose regulation. Here we show that microRNA-1-1 (miR-1-1) and miR-1-2 are specifically expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle precursor cells. We found that the miR-1 genes are direct transcriptional targets of muscle differentiation regulators including serum response factor, MyoD and Mef2. Correspondingly, excess miR-1 in the developing heart leads to a decreased pool of proliferating ventricular cardiomyocytes. Using a new algorithm for microRNA target identification that incorporates features of RNA structure and target accessibility, we show that Hand2, a transcription factor that promotes ventricular cardiomyocyte expansion, is a target of miR-1. This work suggests that miR-1 genes titrate the effects of critical cardiac regulatory proteins to control the balance between differentiation and proliferation during cardiogenesis.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat Cardiol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Childrens Med Ctr Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Srivastava, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, 1650 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
EM dsrivastava@gladstone.ucsf.edu
NR 49
TC 1358
Z9 1661
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 214
EP 220
DI 10.1038/nature03817
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500031
PM 15951802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crane, P
AF Crane, P
TI The director of Kew gardens charts the journey towards mapping the variety of plant life.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 893
EP 893
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Youngren, KK
   Coveney, D
   Peng, XN
   Bhattacharya, C
   Schmidt, LS
   Nickerson, ML
   Lamb, BT
   Deng, JM
   Behringer, RR
   Capel, B
   Rubin, EM
   Nadeau, JH
   Matin, A
AF Youngren, KK
   Coveney, D
   Peng, XN
   Bhattacharya, C
   Schmidt, LS
   Nickerson, ML
   Lamb, BT
   Deng, JM
   Behringer, RR
   Capel, B
   Rubin, EM
   Nadeau, JH
   Matin, A
TI The Ter mutation in the dead end gene causes germ cell loss and testicular germ cell tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-binding protein; messenger-rna; stem-cells; mouse chromosome-18; mice; teratomas; deficiency; cyclooxygenase-2; transcription; expression
AB In mice, the Ter mutation causes primordial germ cell (PGC) loss in all genetic backgrounds(1). Ter is also a potent modifier of spontaneous testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) susceptibility in the 129 family of inbred strains, and markedly increases TGCT incidence in 129-Ter/Termales(2-4). In 129-Ter/Ter mice, some of the remaining PGCs transform into undifferentiated pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells(2-6), and after birth differentiate into various cells and tissues that compose TGCTs. Here, we report the positional cloning of Ter, revealing a point mutation that introduces a termination codon in the mouse orthologue (Dnd1) of the zebrafish dead end (dnd) gene. PGC deficiency is corrected both with bacterial artificial chromosomes that contain Dnd1 and with a Dnd1-encoding transgene. Dnd1 is expressed in fetal gonads during the critical period when TGCTs originate. DND1 has an RNA recognition motif and is most similar to the apobec complementation factor, a component of the cytidine to uridine RNA-editing complex. These results suggest that Ter may adversely affect essential aspects of RNA biology during PGC development. DND1 is the first protein known to have an RNA recognition motif directly implicated as a heritable cause of spontaneous tumorigenesis. TGCT development in the 129-Ter mouse strain models paediatric TGCT in humans. This work will have important implications for our understanding of the genetic control of TGCT pathogenesis and PGC biology.
C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Genet, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Case Comprehens Canc Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   SAIC Frederick Inc, Basic Res Program, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   NCI, Immunobiol Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genome Sci Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Duke University; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Nadeau, JH (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM jhn4@case.edu; amatin@mdanderson.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA093754, R01 CA075056, P30 CA016672] Funding Source: Medline; NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL063054] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 301
Z9 349
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 360
EP 364
DI 10.1038/nature03595
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000048
PM 15902260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flitsch, SL
AF Flitsch, SL
TI Synthetic chemistry - Glycosylation with a twist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oligosaccharide synthesis
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Chem, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Bioctr, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester; University of Manchester
RP Flitsch, SL (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Chem, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM sabine.flitsch@manchester.ac.uk
NR 5
TC 14
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 201
EP 202
DI 10.1038/437201a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900037
PM 16148919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hopkinson, CS Jr
   Vallino, JJ
AF Hopkinson, CS Jr
   Vallino, JJ
TI Efficient export of carbon to the deep ocean through dissolved organic matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific subtropical gyre; eastern north pacific; temporal variability; sargasso sea; flux; radiocarbon; phosphorus; dynamics; nitrogen; cycle
AB Oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes one of the largest pools of reduced carbon in the biosphere. Estimated DOC export from the surface ocean represents 20% of total organic carbon flux to the deep ocean(1-3), which constitutes a primary control on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels(4). DOC is the carbon component of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and an accurate quantification of DOM pools, fluxes and their controls is therefore critical to understanding oceanic carbon cycling. DOC export is directly coupled with dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus export. However, the C:N:P stoichiometry (by atoms) of DOM dynamics is poorly understood. Here we study the stoichiometry of the DOM pool and of DOM decomposition in continental shelf, continental slope and central ocean gyre environments. We find that DOM is remineralized and produced with a C:N:P stoichiometry of 199:20:1 that is substantially lower than for bulk pools (typically >775:54:1), but greater than for particulate organic matter (106:16:1-the Redfield ratio). Thus for a given mass of new N and P introduced into surface water, more DOC can be exported than would occur at the Redfield ratio. This may contribute to the excess respiration estimated to occur in the interior ocean(5). Our results place an explicit constraint on global carbon export and elemental balance via advective pathways.
C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole
RP Hopkinson, CS Jr (corresponding author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM chopkins@mbl.edu
FU Division Of Ocean Sciences; Directorate For Geosciences [1058747] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 30
TC 230
Z9 277
U1 4
U2 199
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 142
EP 145
DI 10.1038/nature03191
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200033
PM 15650735
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kotera, E
   Tasaka, M
   Shikanai, T
AF Kotera, E
   Tasaka, M
   Shikanai, T
TI A pentatricopeptide repeat protein is essential for RNA editing in chloroplasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-encoded factor; cyclic electron flow; messenger-rna; gene-expression; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; arabidopsis-thaliana; restores fertility; photosystem-i; site; plants
AB RNA editing is a process of RNA maturation involved in the insertion, deletion or modification of nucleotides(1). In organellar transcripts of higher plants, specific cytidine residues are converted into uridine residues. In many cases, editing results in the restoration of conserved amino acid residues, a process that is essential for protein function in plastids(2,3). Despite the technical breakthrough in establishing systems in vivo(4) and in vitro(5) for analysing RNA editing, its machinery still remains to be identified in higher plants. Here we introduce a genetic approach and report the discovery of a gene responsible for the specific RNA editing event in the chloroplast.
C1 Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Nara 6300101, Japan.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Agr, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology; Kyushu University
RP Shikanai, T (corresponding author), Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Grad Sch Biol Sci, Nara 6300101, Japan.
EM shikanai@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 455
Z9 527
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 326
EP 330
DI 10.1038/nature03229
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300058
PM 15662426
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murata, Y
   Iwasaki, H
   Sasaki, M
   Inaba, K
   Okamura, Y
AF Murata, Y
   Iwasaki, H
   Sasaki, M
   Inaba, K
   Okamura, Y
TI Phosphoinositide phosphatase activity coupled to an intrinsic voltage sensor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ascidian ciona-intestinalis; rectifying k+ channels; ion channels; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; potassium channels; tumor-suppressor; pten; activation; identification; perspective
AB Changes in membrane potential affect ion channels and transporters, which then alter intracellular chemical conditions. Other signalling pathways coupled to membrane potential have been suggested(1-3) but their underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we describe a novel protein from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis that has a transmembrane voltage-sensing domain homologous to the S1 - S4 segments of voltage-gated channels and a cytoplasmic domain similar to phosphatase and tensin homologue. This protein, named C. intestinalis voltage-sensor-containing phosphatase (Ci-VSP), displays channel-like 'gating' currents and directly translates changes in membrane potential into the turnover of phosphoinositides. The activity of the phosphoinositide phosphatase in Ci-VSP is tuned within a physiological range of membrane potential. Immunocytochemical studies show that Ci-VSP is expressed in Ciona sperm tail membranes, indicating a possible role in spermfunction or morphology. Our data demonstrate that voltage sensing can function beyond channel proteins and thus more ubiquitously than previously realized.
C1 Natl Inst Nat Sci, Okazaki Inst Integrat Biosci, Sect Dev Neurophysiol, Aichi 4448787, Japan.
   Natl Inst Nat Sci, Natl Inst Physiol Sci, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Sch Life Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Grad Sch Life & Environm Sci, Shimoda Marine Res Ctr, Shizuoka 4150025, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Neurosci Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (OIIB); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; University of Tsukuba; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Okamura, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Nat Sci, Okazaki Inst Integrat Biosci, Sect Dev Neurophysiol, Higashiyama 5-1,Myodaiji Cho, Aichi 4448787, Japan.
EM yokamura@nips.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 578
Z9 686
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1239
EP 1243
DI 10.1038/nature03650
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500045
PM 15902207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grassly, NC
   Fraser, C
   Garnett, GP
AF Grassly, NC
   Fraser, C
   Garnett, GP
TI Host immunity and synchronized epidemics of syphilis across the United States
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission dynamics; models; gonorrhea; mortality; regions; aids; men; sex
AB A central question in population ecology is the role of 'exogenous' environmental factors versus density-dependent 'endogenous' biological factors in driving changes in population numbers(1). This question is also central to infectious disease epidemiology, where changes in disease incidence due to behavioural or environmental change must be distinguished from the nonlinear dynamics of the parasite population(2). Repeated epidemics of primary and secondary syphilis infection in the United States over the past 50 yr have previously been attributed to social and behavioural changes(3). Here, we show that these epidemics represent a rare example of unforced, endogenous oscillations in disease incidence, with an 8-11-yr period that is predicted by the natural dynamics of syphilis infection, to which there is partially protective immunity(4). This conclusion is supported by the absence of oscillations in gonorrhoea cases, where a protective immune response is absent(5,6). We further demonstrate increased synchrony of syphilis oscillations across cities over time, providing empirical evidence for an increasingly connected sexual network in the United States.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Grassly, NC (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
EM n.grassly@imperial.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 178
Z9 210
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 417
EP 421
DI 10.1038/nature03072
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200043
PM 15674292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwarz, D
   Matta, BM
   Shakir-Botteri, NL
   McPheron, BA
AF Schwarz, D
   Matta, BM
   Shakir-Botteri, NL
   McPheron, BA
TI Host shift to an invasive plant triggers rapid animal hybrid speciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apple maggot fly; rhagoletis-pomonella; sympatric speciation; hybridization; compilation; evolution; allozymes; radiation; inference; linkage
AB Speciation in animals is almost always envisioned as the split of an existing lineage into an ancestral and a derived species. An alternative speciation route is homoploid hybrid speciation(1) in which two ancestral taxa give rise to a third, derived, species by hybridization without a change in chromosome number. Although theoretically possible it has been regarded as rare(1) and hence of little importance in animals. On the basis of molecular and chromosomal evidence, hybridization is the best explanation for the origin of a handful of extant diploid bisexual animal taxa(2-6). Here we report the first case in which hybridization between two host-specific animals (tephritid fruitflies) is clearly associated with the shift to a new resource. Such a hybrid host shift presents an ecologically robust scenario for animal hybrid speciation because it offers a potential mechanism for reproductive isolation through differential adaptation to a new ecological niche(7). The necessary conditions for this mechanism of speciation(7) are common in parasitic animals, which represent much of animal diversity(8). The frequency of homoploid hybrid speciation in animals may therefore be higher than previously assumed.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16803 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Schwarz, D (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, 501 ASI Bldg, University Pk, PA 16803 USA.
EM dxs332@psu.edu
NR 30
TC 195
Z9 239
U1 2
U2 114
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 546
EP 549
DI 10.1038/nature03800
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800059
PM 16049486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vinuesa, CG
   Cook, MC
   Angelucci, C
   Athanasopoulos, V
   Rui, LX
   Hill, KM
   Yu, D
   Domaschenz, H
   Whittle, B
   Lambe, T
   Roberts, IS
   Copley, RR
   Bell, JI
   Cornall, RJ
   Goodnow, CC
AF Vinuesa, CG
   Cook, MC
   Angelucci, C
   Athanasopoulos, V
   Rui, LX
   Hill, KM
   Yu, D
   Domaschenz, H
   Whittle, B
   Lambe, T
   Roberts, IS
   Copley, RR
   Bell, JI
   Cornall, RJ
   Goodnow, CC
TI A RING-type ubiquitin ligase family member required to repress follicular helper T cells and autoimmunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell; inducible costimulator; in-vivo; immune-responses; germinal-centers; dendritic cells; co-stimulation; cbl-b; icos; activation
AB Despite the sequencing of the human and mouse genomes, few genetic mechanisms for protecting against autoimmune disease are currently known. Here we systematically screen the mouse genome for autoimmune regulators to isolate a mouse strain, sanroque, with severe autoimmune disease resulting from a single recessive defect in a previously unknown mechanism for repressing antibody responses to self. The sanroque mutation acts within mature T cells to cause formation of excessive numbers of follicular helper T cells and germinal centres. The mutation disrupts a repressor of ICOS, an essential co-stimulatory receptor for follicular T cells, and results in excessive production of the cytokine interleukin-21. sanroque mice fail to repress diabetes-causing T cells, and develop high titres of autoantibodies and a pattern of pathology consistent with lupus. The causative mutation is in a gene of previously unknown function, roquin (Rc3h1), which encodes a highly conserved member of the RING-type ubiquitin ligase protein family. The Roquin protein is distinguished by the presence of a CCCH zinc-finger found in RNA-binding proteins, and localization to cytosolic RNA granules implicated in regulating messenger RNA translation and stability.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Div Immunol & Genet, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Sch Med, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Australian Phenom Facil, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Dept Cellular Pathol, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
C3 Australian National University; John Curtin School of Medical Research; Australian National University; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
RP Vinuesa, CG (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, John Curtin Sch Med Res, Div Immunol & Genet, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM carola.vinuesa@anu.edu.au; chris.goodnow@anu.edu.au
NR 50
TC 723
Z9 852
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 452
EP 458
DI 10.1038/nature03555
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800045
PM 15917799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farmer, H
   McCabe, N
   Lord, CJ
   Tutt, ANJ
   Johnson, DA
   Richardson, TB
   Santarosa, M
   Dillon, KJ
   Hickson, I
   Knights, C
   Martin, NMB
   Jackson, SP
   Smith, GCM
   Ashworth, A
AF Farmer, H
   McCabe, N
   Lord, CJ
   Tutt, ANJ
   Johnson, DA
   Richardson, TB
   Santarosa, M
   Dillon, KJ
   Hickson, I
   Knights, C
   Martin, NMB
   Jackson, SP
   Smith, GCM
   Ashworth, A
TI Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homology-directed repair; poly(adp-ribose) polymerase; replication forks; protein; cancer; breaks; recombination; phosphorylation; inhibitors; parp-1
AB BRCA1 and BRCA2 are important for DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination(1), and mutations in these genes predispose to breast and other cancers(2). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase ( PARP) is an enzyme involved in base excision repair, a key pathway in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks(3). We show here that BRCA1 or BRCA2 dysfunction unexpectedly and profoundly sensitizes cells to the inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity, resulting in chromosomal instability, cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. This seems to be because the inhibition of PARP leads to the persistence of DNA lesions normally repaired by homologous recombination. These results illustrate how different pathways cooperate to repair damage, and suggest that the targeted inhibition of particular DNA repair pathways may allow the design of specific and less toxic therapies for cancer.
C1 Canc Res UK Gene Funct & Regulat Grp, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Inst Canc Res, Breakthrough Breast Canc Res Ctr, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Guys Hosp, London SE1 9RT, England.
   KuDOS Pharmaceut Ltd, Cambridge CB4 0WG, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Gurdon Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Wellcome Trust & Canc REs UK, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; AstraZeneca; University of Cambridge; Cancer Research UK; University of Cambridge
RP Ashworth, A (corresponding author), Canc Res UK Gene Funct & Regulat Grp, Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JB, England.
EM gcmsmith@kudospharma.co.uk; alan.ashworth@icr.ac.uk
FU NCI NIH HHS [F31 CA260794] Funding Source: Medline; Breast Cancer Now [BREAST CANCER NOW RESEARCH CENTRE] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 5309
Z9 6179
U1 14
U2 798
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 917
EP 921
DI 10.1038/nature03445
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600045
PM 15829967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erwin, SC
   Zu, LJ
   Haftel, MI
   Efros, AL
   Kennedy, TA
   Norris, DJ
AF Erwin, SC
   Zu, LJ
   Haftel, MI
   Efros, AL
   Kennedy, TA
   Norris, DJ
TI Doping semiconductor nanocrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cdse nanocrystals; quantum dots; ii-vi; manganese; clusters; size; mn
AB Doping-the intentional introduction of impurities into a material-is fundamental to controlling the properties of bulk semiconductors. This has stimulated similar efforts to dope semiconductor nanocrystals(1-4). Despite some successes(5-11), many of these efforts have failed, for reasons that remain unclear. For example, Mn can be incorporated into nanocrystals of CdS and ZnSe (refs 7-9), but not into CdSe (ref. 12)-despite comparable bulk solubilities of near 50 per cent. These difficulties, which have hindered development of new nanocrystalline materials(13-15), are often attributed to 'self-purification', an allegedly intrinsic mechanism whereby impurities are expelled. Here we show instead that the underlying mechanism that controls doping is the initial adsorption of impurities on the nanocrystal surface during growth. We find that adsorption-and therefore doping efficiency-is determined by three main factors: surface morphology, nanocrystal shape, and surfactants in the growth solution. Calculated Mn adsorption energies and equilibrium shapes for several nanocrystals lead to specific doping predictions. These are confirmed by measuring how the Mn concentration in ZnSe varies with nanocrystal size and shape. Finally, we use our predictions to incorporate Mn into previously undopable CdSe nanocrystals. This success establishes that earlier difficulties with doping are not intrinsic, and suggests that a variety of doped nanocrystals-for applications from solar cells(16) to spintronics(17)-can be anticipated.
C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Erwin, SC (corresponding author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
EM Steven.Erwin@nrl.navy.mil; dnorris@umn.edu
NR 30
TC 1503
Z9 1704
U1 7
U2 864
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/nature03832
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600044
PM 16001066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alexander, DM
   Smail, I
   Bauer, FE
   Chapman, SC
   Blain, AW
   Brandt, WN
   Ivison, RJ
AF Alexander, DM
   Smail, I
   Bauer, FE
   Chapman, SC
   Blain, AW
   Brandt, WN
   Ivison, RJ
TI Rapid growth of black holes in massive star-forming galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; field north survey; redshift; evolution; bright; qso
AB The tight relationship between the masses of black holes and galaxy spheroids in nearby galaxies(1) implies a causal connection between the growth of these two components. Optically luminous quasars host the most prodigious accreting black holes in the Universe, and can account for greater than or similar to 30 per cent of the total cosmological black-hole growth(2,3). As typical quasars are not, however, undergoing intense star formation and already host massive black holes (>10(8) M (circle dot), where M (circle dot) is the solar mass)(4,5), there must have been an earlier pre-quasar phase when these black holes grew (mass range similar to(10(6)-10(8))M((circle dot)). The likely signature of this earlier stage is simultaneous black-hole growth and star formation in distant (redshift z > 1; > 8 billion light years away) luminous galaxies. Here we report ultra-deep X-ray observations of distant star-forming galaxies that are bright at submillimetre wavelengths. We find that the black holes in these galaxies are growing almost continuously throughout periods of intense star formation. This activity appears to be more tightly associated with these galaxies than any other coeval galaxy populations. We show that the black-hole growth from these galaxies is consistent with that expected for the pre-quasar phase.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Durham, Inst Computat Cosmol, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Royal Observ, Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Cambridge; Durham University; California Institute of Technology; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh
RP Alexander, DM (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
EM dma@ast.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 206
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 738
EP 740
DI 10.1038/nature03473
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700033
PM 15815623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silveira, JR
   Raymond, GJ
   Hughson, AG
   Race, RE
   Sim, VL
   Hayes, SF
   Caughey, B
AF Silveira, JR
   Raymond, GJ
   Hughson, AG
   Race, RE
   Sim, VL
   Hayes, SF
   Caughey, B
TI The most infectious prion protein particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scrapie infectivity; agent; replication; resistance; liposm; diseases; sizes; assay
AB Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are characterized by abnormal protein deposits, often with large amyloid fibrils. However, questions have arisen as to whether such fibrils or smaller subfibrillar oligomers are the prime causes of disease(1,2). Abnormal deposits in TSEs are rich in PrPres, a protease-resistant form of the PrP protein with the ability to convert the normal, protease-sensitive form of the protein (PrPsen) into PrPres (ref. 3). TSEs can be transmitted between organisms by an enigmatic agent (prion) that contains PrPres (refs 4 and 5). To evaluate systematically the relationship between infectivity, converting activity and the size of various PrPres-containing aggregates, PrPres was partially disaggregated, fractionated by size and analysed by light scattering and non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Our analyses revealed that with respect to PrP content, infectivity and converting activity peaked markedly in 17 - 27- nm (300 - 600 kDa) particles, whereas these activities were substantially lower in large fibrils and virtually absent in oligomers of <= 5 PrP molecules. These results suggest that non-fibrillar particles, with masses equivalent to 14 - 28 PrP molecules, are the most efficient initiators of TSE disease.
C1 NIAID, Persistent Viral Dis Lab, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA.
   NIAID, Electron Microscopy Core Facil, Rocky Mt Labs, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Caughey, B (corresponding author), NIAID, Persistent Viral Dis Lab, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA.
EM bcaughey@nih.gov
FU NIAID NIH HHS [Z01 AI000580-16] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 758
Z9 865
U1 0
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 257
EP 261
DI 10.1038/nature03989
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900056
PM 16148934
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sterling, B
AF Sterling, B
TI A place to call our own.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Art Ctr Coll Design, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA.
RP Sterling, B (corresponding author), Art Ctr Coll Design, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 806
EP 806
DI 10.1038/434806a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pascual, G
   Fong, AL
   Ogawa, S
   Gamliel, A
   Li, AC
   Perissi, V
   Rose, DW
   Willson, TM
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Glass, CK
AF Pascual, G
   Fong, AL
   Ogawa, S
   Gamliel, A
   Li, AC
   Perissi, V
   Rose, DW
   Willson, TM
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Glass, CK
TI A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR-γ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated receptor-gamma; oxide synthase gene; macrophage activation; transcription factors; corepressor complex; androgen-receptor; nuclear receptors; co-repressor; proteins; ligand
AB Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) has essential roles in adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis, and is a molecular target of insulin-sensitizing drugs(1-3). Although the ability of PPAR-gamma agonists to antagonize inflammatory responses by transrepression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) target genes is linked to antidiabetic(4) and antiatherogenic actions(5), the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we report the identification of a molecular pathway by which PPAR-gamma represses the transcriptional activation of inflammatory response genes in mouse macrophages. The initial step of this pathway involves ligand-dependent SUMOylation of the PPAR-gamma ligand-binding domain, which targets PPAR-gamma to nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR)-histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) complexes on inflammatory gene promoters. This in turn prevents recruitment of the ubiquitylation/19S proteosome machinery that normally mediates the signal-dependent removal of corepressor complexes required for gene activation. As a result, NCoR complexes are not cleared from the promoter and target genes are maintained in a repressed state. This mechanism provides an explanation for how an agonist-bound nuclear receptor can be converted from an activator of transcription to a promoter-specific repressor of NF-kappa B target genes that regulate immunity and homeostasis.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Biomed Sci Grad Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   GlaxoSmithKline Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Glass, CK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM cglass@ucsd.edu
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [R01DK091183] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA052599] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R37 DK039949, R01 DK091183] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1069
Z9 1269
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 759
EP 763
DI 10.1038/nature03988
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900058
PM 16127449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lordkipanidze, D
   Vekua, A
   Ferring, R
   Rightmire, GP
   Agustill, J
   Kiladze, G
   Mouskhelishvili, A
   Nioradze, M
   de León, MSP
   Tappen, M
   Zollikofer, CPE
AF Lordkipanidze, D
   Vekua, A
   Ferring, R
   Rightmire, GP
   Agustill, J
   Kiladze, G
   Mouskhelishvili, A
   Nioradze, M
   de León, MSP
   Tappen, M
   Zollikofer, CPE
TI The earliest toothless hominin skull
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID remains; dmanisi
C1 Georgian State Museum, GE-0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.
   Inst Palaeobiol, GE-0104 Tbilisi, Georgia.
   N Texas State Univ, Dept Geog, Denton, TX 76203 USA.
   SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA.
   Inst Paleontol M Crussafont, Sabadell 08201, Spain.
   Georgian Archaeol Ctr, GE-0102 Tbilisi, Georgia.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Anthropol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Anthropol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of North Texas System; University of North Texas Denton; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Binghamton University, SUNY; University of Zurich; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Lordkipanidze, D (corresponding author), Georgian State Museum, GE-0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.
EM geonathist@ip.osgf.ge
NR 9
TC 170
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 717
EP 718
DI 10.1038/434717b
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700029
PM 15815618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurth, WS
   Gurnett, DA
   Clarke, JT
   Zarka, P
   Desch, MD
   Kaiser, ML
   Cecconi, B
   Lecacheux, A
   Farrell, WM
   Galopeau, P
   Gérard, JC
   Grodent, D
   Prangé, R
   Dougherty, MK
   Crary, FJ
AF Kurth, WS
   Gurnett, DA
   Clarke, JT
   Zarka, P
   Desch, MD
   Kaiser, ML
   Cecconi, B
   Lecacheux, A
   Farrell, WM
   Galopeau, P
   Gérard, JC
   Grodent, D
   Prangé, R
   Dougherty, MK
   Crary, FJ
TI An Earth-like correspondence between Saturn's auroral features and radio emission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kilometric radiation; magnetic-field; voyager-1; model
AB Saturn is a source of intense kilometre-wavelength radio emissions that are believed to be associated with its polar aurorae(1,2), and which provide an important remote diagnostic of its magnetospheric activity. Previous observations implied that the radio emission originated in the polar regions, and indicated a strong correlation with solar wind dynamic pressure(1,3-7). The radio source also appeared to be fixed near local noon and at the latitude of the ultraviolet aurora(1,2). There have, however, been no observations relating the radio emissions to detailed auroral structures. Here we report measurements of the radio emissions, which, along with high-resolution images of Saturn's ultraviolet auroral emissions(8), suggest that although there are differences in the global morphology of the aurorae, Saturn's radio emissions exhibit an Earth-like correspondence between bright auroral features and the radio emissions. This demonstrates the universality of the mechanism that results in emissions near the electron cyclotron frequency narrowly beamed at large angles to the magnetic field(9,10).
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Observ Paris, Space Res Dept, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   UVSQ, CETP, F-78140 Velizy Villacoublay, France.
   Univ Liege, LPAP, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78288 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; Boston University; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Liege; Imperial College London; Southwest Research Institute
RP Kurth, WS (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM william-kurth@uiowa.edu
NR 21
TC 99
Z9 103
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/nature03334
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200033
PM 15716947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oltersdorf, T
   Elmore, SW
   Shoemaker, AR
   Armstrong, RC
   Augeri, DJ
   Belli, BA
   Bruncko, M
   Deckwerth, TL
   Dinges, J
   Hajduk, PJ
   Joseph, MK
   Kitada, S
   Korsmeyer, SJ
   Kunzer, AR
   Letai, A
   Li, C
   Mitten, MJ
   Nettesheim, DG
   Ng, S
   Nimmer, PM
   O'Connor, JM
   Oleksijew, A
   Petros, AM
   Reed, JC
   Shen, W
   Tahir, SK
   Thompson, CB
   Tomaselli, KJ
   Wang, BL
   Wendt, MD
   Zhang, HC
   Fesik, SW
   Rosenberg, SH
AF Oltersdorf, T
   Elmore, SW
   Shoemaker, AR
   Armstrong, RC
   Augeri, DJ
   Belli, BA
   Bruncko, M
   Deckwerth, TL
   Dinges, J
   Hajduk, PJ
   Joseph, MK
   Kitada, S
   Korsmeyer, SJ
   Kunzer, AR
   Letai, A
   Li, C
   Mitten, MJ
   Nettesheim, DG
   Ng, S
   Nimmer, PM
   O'Connor, JM
   Oleksijew, A
   Petros, AM
   Reed, JC
   Shen, W
   Tahir, SK
   Thompson, CB
   Tomaselli, KJ
   Wang, BL
   Wendt, MD
   Zhang, HC
   Fesik, SW
   Rosenberg, SH
TI An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-molecule inhibitors; cell-death; rational design; bh3 domain; apoptosis; discovery; bcl-x(l); expression; antisense; compound
AB Proteins in the Bcl-2 family are central regulators of programmed cell death(1), and members that inhibit apoptosis, such as Bcl-X-L and Bcl-2, are overexpressed in many cancers and contribute to tumour initiation, progression and resistance to therapy(2). Bcl-X-L expression correlates with chemo-resistance of tumour cell lines(3), and reductions in Bcl-2 increase sensitivity to anticancer drugs(4) and enhance in vivo survival(5). The development of inhibitors of these proteins as potential anti-cancer therapeutics has been previously explored(6-15), but obtaining potent small-molecule inhibitors has proved difficult owing to the necessity of targeting a protein - protein interaction. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based screening, parallel synthesis and structure-based design, we have discovered ABT-737, a small-molecule inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-X-L and Bcl-w, with an affinity two to three orders of magnitude more potent than previously reported compounds(7-15). Mechanistic studies reveal that ABT-737 does not directly initiate the apoptotic process, but enhances the effects of death signals, displaying synergistic cytotoxicity with chemotherapeutics and radiation. ABT-737 exhibits single-agent-mechanism-based killing of cells from lymphoma and small-cell lung carcinoma lines, as well as primary patient-derived cells, and in animal models, ABT-737 improves survival, causes regression of established tumours, and produces cures in a high percentage of the mice.
C1 Abbott Labs, Global Pharmaceut Res & Dev, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA.
   Idun Pharmaceut, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Penn, Abramson Family Canc Res Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Abbott Laboratories; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; University of Pennsylvania
RP Rosenberg, SH (corresponding author), Abbott Labs, Global Pharmaceut Res & Dev, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA.
EM stephen.fesik@abbott.com; saul.rosenberg@abbott.com
NR 30
TC 2990
Z9 3541
U1 1
U2 572
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 677
EP 681
DI 10.1038/nature03579
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200051
PM 15902208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chua, LL
   Zaumseil, J
   Chang, JF
   Ou, ECW
   Ho, PKH
   Sirringhaus, H
   Friend, RH
AF Chua, LL
   Zaumseil, J
   Chang, JF
   Ou, ECW
   Ho, PKH
   Sirringhaus, H
   Friend, RH
TI General observation of n-type field-effect behaviour in organic semiconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes; high-electron-mobility; thin-film transistors; silicon; spectroscopy; interfaces; monolayers; air
AB Organic semiconductors have been the subject of active research for over a decade now, with applications emerging in light-emitting displays and printable electronic circuits. One characteristic feature of these materials is the strong trapping of electrons but not holes(1): organic field-effect transistors (FETs) typically show p-type, but not n-type, conduction even with the appropriate low-work- function electrodes, except for a few special high-electron-affinity(2-4) or low-bandgap(5) organic semiconductors. Here we demonstrate that the use of an appropriate hydroxyl-free gate dielectric - such as a divinyltetramethylsiloxanebis( benzocyclobutene) derivative ( BCB; ref. 6) - can yield n-channel FET conduction in most conjugated polymers. The FET electron mobilities thus obtained reveal that electrons are considerably more mobile in these materials than previously thought. Electron mobilities of the order of 10(-3) to 10(-2) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) have been measured in a number of polyfluorene copolymers and in a dialkyl-substituted poly(p-phenylenevinylene), all in the unaligned state. We further show that the reason why n-type behaviour has previously been so elusive is the trapping of electrons at the semiconductor - dielectric interface by hydroxyl groups, present in the form of silanols in the case of the commonly used SiO2 dielectric. These findings should therefore open up new opportunities for organic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits, in which both p-type and n-type behaviours are harnessed.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Phys, Singapore S117542, Singapore.
   Inst Mat Res & Engn, Singapore S117602, Singapore.
C3 University of Cambridge; National University of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE)
RP Ho, PKH (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM phyhop@nus.edu.sg; rhf10@cam.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/R97122/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 25
TC 2139
Z9 2397
U1 6
U2 1188
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 194
EP 199
DI 10.1038/nature03376
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500039
PM 15758994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gohle, C
   Udem, T
   Herrmann, M
   Rauschenberger, J
   Holzwarth, R
   Schuessler, HA
   Krausz, F
   Hänsch, TW
AF Gohle, C
   Udem, T
   Herrmann, M
   Rauschenberger, J
   Holzwarth, R
   Schuessler, HA
   Krausz, F
   Hänsch, TW
TI A frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID femtosecond pulse amplification; passive optical cavity; harmonic-generation; spectroscopy; laser; light; stabilization; hg-199(+); metrology; gases
AB Since 1998, the interaction of precision spectroscopy and ultrafast laser science has led to several notable accomplishments. Femtosecond laser optical frequency 'combs' ( evenly spaced spectral lines) have revolutionized the measurement of optical frequencies(1,2) and enabled optical atomic clocks(3). The same comb techniques have been used to control the waveform of ultrafast laser pulses, which permitted the generation of single attosecond pulses(4), and have been used in a recently demonstrated 'oscilloscope' for light waves(5). Here we demonstrate intra-cavity high harmonic generation in the extreme ultraviolet, which promises to lead to another joint frontier of precision spectroscopy and ultrafast science. We have generated coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation at a repetition frequency of more than 100 MHz, a 1,000-fold improvement over previous experiments(6). At such a repetition rate, the mode spacing of the frequency comb, which is expected to survive the high harmonic generation process, is large enough for high resolution spectroscopy. Additionally, there may be many other applications of such a quasi-continuous compact and coherent extreme ultraviolet source, including extreme ultraviolet holography, microscopy, nanolithography and X-ray atomic clocks.
C1 Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Dept Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Munich
RP Gohle, C (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, Hans Kopfermann Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM ctg@mpq.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 517
Z9 579
U1 3
U2 174
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 234
EP 237
DI 10.1038/nature03851
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500035
PM 16015324
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Higuchi, T
   Uhlmann, F
AF Higuchi, T
   Uhlmann, F
TI Stabilization of microtubule dynamics at anaphase onset promotes chromosome segregation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID budding yeast anaphase; mitotic spindle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; precocious separation; metaphase; protein; cohesin; kinase; cdc14; destruction
AB Microtubules of the mitotic spindle form the structural basis for chromosome segregation. In metaphase, microtubules show high dynamic instability, which is thought to aid the 'search and capture' of chromosomes for bipolar alignment on the spindle. Microtubules suddenly become more stable at the onset of anaphase, but how this change in microtubule behaviour is regulated and how important it is for the ensuing chromosome segregation are unknown(1-4). Here we show that in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, activation of the phosphatase Cdc14 at anaphase onset is both necessary and sufficient for silencing microtubule dynamics. Cdc14 is activated by separase, the protease that triggers sister chromatid separation, linking the onset of anaphase to microtubule stabilization(5,6). If sister chromatids separate in the absence of Cdc14 activity, microtubules maintain high dynamic instability; this correlates with defects in both the movement of chromosomes to the spindle poles (anaphase A) and the elongation of the anaphase spindle (anaphase B). Cdc14 promotes localization of microtubule-stabilizing proteins to the anaphase spindle, and dephosphorylation of the kinetochore component Ask1 contributes to both the silencing of microtubule turnover and successful anaphase A.
C1 Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Chromosome Segregat Lab, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Uhlmann, F (corresponding author), Canc Res UK London Res Inst, Chromosome Segregat Lab, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM frank.uhlmann@cancer.org.uk
FU Cancer Research UK [A3592] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 171
EP 176
DI 10.1038/nature03240
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200041
PM 15650742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Higgins, LJ
   Yan, F
   Liu, PH
   Liu, HW
   Drennan, CL
AF Higgins, LJ
   Yan, F
   Liu, PH
   Liu, HW
   Drennan, CL
TI Structural insight into antibiotic fosfomycin biosynthesis by a mononuclear iron enzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID (s)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase; substrate; complex; cupins; taud
AB The biosynthetic pathway of the clinically important antibiotic fosfomycin uses enzymes that catalyse reactions without precedent in biology. Among these is hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase, which represents a new subfamily of non-haem mononuclear iron enzymes. Here we present six X-ray structures of this enzyme: the apoenzyme at 2.0 angstrom resolution; a native Fe(II)-bound form at 2.4 angstrom resolution; a tris( hydroxymethyl) aminomethane - Co( II)- enzyme complex structure at 1.8 angstrom resolution; a substrate - Co( II)- enzyme complex structure at 2.5 angstrom resolution; and two substrate - Fe( II)enzyme complexes at 2.1 and 2.3 angstrom resolution. These structural data lead us to suggest how this enzyme is able to recognize and respond to its substrate with a conformational change that protects the radical-based intermediates formed during catalysis. Comparisons with other family members suggest why substrate binding is able to prime iron for dioxygen binding in the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate ( a co-substrate required by many mononuclear iron enzymes), and how the unique epoxidation reaction of hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase may occur.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Higgins, LJ (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 31
TC 103
Z9 125
U1 2
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 838
EP 844
DI 10.1038/nature03924
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600036
PM 16015285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kendall, JM
   Stuart, GW
   Ebinger, CJ
   Bastow, ID
   Keir, D
AF Kendall, JM
   Stuart, GW
   Ebinger, CJ
   Bastow, ID
   Keir, D
TI Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic anisotropy; continental breakup; mantle deformation; beneath; flow; melt; example; region; strain; zones
AB The rifting of continents and evolution of ocean basins is a fundamental component of plate tectonics, yet the process of continental break-up remains controversial. Plate driving forces have been estimated to be as much as an order of magnitude smaller than those required to rupture thick continental lithosphere(1,2). However, Buck(1) has proposed that lithospheric heating by mantle upwelling and related magma production could promote lithospheric rupture at much lower stresses. Such models of mechanical versus magma-assisted extension can be tested, because they predict different temporal and spatial patterns of crustal and upper-mantle structure. Changes in plate deformation produce strain-enhanced crystal alignment and increased melt production within the upper mantle, both of which can cause seismic anisotropy(3). The Northern Ethiopian Rift is an ideal place to test break-up models because it formed in cratonic lithosphere with minor far-field plate stresses(4,5). Here we present evidence of seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle of this rift zone using observations of shear-wave splitting. Our observations, together with recent geological data, indicate a strong component of melt-induced anisotropy with only minor crustal stretching, supporting the magma-assisted rifting model in this area of initially cold, thick continental lithosphere.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ London, Royal Holloway, Dept Geol, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
C3 University of Leeds; University of London; Royal Holloway University London
RP Kendall, JM (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM m.kendall@earth.leeds.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 317
Z9 352
U1 2
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/nature03161
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200034
PM 15650736
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sullivan, R
   Banfield, D
   Bell, JF III
   Calvin, W
   Fike, D
   Golombek, M
   Greeley, R
   Grotzinger, J
   Herkenhoff, K
   Jerolmack, D
   Malin, M
   Ming, D
   Soderblom, LA
   Squyres, SW
   Thompson, S
   Watters, WA
   Weitz, CM
   Yen, A
AF Sullivan, R
   Banfield, D
   Bell, JF III
   Calvin, W
   Fike, D
   Golombek, M
   Greeley, R
   Grotzinger, J
   Herkenhoff, K
   Jerolmack, D
   Malin, M
   Ming, D
   Soderblom, LA
   Squyres, SW
   Thompson, S
   Watters, WA
   Weitz, CM
   Yen, A
TI Aeolian processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Meridiani Planum landing site
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wind streaks; dust; earth; spectrometer; opportunity; transport; surfaces; venus; soils
AB The martian surface is a natural laboratory for testing our understanding of the physics of aeolian (wind-related) processes in an environment different from that of Earth. Martian surface markings and atmospheric opacity are time-variable, indicating that fine particles at the surface are mobilized regularly by wind(1-3). Regolith (unconsolidated surface material) at the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's landing site has been affected greatly by wind, which has created and reoriented bedforms, sorted grains, and eroded bedrock. Aeolian features here preserve a unique record of changing wind direction and wind strength. Here we present an in situ examination of a martian bright wind streak, which provides evidence consistent with a previously proposed formational model(4,5) for such features. We also show that a widely used criterion for distinguishing between aeolian saltation- and suspension-dominated grain behaviour is different on Mars, and that estimated wind friction speeds between 2 and 3 ms(-1), most recently from the northwest, are associated with recent global dust storms, providing ground truth for climate model predictions.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 90119 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Malin Space Sci Syst, San Diego, CA 92191 USA.
   NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center
RP Sullivan, R (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM rjs33@cornell.edu
NR 27
TC 218
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature03641
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600038
PM 16001061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elefteriou, F
   Ahn, JD
   Takeda, S
   Starbuck, M
   Yang, XL
   Liu, XY
   Kondo, H
   Richards, WG
   Bannon, TW
   Noda, M
   Clement, K
   Vaisse, C
   Karsenty, G
AF Elefteriou, F
   Ahn, JD
   Takeda, S
   Starbuck, M
   Yang, XL
   Liu, XY
   Kondo, H
   Richards, WG
   Bannon, TW
   Noda, M
   Clement, K
   Vaisse, C
   Karsenty, G
TI Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID targeted disruption; elements; obesity; cells
AB Bone remodelling, the mechanism by which vertebrates regulate bone mass, comprises two phases, namely resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts; osteoblasts are multifunctional cells also controlling osteoclast differentiation. Sympathetic signalling via beta 2-adrenergic receptors (Adrb2) present on osteoblasts controls bone formation downstream of leptin(1). Here we show, by analysing Adrb2-deficient mice, that the sympathetic nervous system favours bone resorption by increasing expression in osteoblast progenitor cells of the osteoclast differentiation factor Rankl. This sympathetic function requires phosphorylation ( by protein kinase A) of ATF4, a cell-specific CREB-related transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and function(2). That bone resorption cannot increase in gonadectomized Adrb2-deficient mice highlights the biological importance of this regulation, but also contrasts sharply with the increase in bone resorption characterizing another hypogonadic mouse with low sympathetic tone, the ob/ob mouse(3). This discrepancy is explained, in part, by the fact that CART ('cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript'), a neuropeptide whose expression is controlled by leptin and nearly abolished in ob/ob mice(4), inhibits bone resorption by modulating Rankl expression. Our study establishes that leptin-regulated neural pathways control both aspects of bone remodelling, and demonstrates that integrity of sympathetic signalling is necessary for the increase in bone resorption caused by gonadal failure.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Bone Dis Program Texas, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Dept Orthoped, Tokyo 1010062, Japan.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Ctr Excellence Program Frontier Res Mol Destruct, Tokyo 1010062, Japan.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Med Res Inst, Tokyo 1010062, Japan.
   Amgen Inc, Neurosci, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   CHRU Pitie Salpetriere, Hotel Dieu, Dept Nutr, F-75004 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Avenir Team, EA3502, F-75004 Paris, France.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Diabet, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU); Amgen; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Pitie-Salpetriere - APHP; Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Sorbonne Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Sorbonne Universite; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Karsenty, G (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM karsenty@bcm.tmc.edu
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [R01DK060540] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK060540] Funding Source: Medline
NR 18
TC 1020
Z9 1204
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 514
EP 520
DI 10.1038/nature03398
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000044
PM 15724149
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, N
   Maurange, C
   Ringrose, L
   Paro, R
AF Lee, N
   Maurange, C
   Ringrose, L
   Paro, R
TI Suppression of Polycomb group proteins by JNK signalling induces transdetermination in Drosophila imaginal discs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methyltransferase activity; pathway; complex; wingless; enhancer; encodes; closure; kinase; djun; eye
AB During the regeneration of Drosophila imaginal discs, cellular identities can switch fate in a process known as transdetermination(1). For leg-to-wing transdetermination, the underlying mechanism involves morphogens such as Wingless that, when activated outside their normal context, induce ectopic expression of the wing-specific selector gene vestigial(2,3). Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain cellular fates by controlling the expression patterns of homeotic genes and other developmental regulators(4). Here we report that transdetermination events are coupled to PcG regulation. We show that the frequency of transdetermination is enhanced in PcG mutant flies. Downregulation of PcG function, as monitored by the reactivation of a silent PcG-regulated reporter gene, is observed in transdetermined cells. This downregulation is directly controlled by the Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway, which is activated in cells undergoing regeneration. Accordingly, transdetermination frequency is reduced in a JNK mutant background. This regulatory interaction also occurs in mammalian cells, indicating that the role of this signalling cascade in remodelling cellular fates may be conserved.
C1 Univ Heidelberg, Ctr Mol Biol Heidelberg ZMBH, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Paro, R (corresponding author), Univ Heidelberg, Ctr Mol Biol Heidelberg ZMBH, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM paro@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 28
TC 176
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 234
EP 237
DI 10.1038/nature04120
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500051
PM 16281037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faxén, K
   Gilderson, G
   Adelroth, P
   Brzezinski, P
AF Faxén, K
   Gilderson, G
   Adelroth, P
   Brzezinski, P
TI A mechanistic principle for proton pumping by cytochrome c oxidase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heme-copper oxidases; electron-transfer; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; molecular-dynamics; oxygen reduction; coupled proton; translocation; model
AB In aerobic organisms, cellular respiration involves electron transfer to oxygen through a series of membrane-bound protein complexes. The process maintains a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient that is used, for example, in the synthesis of ATP. In mitochondria and many bacteria, the last enzyme complex in the electron transfer chain is cytochrome c oxidase (CytcO), which catalyses the four-electron reduction of O-2 to H2O using electrons delivered by a water-soluble donor, cytochrome c(1-7). The electron transfer through CytcO, accompanied by proton uptake to form H2O drives the physical movement ( pumping) of four protons across the membrane(8) per reduced O-2. So far, the molecular mechanism of such proton pumping driven by electron transfer has not been determined in any biological system. Here we show that proton pumping in CytcO is mechanistically coupled to proton transfer to O-2 at the catalytic site, rather than to internal electron transfer. This scenario suggests a principle by which redox-driven proton pumps might operate and puts considerable constraints on possible molecular mechanisms by which CytcO translocates protons.
C1 Stockholm Univ, Arrhenius Lab, Dept Biochem & Biophys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
C3 Stockholm University
RP Brzezinski, P (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Arrhenius Lab, Dept Biochem & Biophys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM peterb@dbb.su.se
NR 30
TC 241
Z9 267
U1 2
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 286
EP 289
DI 10.1038/nature03921
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900062
PM 16148937
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakagawa, T
   Shimizu, S
   Watanabe, T
   Yamaguchi, O
   Otsu, K
   Yamagata, H
   Inohara, H
   Kubo, T
   Tsujimoto, Y
AF Nakagawa, T
   Shimizu, S
   Watanabe, T
   Yamaguchi, O
   Otsu, K
   Yamagata, H
   Inohara, H
   Kubo, T
   Tsujimoto, Y
TI Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition regulates some necrotic but not apoptotic cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c release; cyclosporine-a; pore; rat; bax; dysfunction; activation; ca2+
AB Mitochondria play an important role in energy production, Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death. In recent years, the role of the mitochondria in apoptotic and necrotic cell death has attracted much attention(1,2). In apoptosis and necrosis, the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), which leads to disruption of the mitochondrial membranes and mitochondrial dysfunction, is considered to be one of the key events, although its exact role in cell death remains elusive. We therefore created mice lacking cyclophilin D (CypD), a protein considered to be involved in the mPT, to analyse its role in cell death. CypD-deficient mice were developmentally normal and showed no apparent anomalies, but CypD-deficient mitochondria did not undergo the cyclosporin A-sensitive mPT. CypD-deficient cells died normally in response to various apoptotic stimuli, but showed resistance to necrotic cell death induced by reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ overload. In addition, CypD-deficient mice showed a high level of resistance to ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. Our results indicate that the CypD-dependent mPT regulates some forms of necrotic death, but not apoptotic death.
C1 Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Postgenom & Dis, Mol Genet Lab, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Otolaryngol & Sensory Organ Surg, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med & Therapeut, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, SORST, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Tsujimoto, Y (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Postgenom & Dis, Mol Genet Lab, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM tsujimot@gene.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 1381
Z9 1615
U1 0
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 652
EP 658
DI 10.1038/nature03317
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000047
PM 15800626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Negrete, OA
   Levroney, EL
   Aguilar, HC
   Bertolotti-Ciarlet, A
   Nazarian, R
   Tajyar, S
   Lee, B
AF Negrete, OA
   Levroney, EL
   Aguilar, HC
   Bertolotti-Ciarlet, A
   Nazarian, R
   Tajyar, S
   Lee, B
TI EphrinB2 is the entry receptor for Nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial-cells; hamster model; smooth-muscle; fusion; hendra; roles; neovascularization; glycoproteins; encephalitis; vaccination
AB Nipah virus (NiV) is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in up to 70 per cent of infected patients(1), and there is evidence of human - to - human transmission(2). Endothelial syncytia, comprised of multinucleated giant-endothelial cells, are frequently found in NiV infections, and are mediated by the fusion ( F) and attachment ( G) envelope glycoproteins. Identification of the receptor for this virus will shed light on the pathobiology of NiV infection, and spur the rational development of effective therapeutics. Here we report that ephrinB2, the membrane-bound ligand for the EphB class of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)(3), specifically binds to the attachment (G) glycoprotein of NiV. Soluble Fc-fusion proteins of ephrinB2, but not ephrinB1, effectively block NiV fusion and entry into permissive cell types. Moreover, transfection of ephrinB2 into non-permissive cells renders them permissive for NiV fusion and entry. EphrinB2 is expressed on endothelial cells and neurons(3,4), which is consistent with the known cellular tropism for NiV5. Significantly, we find that NiV-envelope-mediated infection of microvascular endothelial cells and primary cortical rat neurons is inhibited by soluble ephrinB2, but not by the related ephrinB1 protein. Cumulatively, our data show that ephrinB2 is a functional receptor for NiV.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Mol Genet & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, UCLA AIDS Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of Pennsylvania
RP Lee, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Mol Genet & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM bleebhl@ucla.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R21 AI059051] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 422
Z9 531
U1 2
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 401
EP 405
DI 10.1038/nature03838
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400044
PM 16007075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garcia, CM
   Ramirez, E
AF Garcia, CM
   Ramirez, E
TI Evidence that sensory traps can evolve into honest signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual selection; mating preferences; mate choice; carotenoids; evolution; bias
AB Conventional models(1-4) explaining extreme sexual ornaments propose that these reflect male genetic quality(2-4) or are arbitrary results of genetic linkage between female preference and the ornament(1). The chase-away model(5) emphasizes sexual conflict: male signals attract females because they exploit receiver biases(6-9). As males gain control of mating decisions, females may experience fitness costs through suboptimal mating rates or post-copulatory exploitation. Elaboration of male signals is expected if females increase their response threshold to resist such exploitation. If ornaments target otherwise adaptive biases such as feeding responses(8-10), selection on females might eventually separate sexual and non-sexual responses to the signal. Here we show that the terminal yellow band (TYB) of several Goodeinae species evokes both feeding and sexual responses; sexual responsiveness phylogenetically pre-dates the expression of the TYB in males and is comparable across taxa, yet feeding responsiveness decreases in species with more elaborated TYBs. Displaying a TYB is costly, and thus provides an example where a trait arose as a sensory trap but has evolved into an honest signal.
C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Dept Ecol Evolut, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Garcia, CM (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Dept Ecol Evolut, Inst Ecol, AP 70-275, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
EM maciasg@servidor.unam.mx
NR 26
TC 123
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 145
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 501
EP 505
DI 10.1038/nature03363
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000041
PM 15791255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fridmann, J
   Wiedenhöver, I
   Gade, A
   Baby, LT
   Bazin, D
   Brown, BA
   Campbell, CM
   Cook, JM
   Cottle, PD
   Diffenderfer, E
   Dinca, DC
   Glasmacher, T
   Hansen, PG
   Kemper, KW
   Lecouey, JL
   Mueller, WF
   Olliver, H
   Rodriguez-Vieitez, E
   Terry, JR
   Tostevin, JA
   Yoneda, K
AF Fridmann, J
   Wiedenhöver, I
   Gade, A
   Baby, LT
   Bazin, D
   Brown, BA
   Campbell, CM
   Cook, JM
   Cottle, PD
   Diffenderfer, E
   Dinca, DC
   Glasmacher, T
   Hansen, PG
   Kemper, KW
   Lecouey, JL
   Mueller, WF
   Olliver, H
   Rodriguez-Vieitez, E
   Terry, JR
   Tostevin, JA
   Yoneda, K
TI 'Magic' nucleus 42Si
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID n=28 shell closure; neutron; fragmentation
AB Nuclear shell structures-the distribution of the quantum states of individual protons and neutrons-provide one of our most important guides for understanding the stability of atomic nuclei. Nuclei with 'magic numbers' of protons and/or neutrons (corresponding to closed shells of strongly bound nucleons) are particularly stable(1,2). Whether the major shell closures and magic numbers change in very neutron-rich nuclei (potentially causing shape deformations) is a fundamental, and at present open, question(3,4). A unique opportunity to study these shell effects is offered by the Si-42 nucleus, which has 28 neutrons-a magic number in stable nuclei-and 14 protons. This nucleus has a 12-neutron excess over the heaviest stable silicon nuclide, and has only one neutron fewer than the heaviest silicon nuclide observed so far(5). Here we report measurements of Si-42 and two neighbouring nuclei using a technique involving one- and two-nucleon knockout from beams of exotic nuclei(6,7). We present strong evidence for a well-developed proton subshell closure at Z = 14 (14 protons), the near degeneracy of two different (s(1/2) and d(3/2)) proton orbits in the vicinity of Si-42, and a nearly spherical shape for Si-42.
C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Natl Superconducting Cyclotron Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Nucl Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Surrey, Sch Elect & Phys Sci, Dept Phys, Surrey GU2 7XH, England.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of Surrey
RP Cottle, PD (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Dept Phys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM cottle@phy.fsu.edu
NR 28
TC 104
Z9 112
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 922
EP 924
DI 10.1038/nature03619
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700041
PM 15959511
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forterre, Y
   Skotheim, JM
   Dumais, J
   Mahadevan, L
AF Forterre, Y
   Skotheim, JM
   Dumais, J
   Mahadevan, L
TI How the Venus flytrap snaps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dionaea-muscipula ellis; mechanism; movement; closure; growth; plants
AB The rapid closure of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) leaf in about 100 ms is one of the fastest movements in the plant kingdom. This led Darwin to describe the plant as "one of the most wonderful in the world"(1). The trap closure is initiated by the mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs. Previous studies(2-7) have focused on the biochemical response of the trigger hairs to stimuli and quantified the propagation of action potentials in the leaves. Here we complement these studies by considering the post-stimulation mechanical aspects of Venus flytrap closure. Using high-speed video imaging, non-invasive microscopy techniques and a simple theoretical model, we show that the fast closure of the trap results from a snap-buckling instability, the onset of which is controlled actively by the plant. Our study identifies an ingenious solution to scaling up movements in nonletters muscular engines and provides a general framework for understanding nastic motion in plants.
C1 Harvard Univ, Biol Labs, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Aix Marseille 1, CNRS, IUSTI, F-13453 Marseille 13, France.
   Univ Cambridge, Ctr Math Sci, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; University of Cambridge; Harvard University
RP Mahadevan, L (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Biol Labs, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM lm@deas.harvard.edu
NR 20
TC 916
Z9 1053
U1 19
U2 616
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 421
EP 425
DI 10.1038/nature03185
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200044
PM 15674293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reynolds, R
AF Reynolds, R
TI The evolution of sensibility
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mus, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Reynolds, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Mus, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 2
TC 1
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 316
EP 319
DI 10.1038/434316a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100038
PM 15772649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rauh, NR
   Schmidt, A
   Bormann, J
   Nigg, EA
   Mayer, TU
AF Rauh, NR
   Schmidt, A
   Bormann, J
   Nigg, EA
   Mayer, TU
TI Calcium triggers exit from meiosis II by targeting the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for degradation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytostatic factor arrest; xenopus egg extracts; protein kinase-ii; metaphase; destruction; ubiquitin; anaphase; complex; fertilization; binding
AB Vertebrate eggs awaiting fertilization are arrested at metaphase of meiosis II by a biochemical activity termed cytostatic factor (CSF)(1,2). This activity inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex/ cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that triggers anaphase onset and mitotic/meiotic exit by targeting securin and M-phase cyclins for destruction(3,4,5). On fertilization a transient rise in free intracellular calcium(6) causes release from CSF arrest and thus APC/C activation. Although it has previously been shown that calcium induces the release of APC/C from CSF inhibition through calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II ( CaMKII)(7,8), the relevant substrates of this kinase have not been identified. Recently, we characterized XErp1 (Emi2), an inhibitor of the APC/C and key component of CSF activity in Xenopus egg extract(9). Here we show that calcium-activated CaMKII triggers exit from meiosis II by sensitizing the APC/C inhibitor XErp1 for polo-like kinase 1 (Plx1)-dependent degradation. Phosphorylation of XErp1 by CaMKII leads to the recruitment of Plx1 that in turn triggers the destruction of XErp1 by phosphorylating a site known to serve as a phosphorylation-dependent degradation signal. These results provide a molecular explanation for how the fertilization-induced calcium increase triggers exit from meiosis II.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Independent Res Grp, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Cell Biol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Mayer, TU (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Independent Res Grp, Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM mayer@biochem.mpg.de
NR 22
TC 182
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1048
EP 1052
DI 10.1038/nature04093
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100050
PM 16127448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, D
   Kennedy, S
   Conte, D Jr
   Kim, JK
   Gabel, HW
   Kamath, RS
   Mello, CC
   Ruvkun, G
AF Wang, D
   Kennedy, S
   Conte, D Jr
   Kim, JK
   Gabel, HW
   Kamath, RS
   Mello, CC
   Ruvkun, G
TI Somatic misexpression of germline P granules and enhanced RNA interference in retinoblastoma pathway mutants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; caenorhabditis-elegans; vulval development; lin-35 rb; complex; protein; gene; drosophila; homolog; line
AB Caenorhabditis elegans homologues of the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumour suppressor complex specify cell lineage during development(1,2). Here we show that mutations in Rb pathway components enhance RNA interference (RNAi) and cause somatic cells to express genes and elaborate perinuclear structures normally limited to germline-specific P granules. Furthermore, particular gene inactivations that disrupt RNAi reverse the cell lineage transformations of Rb pathway mutants. These findings suggest that mutations in Rb pathway components cause cells to revert to patterns of gene expression normally restricted to germ cells. Rb may act by a similar mechanism to transform mammalian cells.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Ruvkun, G (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM ruvkun@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 593
EP 597
DI 10.1038/nature04010
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800069
PM 16049496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mashburn, LM
   Whiteley, M
AF Mashburn, LM
   Whiteley, M
TI Membrane vesicles traffic signals and facilitate group activities in a prokaryote
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas-aeruginosa; virulence factors; identification; genes; gentamicin; mechanism; bacteria; growth
AB Many bacteria use extracellular signals to communicate and coordinate social activities, a process referred to as quorum sensing(1). Many quorum signals have significant hydrophobic character, and how these signals are trafficked between bacteria within a population is not understood. Here we show that the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa packages the signalling molecule 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone ( pseudomonas quinolone signal; PQS)(2) into membrane vesicles that serve to traffic this molecule within a population. Removal of these vesicles from the bacterial population halts cell - cell communication and inhibits PQS-controlled group behaviour. We also show that PQS actively mediates its own packaging and the packaging of other antimicrobial quinolines produced by P. aeruginosa into vesicles. These findings illustrate that a prokaryote possesses a signal trafficking system with features common to those used by higher organisms and outlines a novel mechanism for delivery of a signal critical for coordinating group behaviour in P. aeruginosa.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Periodont, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
RP Whiteley, M (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Periodont, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
EM marvin-whiteley@ouhsc.edu
NR 26
TC 654
Z9 798
U1 4
U2 146
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 422
EP 425
DI 10.1038/nature03925
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100056
PM 16163359
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Food FAQs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mortality; obesity
NR 8
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 798
EP 799
DI 10.1038/433798a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, J
   Getz, G
   Miska, EA
   Alvarez-Saavedra, E
   Lamb, J
   Peck, D
   Sweet-Cordero, A
   Ebet, BL
   Mak, RH
   Ferrando, AA
   Downing, JR
   Jacks, T
   Horvitz, HR
   Golub, TR
AF Lu, J
   Getz, G
   Miska, EA
   Alvarez-Saavedra, E
   Lamb, J
   Peck, D
   Sweet-Cordero, A
   Ebet, BL
   Mak, RH
   Ferrando, AA
   Downing, JR
   Jacks, T
   Horvitz, HR
   Golub, TR
TI MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute lymphoblastic-leukemia; gene-expression; caenorhabditis-elegans; stem-cells; signatures; rna; differentiation; identification; accumulation; microarrays
AB Recent work has revealed the existence of a class of small non-coding RNA species, known as microRNAs ( miRNAs), which have critical functions across various biological processes(1,2). Here we use a new, bead-based flow cytometric miRNA expression profiling method to present a systematic expression analysis of 217 mammalian miRNAs from 334 samples, including multiple human cancers. The miRNA profiles are surprisingly informative, reflecting the developmental lineage and differentiation state of the tumours. We observe a general downregulation of miRNAs in tumours compared with normal tissues. Furthermore, we were able to successfully classify poorly differentiated tumours using miRNA expression profiles, whereas messenger RNA profiles were highly inaccurate when applied to the same samples. These findings highlight the potential of miRNA profiling in cancer diagnosis.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Golub, TR (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
EM golub@broad.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 8179
Z9 9614
U1 5
U2 1596
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 834
EP 838
DI 10.1038/nature03702
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700054
PM 15944708
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garraway, LA
   Widlund, HR
   Rubin, MA
   Getz, G
   Berger, AJ
   Ramaswamy, S
   Beroukhim, R
   Milner, DA
   Granter, SR
   Du, JY
   Lee, C
   Wagner, SN
   Li, C
   Golub, TR
   Rimm, DL
   Meyerson, ML
   Fisher, DE
   Sellers, WR
AF Garraway, LA
   Widlund, HR
   Rubin, MA
   Getz, G
   Berger, AJ
   Ramaswamy, S
   Beroukhim, R
   Milner, DA
   Granter, SR
   Du, JY
   Lee, C
   Wagner, SN
   Li, C
   Golub, TR
   Rimm, DL
   Meyerson, ML
   Fisher, DE
   Sellers, WR
TI Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide polymorphism arrays; anticancer drug screen; cancer-cell lines; heterozygosity analysis; expression patterns; prostate-cancer; copy number; melanocytes; gene; microphthalmia
AB Systematic analyses of cancer genomes promise to unveil patterns of genetic alterations linked to the genesis and spread of human cancers. High-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays enable detailed and genome-wide identification of both loss-of-heterozygosity events and copy-number alterations in cancer(1-5). Here, by integrating SNP array-based genetic maps with gene expression signatures derived from NCI60 cell lines, we identified the melanocyte master regulator MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) as the target of a novel melanoma amplification. We found that MITF amplification was more prevalent in metastatic disease and correlated with decreased overall patient survival. BRAF mutation and p16 inactivation accompanied MITF amplification in melanoma cell lines. Ectopic MITF expression in conjunction with the BRAF(V600E) mutant transformed primary human melanocytes, and thus MITF can function as a melanoma oncogene. Reduction of MITF activity sensitizes melanoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Targeting MITF in combination with BRAF or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors may offer a rational therapeutic avenue into melanoma, a highly chemotherapy-resistant neoplasm. Together, these data suggest that MITF represents a distinct class of 'lineage survival' or 'lineage addiction' oncogenes required for both tissue-specific cancer development and tumour progression.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Pediat Oncol Biostat Sci & Melonam Program Med On, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Broad Inst Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc Res, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Ctr Mol Med, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Med Univ Vienna, Dept Dermatol, DIAID, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Yale University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Medical University of Vienna
RP Sellers, WR (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Pediat Oncol Biostat Sci & Melonam Program Med On, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM William_Sellers@dfci.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [T32 CA009172] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [T32CA009172] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 1210
Z9 1446
U1 0
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 117
EP 122
DI 10.1038/nature03664
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600050
PM 16001072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stainforth, DA
   Aina, T
   Christensen, C
   Collins, M
   Faull, N
   Frame, DJ
   Kettleborough, JA
   Knight, S
   Martin, A
   Murphy, JM
   Piani, C
   Sexton, D
   Smith, LA
   Spicer, RA
   Thorpe, AJ
   Allen, MR
AF Stainforth, DA
   Aina, T
   Christensen, C
   Collins, M
   Faull, N
   Frame, DJ
   Kettleborough, JA
   Knight, S
   Martin, A
   Murphy, JM
   Piani, C
   Sexton, D
   Smith, LA
   Spicer, RA
   Thorpe, AJ
   Allen, MR
TI Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model; constraints
AB The range of possibilities for future climate evolution(1-3) needs to be taken into account when planning climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. This requires ensembles of multi-decadal simulations to assess both chaotic climate variability and model response uncertainty(4-9). Statistical estimates of model response uncertainty, based on observations of recent climate change(10-13), admit climate sensitivities - defined as the equilibrium response of global mean temperature to doubling levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide - substantially greater than 5 K. But such strong responses are not used in ranges for future climate change(14) because they have not been seen in general circulation models. Here we present results from the 'climateprediction.net' experiment, the first multi-thousand-member grand ensemble of simulations using a general circulation model and thereby explicitly resolving regional details(15-21). We find model versions as realistic as other state-of-the-art climate models but with climate sensitivities ranging from less than 2 K to more than 11 K. Models with such extreme sensitivities are critical for the study of the full range of possible responses of the climate system to rising greenhouse gas levels, and for assessing the risks associated with specific targets for stabilizing these levels.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Univ Oxford, Comp Lab, Oxford OX1 3QD, England.
   Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ London London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, London WC2A 2AE, England.
   Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Open University - UK; University of Reading
RP Stainforth, DA (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
EM d.stainforth1@physics.ox.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/A/S/2002/00881, NER/J/S/2002/00737, NER/T/S/2001/00968] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 826
Z9 923
U1 6
U2 266
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 403
EP 406
DI 10.1038/nature03301
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200039
PM 15674288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Magain, P
   Letawe, G
   Courbin, F
   Jablonka, P
   Jahnke, K
   Meylan, G
   Wisotzki, L
AF Magain, P
   Letawe, G
   Courbin, F
   Jablonka, P
   Jahnke, K
   Meylan, G
   Wisotzki, L
TI Discovery of a bright quasar without a massive host galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID images; deconvolution; spectroscopy; bulge
AB A quasar is thought to be powered by the infall of matter onto a supermassive black hole at the centre of a massive galaxy(1,2). Because the optical luminosity of quasars exceeds that of their host galaxy, disentangling the two components can be difficult. This led in the 1990s to the controversial claim of the discovery of 'naked' quasars(3-7). Since then, the connection between quasars and galaxies has been well established(8). Here we report the discovery of a quasar lying at the edge of a gas cloud, whose size is comparable to that of a small galaxy, but whose spectrum shows no evidence for stars. The gas in the cloud is excited by the quasar itself. If a host galaxy is present, it is at least six times fainter than would normally be expected(8,9) for such a bright quasar. The quasar is interacting dynamically with a neighbouring galaxy, whose gas might be feeding the black hole.
C1 Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Astrophys Lab, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneve Observ, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland.
   Observ Paris, UMR 8111, GEPI, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Astrophys Inst Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 University of Liege; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; University of Geneva; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris Cite
RP Magain, P (corresponding author), Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, Allee 6 Aout,17,Bat B5C, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
EM Pierre.Magain@ulg.ac.be
NR 21
TC 65
Z9 74
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 381
EP 384
DI 10.1038/nature04013
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100046
PM 16163349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurz, T
   Özlü, N
   Rudolf, F
   O'Rourke, SM
   Luke, B
   Hofmann, K
   Hyman, AA
   Bowerman, B
   Peter, M
AF Kurz, T
   Özlü, N
   Rudolf, F
   O'Rourke, SM
   Luke, B
   Hofmann, K
   Hyman, AA
   Bowerman, B
   Peter, M
TI The conserved protein DCN-1/Dcn1p is required for cullin neddylation in C-elegans and S-cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional genomic analysis; modification pathway; ubiquitin ligases; nedd8; cul1; degradation; complex; scf; destruction; cleavage
AB SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are multi-protein complexes required for polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins by the 26S proteasome(1). Cullins, together with the RING-finger protein Rbx1, form the catalytic core of the ligase, and recruit the substrate-recognition module(1-4). Cycles of covalent modification of cullins by the ubiquitin-like molecule Nedd8 (neddylation)(5) and removal of Nedd8 by the COP9 signalosome (deneddylation) positively regulate E3 ligase activity(6,7). Here we report the identification and analysis of a widely conserved protein that is required for cullin neddylation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. C. elegans DCN-1 and S. cerevisiae Dcn1p ( defective in cullin neddylation) are characterized by a novel UBA-like ubiquitin-binding domain and a DUF298 domain of unknown function. Consistent with their requirements for neddylation, DCN-1 and Dcn1p directly bind Nedd8 and physically associate with cullins in both species. Moreover, overexpression of Dcn1p in yeast results in the accumulation of Nedd8-modified cullin Cdc53p. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that Dcn1p does not inhibit deneddylation of Cdc53p by the COP9 signalosome, but greatly increases the kinetics of the neddylation reaction.
C1 Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   ETH Honggerberg, Inst Biochem, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Memorec Biotec GmbH, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
C3 University of Oregon; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Max Planck Society
RP Peter, M (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM matthias.peter@bc.biol.ethz.ch
NR 29
TC 160
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1257
EP 1261
DI 10.1038/nature03662
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500048
PM 15988528
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, T
AF Chapman, T
TI Attracting attention
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 1
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 796
EP 796
DI 10.1038/434796a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Semaw, S
   Simpson, SW
   Quade, J
   Renne, PR
   Butler, RF
   McIntosh, WC
   Levin, N
   Dominguez-Rodrigo, M
   Rogers, MJ
AF Semaw, S
   Simpson, SW
   Quade, J
   Renne, PR
   Butler, RF
   McIntosh, WC
   Levin, N
   Dominguez-Rodrigo, M
   Rogers, MJ
TI Early Pliocene hominids from Gona, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle awash; miocene; africa; aramis; chad
AB Comparative biomolecular studies suggest that the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, lived during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene(1,2). Fossil evidence of Late Miocene-Early Pliocene hominid evolution is rare and limited to a few sites in Ethiopia(3,4,5), Kenya(6) and Chad(7). Here we report new Early Pliocene hominid discoveries and their palaeoenvironmental context from the fossiliferous deposits of As Duma, Gona Western Margin (GWM), Afar, Ethiopia. The hominid dental anatomy (occlusal enamel thickness, absolute and relative size of the first and second lower molar crowns, and premolar crown and radicular anatomy) indicates attribution to Ardipithecus ramidus. The combined radioisotopic and palaeomagnetic data suggest an age of between 4.51 and 4.32 million years for the hominid finds at As Duma. Diverse sources of data (sedimentology, faunal composition, ecomorphological variables and stable carbon isotopic evidence from the palaeosols and fossil tooth enamel) indicate that the Early Pliocene As Duma sediments sample a moderate rainfall woodland and woodland/grassland.
C1 Indiana Univ, CRAFT Stone Age Inst, Gosport, IN 47433 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Cleveland Museum Nat Hist, Lab Phys Anthropol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   New Mexico Bur Geol & Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Geog & Hist, Dept Prehist & Arquel, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   So Connecticut State Univ, Dept Anthropol, New Haven, CT 06515 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Museum of Natural History; University of Arizona; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology; Complutense University of Madrid; Connecticut State University System; Southern Connecticut State University
RP Semaw, S (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, CRAFT Stone Age Inst, 1392 W Dittemore Rd, Gosport, IN 47433 USA.
EM ssemaw@indiana.edu
NR 25
TC 125
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 301
EP 305
DI 10.1038/nature03177
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300052
PM 15662421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cameron, PB
   Chandra, P
   Ray, A
   Kulkarni, SR
   Frail, DA
   Wieringa, MH
   Nakar, E
   Phinney, ES
   Miyazaki, A
   Tsuboi, M
   Okumura, S
   Kawai, N
   Menten, KM
   Bertoldi, F
AF Cameron, PB
   Chandra, P
   Ray, A
   Kulkarni, SR
   Frail, DA
   Wieringa, MH
   Nakar, E
   Phinney, ES
   Miyazaki, A
   Tsuboi, M
   Okumura, S
   Kawai, N
   Menten, KM
   Bertoldi, F
TI Detection of a radio counterpart to the 27 December 2004 giant flare from SGR 1806-20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID repeater sgr 1806-20; identification; sgr-1900+14; coincident; afterglow; distance; galaxy
AB It was established over a decade ago that the remarkable high-energy transients known as soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are located in our Galaxy(1,2) and originate from neutron stars with intense (<= 10(15)G) magnetic fields-so-called 'magnetars'(3). On 27 December 2004, a giant flare(4) with a fluence(5) exceeding 0.3 erg cm(-2) was detected from SGR 1806-20. Here we report the detection of a fading radio counterpart to this event. We began a monitoring programme from 0.2 to 250 GHz and obtained a high-resolution 21-cm radio spectrum that traces the intervening interstellar neutral hydrogen clouds. Analysis of the spectrum yields the first direct distance measurement of SGR 1806-20: the source is located at a distance greater than 6.4 kpc and we argue that it is nearer than 9.8 kpc. If correct, our distance estimate lowers the total energy of the explosion and relaxes the demands on theoretical models. The energetics and the rapid decay of the radio source are not compatible with the afterglow model that is usually invoked for gamma-ray bursts. Instead, we suggest that the rapidly decaying radio emission arises from the debris ejected during the explosion.
C1 CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India.
   Indian Inst Sci, Joint Astron Programme, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   Shanghai Astron Observ, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China.
   Natl Astron Observ, Nobeyama Radio Observ, Minamisa Ku, Nagano 3841305, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai; Indian Institute of Science (IISC) - Bangalore; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, CAS; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Max Planck Society; University of Bonn
RP Cameron, PB (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM pbc@astro.caltech.edu
NR 26
TC 117
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1112
EP 1115
DI 10.1038/nature03605
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300038
PM 15858569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmittner, A
AF Schmittner, A
TI Decline of the marine ecosystem caused by a reduction in the Atlantic overturning circulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; climate; productivity; model; scale; co2
AB Reorganizations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation were associated with large and abrupt climatic changes in the North Atlantic region during the last glacial period(1-4). Projections with climate models suggest that similar reorganizations may also occur in response to anthropogenic global warming(5-7). Here I use ensemble simulations with a coupled climate-ecosytem model of intermediate complexity to investigate the possible consequences of such disturbances to the marine ecosystem. In the simulations, a disruption of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation leads to a collapse of the North Atlantic plankton stocks to less than half of their initial biomass, owing to rapid shoaling of winter mixed layers and their associated separation from the deep ocean nutrient reservoir. Globally integrated export production declines by more than 20 per cent owing to reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water and gradual depletion of upper ocean nutrient concentrations. These model results are consistent with the available high-resolution palaeorecord, and suggest that global ocean productivity is sensitive to changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Oregon State University
RP Schmittner, A (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 COAS Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM aschmittner@coas.oregonstae.edu
NR 28
TC 241
Z9 276
U1 2
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 628
EP 633
DI 10.1038/nature03476
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000041
PM 15800620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fischle, W
   Tseng, BS
   Dormann, HL
   Ueberheide, BM
   Garcia, BA
   Shabanowitz, J
   Hunt, DF
   Funabiki, H
   Allis, CD
AF Fischle, W
   Tseng, BS
   Dormann, HL
   Ueberheide, BM
   Garcia, BA
   Shabanowitz, J
   Hunt, DF
   Funabiki, H
   Allis, CD
TI Regulation of HP1-chromatin binding by histone H3 methylation and phosphorylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hp1 chromo domain; aurora-b; mammalian-cells; heterochromatin domains; fission yeast; lysine 9; centromere; localization; kinetochore; proteins
AB Tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 is important for recruiting heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) to discrete regions of the genome, thereby regulating gene expression, chromatin packaging and heterochromatin formation. Here we show that HP1 alpha, -beta, and -gamma are released from chromatin during the M phase of the cell cycle, even though tri-methylation levels of histone H3 lysine 9 remain unchanged. However, the additional, transient modification of histone H3 by phosphorylation of serine 10 next to the more stable methyl-lysine 9 mark is sufficient to eject HP1 proteins from their binding sites. Inhibition or depletion of the mitotic kinase Aurora B, which phosphorylates serine 10 on histone H3, causes retention of HP1 proteins on mitotic chromosomes, suggesting that H3 serine 10 phosphorylation is necessary for the dissociation of HP1 from chromatin in M phase. These findings establish a regulatory mechanism of protein - protein interactions, through a combinatorial readout of two adjacent post-translational modifications: a stable methylation and a dynamic phosphorylation mark.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromatin Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromosome & Cell Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Chem, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Pathol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; University of Virginia; University of Virginia
RP Fischle, W (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromatin Biol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM fischlw@rockefeller.edu; funabih@rockefeller.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM066699] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 47
TC 775
Z9 994
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1116
EP 1122
DI 10.1038/nature04219
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500041
PM 16222246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kempf, S
   Srama, R
   Horányi, M
   Burton, M
   Helfert, S
   Moragas-Klostermeyer, G
   Roy, M
   Grün, E
AF Kempf, S
   Srama, R
   Horányi, M
   Burton, M
   Helfert, S
   Moragas-Klostermeyer, G
   Roy, M
   Grün, E
TI High-velocity streams of dust originating from Saturn
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ulysses spacecraft; jupiter; ejection; grains
AB High-velocity submicrometre-sized dust particles expelled from the jovian system have been identified by dust detectors on board several spacecraft(1,2). On the basis of periodicities in the dust impact rate, Jupiter's moon Io was found to be the dominant source of the streams(3). The grains become positively charged within the plasma environment of Jupiter's magnetosphere, and gain energy from its co-rotational electric field(4). Outside the magnetosphere, the dynamics of the grains are governed by the interaction with the interplanetary magnetic field that eventually forms the streams(5). A similar process was suggested for Saturn(6). Here we report the discovery by the Cassini spacecraft of bursts of high-velocity dust particles (greater than or equal to100 km s(-1)) within similar to70 million kilometres of Saturn. Most of the particles detected at large distances appear to originate from the outskirts of Saturn's outermost main ring. All bursts of dust impacts detected within 150 Saturn radii are characterized by impact directions markedly different from those measured between the bursts, and they clearly coincide with the spacecraft's traversals through streams of compressed solar wind.
C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Hawaii System
RP Kempf, S (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM Sascha.Kempf@mpi-hd.mpg.de
NR 13
TC 85
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 289
EP 291
DI 10.1038/nature03218
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300048
PM 15662418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saunders, MA
   Lea, AS
AF Saunders, MA
   Lea, AS
TI Seasonal prediction of hurricane activity reaching the coast of the United States
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID el-nino; atlantic; damages
AB Much of the property damage from natural hazards in the United States is caused by landfalling hurricanes(1-3)-strong tropical cyclones that reach the coast. For the southeastern Atlantic coast of the US, a statistical method for forecasting the occurrence of landfalling hurricanes for the season ahead has been reported(4), but the physical mechanisms linking the predictor variables to the frequency of hurricanes remain unclear. Here we present a statistical model that uses July wind anomalies between 1950 and 2003 to predict with significant and useful skill the wind energy of US landfalling hurricanes for the following main hurricane season (August to October). We have identified six regions over North America and over the east Pacific and North Atlantic oceans where July wind anomalies, averaged between heights of 925 and 400 mbar, exhibit a stationary and significant link to the energy of landfalling hurricanes during the subsequent hurricane season. The wind anomalies in these regions are indicative of atmospheric circulation patterns that either favour or hinder evolving hurricanes from reaching US shores.
C1 UCL, Dept Space & Climate Phys, Benfield Hazard Res Ctr, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Saunders, MA (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Space & Climate Phys, Benfield Hazard Res Ctr, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
EM mas@mssl.ucl.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 69
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1005
EP 1008
DI 10.1038/nature03454
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600034
PM 15846342
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Broothaerts, W
   Mitchell, HJ
   Weir, B
   Kaines, S
   Smith, LMA
   Yang, W
   Mayer, JE
   Roa-Rodríguez, C
   Jefferson, RA
AF Broothaerts, W
   Mitchell, HJ
   Weir, B
   Kaines, S
   Smith, LMA
   Yang, W
   Mayer, JE
   Roa-Rodríguez, C
   Jefferson, RA
TI Gene transfer to plants by diverse species of bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID agrobacterium-tumefaciens c58/; ti-plasmid; rhizobium; genome; transformation; identification; arabidopsis; virulence; meliloti; sequence
AB Agrobacterium is widely considered to be the only bacterial genus capable of transferring genes to plants. When suitably modified, Agrobacterium has become the most effective vector for gene transfer in plant biotechnology(1). However, the complexity of the patent landscape(2) has created both real and perceived obstacles to the effective use of this technology for agricultural improvements by many public and private organizations worldwide. Here we show that several species of bacteria outside the Agrobacterium genus can be modified to mediate gene transfer to a number of diverse plants. These plant-associated symbiotic bacteria were made competent for gene transfer by acquisition of both a disarmed Ti plasmid and a suitable binary vector. This alternative to Agrobacterium-mediated technology for crop improvement, in addition to affording a versatile 'open source' platform for plant biotechnology, may lead to new uses of natural bacteria-plant interactions to achieve plant transformation.
C1 Charles Sturt Univ, Affiliated Res Ctr, CAMBIA, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Charles Sturt University; Cambia
RP Jefferson, RA (corresponding author), Charles Sturt Univ, Affiliated Res Ctr, CAMBIA, GPO Box 3200, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM r.jefferson@cambia.org
NR 29
TC 219
Z9 373
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 629
EP 633
DI 10.1038/nature03309
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000044
PM 15703747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirota, T
   Lipp, JJ
   Toh, BH
   Peters, JM
AF Hirota, T
   Lipp, JJ
   Toh, BH
   Peters, JM
TI Histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation by Aurora B causes HP1 dissociation from heterochromatin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome condensation; fission yeast; lysine 9; h3; centromere; proteins; chromatin; cells; autoantigens; recruitment
AB Histones are subject to numerous post-translational modifications(1). Some of these 'epigenetic' marks recruit proteins that modulate chromatin structure. For example, heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) binds to histone H3 when its lysine 9 residue has been tri-methylated by the methyltransferase Suv39h ( refs 2 - 6). During mitosis, H3 is also phosphorylated by the kinase Aurora B-7. Although H3 phosphorylation is a hallmark of mitosis, its function remains mysterious. It has been proposed that histone phosphorylation controls the binding of proteins to chromatin(8), but any such mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that antibodies against mitotic chromosomal antigens that are associated with human autoimmune diseases(9) specifically recognize H3 molecules that are modified by both tri-methylation of lysine 9 and phosphorylation of serine 10 ( H3K9me3S10ph). The generation of H3K9me3S10ph depends on Suv39h and Aurora B, and occurs at pericentric heterochromatin during mitosis in different eukaryotes. Most HP1 typically dissociates from chromosomes during mitosis(10-12), but if phosphorylation of H3 serine 10 is inhibited, HP1 remains chromosome-bound throughout mitosis. H3 phosphorylation by Aurora B is therefore part of a 'methyl/ phos switch' mechanism(8) that displaces HP1 and perhaps other proteins from mitotic heterochromatin.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Monash Univ, Dept Immunol, Prahran, Vic 3181, Australia.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Monash University
RP Peters, JM (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM peters@imp.univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 547
Z9 655
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1176
EP 1180
DI 10.1038/nature04254
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500055
PM 16222244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kent, SC
   Chen, YH
   Bregoli, L
   Clemmings, SM
   Kenyon, NS
   Ricordi, C
   Hering, BJ
   Hafler, DA
AF Kent, SC
   Chen, YH
   Bregoli, L
   Clemmings, SM
   Kenyon, NS
   Ricordi, C
   Hering, BJ
   Hafler, DA
TI Expanded T cells from pancreatic lymph nodes of type 1 diabetic subjects recognize an insulin epitope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-ii molecules; gene usage; mice; mellitus; responses; antigens; disease; clones; identification; autoantigens
AB In autoimmune type 1 diabetes, pathogenic T lymphocytes are associated with the specific destruction of insulin-producing beta-islet cells(1,2). Identification of the autoantigens involved in triggering this process is a central question. Here we examined T cells from pancreatic draining lymph nodes, the site of islet-cell-specific self-antigen presentation(3). We cloned single T cells in a non-biased manner from pancreatic draining lymph nodes of subjects with type 1 diabetes and from non-diabetic controls. A high degree of T-cell clonal expansion was observed in pancreatic lymph nodes from long-term diabetic patients but not from control subjects. The oligoclonally expanded T cells from diabetic subjects with DR4, a susceptibility allele for type 1 diabetes(4), recognized the insulin A 1 - 15 epitope restricted by DR4. These results identify insulin-reactive, clonally expanded T cells from the site of autoinflammatory drainage in long-term type 1 diabetics, indicating that insulin may indeed be the target antigen causing autoimmune diabetes.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Surg, Diabet Inst Immunol & Transplantat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Miami, Diabet Res Inst, Cell Transplant Ctr, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Miami
RP Hafler, DA (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM dhafler@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
NR 32
TC 337
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 224
EP 228
DI 10.1038/nature03625
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100045
PM 15889096
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coles, HJ
   Pivnenko, MN
AF Coles, HJ
   Pivnenko, MN
TI Liquid crystal 'blue phases' with a wide temperature range
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Liquid crystal 'blue phases' are highly fluid self-assembled three-dimensional cubic defect structures that exist over narrow temperature ranges in highly chiral liquid crystals(1). The characteristic period of these defects is of the order of the wavelength of visible light, and they give rise to vivid specular reflections(2) that are controllable with external fields(3-8). Blue phases may be considered as examples of tuneable photonic crystals(9) with many potential applications. The disadvantage of these materials, as predicted theoretically and proved experimentally(1), is that they have limited thermal stability: they exist over a small temperature range (0.5-2 degrees C) between isotropic and chiral nematic (N*) thermotropic phases, which limits their practical applicability. Here we report a generic family of liquid crystals that demonstrate an unusually broad body-centred cubic phase (BPI*) from 60 degrees C down to 16 degrees C. We prove this with optical texture analysis, selective reflection spectroscopy, Kossel diagrams and differential scanning calorimetry, and show, using a simple polarizer-free electro-optic cell, that the reflected colour is switched reversibly in applied electric fields over a wide colour range in typically 10 ms. We propose that the unusual behaviour of these blue phase materials is due to their dimeric molecular structure and their very high flexoelectric coefficients. This in turn sets out new theoretical challenges and potentially opens up new photonic applications.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Ctr Mol Mat Photon & Elect, Dept Engn, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Coles, HJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Ctr Mol Mat Photon & Elect, Dept Engn, Trumpington St, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England.
EM hjc37@cam.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 575
Z9 623
U1 5
U2 315
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 997
EP 1000
DI 10.1038/nature03932
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900045
PM 16107843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiermeier, Q
AF Schiermeier, Q
TI The chaos to come
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 4
TC 10
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 903
EP 906
DI 10.1038/438903a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600024
PM 16355183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seligson, DB
   Horvath, S
   Shi, T
   Yu, H
   Tze, S
   Grunstein, M
   Kurdistani, SK
AF Seligson, DB
   Horvath, S
   Shi, T
   Yu, H
   Tze, S
   Grunstein, M
   Kurdistani, SK
TI Global histone modification patterns predict risk of prostate cancer recurrence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID targeted recruitment; acetylation; chromatin; antigen; p300
AB Aberrations in post-translational modifications of histones have been shown to occur in cancer cells but only at individual promoters(1); they have not been related to clinical outcome. Other than being targeted to promoters, modifications of histones, such as acetylation and methylation of lysine and arginine residues, also occur over large regions of chromatin including coding regions and non-promoter sequences, which are referred to as global histone modifications(2). Here we show that changes in global levels of individual histone modifications are also associated with cancer and that these changes are predictive of clinical outcome. Through immunohistochemical staining of primary prostatectomy tissue samples, we determined the percentage of cells that stained for the histone acetylation and dimethylation of five residues in histones H3 and H4. Grouping of samples with similar patterns of modifications identified two disease subtypes with distinct risks of tumour recurrence in patients with low-grade prostate cancer. These histone modification patterns were predictors of outcome independently of tumour stage, preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels, and capsule invasion. Thus, widespread changes in specific histone modifications indicate previously undescribed molecular heterogeneity in prostate cancer and might underlie the broad range of clinical behaviour in cancer patients.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Kurdistani, SK (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM skurdistani@mednet.ucla.edu
NR 24
TC 858
Z9 1080
U1 0
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1262
EP 1266
DI 10.1038/nature03672
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500049
PM 15988529
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelson, WA
   McCauley, E
   Wrona, FJ
AF Nelson, WA
   McCauley, E
   Wrona, FJ
TI Stage-structured cycles promote genetic diversity in a predator-prey system of Daphnia and algae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-history evolution; clonal diversity; populations; pulex; plankton; ecology; models
AB Competition theory predicts that population fluctuations can promote genetic diversity when combined with density-dependent selection(1,2). However, this stabilizing mechanism has rarely been tested, and was recently rejected as an explanation for maintaining diversity in natural populations of the freshwater herbivore Daphnia pulex(3). The primary limitation of competition theory is its failure to account for the alternative types of population cycles that are caused by size- or stage-dependent population vital rates - even though such structure both explains the fluctuating dynamics of many species(4) and may alter the outcome of competition(5). Here we provide the first experimental test of whether alternative types of cycles affect natural selection in predator - prey systems. Using competing Daphnia genotypes, we show that internally generated, stage-structured cycles substantially reduce the magnitude of selection ( thereby contributing to the maintenance of genetic diversity), whereas externally forced cycles show rapid competitive exclusion. The change in selection is ecologically significant, spanning the observed range in natural populations(3). We argue that structured cycles reduce selection through a combination of stalled juvenile development and stage-specific mortality. This potentially general fitness-equalizing mechanism may reduce the need for strong stabilizing mechanisms to explain the maintenance of genetic diversity in natural systems.
C1 Univ Calgary, Div Ecol, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
   Univ Victoria, Natl Water Res Inst, Water & Climate Impacts Res Ctr, Victoria, BC V8W 3P5, Canada.
C3 University of Calgary; Environment & Climate Change Canada; National Water Research Institute; University of Victoria
RP Nelson, WA (corresponding author), Univ Calgary, Div Ecol, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
EM wanelson@ucalgary.ca
NR 28
TC 37
Z9 45
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 413
EP 417
DI 10.1038/nature03212
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200042
PM 15674291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Charras, GT
   Yarrow, JC
   Horton, MA
   Mahadevan, L
   Mitchison, TJ
AF Charras, GT
   Yarrow, JC
   Horton, MA
   Mahadevan, L
   Mitchison, TJ
TI Non-equilibration of hydrostatic pressure in blebbing cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane; extension; migration; motility; kinase; flow
AB Current models for protrusive motility in animal cells focus on cytoskeleton-based mechanisms, where localized protrusion is driven by local regulation of actin biochemistry(1-3). In plants and fungi, protrusion is driven primarily by hydrostatic pressure(4-6). For hydrostatic pressure to drive localized protrusion in animal cells(7,8), it would have to be locally regulated, but current models treating cytoplasm as an incompressible viscoelastic continuum(9) or viscous liquid(10) require that hydrostatic pressure equilibrates essentially instantaneously over the whole cell. Here, we use cell blebs as reporters of local pressure in the cytoplasm. When we locally perfuse blebbing cells with cortex-relaxing drugs to dissipate pressure on one side, blebbing continues on the untreated side, implying non-equilibration of pressure on scales of approximately 10 mu m and 10 s. We can account for localization of pressure by considering the cytoplasm as a contractile, elastic network infiltrated by cytosol. Motion of the fluid relative to the network generates spatially heterogeneous transients in the pressure field, and can be described in the framework of poroelasticity(11,12).
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   UCL, London Ctr Nanotechnol, London WC1E 6JF, England.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of London; University College London; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Charras, GT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM gcharras@hms.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM048027] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 520
Z9 622
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 365
EP 369
DI 10.1038/nature03550
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000049
PM 15902261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamagishi, K
   Onuma, K
   Suzuki, T
   Okada, F
   Tagami, J
   Otsuki, M
   Senawangse, P
AF Yamagishi, K
   Onuma, K
   Suzuki, T
   Okada, F
   Tagami, J
   Otsuki, M
   Senawangse, P
TI A synthetic enamel for rapid tooth repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth
C1 FAP Dent Inst, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1520022, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Human Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   Univ Yamanashi, Fac Engn, Dept Appl Chem & Biotechnol, Yamanashi 4008511, Japan.
   Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Grad Sch, Dept Restorat Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138549, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Yamanashi; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Medical & Dental University (TMDU)
RP Yamagishi, K (corresponding author), FAP Dent Inst, Meguro Ku, 3-2-1 Kakinokizaka,502, Tokyo 1520022, Japan.
EM FZT02705@nifty.com
NR 12
TC 204
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 819
EP 819
DI 10.1038/433819a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600030
PM 15729330
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reguera, G
   McCarthy, KD
   Mehta, T
   Nicoll, JS
   Tuominen, MT
   Lovley, DR
AF Reguera, G
   McCarthy, KD
   Mehta, T
   Nicoll, JS
   Tuominen, MT
   Lovley, DR
TI Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insoluble fe(iii) oxide; geobacter-metallireducens; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; iv pili; reduction; sulfurreducens; respiration; biogenesis; metabolism; motility
AB Microbes that can transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors, such as Fe(III) oxides, are important in organic matter degradation and nutrient cycling in soils and sediments(1,2). Previous investigations on electron transfer to Fe(III) have focused on the role of outer-membrane c-type cytochromes(1,3). However, some Fe(III) reducers lack c-cytochromes(4). Geobacter species, which are the predominant Fe(III) reducers in many environments(1), must directly contact Fe(III) oxides to reduce them(5), and produce monolateral pili(6) that were proposed(1,2), on the basis of the role of pili in other organisms(7,8), to aid in establishing contact with the Fe(III) oxides. Here we report that a pilus-deficient mutant of Geobacter sulfurreducens could not reduce Fe(III) oxides but could attach to them. Conducting-probe atomic force microscopy revealed that the pili were highly conductive. These results indicate that the pili of G. sulfurreducens might serve as biological nanowires, transferring electrons from the cell surface to the surface of Fe(III) oxides. Electron transfer through pili indicates possibilities for other unique cell-surface and cell-cell interactions, and for bioengineering of novel conductive materials.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Phys, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Lovley, DR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
EM dlovley@microbio.umass.edu
NR 25
TC 2041
Z9 2547
U1 40
U2 1634
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1098
EP 1101
DI 10.1038/nature03661
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400049
PM 15973408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boccaccio, C
   Sabatino, G
   Medico, E
   Girolami, F
   Follenzi, A
   Reato, G
   Sottile, A
   Naldini, L
   Comoglio, PM
AF Boccaccio, C
   Sabatino, G
   Medico, E
   Girolami, F
   Follenzi, A
   Reato, G
   Sottile, A
   Naldini, L
   Comoglio, PM
TI The MET oncogene drives a genetic programme linking cancer to haemostasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lentiviral vectors; expression; growth; receptors; cyclooxygenase-2; mouse; cells
AB The close relationship between activation of blood coagulation and cancer is an old enigma. In 1865, migrans trombophlebitis ('a condition of the blood that predisposes it to spontaneous coagulation') was described as a forewarning of occult malignancy ( Trousseau's sign(1)). This pioneering observation emphasized the existence of haemostasis disorders associated with cancer onset; this phenomenon has since been extensively reported in clinical and epidemiological studies(2-4), but has so far resisted a mechanistic explanation. Here we report a mouse model of sporadic tumorigenesis based on genetic manipulation of somatic cells. Targeting the activated, human MET oncogene to adult liver caused slowly progressing hepatocarcinogenesis. This was preceded and accompanied by a syndrome manifesting first with blood hypercoagulation ( venous thromboses), and then evolving towards fatal internal haemorrhages. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is driven by the transcriptional response to the oncogene, including prominent upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes. In vivo analysis showed that both proteins support the thrombohaemorrhagic phenotype, thus providing direct genetic evidence for the long-sought-after link between oncogene activation and haemostasis.
C1 Univ Turin, Sch Med, Inst Canc Res & Treatment, Div Mol Oncol, I-10060 Turin, Italy.
C3 University of Turin
RP Boccaccio, C (corresponding author), Univ Turin, Sch Med, Inst Canc Res & Treatment, Div Mol Oncol, Str Prov 142, I-10060 Turin, Italy.
EM carla.boccaccio@ircc.it
FU Telethon [TGT06S01, TGT03D03] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 396
EP 400
DI 10.1038/nature03357
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100055
PM 15772665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hemann, MT
   Bric, A
   Teruya-Feldstein, J
   Herbst, A
   Nilsson, JA
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Cleveland, JL
   Tansey, WP
   Lowe, SW
AF Hemann, MT
   Bric, A
   Teruya-Feldstein, J
   Herbst, A
   Nilsson, JA
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Cleveland, JL
   Tansey, WP
   Lowe, SW
TI Evasion of the p53 tumour surveillance network by tumour-derived MYC mutants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID burkitt-lymphoma cells; n-terminal domain; c-myc; transactivation domain; transforming activity; in-vivo; mutations; apoptosis; oncogene; gene
AB The c-Myc oncoprotein promotes proliferation and apoptosis, such that mutations that disable apoptotic programmes often cooperate with MYC during tumorigenesis. Here we report that two common mutant MYC alleles derived from human Burkitt's lymphoma uncouple proliferation from apoptosis and, as a result, are more effective than wild-type MYC at promoting B cell lymphomagenesis in mice. Mutant MYC proteins retain their ability to stimulate proliferation and activate p53, but are defective at promoting apoptosis due to a failure to induce the BH3-only protein Bim ( a member of the B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) family) and effectively inhibit Bcl2. Disruption of apoptosis through enforced expression of Bcl2, or loss of either Bim or p53 function, enables wild-type MYC to produce lymphomas as efficiently as mutant MYC. These data show how parallel apoptotic pathways act together to suppress MYC-induced transformation, and how mutant MYC proteins, by selectively disabling a p53-independent pathway, enable tumour cells to evade p53 action during lymphomagenesis.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Biochem, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Lowe, SW (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM lowe@cshl.org
FU National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748, P01CA087497] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA087497, P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 366
Z9 479
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 807
EP 811
DI 10.1038/nature03845
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500036
PM 16094360
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rolles, D
   Braune, M
   Cvejanovic, S
   Gessner, O
   Hentges, R
   Korica, S
   Langer, B
   Lischke, T
   Prümper, G
   Reinköster, A
   Viefhaus, J
   Zimmermann, BR
   McKoy, V
   Becker, U
AF Rolles, D
   Braune, M
   Cvejanovic, S
   Gessner, O
   Hentges, R
   Korica, S
   Langer, B
   Lischke, T
   Prümper, G
   Reinköster, A
   Viefhaus, J
   Zimmermann, BR
   McKoy, V
   Becker, U
TI Isotope-induced partial localization of core electrons in the homonuclear molecule N2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoelectron angular-distribution; gerade symmetry-breaking; k-shell photoionization; shape resonances; ionization; decay; spectroscopy; transition; emission
AB Because of inversion symmetry and particle exchange, all constituents of homonuclear diatomic molecules are in a quantum mechanically non-local coherent state; this includes the nuclei and deep-lying core electrons. Hence, the molecular photoemission can be regarded as a natural double-slit experiment(1): coherent electron emission originates from two identical sites, and should give rise to characteristic interference patterns(2). However, the quantum coherence is obscured if the two possible symmetry states of the electronic wavefunction ('gerade' and 'ungerade') are degenerate; the sum of the two exactly resembles the distinguishable, incoherent emission from two localized core sites. Here we observe the coherence of core electrons in N-2 through a direct measurement of the interference exhibited in their emission. We also explore the gradual transition to a symmetry-broken system of localized electrons by comparing different isotope-substituted species - a phenomenon analogous to the acquisition of partial 'which-way' information in macroscopic double-slit experiments(3).
C1 Max Planck Gesell, Fritz Haber Inst, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Born Inst Nichtlineare Opt & Kurzzeitspektros, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; Leibniz Association; Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics & Short Term Spectroscopy; California Institute of Technology
RP Becker, U (corresponding author), Max Planck Gesell, Fritz Haber Inst, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
EM becker_u@fhi-berlin.mpg.de
NR 33
TC 154
Z9 163
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 711
EP 715
DI 10.1038/nature04040
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900047
PM 16193047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiu, YL
   Soros, VB
   Kreisberg, JF
   Stopak, K
   Yonemoto, W
   Greene, WC
AF Chiu, YL
   Soros, VB
   Kreisberg, JF
   Stopak, K
   Yonemoto, W
   Greene, WC
TI RETRACTED: Cellular APOBEC3G restricts HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T cells (Retracted Article. See vol 466, pg 276, 2010)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID virus type-1 infection; rna editing enzyme; vif protein; dna; hypermutation; replication; activation; degradation; lymphocytes; blocks
AB In contrast to activated CD4(+) T cells, resting human CD4(+) T cells circulating in blood are highly resistant to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)(1-4). Whether the inability of HIV to infect these resting CD4(+) T cells is due to the lack of a key factor, or alternatively reflects the presence of an efficient mechanism for defence against HIV, is not clear. Here we show that the anti-retroviral deoxycytidine deaminase APOBEC3G(5) strongly protects unstimulated peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells against HIV-1 infection. In activated CD4(+) T cells, cytoplasmic APOBEC3G resides in an enzymatically inactive, high-molecular-mass (HMM) ribonucleoprotein complex that converts to an enzymatically active low-molecular-mass (LMM) form after treatment with RNase. In contrast, LMM APOBEC3G predominates in unstimulated CD4(+) T cells, where HIV-1 replication is blocked and reverse transcription is impaired(1-3). Mitogen activation induces the recruitment of LMM APOBEC3G into the HMM complex, and this correlates with a sharp increase in permissivity for HIV infection in these stimulated cells. Notably, when APOBEC3G-specific small interfering RNAs are introduced into unstimulated CD4(+) T cells, the early replication block encountered by HIV-1 is greatly relieved. Thus, LMM APOBEC3G functions as a potent post-entry restriction factor for HIV-1 in unstimulated CD4(+) T cells. Surprisingly, sequencing of the reverse transcripts slowly formed in unstimulated CD4(+) T cells reveals only low levels of dG --> dA hypermutation, raising the possibility that the APOBEC3G-restricting activity may not be strictly dependent on deoxycytidine deamination.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Virol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Greene, WC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Virol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM wgreene@gladstone.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 370
Z9 454
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 108
EP 114
DI 10.1038/nature03493
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600048
PM 15829920
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phillips, LR
   Milescu, M
   Li-Smerin, YY
   Mindell, JA
   Kim, JI
   Swartz, KJ
AF Phillips, LR
   Milescu, M
   Li-Smerin, YY
   Mindell, JA
   Kim, JI
   Swartz, KJ
TI Voltage-sensor activation with a tarantula toxin as cargo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent k+ channel; potassium channels; gating modifier; scorpion toxin; molecular determinants; charge movement; sodium-channels; binding; hanatoxin; fluorescence
AB The opening and closing of voltage-activated Na+, Ca2+ and K+ (Kv) channels underlies electrical and chemical signalling throughout biology, yet the structural basis of voltage sensing is unknown. Hanatoxin is a tarantula toxin that inhibits Kv channels by binding to voltage-sensor paddles(1-5), crucial helix-turn-helix motifs within the voltage-sensing domains that are composed of S3b and S4 helices(6). The active surface of the toxin is amphipathic(7,8), and related toxins have been shown to partition into membranes(9-12), raising the possibility that the toxin is concentrated in the membrane and interacts only weakly and transiently with the voltage sensors. Here we examine the kinetics and state dependence of the toxin - channel interaction and the physical location of the toxin in the membrane. We find that hanatoxin forms a strong and stable complex with the voltage sensors, far outlasting fluctuations of the voltage sensors between resting ( closed) conformations at negative voltages and activated ( open) conformations at positive voltages. Toxin affinity is reduced by voltage-sensor activation, explaining why the toxin stabilizes the resting conformation. We also find that when hanatoxin partitions into membranes it is localized to an interfacial region, with Trp 30 positioned about 8.5 angstrom from the centre of the bilayer. These results demonstrate that voltage-sensor paddles activate with a toxin as cargo, and suggest that the paddles traverse no more than the outer half of the bilayer during activation.
C1 Natl Inst Neurol Disorders & Stroke, Mol Physiol & Biophys Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Natl Inst Neurol Disorders & Stroke, Membrane Transport Biophys Unit, Porter Neurosci Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Kwangju 500712, South Korea.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST)
RP Swartz, KJ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Neurol Disorders & Stroke, Mol Physiol & Biophys Sect, NIH, 35 Convent Dr,MSC 3701, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM swartzk@ninds.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS [ZIA NS002945] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 168
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 857
EP 860
DI 10.1038/nature03873
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500048
PM 16094370
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nilsson, DE
   Gislén, L
   Coates, MM
   Skogh, C
   Garm, A
AF Nilsson, DE
   Gislén, L
   Coates, MM
   Skogh, C
   Garm, A
TI Advanced optics in a jellyfish eye
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary visual-cortex; tripedalia-cystophora; crystalline lens; photoreceptors; cubozoa; brain; model
AB Cubozoans, or box jellyfish, differ from all other cnidarians by an active fish-like behaviour and an elaborate sensory apparatus(1,2). Each of the four sides of the animal carries a conspicuous sensory club ( the rhopalium), which has evolved into a bizarre cluster of different eyes(3). Two of the eyes on each rhopalium have long been known to resemble eyes of higher animals, but the function and performance of these eyes have remained unknown(4). Here we show that box-jellyfish lenses contain a finely tuned refractive index gradient producing nearly aberration-free imaging. This demonstrates that even simple animals have been able to evolve the sophisticated visual optics previously known only from a few advanced bilaterian phyla. However, the position of the retina does not coincide with the sharp image, leading to very wide and complex receptive fields in individual photoreceptors. We argue that this may be useful in eyes serving a single visual task. The findings indicate that tailoring of complex receptive fields might have been one of the original driving forces in the evolution of animal lenses.
C1 Lund Univ, Dept Cell & Organism Biol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Lund Univ, Dept Theoret Phys, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Lund University; Lund University
RP Nilsson, DE (corresponding author), Lund Univ, Dept Cell & Organism Biol, Zool Bldg,Helgonavagen 3, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.
EM dan-e.nilsson@cob.lu.se
NR 24
TC 186
Z9 206
U1 1
U2 118
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 201
EP 205
DI 10.1038/nature03484
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100039
PM 15889091
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Religa, TL
   Markson, JS
   Mayor, U
   Freund, SMV
   Fersht, AR
AF Religa, TL
   Markson, JS
   Mayor, U
   Freund, SMV
   Fersht, AR
TI Solution structure of a protein denatured state and folding intermediate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-range structure; paramagnetic relaxation; staphylococcal nuclease; engrailed homeodomain; backbone dynamics; sh3 domain; nmr; pathway
AB The most controversial area in protein folding concerns its earliest stages. Questions such as whether there are genuine folding intermediates, and whether the events at the earliest stages are just rearrangements of the denatured state(1) or progress from populated transition states(2), remain unresolved. The problem is that there is a lack of experimental high-resolution structural information about early folding intermediates and denatured states under conditions that favour folding because competent states spontaneously fold rapidly. Here we have solved directly the solution structure of a true denatured state by nuclear magnetic resonance under conditions that would normally favour folding, and directly studied its equilibrium and kinetic behaviour. We engineered a mutant of Drosophila melanogaster Engrailed homeodomain that folds and unfolds reversibly just by changing ionic strength. At high ionic strength, the mutant L16A is an ultra-fast folding native protein, just like the wild-type protein; however, at physiological ionic strength it is denatured. The denatured state is a well-ordered folding intermediate, poised to fold by docking helices and breaking some non-native interactions. It unfolds relatively progressively with increasingly denaturing conditions, and so superficially resembles a denatured state with properties that vary with conditions. Such ill-defined unfolding is a common feature of early folding intermediate states and accounts for why there are so many controversies about intermediates versus compact denatured states in protein folding.
C1 MRC Ctr, Ctr Prot Engn, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Cambridge, MRC Ctr, Chem Labs, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Fersht, AR (corresponding author), MRC Ctr, Ctr Prot Engn, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM arf25@cam.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 216
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1053
EP 1056
DI 10.1038/nature04054
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100051
PM 16222301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, YM
   Meng, J
   Wang, YQ
   Li, CK
AF Hu, YM
   Meng, J
   Wang, YQ
   Li, CK
TI Large Mesozoic mammals fed on young dinosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin
AB Mesozoic mammals are commonly portrayed as shrew- or rat-sized animals that were mainly insectivorous, probably nocturnal and lived in the shadow of dinosaurs(1-5). The largest known Mesozoic mammal represented by substantially complete remains is Repenomamus robustus, a triconodont mammal from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, China(6,7). An adult individual of R. robustus was the size of a Virginia opossum. Here we report a new species of the genus, represented by a skeleton with most of the skull and postcranium preserved in articulation. The new species is 50% larger than R. robustus in skull length. In addition, stomach contents associated with a skeleton of R. robustus reveal remains of a juvenile Psittacosaurus, a ceratopsian dinosaur. Our discoveries constitute the first direct evidence that some triconodont mammals were carnivorous and fed on small vertebrates, including young dinosaurs, and also show that Mesozoic mammals had a much greater range of body sizes than previously known. We suggest that Mesozoic mammals occupied diverse niches and that some large mammals probably competed with dinosaurs for food and territory.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   CUNY, Grad Sch, Biol Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   CUNY City Coll, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); City University of New York (CUNY) System; City University of New York (CUNY) System; City College of New York (CUNY)
RP Hu, YM (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM yhu@amnh.org
NR 30
TC 179
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/nature03102
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200035
PM 15650737
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stano, NM
   Jeong, YJ
   Donmez, I
   Tummalapalli, P
   Levin, MK
   Patel, SS
AF Stano, NM
   Jeong, YJ
   Donmez, I
   Tummalapalli, P
   Levin, MK
   Patel, SS
TI DNA synthesis provides the driving force to accelerate DNA unwinding by a helicase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-stranded-dna; replication fork; bacteriophage t7; binding protein; gene-4 protein; polymerase; purification; mechanisms; deficient
AB Helicases are molecular motors that use the energy of nucleoside 5'-triphosphate (NTP) hydrolysis to translocate along a nucleic acid strand and catalyse reactions such as DNA unwinding. The ring-shaped helicase(1) of bacteriophage T7 translocates along single-stranded ( ss) DNA at a speed of 130 bases per second(2); however, T7 helicase slows down nearly tenfold when unwinding the strands of duplex DNA(3). Here, we report that T7 DNA polymerase, which is unable to catalyse strand displacement DNA synthesis by itself, can increase the unwinding rate to 114 base pairs per second, bringing the helicase up to similar speeds compared to its translocation along ssDNA. The helicase rate of stimulation depends upon the DNA synthesis rate and does not rely on specific interactions between T7 DNA polymerase and the carboxy-terminal residues of T7 helicase. Efficient duplex DNA synthesis is achieved only by the combined action of the helicase and polymerase. The strand displacement DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerase depends on the unwinding activity of the helicase, which provides ssDNA template. The rapid trapping of the ssDNA bases by the DNA synthesis activity of the polymerase in turn drives the helicase to move forward through duplex DNA at speeds similar to those observed along ssDNA.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Kookmin Univ, Dept Bio & Nanochem, Seoul 136702, South Korea.
   Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Ctr Cell Anal & Modeling, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Kookmin University; University of Connecticut
RP Patel, SS (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM patelss@umdnj.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM055310] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 145
Z9 173
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 370
EP 373
DI 10.1038/nature03615
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000050
PM 15902262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Close, LM
   Lenzen, R
   Guirado, JC
   Nielsen, EL
   Mamajek, EE
   Brandner, W
   Hartung, M
   Lidman, C
   Biller, B
AF Close, LM
   Lenzen, R
   Guirado, JC
   Nielsen, EL
   Mamajek, EE
   Brandner, W
   Hartung, M
   Lidman, C
   Biller, B
TI A dynamical calibration of the mass luminosity relation at very low stellar masses and young ages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brown dwarfs; ab-doradus; main-sequence; k-dwarfs; stars; spectroscopy; population; metallicity; membership; pleiades
AB Mass is the most fundamental parameter of a star, yet it is also one of the most difficult to measure directly. In general, astronomers estimate stellar masses by determining the luminosity and using the 'mass-luminosity' relationship(1,2), but this relationship has never been accurately calibrated for young, low-mass stars and brown dwarfs(3). Masses for these low-mass objects are therefore constrained only by theoretical models(1,2). A new high-contrast adaptive optics camera(4-6) enabled the discovery of a young ( 50 million years) companion only 0.156 arcseconds (2.3 AU) from the more luminous (>120 times brighter) star AB Doradus A. Here we report a dynamical determination of the mass of the newly resolved low-mass companion AB Dor C, whose mass is 0.090 +/- 0.005 solar masses. Given its measured 1-2- micrometre luminosity, we have found that the standard mass-luminosity relations(1,2) overestimate the near-infrared luminosity of such objects by about a factor of similar to2.5 at young ages. The young, cool objects hitherto thought to be substellar in mass are therefore about twice as massive, which means that the frequency of brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects in young stellar clusters has been overestimated.
C1 Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Astron, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, E-46100 Valencia, Spain.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
C3 University of Arizona; Max Planck Society; University of Valencia; European Southern Observatory
RP Close, LM (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM lclose@as.arizona.edu
NR 30
TC 140
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 286
EP 289
DI 10.1038/nature03225
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300047
PM 15662417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lieberman, RL
   Rosenzweig, AC
AF Lieberman, RL
   Rosenzweig, AC
TI Crystal structure of a membrane-bound metalloenzyme that catalyses the biological oxidation of methane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methylococcus-capsulatus bath; cytochrome-c-oxidase; monooxygenase; copper; activation; hydroxylation; spectroscopy; biochemistry; parameters; proteins
AB Particulate methane monooxygenase ( pMMO) is an integral membrane metalloenzyme that catalyses the conversion of methane to methanol. Knowledge of how pMMO performs this extremely challenging chemistry may have an impact on the use of methane as an alternative energy source by facilitating the development of new synthetic catalysts. We have determined the structure of pMMO from the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus ( Bath) to a resolution of 2.8 Angstrom. The enzyme is a trimer with an alpha(3)beta(3)gamma(3) polypeptide arrangement. Two metal centres, modelled as mononuclear copper and dinuclear copper, are located in soluble regions of each pmoB subunit, which resembles cytochrome c oxidase subunit II. A third metal centre, occupied by zinc in the crystal, is located within the membrane. The structure provides new insight into the molecular details of biological methane oxidation.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Rosenzweig, AC (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM amyr@northwestern.edu
NR 48
TC 551
Z9 658
U1 0
U2 281
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 177
EP 182
DI 10.1038/nature03311
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500036
PM 15674245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Delden, RA
   ter Wiel, MKJ
   Pollard, MM
   Vicario, J
   Koumura, N
   Feringa, BL
AF van Delden, RA
   ter Wiel, MKJ
   Pollard, MM
   Vicario, J
   Koumura, N
   Feringa, BL
TI Unidirectional molecular motor on a gold surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single stereogenic center; rotary motion; rotation; nanoparticles; rotor; system
AB Molecules capable of mimicking the function of a wide range of mechanical devices have been fabricated, with motors that can induce mechanical movement attracting particular attention(1,2). Such molecular motors convert light or chemical energy into directional rotary or linear motion(2-10), and are usually prepared and operated in solution. But if they are to be used as nanomachines that can do useful work, it seems essential to construct systems that can function on a surface, like a recently reported linear artificial muscle(11). Surface-mounted rotors have been realized and limited directionality in their motion predicted(12,13). Here we demonstrate that a light-driven molecular motor capable of repetitive unidirectional rotation(14) can be mounted on the surface of gold nanoparticles. The motor design(14) uses a chiral helical alkene with an upper half that serves as a propeller and is connected through a carbon - carbon double bond ( the rotation axis) to a lower half that serves as a stator. The stator carries two thiol-functionalized 'legs', which then bind the entire motor molecule to a gold surface. NMR spectroscopy reveals that two photo-induced cis-trans isomerizations of the central double bond, each followed by a thermal helix inversion to prevent reverse rotation, induce a full and unidirectional 3608 rotation of the propeller with respect to the surface-mounted lower half of the system.
C1 Univ Groningen, Stratingh Inst, Dept Organ Chem, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen
RP Feringa, BL (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Stratingh Inst, Dept Organ Chem, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
EM B.L.Feringa@rug.nl
NR 21
TC 472
Z9 519
U1 6
U2 304
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1337
EP 1340
DI 10.1038/nature04127
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100049
PM 16251960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gomes, R
   Levison, HF
   Tsiganis, K
   Morbidelli, A
AF Gomes, R
   Levison, HF
   Tsiganis, K
   Morbidelli, A
TI Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID migration; evolution; neptune; uranus
AB The petrology record on the Moon suggests that a cataclysmic spike in the cratering rate occurred similar to 700 million years after the planets formed(1); this event is known as the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB). Planetary formation theories cannot naturally account for an intense period of planetesimal bombardment so late in Solar System history(2). Several models have been proposed to explain a late impact spike(3-6), but none of them has been set within a self-consistent framework of Solar System evolution. Here we propose that the LHB was triggered by the rapid migration of the giant planets, which occurred after a long quiescent period. During this burst of migration, the planetesimal disk outside the orbits of the planets was destabilized, causing a sudden massive delivery of planetesimals to the inner Solar System. The asteroid belt was also strongly perturbed, with these objects supplying a significant fraction of the LHB impactors in accordance with recent geochemical evidence(7,8). Our model not only naturally explains the LHB, but also reproduces the observational constraints of the outer Solar System(9).
C1 CNRS, Observ Cote Azur, F-06304 Nice, France.
   MCT, ON, BR-20080090 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, OV, GEA, BR-20080090 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
   SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
RP Morbidelli, A (corresponding author), CNRS, Observ Cote Azur, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice, France.
EM morby@obs-nice.fr
NR 19
TC 1307
Z9 1471
U1 9
U2 223
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/nature03676
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800048
PM 15917802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheng, Z
   Ventura, M
   She, XW
   Khaitovich, P
   Graves, T
   Osoegawa, K
   Church, D
   DeJong, P
   Wilson, RK
   Pääbo, S
   Rocchi, M
   Eichler, EE
AF Cheng, Z
   Ventura, M
   She, XW
   Khaitovich, P
   Graves, T
   Osoegawa, K
   Church, D
   DeJong, P
   Wilson, RK
   Pääbo, S
   Rocchi, M
   Eichler, EE
TI A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-chromosm; gene family; evolution; regions; rearrangements; selection; patterns; sequence; lineage; mouse
AB We present a global comparison of differences in content of segmental duplication between human and chimpanzee, and determine that 33% of human duplications (>94% sequence identity) are not duplicated in chimpanzee, including some human disease-causing duplications. Combining experimental and computational approaches, we estimate a genomic duplication rate of 4 - 5 megabases per million years since divergence. These changes have resulted in gene expression differences between the species. In terms of numbers of base pairs affected, we determine that de novo duplication has contributed most significantly to differences between the species, followed by deletion of ancestral duplications. Post-speciation gene conversion accounts for less than 10% of recent segmental duplication. Chimpanzee-specific hyperexpansion (. 100 copies) of particular segments of DNA have resulted in marked quantitative differences and alterations in the genome landscape between chimpanzee and human. Almost all of the most extreme differences relate to changes in chromosome structure, including the emergence of African great ape subterminal heterochromatin. Nevertheless, base per base, large segmental duplication events have had a greater impact (2.7%) in altering the genomic landscape of these two species than single-base-pair substitution (1.2%).
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Genome Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Bari, Dept Genet & Microbiol, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
   Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, BACPAC Resources, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   NIH, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Natl Lib Med, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Max Planck Society; Washington University (WUSTL); Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM)
RP Eichler, EE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Genome Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1705 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM eee@gs.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 88
EP 93
DI 10.1038/nature04000
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400046
PM 16136132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grishchuk, EL
   Molodtsov, MI
   Ataullakhanov, FI
   McIntosh, JR
AF Grishchuk, EL
   Molodtsov, MI
   Ataullakhanov, FI
   McIntosh, JR
TI Force production by disassembling microtubules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slowly hydrolyzable analog; individual microtubules; dynamic instability; gtp hydrolysis; in-vitro; depolymerization; complex; chromosm; information; generation
AB Microtubules (MTs) are important components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton: they contribute to cell shape and movement, as well as to the motions of organelles including mitotic chromosomes. MTs bind motor enzymes that drive many such movements, but MT dynamics can also contribute to organelle motility(1-8). Each MT polymer is a store of chemical energy that can be used to do mechanical work, but how this energy is converted to motility remains unknown. Here we show, by conjugating glass microbeads to tubulin polymers through strong inert linkages, such as biotin-avidin, that depolymerizing MTs exert a brief tug on the beads, as measured with laser tweezers. Analysis of these interactions with a molecular-mechanical model of MT structure and force production(9,10) shows that a single depolymerizing MT can generate about ten times the force that is developed by a motor enzyme; thus, this mechanism might be the primary driving force for chromosome motion. Because even the simple coupler used here slows MT disassembly, physiological couplers may modulate MT dynamics in vivo.
C1 Univ Colorado, MCD Biol Dept, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Inst Gen Pathol & Pathophysiol, Moscow 125315, Russia.
   Natl Res Ctr Haematol, Moscow 125167, Russia.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Phys, Moscow 119992, Russia.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Theoret & Expt Biophys, Pushchino 142292, Russia.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of General Pathology & Pathophysiology, RAMS; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; National Medical Research Center for Hematology; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research (PSCBI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Biophysics
RP McIntosh, JR (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, MCD Biol Dept, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM richard.mcintosh@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 231
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 384
EP 388
DI 10.1038/nature04132
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200054
PM 16292315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aléon, J
   Robert, F
   Duprat, J
   Derenne, S
AF Aléon, J
   Robert, F
   Duprat, J
   Derenne, S
TI Extreme oxygen isotope ratios in the early Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolved stars; abundances; carbon; meteorites; grains; atmospheres; stardust; elements; giants; o-18
AB The origins of the building blocks of the Solar System can be studied using the isotopic composition of early planetary and meteoritic material. Oxygen isotopes in planetary materials show variations at the per cent level that are not related to the mass of the isotopes(1,2); rather, they result from the mixture of components having different nucleosynthetic or chemical origins(1-3). Isotopic variations reaching orders of magnitude in minute meteoritic grains are usually attributed to stellar nucleosynthesis before the birth of the Solar System, whereby different grains were contributed by different stars(4,5). Here we report the discovery of abundant silica-rich grains embedded in meteoritic organic matter, having the most extreme O-18/O-16 and O-17/O-16 ratios observed (both similar to 10(-1)) together with a solar silicon isotopic composition. Both O and Si isotopes indicate a single nucleosynthetic process. These compositions can be accounted for by one of two processes: a single exotic evolved star seeding the young Solar System(6), or irradiation of the circumsolar gas by high energy particles accelerated during an active phase of the young Sun. We favour the latter interpretation, because the observed compositions are usually not expected from nucleosynthetic processes in evolved stars, whereas they are predicted by the selective trapping of irradiation products.
C1 Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Etud Mat Extraterr, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Ecole Natl Super Chim Paris, Lab Chim Bioorgan & Organ Phys, F-75231 Paris, France.
C3 Universite de Lorraine; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite PSL; Chimie ParisTech
RP Aléon, J (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Glenn T Seaborg Inst, POB 808,L-231, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM aleon2@llnl.gov
NR 30
TC 30
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 385
EP 388
DI 10.1038/nature03947
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100047
PM 16163350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernal, D
   Donley, JM
   Shadwick, RE
   Syme, DA
AF Bernal, D
   Donley, JM
   Shadwick, RE
   Syme, DA
TI Mammal-like muscles power swimming in a cold-water shark
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metabolic biochemistry; contractile property; body-temperature; lamna-ditropis; tuna; performance; fish; design; fibers; tunnel
AB Effects of temperature on muscle contraction and powering movement are profound, outwardly obvious, and of great consequence to survival(1,2). To cope with the effects of environmental temperature fluctuations, endothermic birds and mammals maintain a relatively warm and constant body temperature, whereas most fishes and other vertebrates are ectothermic and conform to their thermal niche, compromising performance at colder temperatures(2,3). However, within the fishes the tunas and lamnid sharks deviate from the ectothermic strategy, maintaining elevated core body temperatures(4,5) that presumably confer physiological advantages for their roles as fast and continuously swimming pelagic predators. Here we show that the salmon shark, a lamnid inhabiting cold, north Pacific waters, has become so specialized for endothermy that its red, aerobic, locomotor muscles, which power continuous swimming, seem mammal-like, functioning only within a markedly elevated temperature range ( 20 - 30 degrees C). These muscles are ineffectual if exposed to the cool water temperatures, and when warmed even 10 degrees C above ambient they still produce only 25 - 50% of the power produced at 26 degrees C. In contrast, the white muscles, powering burst swimming, do not show such a marked thermal dependence and work well across a wide range of temperatures.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Miracosta Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Oceanside, CA 92056 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University Massachusetts Dartmouth; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Calgary
RP Shadwick, RE (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM dbernal@umassd.edu; shadwick@zoology.ubc.ca
NR 22
TC 81
Z9 98
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1349
EP 1352
DI 10.1038/nature04007
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100052
PM 16251963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Birkhead, TR
   Pellatt, EJ
   Brekke, P
   Yeates, R
   Castillo-Juarez, H
AF Birkhead, TR
   Pellatt, EJ
   Brekke, P
   Yeates, R
   Castillo-Juarez, H
TI Genetic effects on sperm design in the zebra finch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ejaculate quality; competition; selection; evolution; population; determines; mobility; length
AB Sperm design and function are important determinants of male reproductive success and are expected to be under strong selection(1,2). The way that spermatozoa phenotypes evolve is poorly understood, because there have been few studies of the quantitative genetics of sperm(3-5). Here we show, in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata, an extraordinary degree of inter-male variation in sperm design that is independent of sperm swimming velocity. A quantitative genetics study using data from over 900 zebra finches in a complex breeding experiment showed that sperm head, mid-piece and flagellum length are heritable, that negative genetic correlations exist between sperm traits, and that significant indirect ( maternal) genetic effects exist. Selection on the zebra finch sperm phenotype may be low because sperm competition is infrequent in this species(6), and this, in combination with negative genetic correlations and maternal genetic effects, may account for the variation in sperm phenotype between males. These results have important implications for the evolution of sperm in other taxa.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, DF, Mexico.
C3 University of Sheffield; Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana - Mexico; University Autonoma Metropolitana Xochimilco
RP Birkhead, TR (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM T.R.Birkhead@sheffield.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 166
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 383
EP 387
DI 10.1038/nature03374
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100052
PM 15772662
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jagasia, R
   Grote, P
   Westermann, B
   Conradt, B
AF Jagasia, R
   Grote, P
   Westermann, B
   Conradt, B
TI DRP-1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation during EGL-1-induced cell death in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; apoptosis; fission; ced-9; dynamics; nematode; egl-1
AB Genetic analyses in Caenorhabditis elegans have been instrumental in the elucidation of the central cell-death machinery, which is conserved from C. elegans to mammals(1,2). One possible difference that has emerged is the role of mitochondria. By releasing cytochrome c, mitochondria are involved in the activation of caspases in mammals(3,4). However, there has previously been no evidence that mitochondria are involved in caspase activation in C. elegans. Here we show that mitochondria fragment in cells that normally undergo programmed cell death during C. elegans development. Mitochondrial fragmentation is induced by the BH3-only protein EGL-1 and can be blocked by mutations in the bcl-2-like gene ced-9, indicating that members of the Bcl-2 family might function in the regulation of mitochondrial fragmentation in apoptotic cells. Mitochondrial fragmentation is independent of CED-4/Apaf-1 and CED-3/caspase, indicating that it occurs before or simultaneously with their activation. Furthermore, DRP-1/dynamin-related protein, a key component of the mitochondrial fission machinery, is required and sufficient to induce mitochondrial fragmentation and programmed cell death during C. elegans development. These results assign an important role to mitochondria in the cell-death pathway in C. elegans.
C1 Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, D-82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Dartmouth College; University of Bayreuth; University of Munich; Max Planck Society
RP Conradt, B (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
EM barbara.conradt@dartmouth.edu
NR 30
TC 282
Z9 348
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 754
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature03316
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200042
PM 15716954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whiten, A
   Horner, V
   de Waal, FBM
AF Whiten, A
   Horner, V
   de Waal, FBM
TI Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID captive chimpanzees; transmission; information; evolution
AB Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own(1-12). However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited(13-16). Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture(11).
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Ctr Social Learning & Cognit Evolut, St Andrews KY16 9JP, Fife, Scotland.
   Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Field Stn, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 University of St Andrews; Emory University
RP Whiten, A (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Ctr Social Learning & Cognit Evolut, St Andrews KY16 9JP, Fife, Scotland.
EM a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [S16447] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [S16447] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 493
Z9 553
U1 0
U2 233
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 737
EP 740
DI 10.1038/nature04047
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900053
PM 16113685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loppin, B
   Bonnefoy, E
   Anselme, C
   Laurençon, A
   Karr, TL
   Couble, P
AF Loppin, B
   Bonnefoy, E
   Anselme, C
   Laurençon, A
   Karr, TL
   Couble, P
TI The histone H3.3 chaperone HIRA is essential for chromatin assembly in the male pronucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; gene; methylation; expression; variants; sesame; chromosome; activation; asymmetry; proteins
AB In sexually reproducing animals, a crucial step in zygote formation is the decondensation of the fertilizing spermnucleus into a DNA replication-competent male pronucleus. Genome-wide nucleosome assembly on paternal DNA implies the replacement of sperm chromosomal proteins, such as protamines, by maternally provided histones(1,2). This fundamental process is specifically impaired in sesame (ssm), a unique Drosophila maternal effect mutant that prevents male pronucleus formation(3). Here we show that ssm is a point mutation in the Hira gene, thus demonstrating that the histone chaperone protein HIRA is required for nucleosome assembly during sperm nucleus decondensation. In vertebrates, HIRA has recently been shown to be critical for a nucleosome assembly pathway independent of DNA synthesis that specifically involves the H3.3 histone variant(4,5). We also show that nucleosomes containing H3.3, and not H3, are specifically assembled in paternal Drosophila chromatin before the first round of DNA replication. The exclusive marking of paternal chromosomes with H3.3 represents a primary epigenetic distinction between parental genomes in the zygote, and underlines an important consequence of the critical and highly specialized function of HIRA at fertilization.
C1 Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5534, Ctr Genet Mol & Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   Inst Natl Sci Appl, INRA, UMR, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
   Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); INRAE; Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon - INSA Lyon; University of Bath
RP Loppin, B (corresponding author), Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5534, Ctr Genet Mol & Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
EM loppin@cgmc.univ-lyon1.fr
NR 29
TC 285
Z9 345
U1 3
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1386
EP 1390
DI 10.1038/nature04059
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100060
PM 16251970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Banerjee, A
   Yang, W
   Karplus, M
   Verdine, GL
AF Banerjee, A
   Yang, W
   Karplus, M
   Verdine, GL
TI Structure of a repair enzyme interrogating undamaged DNA elucidates recognition of damaged DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID free-energy simulations; crystal-structure; substrate recognition; reverse-transcriptase; protein; glycosylase; 8-oxoguanine; catalysis; complex; bases
AB How DNA repair proteins distinguish between the rare sites of damage and the vast expanse of normal DNA is poorly understood. Recognizing the mutagenic lesion 8-oxoguanine (oxoG) represents an especially formidable challenge, because this oxidized nucleobase differs by only two atoms from its normal counterpart, guanine (G). Here we report the use of a covalent trapping strategy to capture a human oxoG repair protein, 8-oxogunanine DNA glycosylase I (hOGG1), in the act of interrogating normal DNA. The X-ray structure of the trapped complex features a target G nucleobase extruded from the DNA helix but denied insertion into the lesion recognition pocket of the enzyme. Free energy difference calculations show that both attractive and repulsive interactions have an important role in the preferential binding of oxoG compared with G to the active site. The structure reveals a remarkably effective gate-keeping strategy for lesion discrimination and suggests a mechanism for oxoG insertion into the hOGG1 active site.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Strasbourg 1, ISIS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Karplus, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM marci@tammy.harvard.edu; verdine@chemistry.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA100742] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM044853] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 309
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 612
EP 618
DI 10.1038/nature03458
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000037
PM 15800616
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, R
   Maduro, M
   Li, F
   Li, HW
   Broitman-Maduro, G
   Li, WX
   Ding, SW
AF Lu, R
   Maduro, M
   Li, F
   Li, HW
   Broitman-Maduro, G
   Li, WX
   Ding, SW
TI Animal virus replication and RNAi-mediated antiviral silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; genetic interference; distinct roles; suppressors; pathways; plants; induction; proteins; potent
AB The worm Caenorhabditis elegans is a model system for studying many aspects of biology, including host responses to bacterial pathogens(1,2), but it is not known to support replication of any virus. Plants and insects encode multiple Dicer enzymes that recognize distinct precursors of small RNAs and may act cooperatively(3-7). However, it is not known whether the single Dicer of worms and mammals is able to initiate the small RNA-guided RNA interference (RNAi) antiviral immunity as occurs in plants(8) and insects(9). Here we show complete replication of the Flock house virus (FHV) bipartite, plus-strand RNA genome in C. elegans. We show that FHV replication in C. elegans triggers potent antiviral silencing that requires RDE-1, an Argonaute protein(10,11) essential for RNAi mediated by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) but not by microRNAs. This immunity system is capable of rapid virus clearance in the absence of FHV B2 protein, which acts as a broad-spectrum RNAi inhibitor(9,12) upstream of rde-1 by targeting the siRNA precursor. This work establishes a C. elegans model for genetic studies of animal virus - host interactions and indicates that mammals might use a siRNA pathway as an antiviral response.
C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Integrat Genome Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Grad Program Microbiol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Ding, SW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Riverside, Inst Integrat Genome Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
EM dingsw@ucr.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI052447] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 346
Z9 421
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1040
EP 1043
DI 10.1038/nature03870
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900055
PM 16107851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beman, JM
   Arrigo, KR
   Matson, PA
AF Beman, JM
   Arrigo, KR
   Matson, PA
TI Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gulf-of-california; nitrogen-fixation; denitrification; variability; phosphorus; patterns; nitrate; waters; sea; bay
AB Biological productivity in most of the world's oceans is controlled by the supply of nutrients to surface waters. The relative balance between supply and removal of nutrients - including nitrogen, iron and phosphorus - determines which nutrient limits phytoplankton growth. Although nitrogen limits productivity in much of the ocean(1,2), large portions of the tropics and subtropics are defined by extreme nitrogen depletion. In these regions, microbial denitrification removes biologically available forms of nitrogen from the water column, producing substantial deficits relative to other nutrients(3-5). Here we demonstrate that nitrogen-deficient areas of the tropical and subtropical oceans are acutely vulnerable to nitrogen pollution. Despite naturally high nutrient concentrations and productivity(6-8), nitrogen-rich agricultural runoff fuels large (54 - 577 km(2)) phytoplankton blooms in the Gulf of California. Runoff exerts a strong and consistent influence on biological processes, in 80% of cases stimulating blooms within days of fertilization and irrigation of agricultural fields. We project that by the year 2050, 27 - 59% of all nitrogen fertilizer will be applied in developing regions located upstream of nitrogen-deficient marine ecosystems. Our findings highlight the present and future vulnerability of these ecosystems to agricultural runoff.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Beman, JM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM beman@stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 434
Z9 532
U1 7
U2 256
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 211
EP 214
DI 10.1038/nature03370
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500044
PM 15758999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Golombek, MP
   Arvidson, RE
   Bell, JF III
   Christensen, PR
   Crisp, JA
   Crumpler, LS
   Ehlmann, BL
   Fergason, RL
   Grant, JA
   Greeley, R
   Haldemann, AFC
   Kass, DM
   Parker, TJ
   Schofield, JT
   Squyres, SW
   Zurek, RW
AF Golombek, MP
   Arvidson, RE
   Bell, JF III
   Christensen, PR
   Crisp, JA
   Crumpler, LS
   Ehlmann, BL
   Fergason, RL
   Grant, JA
   Greeley, R
   Haldemann, AFC
   Kass, DM
   Parker, TJ
   Schofield, JT
   Squyres, SW
   Zurek, RW
TI Assessment of Mars Exploration Rover landing site predictions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal emission spectrometer; gusev crater; meridiani-planum; spirit rover; microscopic imager; localization; opportunity; selection; deposits; surface
AB Comprehensive analyses of remote sensing data during the three-year effort to select the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites at Gusev crater and at Meridiani Planum correctly predicted the atmospheric density profile during entry and descent and the safe and trafficable surfaces explored by the two rovers. The Gusev crater site was correctly predicted to be a low-relief surface that was less rocky than the Viking landing sites but comparably dusty. A dark, low-albedo, flat plain composed of basaltic sand and haematite with very few rocks was expected and found at Meridiani Planum. These results argue that future efforts to select safe landing sites based on existing and acquired remote sensing data will be successful. In contrast, geological interpretations of the sites based on remote sensing data were less certain and less successful, which emphasizes the inherent ambiguities in understanding surface geology from remotely sensed data and the uncertainty in predicting exactly what materials will be available for study at a landing site.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   New Mexico Museum Nat Hist & Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PG, England.
   Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Washington University (WUSTL); Cornell University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University of Oxford; Smithsonian Institution
RP Golombek, MP (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM mgolombek@jpl.nasa.gov
NR 38
TC 83
Z9 98
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 44
EP 48
DI 10.1038/nature03600
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600035
PM 16001058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mainprice, D
   Tommasi, A
   Couvy, H
   Cordier, P
   Frost, DJ
AF Mainprice, D
   Tommasi, A
   Couvy, H
   Cordier, P
   Frost, DJ
TI Pressure sensitivity of olivine slip systems and seismic anisotropy of Earth's upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lattice preferred orientations; plastic-deformation; self-consistent; garnet; wave
AB The mineral olivine dominates the composition of the Earth's upper mantle and hence controls its mechanical behaviour and seismic anisotropy. Experiments at high temperature and moderate pressure, and extensive data on naturally deformed mantle rocks, have led to the conclusion that olivine at upper-mantle conditions deforms essentially by dislocation creep with dominant [ 100] slip. The resulting crystal preferred orientation has been used extensively to explain the strong seismic anisotropy observed down to 250 km depth(1-4). The rapid decrease of anisotropy below this depth has been interpreted as marking the transition from dislocation to diffusion creep in the upper mantle(5). But new high-pressure experiments suggest that dislocation creep also dominates in the lower part of the upper mantle, but with a different slip direction. Here we show that this high-pressure dislocation creep produces crystal preferred orientations resulting in extremely low seismic anisotropy, consistent with seismological observations below 250 km depth. These results raise new questions about the mechanical state of the lower part of the upper mantle and its coupling with layers both above and below.
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, Lab Tectonophys, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
   Univ Lille 1, CNRS, Lab Struct & Proprietes Etat Solide, F-59650 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
   Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Lille; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Bayreuth
RP Mainprice, D (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, Lab Tectonophys, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
EM David.Mainprice@dstu.univ-montp2.fr
NR 30
TC 237
Z9 265
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 731
EP 733
DI 10.1038/nature03266
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200036
PM 15716950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YX
   Botvinick, EL
   Zhao, YH
   Berns, MW
   Usami, S
   Tsien, RY
   Chien, S
AF Wang, YX
   Botvinick, EL
   Zhao, YH
   Berns, MW
   Usami, S
   Tsien, RY
   Chien, S
TI Visualizing the mechanical activation of Src
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; focal adhesions; family kinases; living cells; v-src; cytoskeleton; domain; specificity; p130(cas); membrane
AB The mechanical environment crucially influences many cell functions(1). However, it remains largely mysterious how mechanical stimuli are transmitted into biochemical signals. Src is known to regulate the integrin-cytoskeleton interaction(2), which is essential for the transduction of mechanical stimuli(3-5). Using fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), here we develop a genetically encoded Src reporter that enables the imaging and quantification of spatio-temporal activation of Src in live cells. We introduced a local mechanical stimulation to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by applying laser-tweezer traction on fibronectin-coated beads adhering to the cells. Using the Src reporter, we observed a rapid distal Src activation and a slower directional wave propagation of Src activation along the plasma membrane. This wave propagated away from the stimulation site with a speed (mean +/- s.e.m.) of 18.1 +/- 1.7 nm s(-1). This force-induced directional and long-range activation of Src was abolished by the disruption of actin filaments or microtubules. Our reporter has thus made it possible to monitor mechanotransduction in live cells with spatio-temporal characterization. We find that the transmission of mechanically induced Src activation is a dynamic process that directs signals via the cytoskeleton to spatial destinations.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Whitaker Inst Biomed Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Biomed Engn, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Beckman Laser Inst, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Chien, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM schien@bioeng.ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 555
Z9 722
U1 2
U2 130
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1040
EP 1045
DI 10.1038/nature03469
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600043
PM 15846350
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vigny, C
   Simons, WJF
   Abu, S
   Bamphenyu, R
   Satirapod, C
   Choosakul, N
   Subarya, C
   Socquet, A
   Omar, K
   Abidin, HZ
   Ambrosius, BAC
AF Vigny, C
   Simons, WJF
   Abu, S
   Bamphenyu, R
   Satirapod, C
   Choosakul, N
   Subarya, C
   Socquet, A
   Omar, K
   Abidin, HZ
   Ambrosius, BAC
TI Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fault
AB Data collected at,60 Global Positioning System (GPS) sites in southeast Asia show the crustal deformation caused by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra - Andaman earthquake at an unprecedented large scale. Small but significant co-seismic jumps are clearly detected more than 3,000 km from the earthquake epicentre. The nearest sites, still more than 400 km away, show displacements of 10 cm or more. Here we show that the rupture plane for this earthquake must have been at least 1,000 km long and that non-homogeneous slip is required to fit the large displacement gradients revealed by the GPS measurements. Our kinematic analysis of the GPS recordings indicates that the centroid of released deformation is located at least 200 km north of the seismological epicentre. It also provides evidence that the rupture propagated northward sufficiently fast for stations in northern Thailand to have reached their final positions less than 10 min after the earthquake, hence ruling out the hypothesis of a silent slow aseismic rupture.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Geol Lab, F-75231 Paris, France.
   Delft Univ Technol, DEOS, NL-2629 HS Delft, Netherlands.
   Dept Survey & Mapping Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50578, Malaysia.
   Royal Thai Survey Dept, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
   Chulalongkorn Univ, Dept Survey Engn, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
   Chulalongkorn Univ, Dept Geol, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
   Natl Coordinat Agcy Surveys & Mapping BAKOSURTANA, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
   Univ Technol Malaysia, Johor Baharu 81310, Malaysia.
   Inst Technol Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Delft University of Technology; Chulalongkorn University; Chulalongkorn University; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Institute Technology of Bandung
RP Vigny, C (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, Geol Lab, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris, France.
EM vigny@geologie.ens.fr
NR 23
TC 278
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 201
EP 206
DI 10.1038/nature03937
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500029
PM 16015320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Whelan, ET
   Ray, TP
   Bacciotti, F
   Natta, A
   Testi, L
   Randich, S
AF Whelan, ET
   Ray, TP
   Bacciotti, F
   Natta, A
   Testi, L
   Randich, S
TI A resolved outflow of matter from a brown dwarf
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-tauri stars; accretion; emission; binary
AB The birth of stars involves not only accretion but also, counterintuitively, the expulsion of matter in the form of highly supersonic outflows(1,2). Although this phenomenon has been seen in young stars, a fundamental question is whether it also occurs among newborn brown dwarfs: these are the so-called 'failed stars', with masses between stars and planets, that never manage to reach temperatures high enough for normal hydrogen fusion to occur(3). Recently, evidence for accretion in young brown dwarfs has mounted(4-6), and their spectra show lines that are suggestive of outflows(7-9). Here we report spectro-astrometric data that spatially resolve an outflow from a brown dwarf. The outflow's characteristics appear similar to, but on a smaller scale than, outflows from normal young stars. This result suggests that the outflow mechanism is universal, and perhaps relevant even to the formation of planets.
C1 Dublin Inst Adv Studies, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
C3 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP Whelan, ET (corresponding author), Dublin Inst Adv Studies, 5 Merrion Sq, Dublin 2, Ireland.
EM ewhelan@cp.dias.ie
NR 19
TC 104
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 652
EP 654
DI 10.1038/nature03598
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200044
PM 15931217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmeing, TM
   Huang, KS
   Strobel, SA
   Steitz, TA
AF Schmeing, TM
   Huang, KS
   Strobel, SA
   Steitz, TA
TI An induced-fit mechanism to promote peptide bond formation and exclude hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large ribosomal-subunit; factor rf2; ggq motif; release; site; crystallography; intermediate; termination; catalysis; mimics
AB The large ribosomal subunit catalyses the reaction between the alpha-amino group of the aminoacyl-tRNA bound to the A site and the ester carbon of the peptidyl-tRNA bound to the P site(1), while preventing the nucleophilic attack of water on the ester, which would lead to unprogrammed deacylation of the peptidyl-tRNA. Here we describe three new structures of the large ribosomal subunit of Haloarcula marismortui (Hma) complexed with peptidyl transferase substrate analogues that reveal an induced-fit mechanism in which substrates and active-site residues reposition to allow the peptidyl transferase reaction. Proper binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA analogue to the A site induces specific movements of 23S rRNA nucleotides 2618-2620 (Escherichia coli numbering 2583-2585) and 2541(2506), thereby reorienting the ester group of the peptidyl-tRNA and making it accessible for attack. In the absence of the appropriate A-site substrate, the peptidyl transferase centre positions the ester link of the peptidyl-tRNA in a conformation that precludes the catalysed nucleophilic attack by water. Protein release factors(2) may also function, in part, by inducing an active-site rearrangement similar to that produced by the A-site aminoacyl-tRNA, allowing the carbonyl group and water to be positioned for hydrolysis.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Steitz, TA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM eatherton@csb.yale.edu
NR 29
TC 292
Z9 363
U1 2
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 520
EP 524
DI 10.1038/nature04152
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200055
PM 16306996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crowther, PK
AF Crowther, PK
TI The party's over - It was only a game....
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 906
EP 906
DI 10.1038/433906a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mueller, AK
   Labaied, M
   Kappe, SHI
   Matuschewski, K
AF Mueller, AK
   Labaied, M
   Kappe, SHI
   Matuschewski, K
TI Genetically modified Plasmodium parasites as a protective experimental malaria vaccine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sporozoite stage; genome sequence; berghei; falciparum; liver
AB Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that is transmitted by inoculation of the Plasmodium parasite sporozoite stage. Sporozoites invade hepatocytes(1), transform into liver stages, and subsequent liver-stage development ultimately results in release of pathogenic merozoites(2). Liver stages of the parasite are a prime target for malaria vaccines because they can be completely eliminated by sterilizing immune responses, thereby preventing malarial infection(3). Using expression profiling, we previously identified genes that are only expressed in the pre-erythrocytic stages of the parasite(4,5). Here, we show by reverse genetics that one identified gene, UIS3 (upregulated in infective sporozoites gene 3), is essential for early liver-stage development. uis3-deficient sporozoites infect hepatocytes but are unable to establish blood-stage infections in vivo, and thus do not lead to disease. Immunization with uis3-deficient sporozoites confers complete protection against infectious sporozoite challenge in a rodent malaria model. This protection is sustained and stage specific. Our findings demonstrate that a safe and effective, genetically attenuated whole-organism malaria vaccine is possible.
C1 Seattle Biomed Res Inst, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Heidelberg, Sch Med, Dept Parasitol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Center for Infectious Disease Research; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Kappe, SHI (corresponding author), Seattle Biomed Res Inst, 4 Nickerson St, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM Stefan.Kappe@sbri.org; Kai_Matuschewski@med.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 18
TC 409
Z9 474
U1 0
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 164
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature03188
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200039
PM 15580261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edwards, J
   Whitaker, D
   Klionsky, S
   Laskowski, MJ
AF Edwards, J
   Whitaker, D
   Klionsky, S
   Laskowski, MJ
TI Botany - A record-breaking pollen catapult
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biomechanics; pollination; mechanism
C1 Williams Coll, Dept Biol, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Oberlin Coll, Dept Biol, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA.
C3 Williams College; Williams College; University System of Ohio; Oberlin College
RP Edwards, J (corresponding author), Williams Coll, Dept Biol, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
EM joan.edwards@williams.edu
NR 10
TC 106
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 135
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 164
EP 164
DI 10.1038/435164a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100029
PM 15889081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cattadori, IM
   Haydon, DT
   Hudson, PJ
AF Cattadori, IM
   Haydon, DT
   Hudson, PJ
TI Parasites and climate synchronize red grouse populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trichostrongylus-tenuis; dynamics; stability; behavior; system
AB There is circumstantial evidence that correlated climatic conditions can drive animal populations into synchronous fluctuations in abundance(1-5). However, it is unclear whether climate directly affects the survival and fecundity of individuals, or indirectly, by influencing food and natural enemies. Here we propose that climate affects trophic interactions and could be an important mechanism for synchronizing spatially distributed populations. We show that in specific years the size of red grouse populations in northern England either increases or decreases in synchrony. In these years, widespread and correlated climatic conditions during May and July affect populations regionally and influence the density-dependent transmission of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis, a parasite that reduces grouse fecundity(6). This in turn forces grouse populations into synchrony. We conclude that specific climatic events may lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases or pests that may cause dramatic, synchronized changes in the abundance of their hosts.
C1 Penn State Univ, Mueller Lab, Ctr Infect Dis Dynam, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Glasgow, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Glasgow
RP Cattadori, IM (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Mueller Lab, Ctr Infect Dis Dynam, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM imc3@psu.edu
NR 29
TC 139
Z9 159
U1 2
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 737
EP 741
DI 10.1038/nature03276
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200038
PM 15716952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feng, L
   Zhou, SP
   Gu, LC
   Gell, DA
   Mackay, JP
   Weiss, MJ
   Gow, AJ
   Shi, YG
AF Feng, L
   Zhou, SP
   Gu, LC
   Gell, DA
   Mackay, JP
   Weiss, MJ
   Gow, AJ
   Shi, YG
TI Structure of oxidized α-haemoglobin bound to AHSP reveals a protective mechanism for haem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stabilizing protein; sulfheme proteins; hydrogen-peroxide; myoglobin; binding; sulfmyoglobin; degradation; thalassemia; insights
AB The synthesis of haemoglobin A (HbA) is exquisitely coordinated during erythrocyte development to prevent damaging effects from individual alpha- and beta-subunits(1,2). The alpha-haemoglobin-stabilizing protein (AHSP) binds alpha-haemoglobin (alpha Hb), inhibits the ability of alpha Hb to generate reactive oxygen species and prevents its precipitation on exposure to oxidant stress(3-5). The structure of AHSP bound to ferrous alpha Hb is thought to represent a transitional complex through which alpha Hb is converted to a non-reactive, hexacoordinate ferric form(5). Here we report the crystal structure of this ferric alpha Hb - AHSP complex at 2.4 angstrom resolution. Our findings reveal a striking bis-histidyl configuration in which both the proximal and the distal histidines coordinate the haem iron atom. To attain this unusual conformation, segments of alpha Hb undergo drastic structural rearrangements, including the repositioning of several alpha-helices. Moreover, conversion to the ferric bis-histidine configuration strongly and specifically inhibits redox chemistry catalysis and haem loss from alpha Hb. The observed structural changes, which impair the chemical reactivity of haem iron, explain how AHSP stabilizes alpha Hb and prevents its damaging effects in cells.
C1 Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Lewis Thomas Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Mol & Microbial Biosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; Princeton University; University of Pennsylvania; University of Sydney
RP Gow, AJ (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM gow@email.chop.edu; yshi@molbio.princeton.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK061692] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 114
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 697
EP 701
DI 10.1038/nature03609
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200055
PM 15931225
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drake, JJ
   Testa, P
AF Drake, JJ
   Testa, P
TI The 'solar model problem' solved by the abundance of neon in nearby stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray spectroscopy; coronal abundances; helioseismology; elements; capella; chandra; plasma; ratio; ions
AB The interior structure of the Sun can be studied with great accuracy using observations of its oscillations, similar to seismology of the Earth. Precise agreement between helioseismological measurements and predictions of theoretical solar models(1) has been a triumph of modern astrophysics. A recent downward revision by 25-35 per cent of the solar abundances of light elements such as C, N, O and Ne (ref. 2) has, however, broken this accordance: models adopting the new abundances incorrectly predict the depth of the convection zone, the depth profiles of sound speed and density, and the helium abundance(1,3). The discrepancies are far beyond the uncertainties in either the data or the model predictions(4). Here we report neon-to-oxygen ratios measured in a sample of nearby solar-like stars, using their X-ray spectra. The abundance ratios are all very similar and substantially larger than the recently revised solar value. The neon abundance in the Sun is quite poorly determined. If the Ne/O abundance in these stars is adopted for the Sun, the models are brought back into agreement with helioseismology measurements(5,6).
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, MIT Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Drake, JJ (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jdrake@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 180
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 525
EP 528
DI 10.1038/nature03803
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800054
PM 16049481
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emison, ES
   McCallion, AS
   Kashuk, CS
   Bush, RT
   Grice, E
   Lin, S
   Portnoy, ME
   Cutler, DJ
   Green, ED
   Chakravarti, A
AF Emison, ES
   McCallion, AS
   Kashuk, CS
   Bush, RT
   Grice, E
   Lin, S
   Portnoy, ME
   Cutler, DJ
   Green, ED
   Chakravarti, A
TI A common sex-dependent mutation in a RET enhancer underlies Hirschsprung disease risk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome-wide association; diabetes-mellitus; hiv-1 infection; mouse model; expression; haplotype; gene; transmission; disequilibrium; identification
AB The identification of common variants that contribute to the genesis of human inherited disorders remains a significant challenge. Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a multifactorial, non-mendelian disorder in which rare high-penetrance coding sequence mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase RET contribute to risk in combination with mutations at other genes. We have used family-based association studies to identify a disease interval, and integrated this with comparative and functional genomic analysis to prioritize conserved and functional elements within which mutations can be sought. We now show that a common non-coding RET variant within a conserved enhancer-like sequence in intron 1 is significantly associated with HSCR susceptibility and makes a 20-fold greater contribution to risk than rare alleles do. This mutation reduces in vitro enhancer activity markedly, has low penetrance, has different genetic effects in males and females, and explains several features of the complex inheritance pattern of HSCR. Thus, common low-penetrance variants, identified by association studies, can underlie both common and rare diseases.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, KcKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   NHGRI, Genome Technol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NHGRI, NIH Intramural Sequencing Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
RP Chakravarti, A (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, KcKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM aravinda@jhmi.edu
FU National Human Genome Research Institute [ZIBHG000196] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 42
TC 363
Z9 425
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 857
EP 863
DI 10.1038/nature03467
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600031
PM 15829955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bylander, J
   Duty, T
   Delsing, P
AF Bylander, J
   Duty, T
   Delsing, P
TI Current measurement by real-time counting of single electrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID one-dimensional arrays; small tunnel-junctions; ultrasmall junctions; coulomb blockade; transistor; oscillations; fluctuations; pump
AB The fact that electrical current is carried by individual charges has been known for over 100 years, yet this discreteness has not been directly observed so far. Almost all current measurements involve measuring the voltage drop across a resistor, using Ohm's law, in which the discrete nature of charge does not come into play. However, by sending a direct current through a microelectronic circuit with a chain of islands connected by small tunnel junctions, the individual electrons can be observed one by one. The quantum mechanical tunnelling of single charges in this one-dimensional array is time correlated(1-3), and consequently the detected signal has the average frequency f = I/e, where I is the current and e is the electron charge. Here we report a direct observation of these time-correlated single-electron tunnelling oscillations, and show electron counting in the range 5 fA - 1 pA. This represents a fundamentally new way to measure extremely small currents, without offset or drift. Moreover, our current measurement, which is based on electron counting, is self-calibrated, as the measured which is based on electron counting, is self-calibrated, as the measured frequency is related to the current only by a natural constant.
C1 Chalmers, Dept Microtechnol & Nanosci MC2, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 Chalmers University of Technology
RP Bylander, J (corresponding author), Chalmers, Dept Microtechnol & Nanosci MC2, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
EM jonas.bylander@mc2.chalmers.se
NR 31
TC 200
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 361
EP 364
DI 10.1038/nature03375
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100045
PM 15772655
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barna, M
   Pandolfi, PP
   Niswander, L
AF Barna, M
   Pandolfi, PP
   Niswander, L
TI Gli3 and Plzf cooperate in proximal limb patterning at early stages of limb development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertebrate limb; gene-expression; mouse limb; chick limb; differentiation; chondrogenesis; roles; condensations; evolution; hedgehog
AB The vertebrate limb initially develops as a bud of mesenchymal cells that subsequently aggregate in a proximal to distal (P - D) sequence to give rise to cartilage condensations that prefigure all limb skeletal components(1). Of the three cardinal limb axes, the mechanisms that lead to establishment and patterning of skeletal elements along the P - D axis are the least understood. Here we identify a genetic interaction between Gli3 (GLI-Kruppel family member 3) and Plzf ( promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger, also known as Zbtb16 and Zfp145), which is required specifically at very early stages of limb development for all proximal cartilage condensations in the hindlimb ( femur, tibia, fibula). Notably, distal condensations comprising the foot are relatively unperturbed in Gli3(-/-); Plzf(-/-) mouse embryos. We demonstrate that the cooperative activity of Gli3 and Plzf establishes the correct temporal and spatial distribution of chondrocyte progenitors in the proximal limb-bud independently of known P - D patterning markers and overall limb-bud size. Moreover, the limb defects in Gli3(-/-); Plzf(-/-) embryos correlate with the transient death of a specific subset of proximal mesenchymal cells that express bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1B (Bmpr1b) at the onset of limb development. These findings suggest that the development of proximal and distal skeletal elements is distinctly regulated early during limb-bud formation. The initial division of the vertebrate limb into two distinct molecular domains is consistent with fossil evidence indicating that the upper and lower extremities of the limb have different evolutionary origins(2).
C1 Sloan Kettering Inst, Dev Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Med Sci, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, Sect Dev Biol, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
RP Niswander, L (corresponding author), Sloan Kettering Inst, Dev Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM Lee.Niswander@uchsc.edu
NR 26
TC 84
Z9 102
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 277
EP 281
DI 10.1038/nature03801
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500045
PM 16015334
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodgers, JT
   Lerin, C
   Haas, W
   Gygi, SP
   Spiegelman, BM
   Puigserver, P
AF Rodgers, JT
   Lerin, C
   Haas, W
   Gygi, SP
   Spiegelman, BM
   Puigserver, P
TI Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1α and SIRT1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatic gluconeogenesis; life-span; metabolism; p53
AB Homeostatic mechanisms in mammals respond to hormones and nutrients to maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range. Caloric restriction causes many changes in glucose metabolism and extends lifespan; however, how this metabolism is connected to the ageing process is largely unknown. We show here that the Sir2 homologue, SIRT1 - which modulates ageing in several species(1-3) - controls the gluconeogenic/glycolytic pathways in liver in response to fasting signals through the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha. A nutrient signalling response that is mediated by pyruvate induces SIRT1 protein in liver during fasting. We find that once SIRT1 is induced, it interacts with and deacetylates PGC-1alpha at specific lysine residues in an NAD(+)-dependent manner. SIRT1 induces gluconeogenic genes and hepatic glucose output through PGC-1alpha, but does not regulate the effects of PGC-1alpha on mitochondrial genes. In addition, SIRT1 modulates the effects of PGC-1alpha repression of glycolytic genes in response to fasting and pyruvate. Thus, we have identified a molecular mechanism whereby SIRT1 functions in glucose homeostasis as a modulator of PGC-1alpha. These findings have strong implications for the basic pathways of energy homeostasis, diabetes and lifespan.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Puigserver, P (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM ppuigse1@bs.jhmi.edu
NR 22
TC 2724
Z9 3183
U1 6
U2 324
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 113
EP 118
DI 10.1038/nature03354
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600054
PM 15744310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zou, XD
   Conradsson, T
   Klingstedt, M
   Dadachov, MS
   O'Keeffe, M
AF Zou, XD
   Conradsson, T
   Klingstedt, M
   Dadachov, MS
   O'Keeffe, M
TI A mesoporous germanium oxide with crystalline pore walls and its chiral derivative
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-sieve; channels; surfaces; density; silica
AB Microporous oxides are inorganic materials with wide applications in separations, ion exchange and catalysis(1-3). In such materials, an important determinant of pore size is the number of M ( where M = Si, Ge and so on) atoms in the rings delineating the channels(1). The important faujasite structure exhibits 12-ring structures while those of zeolites(4,5), germanates(6-8) and other(8) materials can be much larger. Recent attention has focused on mesoporous materials with larger pores of nanometre scale(9-11); however, with the exception of an inorganic - organic hybrid(12), these have amorphous pore walls, limiting many applications. Chiral porous oxides are particularly desirable for enantioselective sorption and catalysis(13). However, they are very rare in microporous(14,15) and mesoporous(16) materials. Here we describe a mesoporous germanium oxide, SU-M, with gyroidal channels separated by crystalline walls that lie about the G ( gyroid) minimal surface as in the mesoporous MCM-48 (ref. 9). It has the largest primitive cell and lowest framework density of any inorganic material and channels that are defined by 30-rings. One of the two gyroidal channel systems of SU-M can be filled with additional oxide, resulting in a mesoporous crystal (SU-MB) with chiral channels.
C1 Stockholm Univ, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Corpuscular Inc, Mahopac, NY 10541 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Stockholm University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Zou, XD (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM zou@struc.su.se
NR 29
TC 255
Z9 275
U1 0
U2 142
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 716
EP 719
DI 10.1038/nature04097
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900048
PM 16193048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto, JK
   Fairchild, TR
   Boggiani, PC
   Montanheiro, TJ
   de Araújo, CC
   Kiyohara, PK
   de Matos, SLF
   Soares, PC
AF Yamamoto, JK
   Fairchild, TR
   Boggiani, PC
   Montanheiro, TJ
   de Araújo, CC
   Kiyohara, PK
   de Matos, SLF
   Soares, PC
TI A record of Permian subaqueous vent activity in southeastern Brazil
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The remarkable occurrence of more than 4,500 conical siliceous mounds in an area of less than 1.5 square kilometres has been reported in the Parana basin, near Anhembi, Sao Paulo, in southeastern Brazil(1). These structures, which are up to two metres high, are thought to have been formed at the margin of a very shallow, broad but waning internal sea(1), and it was originally suggested that they are stromatolites(2). Yet their restricted occurrence, unusual abundance and nearly pure siliceous composition have never been satisfactorily explained by this hypothesis. Here we report field and laboratory observations on their shape, construction, composition and mineralogy. On the basis of our data we suggest that the conical mounds are the result of subaqueous Late Permian vent activity in southwestern Gondwana. The present siliceous cone field differs considerably from other Palaeozoic siliceous hot spring deposits, such as those at Rhynie, Scotland(3), and the Drummond basin, Australia(4), and therefore represents an unusual occurrence of vent activity.
C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geosci, BR-05508080 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   State Secretary Environm, Inst Geol, BR-04301903 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   PETROBRAS SA, BR-20031912 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Phys, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Parana, Dept Geol, BR-81531990 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
C3 Universidade de Sao Paulo; Petrobras; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Federal do Parana
RP Yamamoto, JK (corresponding author), Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geosci, Rua Lago 562, BR-05508080 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
EM jkyamamo@usp.br
NR 16
TC 13
Z9 13
U1 1
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 205
EP 207
DI 10.1038/nature04252
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500044
PM 16281032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coull, JAM
   Beggs, S
   Boudreau, D
   Boivin, D
   Tsuda, M
   Inoue, K
   Gravel, C
   Salter, MW
   De Koninck, Y
AF Coull, JAM
   Beggs, S
   Boudreau, D
   Boivin, D
   Tsuda, M
   Inoue, K
   Gravel, C
   Salter, MW
   De Koninck, Y
TI BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotrophic factor; tactile allodynia; dorsal-horn; lamina-i; plasticity; release
AB Neuropathic pain that occurs after peripheral nerve injury depends on the hyperexcitability of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord(1-3). Spinal microglia stimulated by ATP contribute to tactile allodynia, a highly debilitating symptom of pain induced by nerve injury(4). Signalling between microglia and neurons is therefore an essential link in neuropathic pain transmission, but how this signalling occurs is unknown. Here we show that ATP-stimulated microglia cause a depolarizing shift in the anion reversal potential (E-anion) in spinal lamina I neurons. This shift inverts the polarity of currents activated by GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid), as has been shown to occur after peripheral nerve injury(5). Applying brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) mimics the alteration in Eanion. Blocking signalling between BDNF and the receptor TrkB reverses the allodynia and the E-anion shift that follows both nerve injury and administration of ATP-stimulated microglia. ATP stimulation evokes the release of BDNF from microglia. Preventing BDNF release from microglia by pretreating them with interfering RNA directed against BDNF before ATP stimulation also inhibits the effects of these cells on the withdrawal threshold and E-anion. Our results show that ATP-stimulated microglia signal to lamina I neurons, causing a collapse of their transmembrane anion gradient, and that BDNF is a crucial signalling molecule between microglia and neurons. Blocking this microglia-neuron signalling pathway may represent a therapeutic strategy for treating neuropathic pain.
C1 Univ Laval, Ctr Rech, Div Neurobiol Cellulaire, Quebec City, PQ G1J 2G3, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Programme Brain & Behav, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Mol & Syst Pharmacol, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Univ Laval, Ctr Rech, Div Neurobiol Syst, Quebec City, PQ G1J 2G3, Canada.
   Univ Laval, Dept Psychiat, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
C3 Laval University; McGill University; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Kyushu University; Laval University; Laval University
RP De Koninck, Y (corresponding author), Univ Laval, Ctr Rech, Div Neurobiol Cellulaire, Quebec City, PQ G1J 2G3, Canada.
EM mike.salter@utoronto.ca; Yves.DeKoninck@crulrg.ulaval.ca
NR 29
TC 1563
Z9 1844
U1 4
U2 187
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1017
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/nature04223
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600067
PM 16355225
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, JB
   Yuan, YR
   Meister, G
   Pei, Y
   Tuschl, T
   Patel, DJ
AF Ma, JB
   Yuan, YR
   Meister, G
   Pei, Y
   Tuschl, T
   Patel, DJ
TI Structural basis for 5′-end-specific recognition of guide RNA by the A-fulgidus Piwi protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; argonaute2; microrna; binding; interference; mechanisms; cleavage
AB RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved sequence-specific gene regulatory mechanism(1-3) mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex ( RISC), which is composed of a single-stranded guide RNA and an Argonaute protein. The PIWI domain, a highly conserved motif within Argonaute, has been shown to adopt an RNase H fold(4,5) critical for the endonuclease cleavage activity of RISC4-6. Here we report the crystal structure of Archaeoglobus fulgidus Piwi protein bound to double-stranded RNA, thereby identifying the binding pocket for guide-strand 5 '-end recognition and providing insight into guide-strand-mediated messenger RNA target recognition. The phosphorylated 5 ' end of the guide RNA is anchored within a highly conserved basic pocket, supplemented by the carboxy-terminal carboxylate and a bound divalent cation. The first nucleotide from the 5 ' end of the guide RNA is unpaired and stacks over a conserved tyrosine residue, whereas successive nucleotides form a four-base-pair RNA duplex. Mutation of the corresponding amino acids that contact the 5 ' phosphate in human Ago2 resulted in attenuated mRNA cleavage activity. Our structure of the Piwi-RNA complex, and that determined elsewhere(7), provide direct support for the 5 ' region of the guide RNA serving as a nucleation site for pairing with target mRNA and for a fixed distance separating the RISC-mediated mRNA cleavage site from the anchored 5 ' end of the guide RNA.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab RNA Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Rockefeller University
RP Patel, DJ (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM pateld@mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI068776] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 529
Z9 704
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 666
EP 670
DI 10.1038/nature03514
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000050
PM 15800629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimoto, H
   Haga, S
   Sato, K
   Touhara, K
AF Kimoto, H
   Haga, S
   Sato, K
   Touhara, K
TI Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID putative pheromone receptors; accessory olfactory-bulb; multigene family; genes; mice; aggression; activation; behavior; mammals; signals
AB In mammals, social and reproductive behaviours are modulated by pheromones, which are chemical signals that convey information about sex and strain(1,2). The vomeronasal organ, located at the base of the nasal septum, is responsible for mediating pheromone information in mice(3-9). Two classes of putative pheromone receptor gene families, V1R and V2R, are expressed by vomeronasal sensory neurons in mutually segregated epithelial zones of the vomeronasal organ(10-14). Although numerous studies have suggested that pheromones originate from urine(15-18), direct recordings of behaving mice have shown that neuronal firing in the vomeronasal system is modulated by physical contact with the facial area(19). Here we identify a male-specific 7-kDa peptide secreted from the extraorbital lacrimal gland. This peptide, which we named exocrine gland-secreting peptide 1 (ESP1), is encoded by a gene from a previously unrecognized large family clustered in proximity to the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. ESP1 is secreted from the eyes and is transferred to the female vomeronasal organ, where it stimulates V2R-expressing vomeronasal sensory neurons and elicits an electrical response. Our results indicate that mice respond to sex-specific peptides released from exocrine glands through the vomeronasal system during direct contact.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Integrated Biosci, Chiba 2778562, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Touhara, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Frontier Sci, Dept Integrated Biosci, Chiba 2778562, Japan.
EM touhara@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 306
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 898
EP 901
DI 10.1038/nature04033
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600049
PM 16208374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pine, DJ
   Gollub, JP
   Brady, JF
   Leshansky, AM
AF Pine, DJ
   Gollub, JP
   Brady, JF
   Leshansky, AM
TI Chaos and threshold for irreversibility in sheared suspensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced self-diffusion; concentrated suspensions; induced particle; spheres; predictability; diffusivity; sedimentation; dynamics
AB Systems governed by time reversible equations of motion often give rise to irreversible behaviour(1-3). The transition from reversible to irreversible behaviour is fundamental to statistical physics, but has not been observed experimentally in many-body systems. The flow of a newtonian fluid at low Reynolds number can be reversible: for example, if the fluid between concentric cylinders is sheared by boundary motion that is subsequently reversed, then all fluid elements return to their starting positions(4). Similarly, slowly sheared suspensions of solid particles, which occur widely in nature and science(5), are governed by time reversible equations of motion. Here we report an experiment showing precisely how time reversibility(6) fails for slowly sheared suspensions. We find that there is a concentration dependent threshold for the deformation or strain beyond which particles do not return to their starting configurations after one or more cycles. Instead, their displacements follow the statistics of an anisotropic random walk(7). By comparing the experimental results with numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the threshold strain is associated with a pronounced growth in the Lyapunov exponent ( a measure of the strength of chaotic particle interactions). The comparison illuminates the connections between chaos, reversibility and predictability.
C1 CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, KITP, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   NYU, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   NYU, Ctr Soft Matter Res, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Haverford Coll, Dept Phys, Haverford, PA 19041 USA.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Chem Engn, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; New York University; New York University; Haverford College; Technion Israel Institute of Technology
RP Pine, DJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM pine@nyu.edu; jfb@cheme.caltech.edu
NR 27
TC 326
Z9 365
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 997
EP 1000
DI 10.1038/nature04380
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600062
PM 16355220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maxmen, A
   Browne, WE
   Martindale, MQ
   Giribet, G
AF Maxmen, A
   Browne, WE
   Martindale, MQ
   Giribet, G
TI Neuroanatomy of sea spiders implies an appendicular origin of the protocerebral segment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID head segmentation; expression; brain; crustaceans; arthropoda; morphology; phylogeny; serotonin; position; pattern
AB Independent specialization of arthropod body segments has led to more than a century of debate on the homology of morphologically diverse segments(1,2), each defined by a lateral appendage and a ganglion of the central nervous system. The plesiomorphic composition of the arthropod head remains enigmatic because variation in segments and corresponding appendages is extreme. Within extant arthropod classes (Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea and Hexapoda-including the insects), correspondences between the appendage-bearing second (deutocerebral) and third (tritocerebral) cephalic neuromeres have been recently resolved on the basis of immunohistochemistry(1) and Hox gene expression patterns(3,4). However, no appendage targets the first ganglion, the protocerebrum, and the corresponding segmental identity of this anterior region remains unclear(5). Reconstructions of stem-group arthropods indicate that the anteriormost region originally might have borne an ocular apparatus and a frontal appendage innervated by the protocerebrum(6). However, no study of the central nervous system in extant arthropods has been able to corroborate this idea directly, although recent analyses of cephalic gene expression patterns in insects suggest a segmental status for the protocerebral region(7-10). Here we investigate the developmental neuroanatomy of a putative basal arthropod(11), the pycnogonid sea spider, with immunohistochemical techniques. We show that the first pair of appendages, the chelifores, are innervated at an anterior position on the protocerebrum. This is the first true appendage shown to be innervated by the protocerebrum, and thus pycnogonid chelifores are not positionally homologous to appendages of extant arthropods but might, in fact, be homologous to the 'great appendages' of certain Cambrian stem-group arthropods.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Pacific Biosci Res Ctr, Kewalo Marine Lab, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; University of Hawaii System
RP Maxmen, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM amaxmen@oeb.harvard.edu
NR 32
TC 69
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1144
EP 1148
DI 10.1038/nature03984
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500042
PM 16237442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snow, RW
   Guerra, CA
   Noor, AM
   Myint, HY
   Hay, SI
AF Snow, RW
   Guerra, CA
   Noor, AM
   Myint, HY
   Hay, SI
TI The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mortality; africa; burden; transmission; population; morbidity; children; absence; disease; world
AB Interest in mapping the global distribution of malaria is motivated by a need to define populations at risk for appropriate resource allocation(1,2) and to provide a robust framework for evaluating its global economic impact(3,4). Comparison of older(5-7) and more recent(1,4) malaria maps shows how the disease has been geographically restricted, but it remains entrenched in poor areas of the world with climates suitable for transmission. Here we provide an empirical approach to estimating the number of clinical events caused by Plasmodium falciparum worldwide, by using a combination of epidemiological, geographical and demographic data. We estimate that there were 515 ( range 300 - 660) million episodes of clinical P. falciparum malaria in 2002. These global estimates are up to 50% higher than those reported by the World Health Organization ( WHO) and 200% higher for areas outside Africa, reflecting the WHO's reliance upon passive national reporting for these countries. Without an informed understanding of the cartography of malaria risk, the global extent of clinical disease caused by P. falciparum will continue to be underestimated.
C1 KEMRI Wellcome Trust Res Labs, Publ Hlth Grp, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Ctr Trop Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, TALA Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Mahidol University
RP Snow, RW (corresponding author), KEMRI Wellcome Trust Res Labs, Publ Hlth Grp, POB 43640, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
EM rsnow@wtnairobi.mimcom.net
FU Wellcome Trust [069045, 058992, 081829] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 2047
Z9 2351
U1 3
U2 389
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 214
EP 217
DI 10.1038/nature03342
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500045
PM 15759000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomita, S
   Adesnik, H
   Sekiguchi, M
   Zhang, W
   Wada, K
   Howe, JR
   Nicoll, RA
   Bredt, DS
AF Tomita, S
   Adesnik, H
   Sekiguchi, M
   Zhang, W
   Wada, K
   Howe, JR
   Nicoll, RA
   Bredt, DS
TI Stargazin modulates AMPA receptor gating and trafficking by distinct domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionotropic glutamate receptors; cerebellar granule cells; non-nmda receptor; synaptic plasticity; subunit stoichiometry; excitatory synapses; mouse stargazer; gamma-subunit; ion channels; mutant mouse
AB AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. These ion channels rapidly deactivate and desensitize, which determine the time course of synaptic transmission. Here, we find that the AMPA receptor interacting protein, stargazin, not only mediates AMPA receptor trafficking but also shapes synaptic responses by slowing channel deactivation and desensitization. The cytoplasmic tail of stargazin determines receptor trafficking, whereas the ectodomain controls channel properties. Stargazin alters AMPA receptor kinetics by increasing the rate of channel opening. Disrupting the interaction of stargazin ectodomain with hippocampal AMPA receptors alters the amplitude and shape of synaptic responses, establishing a crucial function for stargazin in controlling the efficacy of synaptic transmission in the brain.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Natl Inst Neurosci, Dept Degenerat Neurol Dis, Tokyo 1878502, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Yale University; National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan
RP Bredt, DS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM nicoll@cmp.ucsf.edu; bredt@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 43
TC 401
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1052
EP 1058
DI 10.1038/nature03624
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400039
PM 15858532
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jeong, PY
   Jung, M
   Yim, YH
   Kim, H
   Park, M
   Hong, EM
   Lee, W
   Kim, YH
   Kim, K
   Paik, YK
AF Jeong, PY
   Jung, M
   Yim, YH
   Kim, H
   Park, M
   Hong, EM
   Lee, W
   Kim, YH
   Kim, K
   Paik, YK
TI Chemical structure and biological activity of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer-inducing pheromone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multiple-quantum nmr; chemosensory neurons; larval development; spectroscopy; parallel; food
AB Pheromones are cell type-specific signals used for communication between individuals of the same species. When faced with overcrowding or starvation, Caenorhabditis elegans secrete the pheromone daumone, which facilitates communication between individuals for adaptation to adverse environmental stimuli(1-4). Daumone signals C. elegans to enter the dauer stage, an enduring and non-ageing stage of the nematode life cycle with distinctive adaptive features and extended life. Because daumone is a key regulator of chemosensory processes in development and ageing(5,6), the chemical identification of daumone is important for elucidating features of the daumone-mediated signalling pathway. Here we report the isolation of natural daumone from C. elegans by large-scale purification, as well as the total chemical synthesis of daumone. We present the stereospecific chemical structure of purified daumone, a fatty acid derivative. We demonstrate that both natural and chemically synthesized daumones equally induce dauer larva formation in C. elegans (N2 strain) and certain dauer mutants, and also result in competition between food and daumone. These results should help to elucidate the daumone-mediated signalling pathway, which might in turn influence ageing and obesity research and the development of antinematodal drugs.
C1 Yonsei Univ, Dept Biochem, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
   Yonsei Univ, Yonsei Proteome Res Ctr, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
   Yonsei Univ, Dept Chem, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
   Yonsei Univ, Bioprod Res Ctr, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
   Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea.
   Korea Basic Sci Inst, Taejon 305333, South Korea.
C3 Yonsei University; Yonsei University; Yonsei University; Yonsei University; Korea Research Institute of Standards & Science (KRISS); Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)
RP Paik, YK (corresponding author), Yonsei Univ, Dept Biochem, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
EM paikyk@yonsei.ac.kr
NR 25
TC 301
Z9 387
U1 3
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 541
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature03201
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200053
PM 15690045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leibfried, A
   To, JPC
   Busch, W
   Stehling, S
   Kehle, A
   Demar, M
   Kieber, JJ
   Lohmann, JU
AF Leibfried, A
   To, JPC
   Busch, W
   Stehling, S
   Kehle, A
   Demar, M
   Kieber, JJ
   Lohmann, JU
TI WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis shoot meristem; stem-cell fate; signal-transduction; gene-expression; clavata1; thaliana; clv3; encodes; kinase; family
AB Plants continuously maintain pools of totipotent stem cells in their apical meristems from which elaborate root and shoot systems are produced. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stem cell fate in the shoot apical meristem is controlled by a regulatory network that includes the CLAVATA (CLV) ligand - receptor system and the homeodomain protein WUSCHEL (WUS)(1,2). Phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinin are also important for meristem regulation(3). Here we show a mechanistic link between the CLV/WUS network and hormonal control. WUS, a positive regulator of stem cells, directly represses the transcription of several two-component ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR genes (ARR5, ARR6, ARR7 and ARR15), which act in the negative-feedback loop of cytokinin signalling(4,5). These data indicate that ARR genes might negatively influence meristem size and that their repression by WUS might be necessary for proper meristem function. Consistent with this hypothesis is our observation that a mutant ARR7 allele, which mimics the active, phosphorylated form, causes the formation of aberrant shoot apical meristems. Conversely, a loss-of-function mutation in a maize ARR homologue was recently shown to cause enlarged meristems(6).
C1 Ag Lohmann, Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Lohmann, JU (corresponding author), Ag Lohmann, Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM jlohmann@tuebingen.mpg.de
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM064425] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 677
Z9 827
U1 7
U2 242
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1172
EP 1175
DI 10.1038/nature04270
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500054
PM 16372013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Becks, L
   Hilker, FM
   Malchow, H
   Jürgens, K
   Arndt, H
AF Becks, L
   Hilker, FM
   Malchow, H
   Jürgens, K
   Arndt, H
TI Experimental demonstration of chaos in a microbial food web
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID predator-prey system; lyapunov exponents; dynamics; cycles; populations; bifurcation; diversity; bacteria
AB Discovering why natural population densities change over time and vary with location is a central goal of ecological and evolutional disciplines. The recognition that even simple ecological systems can undergo chaotic behaviour has made chaos a topic of considerable interest among theoretical ecologists(1-4). However, there is still a lack of experimental evidence that chaotic behaviour occurs in the real world of coexisting populations in multi-species systems. Here we study the dynamics of a defined predator - prey system consisting of a bacterivorous ciliate and two bacterial prey species. The bacterial species preferred by the ciliate was the superior competitor. Experimental conditions were kept constant with continuous cultivation in a one-stage chemostat. We show that the dynamic behaviour of such a two-prey, one-predator system includes chaotic behaviour, as well as stable limit cycles and coexistence at equilibrium. Changes in the population dynamics were triggered by changes in the dilution rates of the chemostat. The observed dynamics were verified by estimating the corresponding Lyapunov exponents. Such a defined microbial food web offers a new possibility for the experimental study of deterministic chaos in real biological systems.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Zool, Dept Gen Ecol & Limnol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Osnabruck, Inst Environm Syst Res, Dept Math & Comp Sci, D-49069 Osnabruck, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Limnol, D-24302 Plon, Germany.
   Balt Sea Res Inst, D-18119 Rostock, Germany.
C3 University of Cologne; University Osnabruck; Max Planck Society
RP Arndt, H (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Zool, Dept Gen Ecol & Limnol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
EM hartmut.arndt@uni-koeln.de
NR 30
TC 203
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1226
EP 1229
DI 10.1038/nature03627
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500042
PM 15988524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dekel, A
   Stoehr, F
   Mamon, GA
   Cox, TJ
   Novak, GS
   Primack, JR
AF Dekel, A
   Stoehr, F
   Mamon, GA
   Cox, TJ
   Novak, GS
   Primack, JR
TI Lost and found dark matter in elliptical galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ccd surface photometry; cosmological simulations; planetary-nebulae; kinematical data; dynamics; condensation; evolution; rotation; profile; dearth
AB There is strong evidence that the mass of the Universe is dominated by dark matter, which exerts gravitational attraction but whose exact nature is unknown. In particular, all galaxies are believed to be embedded in massive haloes of dark matter(1,2). This view has recently been challenged by the observation of surprisingly low random stellar velocities in the outskirts of ordinary elliptical galaxies, which has been interpreted as indicating a lack of dark matter(3,4). Here we show that the low velocities are in fact compatible with galaxy formation in dark-matter haloes. Using numerical simulations of disk-galaxy mergers(5,6), we find that the stellar orbits in the outer regions of the resulting ellipticals are very elongated. These stars were torn by tidal forces from their original galaxies during the first close passage and put on outgoing trajectories. The elongated orbits, combined with the steeply falling density profile of the observed tracers, explain the observed low velocities even in the presence of large amounts of dark matter. Projection effects when viewing a triaxial elliptical can lead to even lower observed velocities along certain lines of sight.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Harvard University
RP Dekel, A (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM dekel@phys.huji.ac.il
NR 30
TC 164
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/nature03970
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900046
PM 16193046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naranjo, B
   Gimzewski, JK
   Putterman, S
AF Naranjo, B
   Gimzewski, JK
   Putterman, S
TI Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inertial-electrostatic confinement; emission; ferroelectrics
AB While progress in fusion research continues with magnetic(1) and inertial(2) confinement, alternative approaches-such as Coulomb explosions of deuterium clusters(3) and ultrafast laser-plasma interactions(4)-also provide insight into basic processes and technological applications. However, attempts to produce fusion in a room temperature solid-state setting, including 'cold' fusion(5) and 'bubble' fusion(6), have met with deep scepticism(7). Here we report that gently heating a pyroelectric crystal in a deuterated atmosphere can generate fusion under desktop conditions. The electrostatic field of the crystal is used to generate and accelerate a deuteron beam (>100 keV and >4 nA), which, upon striking a deuterated target, produces a neutron flux over 400 times the background level. The presence of neutrons from the reaction D + D -> He-3 (820 keV) + n (2.45 MeV) within the target is confirmed by pulse shape analysis and proton recoil spectroscopy. As further evidence for this fusion reaction, we use a novel time-of-flight technique to demonstrate the delayed coincidence between the outgoing alpha-particle and the neutron. Although the reported fusion is not useful in the power-producing sense, we anticipate that the system will find application as a simple palm-sized neutron generator.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, CNSI, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Naranjo, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM naranjo@physics.ucla.edu
NR 21
TC 174
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1115
EP 1117
DI 10.1038/nature03575
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300039
PM 15858570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, BD
   Foley, WJ
AF Moore, BD
   Foley, WJ
TI Tree use by koalas in a chemically complex landscape
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phascolarctos-cinereus; foliar chemistry; food preference; snowshoe hare; varied diets; eucalyptus; herbivory; selection; populations; nutrients
AB Although defence against herbivores is often argued to be the main action of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs)(1), very few examples have demonstrated that intraspecific variation in PSM concentrations influences foraging by wild vertebrate herbivores(2,3). Experiments with captive animals often indicate that PSM concentrations influence how much herbivores eat from individual plants(3-7), but these experiments do not replicate the subtle tradeoffs in diet selection faced by wild animals, which must avoid predators and extremes of weather, interact with conspecifics, and achieve a balanced, nutritious diet, while avoiding intoxication by PSMs. We characterized the foliar chemistry of every tree from two Eucalyptus species available to a population of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and considered rates of tree visitation over a ten-year period. We show that visitation rate was most strongly influenced by tree size, but that koalas also visited trees less frequently if the foliage contained either high concentrations of deterrent PSMs known as formylated phloroglucinol compounds, or low concentrations of nitrogen. Consequently, plant chemistry restricts the use of trees by this herbivore, and thus limits the food available to koalas and potentially influences koala populations.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Moore, BD (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
EM Ben.Moore@jcu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 161
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 488
EP 490
DI 10.1038/nature03551
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800053
PM 15917807
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilkins, C
   Dishongh, R
   Moore, SC
   Whitt, MA
   Chow, M
   Machaca, K
AF Wilkins, C
   Dishongh, R
   Moore, SC
   Whitt, MA
   Chow, M
   Machaca, K
TI RNA interference is an antiviral defence mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; vesicular stomatitis; functional-analysis; viral suppressors; virus; replication; influenza; system; cells; proteins
AB RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism that is well defined genetically in Caenorhabditis elegans(1-4). RNAi has been postulated to function as an adaptive antiviral immune mechanism in the worm, but there is no experimental evidence for this. Part of the limitation is that there are no known natural viral pathogens of C. elegans. Here we describe an infection model in C. elegans using the mammalian pathogen vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to study the role of RNAi in antiviral immunity. VSV infection is potentiated in cells derived from RNAi-defective worm mutants (rde-1; rde-4), leading to the production of infectious progeny virus, and is inhibited in mutants with an enhanced RNAi response (rrf-3; eri-1). Because the RNAi response occurs in the absence of exogenously added VSV small interfering RNAs, these results show that RNAi is activated during VSV infection and that RNAi is a genuine antiviral immune defence mechanism in the worm.
C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA.
   Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA.
   Harding Univ, Dept Biol, Searcy, AR 72149 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Mol Sci, Hlth Sci Ctr, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
C3 University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Medical Sciences; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Medical Sciences; Harding University; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Chow, M (corresponding author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA.
EM chowmarie@uams.edu; kamachaca@uams.edu
NR 28
TC 274
Z9 351
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1044
EP 1047
DI 10.1038/nature03957
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900056
PM 16107852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahlberg, PE
   Clack, JA
   Blom, H
AF Ahlberg, PE
   Clack, JA
   Blom, H
TI The axial skeleton of the Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acanthostega-gunnari; evolution
AB Ichthyostega was the first Devonian tetrapod to be subject to a whole-body reconstruction(1-3). It remains, together with Acanthostega(4), one of only two Devonian tetrapods for which near-complete postcranial material is available. It is thus crucially important for our understanding of the earliest stages of tetrapod evolution and terrestrialization. Here we show a new reconstruction of Ichthyostega based on extensive re-examination of original material and augmented by recently collected specimens. Our reconstruction differs substantially from those previously published and reveals hitherto unrecognized regionalization in the vertebral column. Ichthyostega is the earliest vertebrate to show obvious adaptations for non-swimming locomotion. Uniquely among early tetrapods, the presacral vertebral column shows pronounced regionalization of neural arch morphology, suggesting that it was adapted for dorsoventral rather than lateral flexion.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Physiol & Dev Biol, Subdept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 Uppsala University; University of Cambridge
RP Ahlberg, PE (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Physiol & Dev Biol, Subdept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, Norbyvagen 18A, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM per.ahlberg@ebc.uu.se
NR 16
TC 106
Z9 129
U1 3
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 137
EP 140
DI 10.1038/nature03893
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400057
PM 16136143
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNamara, BR
   Nulsen, PEJ
   Wise, MW
   Rafferty, DA
   Carilli, C
   Sarazin, CL
   Blanton, EL
AF McNamara, BR
   Nulsen, PEJ
   Wise, MW
   Rafferty, DA
   Carilli, C
   Sarazin, CL
   Blanton, EL
TI The heating of gas in a galaxy cluster by X-ray cavities and large-scale shock fronts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cooling flows; radio; energy; models
AB Most of the baryons in galaxy clusters reside between the galaxies in a hot, tenuous gas(1). The densest gas in their centres should cool and accrete onto giant central galaxies at rates of 10-1,000 solar masses per year(1). No viable repository for this gas, such as clouds or new stars, has been found(1). New X-ray observations, however, have revealed far less cooling below X-ray temperatures than expected(2), altering the previously accepted picture of cooling flows. As a result, most of the gas must be heated to and maintained at temperatures above similar to2 keV (ref. 3). The most promising heating mechanism is powerful radio jets emanating from supermassive black holes in the central galaxies of clusters(4). Here we report the discovery of giant cavities and shock fronts in a distant (z=0.22) cluster caused by an interaction between a radio source and the hot gas surrounding it. The energy involved is similar to6x10(61) erg, the most powerful radio outburst known. This is enough energy to quench a cooling flow for several Gyr, and to provide similar to1/3 keV per particle of heat to the surrounding cluster.
C1 Ohio Univ, Clippinger Labs, Inst Astrophys, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
   Ohio Univ, Clippinger Labs, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Very Large Array, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Boston Univ, Inst Astrophys Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio University; University System of Ohio; Ohio University; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University of Virginia; Boston University
RP McNamara, BR (corresponding author), Ohio Univ, Clippinger Labs, Inst Astrophys, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
EM mcnamarb@ohio.edu
NR 29
TC 373
Z9 404
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/nature03202
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100030
PM 15635404
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klekociuk, AR
   Brown, PG
   Pack, DW
   ReVelle, DO
   Edwards, WN
   Spalding, RE
   Tagliaferri, E
   Yoo, BB
   Zagari, J
AF Klekociuk, AR
   Brown, PG
   Pack, DW
   ReVelle, DO
   Edwards, WN
   Spalding, RE
   Tagliaferri, E
   Yoo, BB
   Zagari, J
TI Meteoritic dust from the atmospheric disintegration of a large meteoroid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratospheric clouds; lidar measurements; particles; validation; antarctica; database; middle; earth
AB Much of the mass of most meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere is consumed in the process of ablation. Larger meteoroids (> 10 cm), which in some cases reach the ground as meteorites, typically have survival fractions near 1 - 25 per cent of their initial mass(1). The fate of the remaining ablated material is unclear, but theory suggests that much of it should recondense through coagulation as nanometre-sized particles(2). No direct measurements of such meteoric 'smoke' have hitherto been made(3). Here we report the disintegration of one of the largest meteoroids to have entered the Earth's atmosphere during the past decade, and show that the dominant contribution to the mass of the residual atmospheric aerosol was in the form of micrometre-sized particles. This result is contrary to the usual view that most of the material in large meteoroids is efficiently converted to particles of much smaller size through ablation(4). Assuming that our observations are of a typical event, we suggest that large meteoroids provide the dominant source of micrometre-sized meteoritic dust at the Earth's surface over long timescales.
C1 Australian Antarctic Div, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia.
   Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
   Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
C3 Australian Antarctic Division; Western University (University of Western Ontario); Aerospace Corporation - USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Klekociuk, AR (corresponding author), Australian Antarctic Div, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas 7050, Australia.
EM andrew.klekociuk@aad.gov.au
NR 27
TC 64
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1132
EP 1135
DI 10.1038/nature03881
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600039
PM 16121174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Salter, MG
   Fern, R
AF Salter, MG
   Fern, R
TI NMDA receptors are expressed in developing oligodendrocyte processes and mediate injury
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; rat optic-nerve; multiple-sclerosis; white-matter; glutamate release; cell-death; lineage; excitotoxicity; vulnerability; astrocytes
AB Injury to oligodendrocyte processes, the structures responsible for myelination, is implicated in many forms of brain disorder(1-4). Here we show NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit expression on oligodendrocyte processes, and the presence of NMDA receptor subunit messenger RNA in isolated white matter. NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D and NR3A subunits showed clustered expression in cell processes, but NR3B was absent. During modelled ischaemia, NMDA receptor activation resulted in rapid Ca2+-dependent detachment and disintegration of oligodendroglial processes in the white matter of mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) specifically in oligodendrocytes (CNP-GFP mice). This effect occurred at mouse ages corresponding to both the initiation and the conclusion of myelination. NR1 subunits were found mainly in oligodendrocyte processes, whereas AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)/kainate receptor subunits were mainly found in the somata. Consistent with this observation, injury to the somata was prevented by blocking AMPA/kainate receptors, and preventing injury to oligodendroglial processes required the blocking of NMDA receptors. The presence of NMDA receptors in oligodendrocyte processes explains why previous studies that have focused on the somata have not detected a role for NMDA receptors in oligodendrocyte injury. These NMDA receptors bestow a high sensitivity to acute injury and represent an important new target for drug development in a variety of brain disorders.
C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
C3 University of Leicester
RP Fern, R (corresponding author), Univ Leicester, Dept Cell Physiol & Pharmacol, Leicester LE1 9HN, Leics, England.
EM rf34@le.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 434
Z9 510
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1167
EP 1171
DI 10.1038/nature04301
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500053
PM 16372012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Imaizumi-Anraku, H
   Takeda, N
   Charpentier, M
   Perry, J
   Miwa, H
   Umehara, Y
   Kouchi, H
   Murakami, Y
   Mulder, L
   Vickers, K
   Pike, J
   Downie, JA
   Wang, T
   Sato, S
   Asamizu, E
   Tabata, S
   Yoshikawa, M
   Murooka, Y
   Wu, GJ
   Kawaguchi, M
   Kawasaki, S
   Parniske, M
   Hayashi, M
AF Imaizumi-Anraku, H
   Takeda, N
   Charpentier, M
   Perry, J
   Miwa, H
   Umehara, Y
   Kouchi, H
   Murakami, Y
   Mulder, L
   Vickers, K
   Pike, J
   Downie, JA
   Wang, T
   Sato, S
   Asamizu, E
   Tabata, S
   Yoshikawa, M
   Murooka, Y
   Wu, GJ
   Kawaguchi, M
   Kawasaki, S
   Parniske, M
   Hayashi, M
TI Plastid proteins crucial for symbiotic fungal and bacterial entry into plant roots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID legume lotus-japonicus; nodule organogenesis; signal-transduction; calcium spiking; ljsym4 gene; mutants; nodulation; recognition; channel; genome
AB The roots of most higher plants form arbuscular mycorrhiza, an ancient, phosphate-acquiring symbiosis with fungi, whereas only four related plant orders are able to engage in the evolutionary younger nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with bacteria(1). Plant symbioses with bacteria and fungi require a set of common signal transduction components that redirect root cell development(2,3). Here we present two highly homologous genes from Lotus japonicus, CASTOR and POLLUX, that are indispensable for microbial admission into plant cells and act upstream of intracellular calcium spiking(4), one of the earliest plant responses to symbiotic stimulation. Surprisingly, both twin proteins are localized in the plastids of root cells, indicating a previously unrecognized role of this ancient endosymbiont in controlling intracellular symbioses that evolved more recently.
C1 Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
   Biooriented Technol Res Advancement Inst, Tokyo Off, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050001, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Biotechnol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320112, Japan.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920818, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; University of Osaka; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kazusa DNA Research Institute; University of Tokyo
RP Kawasaki, S (corresponding author), Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
EM kawasa@nias.affrc.go.jp
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 360
U1 1
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 527
EP 531
DI 10.1038/nature03237
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200050
PM 15616514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boxma, B
   de Graaf, RM
   van der Staay, GWM
   van Alen, TA
   Ricard, G
   Gabaldón, T
   van Hoek, AHAM
   Moon-van der Staay, SY
   Koopman, WJH
   van Hellemond, JJ
   Tielens, AGM
   Friedrich, T
   Veenhuis, M
   Huynen, MA
   Hackstein, JHP
AF Boxma, B
   de Graaf, RM
   van der Staay, GWM
   van Alen, TA
   Ricard, G
   Gabaldón, T
   van Hoek, AHAM
   Moon-van der Staay, SY
   Koopman, WJH
   van Hellemond, JJ
   Tielens, AGM
   Friedrich, T
   Veenhuis, M
   Huynen, MA
   Hackstein, JHP
TI An anaerobic mitochondrion that produces hydrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chytrid neocallimastix sp; pyruvate-formate-lyase; complex-i; organelles; genome; evolution; eukaryote; membrane; sequence; origins
AB Hydrogenosomes are organelles that produce ATP and hydrogen(1), and are found in various unrelated eukaryotes, such as anaerobic flagellates, chytridiomycete fungi and ciliates(2). Although all of these organelles generate hydrogen, the hydrogenosomes from these organisms are structurally and metabolically quite different, just like mitochondria where large differences also exist(3). These differences have led to a continuing debate about the evolutionary origin of hydrogenosomes(4,5). Here we show that the hydrogenosomes of the anaerobic ciliate Nyctotherus ovalis, which thrives in the hindgut of cockroaches, have retained a rudimentary genome encoding components of a mitochondrial electron transport chain. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that those proteins cluster with their homologues from aerobic ciliates. In addition, several nucleus-encoded components of the mitochondrial proteome, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and complex II, were identified. The N. ovalis hydrogenosome is sensitive to inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I and produces succinate as a major metabolic end product - biochemical traits typical of anaerobic mitochondria(3). The production of hydrogen, together with the presence of a genome encoding respiratory chain components, and biochemical features characteristic of anaerobic mitochondria, identify the N. ovalis organelle as a missing link between mitochondria and hydrogenosomes.
C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Fac Sci, Dept Evolutionary Microbiol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Ctr Mol & Biomol Informat, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, NCMLS, Microscop Imaging Ctr, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, NCMLS, Dept Biochem, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Fac Vet Med, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Eukaryot Microbiol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen; Utrecht University; University of Freiburg; University of Groningen
RP Hackstein, JHP (corresponding author), Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Fac Sci, Dept Evolutionary Microbiol, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM j.hackstein@science.ru.nl
NR 30
TC 172
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 74
EP 79
DI 10.1038/nature03343
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600046
PM 15744302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wawersik, M
   Milutinovich, A
   Casper, AL
   Matunis, E
   Williams, B
   Van Doren, M
AF Wawersik, M
   Milutinovich, A
   Casper, AL
   Matunis, E
   Williams, B
   Van Doren, M
TI Somatic control of germline sexual development is mediated by the JAK/STAT pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell self-renewal; drosophila embryos; signaling pathway; protein; stat; gene; activation; expression; dimorphism; mutations
AB Germ cells must develop along distinct male or female paths to produce the sperm or eggs required for sexual reproduction. In both mouse and Drosophila, the sexual identity of germ cells is influenced by the sex of the surrounding somatic tissue (for example, refs 1, 2, reviewed in refs 3, 4); however, little is known about how the soma controls germline sex determination. Here we show that the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway provides a sex-specific signal from the soma to the germ line in Drosophila embryonic gonads. The somatic gonad expresses a JAK/STAT ligand, unpaired (upd), in a male-specific manner, and activates the JAK/STAT pathway in male germ cells at the time of gonad formation. Furthermore, the JAK/STAT pathway is necessary for male-specific germ cell behaviour during early gonad development, and is sufficient to activate aspects of male germ cell behaviour in female germ cells. Our findings provide direct evidence that the JAK/STAT pathway mediates a key signal from the somatic gonad that regulates male germline sexual development.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Van Doren, M (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM vandoren@jhu.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD046619] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM063023, F32 GM066562, T32 GM007231] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 110
Z9 146
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 563
EP 567
DI 10.1038/nature03849
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800063
PM 16049490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fujiwara, T
   Bandi, M
   Nitta, M
   Ivanova, EV
   Bronson, RT
   Pellman, D
AF Fujiwara, T
   Bandi, M
   Nitta, M
   Ivanova, EV
   Bronson, RT
   Pellman, D
TI Cytokinesis failure generating tetraploids promotes tumorigenesis in p53-null cells (Publication with Expression of Concern. See DEC, 2025)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Publication with Expression of Concern
ID chromosome instability; telomere dysfunction; mammalian-cells; cancer; p53; translocations; segregation; progression; suppressor; polyploids
AB A long-standing hypothesis on tumorigenesis is that cell division failure, generating genetically unstable tetraploid cells, facilitates the development of aneuploid malignancies(1-3). Here we test this idea by transiently blocking cytokinesis in p53-null (p53(-/-)) mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs), enabling the isolation of diploid and tetraploid cultures. The tetraploid cells had an increase in the frequency of whole-chromosome mis-segregation and chromosomal rearrangements. Only the tetraploid cells were transformed in vitro after exposure to a carcinogen. Furthermore, in the absence of carcinogen, only the tetraploid cells gave rise to malignant mammary epithelial cancers when transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. These tumours all contained numerous non-reciprocal translocations and an 8-30-fold amplification of a chromosomal region containing a cluster of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes. MMP overexpression is linked to mammary tumours in humans and animal models(4). Thus, tetraploidy enhances the frequency of chromosomal alterations and promotes tumour development in p53(-/-) MMECs.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet, Dept Biomed Sci, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Tufts University
RP Pellman, D (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM david_pellman@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 879
Z9 1020
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1043
EP 1047
DI 10.1038/nature04217
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100049
PM 16222300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haskin, LA
   Wang, A
   Jolliff, BL
   McSween, HY
   Clark, BC
   Des Marais, DJ
   McLennan, SM
   Tosca, NJ
   Hurowitz, JA
   Farmer, JD
   Yen, A
   Squyres, SW
   Arvidson, RE
   Klingelhöfer, G
   Schröder, C
   de Souza, PA Jr
   Ming, DW
   Gellert, R
   Zipfel, J
   Brückner, J
   Bell, JF III
   Herkenhoff, K
   Christensen, PR
   Ruff, S
   Blaney, D
   Gorevan, S
   Cabrol, NA
   Crumpler, L
   Grant, J
   Soderblom, L
AF Haskin, LA
   Wang, A
   Jolliff, BL
   McSween, HY
   Clark, BC
   Des Marais, DJ
   McLennan, SM
   Tosca, NJ
   Hurowitz, JA
   Farmer, JD
   Yen, A
   Squyres, SW
   Arvidson, RE
   Klingelhöfer, G
   Schröder, C
   de Souza, PA Jr
   Ming, DW
   Gellert, R
   Zipfel, J
   Brückner, J
   Bell, JF III
   Herkenhoff, K
   Christensen, PR
   Ruff, S
   Blaney, D
   Gorevan, S
   Cabrol, NA
   Crumpler, L
   Grant, J
   Soderblom, L
TI Water alteration of rocks and soils on Mars at the Spirit rover site in Gusev crater
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mineralogy; chemistry; deposits
AB Gusev crater was selected as the landing site for the Spirit rover because of the possibility that it once held a lake. Thus one of the rover's tasks was to search for evidence of lake sediments(1). However, the plains at the landing site were found to be covered by a regolith composed of olivine-rich basaltic rock and windblown 'global' dust(2). The analyses of three rock interiors exposed by the rock abrasion tool showed that they are similar to one another, consistent with having originated from a common lava flow(3-8). Here we report the investigation of soils, rock coatings and rock interiors by the Spirit rover from sol (martian day) 1 to sol 156, from its landing site to the base of the Columbia hills. The physical and chemical characteristics of the materials analysed provide evidence for limited but unequivocal interaction between water and the volcanic rocks of the Gusev plains. This evidence includes the softness of rock interiors that contain anomalously high concentrations of sulphur, chlorine and bromine relative to terrestrial basalts and martian meteorites(9); sulphur, chlorine and ferric iron enrichments in multilayer coatings on the light-toned rock Mazatzal; high bromine concentration in filled vugs and veins within the plains basalts; positive correlations between magnesium, sulphur and other salt components in trench soils; and decoupling of sulphur, chlorine and bromine concentrations in trench soils compared to Gusev surface soils, indicating chemical mobility and separation.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Lockheed Martin Space Syst, Littleton, CO 80125 USA.
   NASA, Exobiol Branch, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   Co Vale Rio Doce, BR-20030900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, MC KR, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Kosmochem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Honeybee Robot, New York, NY 10012 USA.
   NASA, SETI Inst, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   NASA, Div Space Sci, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   New Mexico Museum Nat Hist & Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20024 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Lockheed Martin; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Cornell University; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center; Max Planck Society; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; SETI Institute; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Smithsonian Institution
RP Wang, A (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
EM alianw@levee.wustl.edu
NR 27
TC 213
Z9 249
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/nature03640
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600040
PM 16001063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akeda, Y
   Galán, JE
AF Akeda, Y
   Galán, JE
TI Chaperone release and unfolding of substrates in type III secretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f0f1 atpase; proteins; recognition; delivery; domains; family; invc; flii
AB Type III protein secretion systems are essential virulence factors of many bacteria pathogenic to humans, animals and plants(1). These systems mediate the transfer of bacterial virulence proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm. Proteins are thought to travel this pathway in a largely unfolded manner, and a family of customized cytoplasmic chaperones, which specifically bind cognate secreted proteins, are essential for secretion. Here we show that InvC, an ATPase associated with a Salmonella enterica type III secretion system(2), has a critical function in substrate recognition. Furthermore, InvC induces chaperone release from and unfolding of the cognate secreted protein in an ATP-dependent manner. Our results show a similarity between the mechanisms of substrate recognition by type III protein secretion systems and AAA+ ATPase disassembly machines.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Galán, JE (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
EM jorge.galan@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 369
Z9 462
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 911
EP 915
DI 10.1038/nature03992
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600052
PM 16208377
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, C
AF Smith, C
TI Getting down to details
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 14
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 991
EP 996
DI 10.1038/435991a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700056
PM 15959523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Milward, GC
   Calderón, MJ
   Littlewood, PB
AF Milward, GC
   Calderón, MJ
   Littlewood, PB
TI Electronically soft phases in manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-diffraction; charge; magnetoresistance; coexistence; transition
AB The phenomenon of colossal magnetoresistance in manganites(1) is generally agreed to be a result of competition between crystal phases with different electronic, magnetic and structural order; a competition which can be strong enough to cause phase separation between metallic ferromagnetic and insulating charge-modulated states(2 - 5). Nevertheless, closer inspection of phase diagrams in many manganites reveals complex phases where the two order parameters of magnetism and charge modulation unexpectedly coexist(6,7). Here we show that such experiments can be naturally explained within a phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory. In contrast to models where phase separation originates from disorder(8) or as a strain- induced kinetic phenomenon(9), we argue that magnetic and charge modulation coexist in new thermodynamic phases. This leads to a rich diagram of equilibrium phases, qualitatively similar to those seen experimentally. The success of this model argues for a fundamental reinterpretation of the nature of charge modulation in these materials, from a localized to a more extended ' charge- density wave' picture. The same symmetry considerations that favour textured coexistence of charge and magnetic order may apply to many electronic systems with competing phases. The resulting electronically soft' phases of matter with incommensurate, inhomogeneous and mixed order may be general phenomena in correlated systems.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Milward, GC (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM gcm24@cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 607
EP 610
DI 10.1038/nature03300
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000037
PM 15703740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCollom, TM
   Hynek, BM
AF McCollom, TM
   Hynek, BM
TI A volcanic environment for bedrock diagenesis at Meridiani Planum on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terra-meridiani; hematite; chemistry; jarosite; region; crater; rocks; soils; water
AB Exposed bedrocks at Meridiani Planum on Mars display chemical and mineralogical evidence suggesting interaction with liquid water(1-6). On the basis of morphological observations as well as high abundances of haematite and sulphate minerals, the rocks have been interpreted as sediments that were deposited in a shallow body of briny water with subsequent evaporation leaving behind the sulphate minerals(1,2). The iron-sulphur mineralization at Meridiani has also been inferred to be analogous to that produced during oxidative weathering of metal sulphide minerals, such as occurs at acid mine drainage sites(7). Neither of these interpretations, however, is consistent with the chemical composition of the rocks. Here we propose an alternative model for diagenesis of Meridiani bedrock that involves deposition of volcanic ash followed by reaction with condensed sulphur dioxide- and water-bearing vapours emitted from fumaroles. This scenario does not require prolonged interaction with a standing body of surface water and may have occurred at high temperatures. Consequently, the model invokes an environment considerably less favourable for biological activity on Mars than previously proposed interpretations.
C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrobiol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP McCollom, TM (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrobiol, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM mccollom@lasp.colorado.edu
NR 28
TC 142
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1129
EP 1131
DI 10.1038/nature04390
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500043
PM 16372002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coleman, P
   Schofield, AJ
AF Coleman, P
   Schofield, AJ
TI Quantum criticality
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fermi-liquid behavior; phase; antiferromagnetism; disorder; order
AB As we mark the centenary of Albert Einstein's seminal contribution to both quantum mechanics and special relativity, we approach another anniversary-that of Einstein's foundation of the quantum theory of solids. But 100 years on, the same experimental measurement that puzzled Einstein and his contemporaries is forcing us to question our understanding of how quantum matter transforms at ultra-low temperatures.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mat Theory, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Birmingham
RP Coleman, P (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mat Theory, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM coleman@physics.rutgers.edu; ajs@bham.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 500
Z9 557
U1 2
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 226
EP 229
DI 10.1038/nature03279
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300039
PM 15662409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Domack, E
   Duran, D
   Leventer, A
   Ishman, S
   Doane, S
   McCallum, S
   Amblas, D
   Ring, J
   Gilbert, R
   Prentice, M
AF Domack, E
   Duran, D
   Leventer, A
   Ishman, S
   Doane, S
   McCallum, S
   Amblas, D
   Ring, J
   Gilbert, R
   Prentice, M
TI Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quaternary glacial history; sedimentary record; climate; margin; sheet
AB The stability of the Antarctic ice shelves in a warming climate has long been discussed(1), and the recent collapse of a significant part, over 12,500 km(2) in area, of the Larsen ice shelf off the Antarctic Peninsula(2,3) has led to a refocus toward the implications of ice shelf decay for the stability of Antarctica's grounded ice(4-6). Some smaller Antarctic ice shelves have undergone periodic growth and decay over the past 11,000 yr ( refs 7 - 11), but these ice shelves are at the climatic limit of ice shelf viability(12) and are therefore expected to respond rapidly to natural climate variability at century to millennial scales(8-11). Here we use records of diatoms, detrital material and geochemical parameters from six marine sediment cores in the vicinity of the Larsen ice shelf to demonstrate that the recent collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf is unprecedented during the Holocene. We infer from our oxygen isotope measurements in planktonic foraminifera that the Larsen B ice shelf has been thinning throughout the Holocene, and we suggest that the recent prolonged period of warming in the Antarctic Peninsula region(13,14), in combination with the long-term thinning, has led to collapse of the ice shelf.
C1 Hamilton Coll, Dept Geosci, Clinton, NY 13323 USA.
   Colgate Univ, Dept Geol, Hamilton, NY 13346 USA.
   So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
   Univ Barcelona, Dept Stratig Paleontol & Marine Geosci, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Hamilton Coll, Dept Phys, Clinton, NY 13323 USA.
   Queens Univ, Dept Geog, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 Hamilton College; Colgate University; Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University; University of Barcelona; Hamilton College; Queens University - Canada; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP Domack, E (corresponding author), Hamilton Coll, Dept Geosci, Clinton, NY 13323 USA.
EM edomack@hamilton.edu
NR 29
TC 236
Z9 277
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 681
EP 685
DI 10.1038/nature03908
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500039
PM 16079842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suthram, S
   Sittler, T
   Ideker, T
AF Suthram, S
   Sittler, T
   Ideker, T
TI The Plasmodium protein network diverges from those of other eukaryotes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaction map; falciparum; annotation; yeast; tool
AB Plasmodium falciparum is the pathogen responsible for over 90% of human deaths from malaria(1). Therefore, it has been the focus of a considerable research initiative, involving the complete DNA sequencing of the genome(2), large-scale expression analyses(3,4), and protein characterization of its life-cycle stages(5). The Plasmodium genome sequence is relatively distant from those of most other eukaryotes, with more than 60% of the 5,334 encoded proteins lacking any notable sequence similarity to other organisms(2). To systematically elucidate functional relationships among these proteins, a large two-hybrid study has recently mapped a network of 2,846 interactions involving 1,312 proteins within Plasmodium6. This network adds to a growing collection of available interaction maps for a number of different organisms, and raises questions about whether the divergence of Plasmodium at the sequence level is reflected in the configuration of its protein network. Here we examine the degree of conservation between the Plasmodium protein network and those of model organisms. Although we find 29 highly connected protein complexes specific to the network of the pathogen, we find very little conservation with complexes observed in other organisms ( three in yeast, none in the others). Overall, the patterns of protein interaction in Plasmodium, like its genome sequence, set it apart from other species.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Bioinformat Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Suthram, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Bioinformat Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM ssuthram@ucsd.edu
FU NIEHS NIH HHS [R01 ES014811] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM070743] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [R01ES014811] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 108
EP 112
DI 10.1038/nature04135
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000051
PM 16267557
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Griesinger, CB
   Richards, CD
   Ashmore, JF
AF Griesinger, CB
   Richards, CD
   Ashmore, JF
TI Fast vesicle replenishment allows indefatigable signalling at the first auditory synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner hair-cells; releasable pool; ribbon synapse; efferent synapses; afferent synapse; active zones; guinea-pig; exocytosis; endocytosis; cochlea
AB Ribbon-type synapses in inner hair cells of the mammalian cochlea encode the complexity of auditory signals by fast and tonic release through fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles. At any instant, only about 100 vesicles are tethered to the synaptic ribbon, and about 14 of these are docked to the plasma membrane(1,2), constituting the readily releasable pool(3). Although this pool contains about the same number of vesicles as that of conventional synapses(4,5), ribbon release sites operate at rates of about two orders of magnitude higher(3,6,7) and with submillisecond precision(8-11). How these sites replenish their vesicles so efficiently remains unclear(3,12,13). We show here, using two-photon imaging of single release sites in the intact cochlea, that preformed vesicles derived from cytoplasmic vesicle-generating compartments(14) participate in fast release and replenishment. Vesicles were released at a maximal initial rate of 3 per millisecond during a depolarizing pulse, and were replenished at a rate of 1.9 per millisecond. We propose that such rapid resupply of vesicles enables temporally precise and sustained release rates. This may explain how the first auditory synapse can encode with indefatigable precision without having to rely on the slow, local endocytic vesicle cycle(7).
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, UCL Ear Inst, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Physiol 2, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of Freiburg
RP Griesinger, CB (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM claudius.griesinger@physiologie.uni-freiburg.de; j.ashmore@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 104
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 212
EP 215
DI 10.1038/nature03567
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100042
PM 15829919
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayor, S
AF Mayor, S
TI Coming home
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Natl Ctr Biol Sci, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
C3 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS)
RP Mayor, S (corresponding author), Natl Ctr Biol Sci, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 488
EP 489
DI 10.1038/436488a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800043
PM 16049474
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Filardi, CE
   Moyle, RG
AF Filardi, CE
   Moyle, RG
TI Single origin of a pan-Pacific bird group and upstream colonization of Australasia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biogeography; islands; evolution; model
AB Oceanic islands have long served as natural laboratories for understanding the diversification of life(1-4). In particular, the many thousands of islands spanning the tropical Pacific support an unparalleled array of terrestrial communities whose patterns of diversity contributed fundamental insights to the development of classical speciation and biogeographic theory(4-8). Much of this work is founded on an assumption derived from traditional taxonomic approaches, namely that faunas on these widely separated archipelagos stem from a simple one-way, downstream flow of colonists from continents to islands(2,4). Here we show, with the use of molecular phylogenetic data from one of the original bird families used to justify this assumption, that a diverse array of endemic island genera and species are the product of a single radiation that diversified across all major Pacific archipelagos in a non-stepping-stone fashion, and recently recolonized continental areas. The geographic scope and lineage-specific approach of this study reveal evolutionary patterns long obscured by traditional taxonomic surveys and indicate thatwidely dispersed archipelagos can be sources of biological diversity.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Filardi, CE (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM filardi@amnh.org
NR 30
TC 184
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 216
EP 219
DI 10.1038/nature04057
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500047
PM 16281034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schramke, V
   Sheedy, DM
   Denli, AM
   Bonila, C
   Ekwall, K
   Hannon, GJ
   Allshire, RC
AF Schramke, V
   Sheedy, DM
   Denli, AM
   Bonila, C
   Ekwall, K
   Hannon, GJ
   Allshire, RC
TI RETRACTED: RNA-interference-directed chromatin modification coupled to RNA polymerase II transcription (Retracted article. See vol. 437, pg. 1057, 2005)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID genome rearrangement; gene-expression; dna methylation; human-cells; heterochromatin; yeast; rits; maintenance; tetrahymena; complex
AB RNA interference (RNAi) acts on long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in a variety of eukaryotes to generate small interfering RNAs that target homologous messenger RNA, resulting in their destruction. This process is widely used to 'knock-down' the expression of genes of interest to explore phenotypes(1-3). In plants(3-5), fission yeast(6-8), ciliates(9,10), flies(11) and mammalian cells(12,13), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) also induce DNA or chromatin modifications at the homologous genomic locus, which can result in transcriptional silencing or sequence elimination(14). siRNAs may direct DNA or chromatin modification by siRNA - DNA interactions at the homologous locus(4,5). Alternatively, they may act by interactions between siRNA and nascent transcript(15,16). Here we show that in fission yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe), chromatin modifications are only directed by RNAi if the homologous DNA sequences are transcribed. Furthermore, transcription by exogenous T7 polymerase is not sufficient. Ago1, a component of the RNAi effector RISC/RITS complex, associates with target transcripts and RNA polymerase II. Truncation of the regulatory carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNApol II disrupts transcriptional silencing, indicating that, like other RNA processing events(17-19), RNAi-directed chromatin modification is coupled to transcription.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Wellcome Trust Ctr Cell Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ Coll Sodertorn, Karolinska Inst, Dept Biosci, Dept Nat Sci, S-14189 Huddinge, Sweden.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Karolinska Institutet; Sodertorn University
RP Allshire, RC (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Wellcome Trust Ctr Cell Biol, Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM robin.allshire@ed.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 56
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1275
EP 1279
DI 10.1038/nature03652
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500052
PM 15965464
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Villasenor, JS
   Lamb, DQ
   Ricker, GR
   Atteia, JL
   Kawai, N
   Butler, N
   Nakagawa, Y
   Jernigan, JG
   Boer, M
   Crew, GB
   Donaghy, TQ
   Doty, J
   Fenimore, EE
   Galassi, M
   Graziani, C
   Hurley, K
   Levine, A
   Martel, F
   Matsuoka, M
   Olive, JF
   Prigozhin, G
   Sakamoto, T
   Shirasaki, Y
   Suzuki, M
   Tamagawa, T
   Vanderspek, R
   Woosley, SE
   Yoshida, A
   Braga, J
   Manchanda, R
   Pizzichini, G
   Takagishi, K
   Yamauchi, M
AF Villasenor, JS
   Lamb, DQ
   Ricker, GR
   Atteia, JL
   Kawai, N
   Butler, N
   Nakagawa, Y
   Jernigan, JG
   Boer, M
   Crew, GB
   Donaghy, TQ
   Doty, J
   Fenimore, EE
   Galassi, M
   Graziani, C
   Hurley, K
   Levine, A
   Martel, F
   Matsuoka, M
   Olive, JF
   Prigozhin, G
   Sakamoto, T
   Shirasaki, Y
   Suzuki, M
   Tamagawa, T
   Vanderspek, R
   Woosley, SE
   Yoshida, A
   Braga, J
   Manchanda, R
   Pizzichini, G
   Takagishi, K
   Yamauchi, M
TI Discovery of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050709
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID afterglow; spectra; flare
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) fall into two classes: short-hard and long-soft bursts(1-3). The latter are now known to have X-ray(4) and optical(5) afterglows, to occur at cosmological distances(6) in star-forming galaxies(7), and to be associated with the explosion of massive stars(8,9). In contrast, the distance scale, the energy scale and the progenitors of the short bursts have remained a mystery. Here we report the discovery of a short-hard burst whose accurate localization has led to follow-up observations that have identified the X-ray afterglow(10) and ( for the first time) the optical afterglow(10,11) of a short-hard burst; this in turn led to the identification of the host galaxy of the burst as a late-type galaxy at z = 0.16 (ref. 10). These results show that at least some short-hard bursts occur at cosmological distances in the outskirts of galaxies, and are likely to be caused by the merging of compact binaries.
C1 MIT, Kavli Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Observ Midi Pyrenees, Astrophys Lab, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Math & Phys, Kanagawa 2298558, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Observ Midi Pyrenees, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France.
   Noqsi Aerosp Ltd, Pine, CO 80470 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Espace Inc, Hull, MA 02045 USA.
   Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Tsukuba Space Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058505, Japan.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Natl Astron Observ, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12227010 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil.
   Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Bombay 400005, Maharashtra, India.
   INAF IASF Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Miyazaki Univ, Fac Engn, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Chicago; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Aoyama Gakuin University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); RIKEN; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Miyazaki
RP Ricker, GR (corresponding author), MIT, Kavli Inst, 70 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM jsvilla@space.mit.edu; grr@space.mit.edu
NR 28
TC 232
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 855
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature04213
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600039
PM 16208364
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Springel, V
   White, SDM
   Jenkins, A
   Frenk, CS
   Yoshida, N
   Gao, L
   Navarro, J
   Thacker, R
   Croton, D
   Helly, J
   Peacock, JA
   Cole, S
   Thomas, P
   Couchman, H
   Evrard, A
   Colberg, J
   Pearce, F
AF Springel, V
   White, SDM
   Jenkins, A
   Frenk, CS
   Yoshida, N
   Gao, L
   Navarro, J
   Thacker, R
   Croton, D
   Helly, J
   Peacock, JA
   Cole, S
   Thomas, P
   Couchman, H
   Evrard, A
   Colberg, J
   Pearce, F
TI Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID digital sky survey; probe wmap observations; redshift survey; power spectrum; z-greater-than-5.7 quasars; mass function; universe; lambda; statistics; discovery
AB The cold dark matter model has become the leading theoretical picture for the formation of structure in the Universe. This model, together with the theory of cosmic inflation, makes a clear prediction for the initial conditions for structure formation and predicts that structures grow hierarchically through gravitational instability. Testing this model requires that the precise measurements delivered by galaxy surveys can be compared to robust and equally precise theoretical calculations. Here we present a simulation of the growth of dark matter structure using 2,160 3 particles, following them from redshift z = 127 to the present in a cube-shaped region 2,230 billion lightyears on a side. In postprocessing, we also follow the formation and evolution of the galaxies and quasars. We show that baryon-induced features in the initial conditions of the Universe are reflected in distorted form in the low-redshift galaxy distribution, an effect that can be used to constrain the nature of dark energy with future generations of observational surveys of galaxies.
C1 Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Inst Computat Cosmol, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Nagoya Univ, Dept Phys, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Sussex, Dept Phys & Astron, Brighton BN1 9QH, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys & Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Phys & Astron, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Dept Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; Durham University; Nagoya University; University of Victoria; McMaster University; University of Edinburgh; University of Sussex; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Nottingham
RP Springel, V (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
NR 46
TC 4110
Z9 4614
U1 0
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 629
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature03597
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200041
PM 15931216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Margulies, M
   Egholm, M
   Altman, WE
   Attiya, S
   Bader, JS
   Bemben, LA
   Berka, J
   Braverman, MS
   Chen, YJ
   Chen, ZT
   Dewell, SB
   Du, L
   Fierro, JM
   Gomes, XV
   Godwin, BC
   He, W
   Helgesen, S
   Ho, CH
   Irzyk, GP
   Jando, SC
   Alenquer, MLI
   Jarvie, TP
   Jirage, KB
   Kim, JB
   Knight, JR
   Lanza, JR
   Leamon, JH
   Lefkowitz, SM
   Lei, M
   Li, J
   Lohman, KL
   Lu, H
   Makhijani, VB
   McDade, KE
   McKenna, MP
   Myers, EW
   Nickerson, E
   Nobile, JR
   Plant, R
   Puc, BP
   Ronan, MT
   Roth, GT
   Sarkis, GJ
   Simons, JF
   Simpson, JW
   Srinivasan, M
   Tartaro, KR
   Tomasz, A
   Vogt, KA
   Volkmer, GA
   Wang, SH
   Wang, Y
   Weiner, MP
   Yu, PG
   Begley, RF
   Rothberg, JM
AF Margulies, M
   Egholm, M
   Altman, WE
   Attiya, S
   Bader, JS
   Bemben, LA
   Berka, J
   Braverman, MS
   Chen, YJ
   Chen, ZT
   Dewell, SB
   Du, L
   Fierro, JM
   Gomes, XV
   Godwin, BC
   He, W
   Helgesen, S
   Ho, CH
   Irzyk, GP
   Jando, SC
   Alenquer, MLI
   Jarvie, TP
   Jirage, KB
   Kim, JB
   Knight, JR
   Lanza, JR
   Leamon, JH
   Lefkowitz, SM
   Lei, M
   Li, J
   Lohman, KL
   Lu, H
   Makhijani, VB
   McDade, KE
   McKenna, MP
   Myers, EW
   Nickerson, E
   Nobile, JR
   Plant, R
   Puc, BP
   Ronan, MT
   Roth, GT
   Sarkis, GJ
   Simons, JF
   Simpson, JW
   Srinivasan, M
   Tartaro, KR
   Tomasz, A
   Vogt, KA
   Volkmer, GA
   Wang, SH
   Wang, Y
   Weiner, MP
   Yu, PG
   Begley, RF
   Rothberg, JM
TI Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyrophosphate; molecules; evolution
AB The proliferation of large-scale DNA-sequencing projects in recent years has driven a search for alternative methods to reduce time and cost. Here we describe a scalable, highly parallel sequencing system with raw throughput significantly greater than that of state-of-the-art capillary electrophoresis instruments. The apparatus uses a novel fibre-optic slide of individual wells and is able to sequence 25 million bases, at 99% or better accuracy, in one four-hour run. To achieve an approximately 100-fold increase in throughput over current Sanger sequencing technology, we have developed an emulsion method for DNA amplification and an instrument for sequencing by synthesis using a pyrosequencing protocol optimized for solid support and picolitre-scale volumes. Here we show the utility, throughput, accuracy and robustness of this system by shotgun sequencing and de novo assembly of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome with 96% coverage at 99.96% accuracy in one run of the machine.
C1 Life Sci Corp 454, Branford, CT 06405 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Microbiol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rothberg Inst Childhood Dis, Guilford, CT 06437 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Rockefeller University
RP Rothberg, JM (corresponding author), Life Sci Corp 454, 20 Commercial St, Branford, CT 06405 USA.
EM jrothberg@454.com
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [P01 HG003022-020002, R01 HG003562-02] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 5703
Z9 8220
U1 18
U2 1139
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 376
EP 380
DI 10.1038/nature03959
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100045
PM 16056220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YC
   Ferguson, EL
AF Wang, YC
   Ferguson, EL
TI Spatial bistability of Dpp-receptor interactions during Drosophila dorsal-ventral patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID twisted gastrulation; signal-transduction; activity gradient; bmp activity; i receptors; embryo; gene; sog; identification; activation
AB In many developmental contexts, a locally produced morphogen specifies positional information by forming a concentration gradient over a field of cells(1). However, during embryonic dorsal - ventral patterning in Drosophila, two members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Screw (Scw), are broadly transcribed but promote receptor-mediated signalling in a restricted subset of expressing cells(2-4). Here we use a novel immunostaining protocol to visualize receptor-bound BMPs and show that both proteins become localized to a sharp stripe of dorsal cells. We demonstrate that proper BMP localization involves two distinct processes. First, Dpp undergoes directed, long-range extracellular transport. Scw also undergoes long-range movement, but can do so independently of Dpp transport. Second, an intracellular positive feedback circuit promotes future ligand binding as a function of previous signalling strength. These data elicit a model in which extracellular Dpp transport initially creates a shallow gradient of BMP binding that is acted on by positive intracellular feedback to produce two stable states of BMP - receptor interactions, a spatial bistability in which BMP binding and signalling capabilities are high in dorsal-most cells and low in lateral cells.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Ferguson, EL (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM elfergus@midway.uchicago.edu
NR 31
TC 177
Z9 223
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 229
EP 234
DI 10.1038/nature03318
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500049
PM 15759004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chao, WL
   Harteneck, BD
   Liddle, JA
   Anderson, EH
   Attwood, DT
AF Chao, WL
   Harteneck, BD
   Liddle, JA
   Anderson, EH
   Attwood, DT
TI Soft X-ray microscopy at a spatial resolution better than 15nm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-beam lithography; magnetic nanostructures; transmission microscopy; water; tomography; domains
AB Analytical tools that have spatial resolution at the nanometre scale are indispensable for the life and physical sciences. It is desirable that these tools also permit elemental and chemical identification on a scale of 10 nm or less, with large penetration depths. A variety of techniques(1-7) in X-ray imaging are currently being developed that may provide these combined capabilities. Here we report the achievement of sub-15-nm spatial resolution with a soft X-ray microscope - and a clear path to below 10 nm - using an overlay technique for zone plate fabrication. The microscope covers a spectral range from a photon energy of 250 eV (similar to 5 nm wavelength) to 1.8 keV (similar to 0.7 nm), so that primary K and L atomic resonances of elements such as C, N, O, Al, Ti, Fe, Co and Ni can be probed. This X-ray microscopy technique is therefore suitable for a wide range of studies: biological imaging in the water window(8,9); studies of wet environmental samples(10,11); studies of magnetic nanostructures with both elemental and spin-orbit sensitivity(12-14); studies that require viewing through thin windows, coatings or substrates ( such as buried electronic devices in a silicon chip(15)); and three-dimensional imaging of cryogenically fixed biological cells(9,16).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Chao, WL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 2-400, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM wlchao@lbl.gov
NR 31
TC 732
Z9 865
U1 5
U2 261
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1210
EP 1213
DI 10.1038/nature03719
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500038
PM 15988520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyranoski, D
AF Cyranoski, D
TI Consenting adults? Not necessarily...
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 12
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 138
EP 139
DI 10.1038/435138a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100010
PM 15889060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wright, CF
   Teichmann, SA
   Clarke, J
   Dobson, CM
AF Wright, CF
   Teichmann, SA
   Clarke, J
   Dobson, CM
TI The importance of sequence diversity in the aggregation and evolution of proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force microscopy; amyloid fibrils; in-vitro; beta; superfamily; specificity; domains; titin
AB Incorrect folding of proteins, leading to aggregation and amyloid formation, is associated with a group of highly debilitating medical conditions(1,2) including Alzheimer's disease and late-onset diabetes. The issue of how unwanted protein association is normally avoided in a living system is particularly significant in the context of the evolution of multidomain proteins, which account for over 70% of all eukaryotic proteins(3), where the effective local protein concentration in the vicinity of each domain is very high. Here we describe the aggregation kinetics of multidomain protein constructs of immunoglobulin domains and the ability of different homologous domains to aggregate together. We show that aggregation of these proteins is a specific process and that the efficiency of coaggregation between different domains decreases markedly with decreasing sequence identity. Thus, whereas immunoglobulin domains with more than about 70% identity are highly prone to coaggregation, those with less than 30 - 40% sequence identity do not detectably interact. A bioinformatics analysis of consecutive homologous domains in large multidomain proteins shows that such domains almost exclusively have sequence identities of less than 40%, in other words below the level at which coaggregation is likely to be efficient. We propose that such low sequence identities could have a crucial and general role in safeguarding proteins against misfolding and aggregation.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Clarke, J (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, MRC, Ctr Prot Engn, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
EM jc162@cam.ac.uk; cmd44@cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 275
Z9 308
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/nature04195
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800056
PM 16341018
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cowan, ML
   Bruner, BD
   Huse, N
   Dwyer, JR
   Chugh, B
   Nibbering, ETJ
   Elsaesser, T
   Miller, RJD
AF Cowan, ML
   Bruner, BD
   Huse, N
   Dwyer, JR
   Chugh, B
   Nibbering, ETJ
   Elsaesser, T
   Miller, RJD
TI Ultrafast memory loss and energy redistribution in the hydrogen bond network of liquid H2O
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infrared-spectroscopy; vibrational-relaxation; ice ih; water; dynamics; spectra
AB Many of the unusual properties of liquid water are attributed to its unique structure, comprised of a random and fluctuating three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds that link the highly polar water molecules(1,2). One of the most direct probes of the dynamics of this network is the infrared spectrum of the OH stretching vibration(3-11), which reflects the distribution of hydrogen-bonded structures and the intermolecular forces controlling the structural dynamics of the liquid. Indeed, water dynamics has been studied in detail(5-14), most recently using multi-dimensional nonlinear infrared spectroscopy(15,16) for acquiring structural and dynamical information on femtosecond timescales. But owing to technical difficulties, only OH stretching vibrations in D2O or OD vibrations in H2O could be monitored. Here we show that using a specially designed, ultrathin sample cell allows us to observe OH stretching vibrations in H2O. Under these fully resonant conditions, we observe hydrogen bond network dynamics more than one order of magnitude faster than seen in earlier studies that include an extremely fast sweep in the OH frequencies on a 50-fs timescale and an equally fast disappearance of the initial inhomogeneous distribution of sites. Our results highlight the efficiency of energy redistribution within the hydrogen-bonded network, and that liquid water essentially loses the memory of persistent correlations in its structure within 50 fs.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
   Max Born Inst Nichtlineare Opt & Kurzzeitspektros, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Leibniz Association; Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics & Short Term Spectroscopy
RP Miller, RJD (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, 80 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
EM rjdmiller@lphys.chem.utoronto.ca
NR 28
TC 646
Z9 732
U1 2
U2 246
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature03383
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500040
PM 15758995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krishnan, R
   Lindquist, SL
AF Krishnan, R
   Lindquist, SL
TI Structural insights into a yeast prion illuminate nucleation and strain diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genetic-variation; neuronal isoform; species barrier; psi+ prions; beta-helix; sup35 gene; protein; inheritance; fibers
AB Self-perpetuating changes in the conformations of amyloidogenic proteins play vital roles in normal biology and disease. Despite intense research, the architecture and conformational conversion of amyloids remain poorly understood. Amyloid conformers of Sup35 are the molecular embodiment of the yeast prion known as [ PSI], which produces heritable changes in phenotype through self-perpetuating changes in protein folding. Here we determine the nature of Sup35' s cooperatively folded amyloid core, and use this information to investigate central questions in prion biology. Specific segments of the amyloid core form intermolecular contacts in a 'Head-to-Head', 'Tail-to-Tail' fashion, but the 'Central Core' is sequestered through intramolecular contacts. The Head acquires productive interactions first, and these nucleate assembly. Variations in the length of the amyloid core and the nature of intermolecular interfaces form the structural basis of distinct prion 'strains', which produce variant phenotypes in vivo. These findings resolve several problems in yeast prion biology and have broad implications for other amyloids.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Lindquist, SL (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM Lindquist_admin@wi.mit.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM025874, R37 GM025874] Funding Source: Medline
NR 51
TC 414
Z9 483
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 765
EP 772
DI 10.1038/nature03679
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700040
PM 15944694
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Posson, DJ
   Ge, PH
   Miller, C
   Bezanilla, F
   Selvin, PR
AF Posson, DJ
   Ge, PH
   Miller, C
   Bezanilla, F
   Selvin, PR
TI Small vertical movement of a K+ channel voltage sensor measured with luminescence energy transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium-channel; charybdotoxin block; electric-field; gating charge; s4 segment; shaker; mechanism; peptide; pore
AB Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to voltage changes across electrically excitable cell membranes(1). Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are homotetramers with each subunit constructed from six transmembrane segments, S1 - S6 (ref. 2). The voltage-sensing domain ( segments S1 - S4) contains charged arginine residues on S4 that move across the membrane electric field(2,3), modulating channel open probability. Understanding the physical movements of this voltage sensor is of fundamental importance and is the subject of controversy. Recently, the crystal structure of the KvAP(4) channel motivated an unconventional 'paddle model' of S4 charge movement, indicating that the segments S3b and S4 might move as a unit through the lipid bilayer with a large ( 15-20-angstrom) transmembrane displacement(5). Here we show that the voltage-sensor segments do not undergo significant transmembrane translation. We tested the movement of these segments in functional Shaker K 1 channels by using luminescence resonance energy transfer to measure distances between the voltage sensors and a pore-bound scorpion toxin. Our results are consistent with a 2-angstrom vertical displacement of S4, not the large excursion predicted by the paddle model. This small movement supports an alternative model in which the protein shapes the electric field profile, focusing it across a narrow region of S4 ( ref. 6).
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Selvin, PR (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM selvin@uiuc.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM074770, R37 GM030376, R01 GM030376] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 160
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 848
EP 851
DI 10.1038/nature03819
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500046
PM 16094368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sarin, KY
   Cheung, P
   Gilison, D
   Lee, E
   Tennen, RI
   Wang, E
   Artandi, MK
   Oro, AE
   Artandi, SE
AF Sarin, KY
   Cheung, P
   Gilison, D
   Lee, E
   Tennen, RI
   Wang, E
   Artandi, MK
   Oro, AE
   Artandi, SE
TI Conditional telomerase induction causes proliferation of hair follicle stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID label-retaining cells; self-renewal; bone-marrow; mice; skin; cycle; expression; keratinocytes; epidermis; cancer
AB TERT, the protein component of telomerase(1,2), serves to maintain telomere function through the de novo addition of telomere repeats to chromosome ends, and is reactivated in 90% of human cancers. In normal tissues, TERT is expressed in stem cells and in progenitor cells(3), but its role in these compartments is not fully understood. Here we show that conditional transgenic induction of TERT in mouse skin epithelium causes a rapid transition from telogen ( the resting phase of the hair follicle cycle) to anagen ( the active phase), thereby facilitating robust hair growth. TERT overexpression promotes this developmental transition by causing proliferation of quiescent, multipotent stem cells in the hair follicle bulge region. This new function for TERT does not require the telomerase RNA component, which encodes the template for telomere addition, and therefore operates through a mechanism independent of its activity in synthesizing telomere repeats. These data indicate that, in addition to its established role in extending telomeres, TERT can promote proliferation of resting stem cells through a non-canonical pathway.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Canc Biol Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Artandi, SE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM sartandi@stanford.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM007365] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [R55 CA109088, K08 CA082176] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007365] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 354
Z9 436
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1048
EP 1052
DI 10.1038/nature03836
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900057
PM 16107853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greenwood, RC
   Franchi, IA
   Jambon, A
   Buchanan, PC
AF Greenwood, RC
   Franchi, IA
   Jambon, A
   Buchanan, PC
TI Widespread magma oceans on asteroidal bodies in the early Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID core formation; isotope systematics; oxygen-isotope; parent body; earth; eucrites; vesta; mars; chondrites; meteorites
AB Immediately following the formation of the Solar System, small planetary bodies accreted(1), some of which melted to produce igneous rocks(2,3). Over a longer timescale (15-33 Myr), the inner planets grew by incorporation of these smaller objects(4,5) through collisions. Processes operating on such asteroids strongly influenced the final composition of these planets(4), including Earth(5). Currently there is little agreement about the nature of asteroidal igneous activity: proposals range from small-scale melting, to near total fusion and the formation of deep magma oceans(2). Here we report a study of oxygen isotopes in two basaltic meteorite suites, the HEDs (howardites, eucrites and diogenites, which are thought to sample the asteroid 4 Vesta(6)) and the angrites (from an unidentified asteroidal source). Our results demonstrate that these meteorite suites formed during early, global-scale melting (>= 50 per cent) events. We show that magma oceans were present on all the differentiated Solar System bodies so far sampled. Magma oceans produced compositionally layered planetesimals; the modification of such bodies before incorporation into larger objects can explain some anomalous planetary features, such as Earth's high Mg/Si ratio.
C1 Open Univ, PSSRI, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7047, Lab MAGIE, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Rhodes Univ, Dept Geol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa.
C3 Open University - UK; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Rhodes University
RP Greenwood, RC (corresponding author), Open Univ, PSSRI, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
EM r.c.greenwood@open.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 290
Z9 323
U1 1
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 916
EP 918
DI 10.1038/nature03612
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700039
PM 15959509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, Y
   Okada, Y
   Hirokawa, N
AF Tanaka, Y
   Okada, Y
   Hirokawa, N
TI FGF-induced vesicular release of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in leftward nodal flow is critical for left-right determination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; intraflagellar transport; mouse; shh; pathways; mice; proteins; populations; induction; receptor
AB The precise specification of left - right asymmetry is an essential process for patterning internal organs in vertebrates. In mouse embryonic development, the symmetry-breaking process in left - right determination is initiated by a leftward extraembryonic fluid flow on the surface of the ventral node. However, it is not known whether the signal transduction mechanism of this flow is chemical or mechanical. Here we show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling triggers secretion of membrane-sheathed objects 0.3 - 5 mu m in diameter termed 'nodal vesicular parcels' (NVPs) that carry Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid. These NVPs are transported leftward by the fluid flow and eventually fragment close to the left wall of the ventral node. The silencing effects of the FGF-receptor inhibitor SU5402 on NVP secretion and on a downstream rise in Ca2+ were sufficiently reversed by exogenous Sonic hedgehog peptide or retinoic acid, suggesting that FGF-triggered surface accumulation of cargo morphogens may be essential for launching NVPs. Thus, we propose that NVP flow is a new mode of extracellular transport that forms a left - right gradient of morphogens.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Hirokawa, N (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Anat, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM hirokawa@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 32
TC 434
Z9 549
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 172
EP 177
DI 10.1038/nature03494
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100031
PM 15889083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, DSG
   Knight, M
   Wiggs, GFS
AF Thomas, DSG
   Knight, M
   Wiggs, GFS
TI Remobilization of southern African desert dune systems by twenty-first century global warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southwest kalahari desert; dunefield activity; mobility; variability; rainfall
AB Although desert dunes cover 5 per cent of the global land surface and 30 per cent of Africa, the potential impacts of twenty-first century global warming on desert dune systems are not well understood(1). The inactive Sahel and southern African dune systems, which developed in multiple arid phases since the last interglacial period(2), are used today by pastoral and agricultural systems(3,4) that could be disrupted if climate change alters twenty-first century dune dynamics. Empirical data and model simulations have established that the interplay between dune surface erodibility ( determined by vegetation cover and moisture availability) and atmospheric erosivity ( determined by wind energy) is critical for dunefield dynamics(5). This relationship between erodibility and erosivity is susceptible to climate-change impacts. Here we use simulations with three global climate models and a range of emission scenarios to assess the potential future activity of three Kalahari dunefields. We determine monthly values of dune activity by modifying and improving an established dune mobility index(6) so that it can account for global climate model data outputs. We find that, regardless of the emission scenario used, significantly enhanced dune activity is simulated in the southern dunefield by 2039, and in the eastern and northern dunefields by 2069. By 2099 all dunefields are highly dynamic, from northern South Africa to Angola and Zambia. Our results suggest that dunefields are likely to be reactivated ( the sand will become significantly exposed and move) as a consequence of twenty-first century climate warming.
C1 Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Sch Geog & Environm, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
   Univ Salford, Dept Earth & Life Sci, Manchester M5 4WT, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Salford
RP Thomas, DSG (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Sch Geog & Environm, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
EM david.thomas@ouce.ox.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 242
Z9 276
U1 4
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1218
EP 1221
DI 10.1038/nature03717
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500040
PM 15988522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alvarez-Vasquez, F
   Sims, KJ
   Cowart, LA
   Okamoto, Y
   Voit, EO
   Hannun, YA
AF Alvarez-Vasquez, F
   Sims, KJ
   Cowart, LA
   Okamoto, Y
   Voit, EO
   Hannun, YA
TI Simulation and validation of modelled sphingolipid metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding-protein; stress; sphingosine-1-phosphate; inhibition; ceramide; systems; gene
AB Mathematical models have become a necessary tool for organizing the rapidly increasing amounts of large-scale data on biochemical pathways and for advanced evaluation of their structure and regulation. Most of these models have addressed specific pathways using either stoichiometric(1) or flux-balance analysis(2), or fully kinetic Michaelis - Menten representations(3), metabolic control analysis(4), or biochemical systems theory(5-7). So far, the predictions of kinetic models have rarely been tested using direct experimentation. Here, we validate experimentally a biochemical systems theoretical model of sphingolipid metabolism in yeast(8). Simulations of metabolic fluxes, enzyme deletion and the effects of inositol ( a key regulator of phospholipid metabolism) led to predictions that show significant concordance with experimental results generated post hoc. The model also allowed the simulation of the effects of acute perturbations in fatty-acid precursors of sphingolipids, a situation that is not amenable to direct experimentation. The results demonstrate that modelling now allows testable predictions as well as the design and evaluation of hypothetical 'thought experiments' that may generate new metabolomic approaches.
C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA.
   Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biostat Bioinformat & Epidemiol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Wallace H Coulter Dept Biomed Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Emory Med Sch, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
C3 Medical University of South Carolina; Medical University of South Carolina; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology
RP Voit, EO (corresponding author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA.
EM eberhard.voit@bme.gatech.edu; hannun@musc.edu
NR 26
TC 133
Z9 149
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 425
EP 430
DI 10.1038/nature03232
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200045
PM 15674294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sobolev, AV
   Hofmann, AW
   Sobolev, SV
   Nikogosian, IK
AF Sobolev, AV
   Hofmann, AW
   Sobolev, SV
   Nikogosian, IK
TI An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geochemical evidence; melting experiments; ghost plagioclase; upwelling mantle; midocean ridge; oceanic-crust; volcano; plume; peridotite; magmas
AB More than 50 per cent of the Earth's upper mantle consists of olivine and it is generally thought that mantle-derived melts are generated in equilibrium with this mineral. Here, however, we show that the unusually high nickel and silicon contents of most parental Hawaiian magmas are inconsistent with a deep olivine-bearing source, because this mineral together with pyroxene buffers both nickel and silicon at lower levels. This can be resolved if the olivine of the mantle peridotite is consumed by reaction with melts derived from recycled oceanic crust, to form a secondary pyroxenitic source. Our modelling shows that more than half of Hawaiian magmas formed during the past 1 Myr came from this source. In addition, we estimate that the proportion of recycled ( oceanic) crust varies from 30 per cent near the plume centre to insignificant levels at the plume edge. These results are also consistent with volcano volumes, magma volume flux and seismological observations.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Russian Acad Sci, Vernadskii Inst Geochem, Moscow 117975, Russia.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys Earth, Moscow 123995, Russia.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Petrol, Fac Geosci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Petrol, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Max Planck Society; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry & Analytical Chemistry; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Utrecht University; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Sobolev, AV (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
EM asobolev@mpch-mainz.mpg.de
NR 50
TC 1039
Z9 1197
U1 5
U2 253
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 590
EP 597
DI 10.1038/nature03411
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000034
PM 15800614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hijri, M
   Sanders, IR
AF Hijri, M
   Sanders, IR
TI Low gene copy number shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inherit genetically different nuclei
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glomus-intraradices; dna content; diversity; glomales
AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ancient asexually reproducing organisms that form symbioses with the majority of plant species, improving plant nutrition and promoting plant diversity(1,2). Little is known about the evolution or organization of the genomes of any eukaryotic symbiont or ancient asexual organism. Direct evidence shows that one AMF species is heterokaryotic; that is, containing populations of genetically different nuclei(3). It has been suggested, however, that the genetic variation passed from generation to generation in AMF is simply due to multiple chromosome sets (that is, high ploidy)(4). Here we show that previously documented genetic variation in Pol-like sequences, which are passed from generation to generation, cannot be due to either high ploidy or repeated gene duplications. Our results provide the clearest evidence so far for substantial genetic differences among nuclei in AMF. We also show that even AMF with a very large nuclear DNA content are haploid. An underlying principle of evolutionary theory is that an individual passes on one or half of its genome to each of its progeny. The coexistence of a population of many genomes in AMF and their transfer to subsequent generations, therefore, has far-reaching consequences for understanding genome evolution.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP Sanders, IR (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM ian.sanders@unil.ch
NR 14
TC 139
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 160
EP 163
DI 10.1038/nature03069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200038
PM 15650740
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grigorenko, AN
   Geim, AK
   Gleeson, HF
   Zhang, Y
   Firsov, AA
   Khrushchev, IY
   Petrovic, J
AF Grigorenko, AN
   Geim, AK
   Gleeson, HF
   Zhang, Y
   Firsov, AA
   Khrushchev, IY
   Petrovic, J
TI Nanofabricated media with negative permeability at visible frequencies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-handed materials; nanowires
AB A great deal of attention has recently been focused on a new class of smart materials-so-called left-handed media-that exhibit highly unusual electromagnetic properties and promise new device applications(1-6). Left-handed materials require negative permeability m, an extreme condition that has so far been achieved only for frequencies in the microwave to terahertz range(7-11). Extension of the approach described in ref. 7 to achieve the necessary high-frequency magnetic response in visible optics presents a formidable challenge(12-15), as no material-natural or artificial-is known to exhibit any magnetism at these frequencies. Here we report a nanofabricated medium consisting of electromagnetically coupled pairs of gold dots with geometry carefully designed at a 10-nm level. The medium exhibits a strong magnetic response at visible-light frequencies, including a band with negative m. The magnetism arises owing to the excitation of an antisymmetric plasmon resonance. The high-frequency permeability qualitatively reveals itself via optical impedance matching. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of engineering magnetism at visible frequencies and pave the way towards magnetic and left-handed components for visible optics.
C1 Univ Manchester, Dept Phys & Astron, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Microelect Technol, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   Aston Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Birmingham B4 7ET, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Manchester; Russian Academy of Sciences; Aston University
RP Grigorenko, AN (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Dept Phys & Astron, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM sasha@man.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 563
Z9 623
U1 2
U2 234
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 335
EP 338
DI 10.1038/nature04242
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200043
PM 16292306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mygind, PH
   Fischer, RL
   Schnorr, KM
   Hansen, MT
   Sönksen, CP
   Ludvigsen, S
   Raventós, D
   Buskov, S
   Christensen, B
   De Maria, L
   Taboureau, O
   Yaver, D
   Elvig-Jorgensen, SG
   Sorensen, MV
   Christensen, BE
   Kjærulff, S
   Frimodt-Moller, N
   Lehrer, RI
   Zasloff, M
   Kristensen, HH
AF Mygind, PH
   Fischer, RL
   Schnorr, KM
   Hansen, MT
   Sönksen, CP
   Ludvigsen, S
   Raventós, D
   Buskov, S
   Christensen, B
   De Maria, L
   Taboureau, O
   Yaver, D
   Elvig-Jorgensen, SG
   Sorensen, MV
   Christensen, BE
   Kjærulff, S
   Frimodt-Moller, N
   Lehrer, RI
   Zasloff, M
   Kristensen, HH
TI Plectasin is a peptide antibiotic with therapeutic potential from a saprophytic fungus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antimicrobial peptides; antibacterial activity; direct inactivation; mechanism; defensin; protein; innate; cathelicidins; divergence; penicillin
AB Animals and higher plants express endogenous peptide antibiotics called defensins. These small cysteine-rich peptides are active against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Here we describe plectasin - the first defensin to be isolated from a fungus, the saprophytic ascomycete Pseudoplectania nigrella. Plectasin has primary, secondary and tertiary structures that closely resemble those of defensins found in spiders, scorpions, dragonflies and mussels. Recombinant plectasin was produced at a very high, and commercially viable, yield and purity. In vitro, the recombinant peptide was especially active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, including strains resistant to conventional antibiotics. Plectasin showed extremely low toxicity in mice, and cured them of experimental peritonitis and pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae as efficaciously as vancomycin and penicillin. These findings identify fungi as a novel source of antimicrobial defensins, and show the therapeutic potential of plectasin. They also suggest that the defensins of insects, molluscs and fungi arose from a common ancestral gene.
C1 Novozymes AS, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
   Statens Serum Inst, Natl Ctr Antimicrobials & Infect Control, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Novo Nordisk AS, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
   Novozymes Inc, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Washington, DC 20007 USA.
   Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Washington, DC 20007 USA.
C3 Novozymes; Statens Serum Institut; Novo Nordisk; Novozymes; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Georgetown University; Georgetown University
RP Kristensen, HH (corresponding author), Novozymes AS, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
EM hahk@novozymes.com
NR 46
TC 554
Z9 657
U1 3
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 975
EP 980
DI 10.1038/nature04051
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100035
PM 16222292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wookey, J
   Stackhouse, S
   Kendall, JM
   Brodholt, J
   Price, GD
AF Wookey, J
   Stackhouse, S
   Kendall, JM
   Brodholt, J
   Price, GD
TI Efficacy of the post-perovskite phase as an explanation for lowermost-mantle seismic properties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mgsio3 perovskite; elastic-anisotropy; velocity; transition; boundary; earth; wave
AB Constraining the chemical, rheological and electromagnetic properties of the lowermost mantle (D '') is important to understand the formation and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core. To explain the origin of the variety of characteristics of this layer observed with seismology, a number of theories have been proposed(1), including core - mantle interaction, the presence of remnants of subducted material and that D '' is the site of a mineral phase transformation. This final possibility has been rejuvenated by recent evidence for a phase change in MgSiO3 perovskite ( thought to be the most prevalent phase in the lower mantle(2)) at near core - mantle boundary temperature and pressure conditions(3). Here we explore the efficacy of this 'post-perovskite' phase to explain the seismic properties of the lowermost mantle through coupled ab initio and seismic modelling of perovskite and post-perovskite polymorphs of MgSiO3, performed at lowermost-mantle temperatures and pressures. We show that a post-perovskite model can explain the topography and location of the D '' discontinuity, apparent differences in compressional- and shear-wave models(1) and the observation of a deeper, weaker discontinuity(4,5). Furthermore, our calculations show that the regional variations in lower-mantle shear-wave anisotropy are consistent with the proposed phase change in MgSiO3 perovskite.
C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   UCL, Dept Earth Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 University of Leeds; University of London; University College London; University of Bristol
RP Wookey, J (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg,Queens Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM j.wookey@bristol.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/O/S/2001/01227, NE/C518030/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 166
Z9 186
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1004
EP 1007
DI 10.1038/nature04345
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600064
PM 16355222
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melton, L
AF Melton, L
TI Imaging: The big picture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Novartis Fdn, London, England.
C3 Novartis; Novartis United Kingdom
RP Melton, L (corresponding author), Novartis Fdn, London, England.
NR 0
TC 17
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 775
EP +
DI 10.1038/437775a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900061
PM 16193058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rose, R
   Weyand, M
   Lammers, M
   Ishizaki, T
   Ahmadian, MR
   Wittinghofer, A
AF Rose, R
   Weyand, M
   Lammers, M
   Ishizaki, T
   Ahmadian, MR
   Wittinghofer, A
TI Structural and mechanistic insights into the interaction between Rho and mammalian Dia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diaphanous-related formin; small g-protein; crystal-structure; actin nucleation; effector recognition; small gtpase; mdia1; domain; switch; reorganization
AB Formins are involved in a variety of cellular processes that require the remodelling of the cytoskeleton. They contain formin homology domains FH1 and FH2, which initiate actin assembly(1,2). The Diaphanous-related formins form a subgroup that is characterized by an amino-terminal Rho GTPase-binding domain (GBD) and an FH3 domain, which bind somehow to the carboxy-terminal Diaphanous autoregulatory domain ( DAD) to keep the protein in an inactive conformation(3,4). Upon binding of activated Rho proteins, the DAD is released and the ability of the formin to nucleate and elongate unbranched actin filaments is induced. Here we present the crystal structure of RhoC in complex with the regulatory N terminus of mammalian Diaphanous 1 (mDia1) containing the GBD/FH3 region, an all-helical structure with armadillo repeats. Rho uses its 'switch' regions for interacting with two subdomains of GBD/FH3. We show that the FH3 domain of mDia1 forms a stable dimer and we also identify the DAD-binding site. Although binding of Rho and DAD on the N-terminal fragment of mDia1 are mutually exclusive, their binding sites are only partially overlapping. On the basis of our results, we propose a structural model for the regulation of mDia1 by Rho and DAD.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Dept Biol Struct, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Dept Biol Struct, Otto Hahn Str 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
EM Alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 222
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 513
EP 518
DI 10.1038/nature03604
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800058
PM 15864301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pérez-Gussinyé, M
   Watts, AB
AF Pérez-Gussinyé, M
   Watts, AB
TI The long-term strength of Europe and its implications for plate-forming processes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flexural rigidity; lithospheric strength; elastic thickness; thermal evolution; anomaly; age
AB Field-based geological studies show that continental deformation preferentially occurs in young tectonic provinces rather than in old cratons(1). This partitioning of deformation suggests that the cratons are stronger than surrounding younger Phanerozoic provinces. However, although Archaean and Phanerozoic lithosphere differ in their thickness(2-4) and composition(4,5), their relative strength is a matter of much debate. One proxy of strength is the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere, T-e. Unfortunately, spatial variations in T-e are not well understood, as different methods yield different results. The differences are most apparent in cratons, where the 'Bouguer coherence' method yields large T-e values (> 60 km)(6-9) whereas the 'free-air admittance' method yields low values (< 25 km)(10). Here we present estimates of the variability of T-e in Europe using both methods. We show that when they are consistently formulated(11), both methods yield comparable T-e values that correlate with geology, and that the strength of old lithosphere (>= 1.5 Gyr old) is much larger ( mean T-e > 60 km) than that of younger lithosphere ( mean T-e < 30 km). We propose that this strength difference reflects changes in lithospheric plate structure ( thickness, geothermal gradient and composition) that result from mantle temperature and volatile content decrease through Earth's history.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Pérez-Gussinyé, M (corresponding author), Inst Ciencies Terra Jaume Almera, Lluis Sole & Sabaris S-N, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
EM martap@earth.ox.ac.uk; mperez@ija.csic.es
NR 33
TC 145
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 381
EP 384
DI 10.1038/nature03854
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400040
PM 16034416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sidor, CA
   O'Keefe, FR
   Damiani, R
   Steyer, JS
   Smith, RMH
   Larsson, HCE
   Sereno, PC
   Ide, O
   Maga, A
AF Sidor, CA
   O'Keefe, FR
   Damiani, R
   Steyer, JS
   Smith, RMH
   Larsson, HCE
   Sereno, PC
   Ide, O
   Maga, A
TI Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climate-controlled endemism in Pangaea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic analysis; temnospondyl; stereospondyli; patterns
AB New fossils from the Upper Permian Moradi Formation of northern Niger(1-6) provide an insight into the faunas that inhabited low-latitude, xeric environments near the end of the Palaeozoic era (similar to 251 million years ago). We describe here two new temnospondyl amphibians, the cochleosaurid Nigerpeton ricqlesi gen. et sp. nov. and the stem edopoid Saharastega moradiensis gen. et sp. nov., as relicts of Carboniferous lineages that diverged 40 - 90 million years earlier(7-9). Coupled with a scarcity of therapsids, the new finds suggest that faunas from the poorly sampled xeric belt that straddled the Equator during the Permian period(10-12) differed markedly from well-sampled faunas that dominated tropical-to-temperate zones to the north and south(13-15). Our results show that long-standing theories of Late Permian faunal homogeneity are probably oversimplified as the result of uneven latitudinal sampling.
C1 New York Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Anat, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA.
   Univ Witwatersrand, Bernard Price Inst Palaeontol Res, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Dept Hist Terre, CNRS, UMR 5143, F-75008 Paris, France.
   S African Museum, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
   McGill Univ, Redpath Museum, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Inst Rech Sci Humaines, Niamey, Niger.
C3 New York Institute Technology; University of Witwatersrand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); McGill University; University of Chicago
RP Sidor, CA (corresponding author), New York Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Anat, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA.
EM casidor@nyit.edu
NR 23
TC 87
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 886
EP 889
DI 10.1038/nature03393
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600038
PM 15829962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metzger, E
   Wissmann, M
   Yin, N
   Müller, JM
   Schneider, R
   Peters, AHFM
   Günther, T
   Buettner, R
   Schüle, R
AF Metzger, E
   Wissmann, M
   Yin, N
   Müller, JM
   Schneider, R
   Peters, AHFM
   Günther, T
   Buettner, R
   Schüle, R
TI LSD1 demethylates repressive histone marks to promote androgen-receptor-dependent transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex; coactivator; fhl2
AB Gene regulation in eukaryotes requires the coordinate interaction of chromatin-modulating proteins with specific transcription factors such as the androgen receptor(1). Gene activation and repression is specifically regulated by histone methylation status at distinct lysine residues(2). Here we show that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; also known as BHC110)(3) co-localizes with the androgen receptor in normal human prostate and prostate tumour. LSD1 interacts with androgen receptor in vitro and in vivo, and stimulates androgen-receptor-dependent transcription. Conversely, knockdown of LSD1 protein levels abrogates androgen-induced transcriptional activation and cell proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrate that androgen receptor and LSD1 form chromatin-associated complexes in a ligand-dependent manner. LSD1 relieves repressive histone marks by demethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3-K9), thereby leading to de-repression of androgen receptor target genes. Furthermore, we identify pargyline as an inhibitor of LSD1. Pargyline blocks demethylation of H3-K9 by LSD1 and consequently androgen-receptor-dependent transcription. Thus, modulation of LSD1 activity offers a new strategy to regulate androgen receptor functions. Here, we link demethylation of a repressive histone mark with androgen-receptor-dependent gene activation, thus providing a mechanism by which demethylases control specific gene expression.
C1 Univ Freiburg Klinikum, Univ Frauenklin, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg Klinikum, Zentrum Klin Forsch, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Immunbiol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
   Novartis Res Fdn, Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Klinikum Bonn, Inst Pathol, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg; University of Freiburg; Max Planck Society; Novartis; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; University of Bonn
RP Schüle, R (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg Klinikum, Univ Frauenklin, Breisacherstr 66, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
EM roland.schuele@uniklinik-freiburg.de
NR 16
TC 1433
Z9 1845
U1 2
U2 158
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 436
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature04020
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100059
PM 16079795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pelkmans, L
   Fava, E
   Grabner, H
   Hannus, M
   Habermann, B
   Krausz, E
   Zerial, M
AF Pelkmans, L
   Fava, E
   Grabner, H
   Hannus, M
   Habermann, B
   Krausz, E
   Zerial, M
TI Genome-wide analysis of human kinases in clathrin- and caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane domains; signal-transduction; cell; transport; entry; simian-virus-40; caveolin-1; receptor; complex; fusion
AB Endocytosis is a key cellular process, encompassing different entry routes and endocytic compartments. To what extent endocytosis is subjected to high-order regulation by the cellular signalling machinery remains unclear. Using high-throughput RNA interference and automated image analysis, we explored the function of human kinases in two principal types of endocytosis: clathrin- and caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis. We monitored this through infection of vesicular stomatitis virus, simian virus 40 and transferrin trafficking, and also through cell proliferation and apoptosis assays. Here we show that a high number of kinases are involved in endocytosis, and that each endocytic route is regulated by a specific kinase subset. Notably, one group of kinases exerted opposite effects on the two endocytic routes, suggesting coordinate regulation. Our analysis demonstrates that signalling functions such as those controlling cell adhesion, growth and proliferation, are built into the machinery of endocytosis to a much higher degree than previously recognized.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   MPI CBG High Throughput Technol Dev Studio, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Scionics Comp Innovat GmbH, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Ceniix Biosci GmbH, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Zerial, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauerstr 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM zerial@mpi-cbg.de
NR 51
TC 510
Z9 596
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 78
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature03571
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600042
PM 15889048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schumacher, MA
   Funnell, BE
AF Schumacher, MA
   Funnell, BE
TI Structures of ParB bound to DNA reveal mechanism of partition complex formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID integration host factor; p1 parb; plasmid; binding; sequence; site
AB The faithful inheritance of genetic information, which is essential for all organisms, requires accurate DNA partition (segregation) at cell division. In prokaryotes, partition is mediated by par systems, for which the P1 plasmid system of Escherichia coli is a prototype comprising a partition site and two proteins, ParA and ParB(1,2). To form the partition complex necessary for segregation, P1 ParB must recognize a complicated arrangement of A-box and B-box DNA motifs located on opposite ends of a sharply bent parS partition site of similar to 74 bp (refs 3-7). Here we describe structures of ParB bound to partition sites. ParB forms an asymmetric dimer with extended amino-terminal HTH (helix-turn-helix) domains that contact A-boxes. The two HTH domains emanate from a dimerized DNA-binding module composed of a six-stranded beta-sheet coiled-coil that binds B-boxes. Strikingly, these individual DNA-binding modules rotate freely about a flexible linker, enabling them to contact several arrangements of A- and B-boxes. Most notably, each DNA-binding element binds to and thus bridges adjacent DNA duplexes. These unique structural features of ParB explain how this protein can bind complex arrays of A- and B-box elements on adjacent DNA arms of the looped partition site.
C1 Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; University of Toronto
RP Schumacher, MA (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Unit 1000,1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM schumacm@ohsu.edu
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 516
EP 519
DI 10.1038/nature04149
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200054
PM 16306995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
   Pearson, H
AF Butler, D
   Pearson, H
TI Dietary advice: Flash in the pan?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 794
EP 796
DI 10.1038/433794a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600011
PM 15729308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beckmann, B
   Flögel, S
   Hofmann, P
   Schulz, M
   Wagner, T
AF Beckmann, B
   Flögel, S
   Hofmann, P
   Schulz, M
   Wagner, T
TI Orbital forcing of Cretaceous river discharge in tropical Africa and ocean response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface
AB The tropics have been suggested as the drivers of global ocean and atmosphere circulation and biogeochemical cycling during the extreme warmth of the Cretaceous period(1,2); but the links between orbital forcing, freshwater runoff and the biogeochemistry of continental margins in extreme greenhouse conditions are not fully understood. Here we present Cretaceous records of geochemical tracers for freshwater runoff obtained from a sediment core off the Ivory Coast that indicate that alternating periods of arid and humid African climate were driven by orbital precession. Our simulations of the precession-driven patterns of river discharge with a global climate model suggest that ocean anoxia and black shale sedimentation were directly caused by high river discharge, and occurred specifically when the northern equinox coincided with perihelion ( the minimum distance between the Sun and the Earth). We conclude that, in a warm climate, the oceans off tropical continental margins respond rapidly and sensitively to even modest changes in river discharge.
C1 Newcastle Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Geosci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, D-28357 Bremen, Germany.
   IFM GEOMAR Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Geol & Mineral, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Bremen, Res Ctr Ocean Margins, D-28357 Bremen, Germany.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; University of Bremen; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Cologne; University of Bremen
RP Wagner, T (corresponding author), Newcastle Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Geosci, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
EM thomas.wagner@ncl.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 166
Z9 185
U1 2
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 241
EP 244
DI 10.1038/nature03976
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900052
PM 16148930
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choudhuri, K
   Wiseman, D
   Brown, MH
   Gould, K
   van der Merwe, PA
AF Choudhuri, K
   Wiseman, D
   Brown, MH
   Gould, K
   van der Merwe, PA
TI T-cell receptor triggering is critically dependent on the dimensions of its peptide-MHC ligand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen recognition; surface molecules; activation; adhesion; complex; synapse; cd2
AB The binding of a T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) to peptide antigen presented by major histocompatibility antigens (pMHC) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is a central event in adaptive immune responses(1,2). The mechanism by which TCR-pMHC ligation initiates signalling, a process termed TCR triggering, remains controversial(3-5). It has been proposed(6-8) that TCR triggering is promoted by segregation at the T cell-APC interface of cell-surface molecules with small ectodomains (such as TCR-pMHC and accessory receptors) from molecules with large ectodomains (such as the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases CD45 and CD148). Here we show that increasing the dimensions of the TCR-pMHC interaction by elongating the pMHC ectodomain greatly reduces TCR triggering without affecting TCR-pMHC ligation. A similar dependence on receptor-ligand complex dimensions was observed with artificial TCR-ligand systems that span the same dimensions as the TCR-pMHC complex. Interfaces between T cells and APCs expressing elongated pMHC showed an increased intermembrane separation distance and less depletion of CD45. These results show the importance of the small size of the TCR-pMHC complex and support a role for size-based segregation of cell-surface molecules in TCR triggering.
C1 Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Wright Fleming Inst, Dept Immunol, London W2 1PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Imperial College London
RP van der Merwe, PA (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
EM k.gould@imperial.ac.uk; anton.vandermerwe@path.ox.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 365
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 578
EP 582
DI 10.1038/nature03843
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800066
PM 16049493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emanuel, K
AF Emanuel, K
TI Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hurricane intensity; united-states; el-nino; climate; frequency; damages; trends
AB Theory(1) and modelling(2) predict that hurricane intensity should increase with increasing global mean temperatures, but work on the detection of trends in hurricane activity has focused mostly on their frequency(3,4) and shows no trend. Here I define an index of the potential destructiveness of hurricanes based on the total dissipation of power, integrated over the lifetime of the cyclone, and show that this index has increased markedly since the mid-1970s. This trend is due to both longer storm lifetimes and greater storm intensities. I find that the record of net hurricane power dissipation is highly correlated with tropical sea surface temperature, reflecting well-documented climate signals, including multi-decadal oscillations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, and global warming. My results suggest that future warming may lead to an upward trend in tropical cyclone destructive potential, and - taking into account an increasing coastal population a substantial increase in hurricane-related losses in the twenty-first century.
C1 MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Emanuel, K (corresponding author), MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM emanuel@texmex.mit.edu
NR 22
TC 2897
Z9 3554
U1 31
U2 968
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 686
EP 688
DI 10.1038/nature03906
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500040
PM 16056221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beeli, G
   Esslen, M
   Jäncke, L
AF Beeli, G
   Esslen, M
   Jäncke, L
TI Synaesthesia -: When coloured sounds taste sweet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Neuropsychol, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Beeli, G (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Neuropsychol, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM l.jaencke@psychologie.unizh.ch
NR 5
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/434038a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600035
PM 15744291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riedl, SJ
   Li, WY
   Chao, Y
   Schwarzenbacher, R
   Shi, YG
AF Riedl, SJ
   Li, WY
   Chao, Y
   Schwarzenbacher, R
   Shi, YG
TI Structure of the apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 bound to ADP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c; caspase-9 activation; procaspase-9; apaf-1; oligomerization; association; mechanisms; apoptosome; binding; program
AB Apoptosis is executed by caspases, which undergo proteolytic activation in response to cell death stimuli(1). The apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) controls caspase activation downstream of mitochondria(2). During apoptosis, Apaf-1 binds to cytochrome c and in the presence of ATP/dATP forms an apoptosome, leading to the recruitment and activation of the initiator caspase, caspase-9 ( ref. 2). The mechanisms underlying Apaf-1 function are largely unknown. Here we report the 2.2-angstrom crystal structure of an ADP-bound, WD40-deleted Apaf-1, which reveals the molecular mechanism by which Apaf-1 exists in an inactive state before ATP binding. The amino-terminal caspase recruitment domain packs against a three-layered alpha/beta fold, a short helical motif and a winged-helix domain, resulting in the burial of the caspase-9-binding interface. The deeply buried ADP molecule serves as an organizing centre to strengthen interactions between these four adjoining domains, thus locking Apaf-1 in an inactive conformation. Apaf-1 binds to and hydrolyses ATP/dATP and their analogues. The binding and hydrolysis of nucleotides seem to drive conformational changes that are essential for the formation of the apoptosome and the activation of caspase-9.
C1 Princeton Univ, Lewis Thomas Lab, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Joint Ctr Struct Genom, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Shi, YG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Lewis Thomas Lab, Dept Mol Biol, Washington Rd, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM yshi@molbio.princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 282
Z9 344
U1 1
U2 94
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 926
EP 933
DI 10.1038/nature03465
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600047
PM 15829969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowles, S
   Posel, D
AF Bowles, S
   Posel, D
TI Genetic relatedness predicts South African migrant workers' remittances to their families
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reciprocity; transfers; foragers; tests
AB Inclusive fitness models(1,2) predict many commonly observed behaviours: among humans, studies of within-household violence(3), the allocation of food(4,5) and child care(6) find that people favour those to whom they are more closely related. In some cases however, kin-altruism effects appear to be modest(7-9). Do individuals favour kin to the extent that kin-altruism models predict? Data on remittances sent by South African migrant workers to their rural households of origin allow an explicit test, to our knowledge the first of its kind for humans. Using estimates of the fitness benefits and costs associated with the remittance, the genetic relatedness of the migrant to the beneficiaries of the transfer, and their age- and sex-specific reproductive values, we estimate the level of remittance that maximizes the migrant worker's inclusive fitness. This is a much better predictor of observed remittances than is average relatedness, even when we take account ( by means of a multiple regression) of covarying influences on the level of remittance. But the effect is modest: less than a third of the observed level of remittances can be explained by our kin-altruism model.
C1 Univ KwaZulu Natal, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Univ Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
C3 University of Kwazulu Natal; The Santa Fe Institute; University of Siena
RP Posel, D (corresponding author), Univ KwaZulu Natal, King George V Ave, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa.
EM posel@ukzn.ac.za
NR 21
TC 32
Z9 39
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 380
EP 383
DI 10.1038/nature03420
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100051
PM 15772661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tarasov, L
   Peltier, WR
AF Tarasov, L
   Peltier, WR
TI Arctic freshwater forcing of the Younger Dryas cold reversal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glacial lake agassiz; ice-sheet; meltwater; history; deep; circulation; record; event; rates
AB The last deglaciation was abruptly interrupted by a millennial-scale reversal to glacial conditions(1), the Younger Dryas cold event. This cold interval has been connected to a decrease in the rate of North Atlantic Deep Water formation and to a resulting weakening of the meridional overturning circulation(2-4) owing to surface water freshening. In contrast, an earlier input of fresh water ( meltwater pulse 1a), whose origin is disputed(5,6), apparently did not lead to a reduction of the meridional overturning circulation(4). Here we analyse an ensemble of simulations of the drainage chronology of the North American ice sheet in order to identify the geographical release points of freshwater forcing during deglaciation. According to the simulations with our calibrated glacial systems model, the North American ice sheet contributed about half the fresh water of meltwater pulse 1a. During the onset of the Younger Dryas, we find that the largest combined meltwater/ iceberg discharge was directed into the Arctic Ocean. Given that the only drainage outlet from the Arctic Ocean was via the Fram Strait into the Greenland - Iceland - Norwegian seas(7), where North Atlantic Deep Water is formed today, we hypothesize that it was this Arctic freshwater flux that triggered the Younger Dryas cold reversal.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Tarasov, L (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
EM lev@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 253
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 662
EP 665
DI 10.1038/nature03617
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200047
PM 15931219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baines, CP
   Kaiser, RA
   Purcell, NH
   Blair, NS
   Osinska, H
   Hambleton, MA
   Brunskill, EW
   Sayen, MR
   Gottlieb, RA
   Dorn, GW II
   Robbins, J
   Molkentin, JD
AF Baines, CP
   Kaiser, RA
   Purcell, NH
   Blair, NS
   Osinska, H
   Hambleton, MA
   Brunskill, EW
   Sayen, MR
   Gottlieb, RA
   Dorn, GW II
   Robbins, J
   Molkentin, JD
TI Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c release; cyclosporine-a; lethal injury; pore complex; bax; apoptosis; ischemia; translocator; hepatocytes; activation
AB Mitochondria play a critical role in mediating both apoptotic and necrotic cell death. The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) leads to mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane rupture and the release of apoptotic mediators. The mPT pore is thought to consist of the adenine nucleotide translocator, a voltage-dependent anion channel, and cyclophilin D (the Ppif gene product), a prolyl isomerase located within the mitochondrial matrix(1,2). Here we generated mice lacking Ppif and mice overexpressing cyclophilin D in the heart. Ppif null mice are protected from ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cell death in vivo, whereas cyclophilin D-overexpressing mice show mitochondrial swelling and spontaneous cell death. Mitochondria isolated from the livers, hearts and brains of Ppif null mice are resistant to mitochondrial swelling and permeability transition in vitro. Moreover, primary hepatocytes and fibroblasts isolated from Ppif null mice are largely protected from Ca2+-overload and oxidative stress-induced cell death. However, Bcl-2 family member-induced cell death does not depend on cyclophilin D, and Ppif null fibroblasts are not protected from staurosporine or tumour-necrosis factor-alpha-induced death. Thus, cyclophilin D and the mitochondrial permeability transition are required for mediating Ca2+-and oxidative damage-induced cell death, but not Bcl-2 family member-regulated death.
C1 Univ Cincinnati, Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol & Expt Med, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Scripps Research Institute
RP Molkentin, JD (corresponding author), Univ Cincinnati, Childrens Hosp, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
EM jeff.molkentin@cchmc.org
NR 27
TC 1926
Z9 2230
U1 2
U2 197
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 658
EP 662
DI 10.1038/nature03434
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000048
PM 15800627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elvin, CM
   Carr, AG
   Huson, MG
   Maxwell, JM
   Pearson, RD
   Vuocolo, T
   Liyou, NE
   Wong, DCC
   Merritt, DJ
   Dixon, NE
AF Elvin, CM
   Carr, AG
   Huson, MG
   Maxwell, JM
   Pearson, RD
   Vuocolo, T
   Liyou, NE
   Wong, DCC
   Merritt, DJ
   Dixon, NE
TI Synthesis and properties of crosslinked recombinant pro-resilin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elastic proteins; sound production; identification; linking; timbal
AB Resilin is a member of a family of elastic proteins that includes elastin, as well as gluten, gliadin, abductin and spider silks. Resilin is found in specialized regions of the cuticle of most insects, providing low stiffness, high strain and efficient energy storage(1,2); it is best known for its roles in insect flight(3,4) and the remarkable jumping ability of fleas(5,6) and spittle bugs(7). Previously, the Drosophila melanogaster CG15920 gene was tentatively identified as one encoding a resilin-like protein(8,9) (pro-resilin). Here we report the cloning and expression of the first exon of the Drosophila CG15920 gene as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli. We show that this recombinant protein can be cast into a rubber-like biomaterial by rapid photochemical crosslinking. This observation validates the role of the putative elastic repeat motif in resilin function. The resilience ( recovery after deformation) of crosslinked recombinant resilin was found to exceed that of unfilled synthetic polybutadiene, a high resilience rubber. We believe that our work will greatly facilitate structural investigations into the functional properties of resilin and shed light on more general aspects of the structure of elastomeric proteins. In addition, the ability to rapidly cast samples of this biomaterial may enable its use in situ for both industrial and biomedical applications.
C1 CSIRO Livestock Ind, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   CSIRO Text & Fibre Technol, Geelong, Vic 3216, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Sch Integrat Biol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Chem, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); University of Queensland; Australian National University
RP Elvin, CM (corresponding author), CSIRO Livestock Ind, Queensland Biosci Precinct, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM chris.elvin@csiro.au
NR 30
TC 472
Z9 586
U1 9
U2 254
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 999
EP 1002
DI 10.1038/nature04085
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100040
PM 16222249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bais, HP
   Prithiviraj, B
   Jha, AK
   Ausubel, FM
   Vivanco, JM
AF Bais, HP
   Prithiviraj, B
   Jha, AK
   Ausubel, FM
   Vivanco, JM
TI RETRACTED: Mediation of pathogen resistance by exudation of antimicrobials from roots (Retracted Article)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID pseudomonas-syringae strains; arabidopsis; identification; avirulence; genes; hrp; phaseolicola; plants; host
AB Most plant species are resistant to most potential pathogens. It is not known why most plant - microbe interactions do not lead to disease, although recent work indicates that this basic disease resistance is multi-factorial(1,2). Here we show that the exudation of root-derived antimicrobial metabolites by Arabidopsis thaliana confers tissue-specific resistance to a wide range of bacterial pathogens. However, a Pseudomonas syringae strain that is both at least partly resistant to these compounds and capable of blocking their synthesis/exudation is able to infect the roots and cause disease. We also show that the ability of this P. syringae strain to block antimicrobial exudation is dependent on the type III secretory system.
C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Ctr Rhizosphere Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Ausubel, FM (corresponding author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
EM ausubel@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu; j.vivanco@colostate.edu
NR 30
TC 119
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 217
EP 221
DI 10.1038/nature03356
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500046
PM 15759001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, CS
   Friedman, JR
   Fulmer, JT
   Kaestner, KH
AF Lee, CS
   Friedman, JR
   Fulmer, JT
   Kaestner, KH
TI The initiation of liver development is dependent on Foxa transcription factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gut endoderm; glucose-homeostasis; gene; differentiation; chromatin; hnf3; organogenesis; nucleosome; expression; hnf-3-beta
AB The specification of the vertebrate liver is thought to occur in a two-step process, beginning with the establishment of competence within the foregut endoderm for responding to organ-specific signals, followed by the induction of liver-specific genes. On the basis of expression and in vitro studies, it has been proposed that the Foxa transcription factors establish competence by opening compacted chromatin structures within liver-specific target genes(1). Here we show that Foxa1 and Foxa2 (forkhead box proteins A1 and A2) are required in concert for hepatic specification in mouse. In embryos deficient for both genes in the foregut endoderm, no liver bud is evident and expression of the hepato-blast marker alpha-fetoprotein (Afp) is lost. Furthermore, Foxa1/Foxa2-deficient endoderm cultured in the presence of exogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) fails to initiate expression of the liver markers albumin and transthyretin. Thus, Foxa1 and Foxa2 are required for the establishment of competence within the foregut endoderm and the onset of hepatogenesis.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Kaestner, KH (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM kaestner@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 27
TC 474
Z9 604
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 944
EP 947
DI 10.1038/nature03649
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700047
PM 15959514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patel, NA
   Curiel, S
   Sridharan, TK
   Zhang, QZ
   Hunter, TR
   Ho, PTP
   Torrelles, JM
   Moran, JM
   Gómez, JF
   Anglada, G
AF Patel, NA
   Curiel, S
   Sridharan, TK
   Zhang, QZ
   Hunter, TR
   Ho, PTP
   Torrelles, JM
   Moran, JM
   Gómez, JF
   Anglada, G
TI A disk of dust and molecular gas around a high-mass protostar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star-formation; accretion; outflow; objects; system; hw2
AB The processes leading to the birth of low-mass stars such as our Sun have been well studied(1), but the formation of high-mass ( over eight times the Sun's mass, M-.) stars remains poorly understood(2). Recent studies suggest that high-mass stars may form through accretion of material from a circumstellar disk(3), in essentially the same way as low-mass stars form, rather than through the merging of several low-mass stars(4). There is as yet, however, no conclusive evidence(5,6). Here we report the presence of a flattened disk-like structure around a massive 15M(.) protostar in the Cepheus A region, based on observations of continuum emission from the dust and line emission from the molecular gas. The disk has a radius of about 330 astronomical units (AU) and a mass of 1 to 8 M(: It is oriented perpendicular to, and spatially coincident with, the central embedded powerful bipolar radio jet, just as is the case with low-mass stars, from which we conclude that high-mass stars can form through accretion.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   CSIC, IEEC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   INTA, Lab Astrofis Espacial & Fis Fundamental, E-28080 Madrid, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); University of Barcelona; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Astrobiologia (INTA); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA)
RP Patel, NA (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St,MS78, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM npatel@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 158
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 109
EP 111
DI 10.1038/nature04011
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400050
PM 16136136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frey, U
   Brodbeck, T
   Majumdar, A
   Taylor, DR
   Town, GI
   Silverman, M
   Suki, B
AF Frey, U
   Brodbeck, T
   Majumdar, A
   Taylor, DR
   Town, GI
   Silverman, M
   Suki, B
TI Risk of severe asthma episodes predicted from fluctuation analysis of airway function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variability
AB Asthma is an increasing health problem worldwide(1), but the long-term temporal pattern of clinical symptoms is not understood and predicting asthma episodes is not generally possible(2,3). We analyse the time series of peak expiratory flows, a standard measurement of airway function that has been assessed twice daily in a large asthmatic population during a long- term crossover clinical trial(4). Here we introduce an approach to predict the risk of worsening airflow obstruction by calculating the conditional probability that, given the current airway condition, a severe obstruction will occur within 30 days. We find that, compared with a placebo, a regular long- acting bronchodilator ( salmeterol) that is widely used to improve asthma control decreases the risk of airway obstruction. Unexpectedly, however, a regular short- acting beta(2)-agonist bronchodilator ( albuterol) increases this risk. Furthermore, we find that the time series of peak expiratory flows show long- range correlations that change significantly with disease severity, approaching a random process with increased variability in the most severe cases. Using a nonlinear stochastic model, we show that both the increased variability and the loss of correlations augment the risk of unstable airway function. The characterization of fluctuations in airway function provides a quantitative basis for objective risk prediction of asthma episodes and for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy.
C1 Univ Hosp Bern, Inselspital, Dept Paediat, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
   Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Otago, Dunedin Sch Med, Fac Med, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Otago, Christchurch Sch Med, Fac Med, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Leicester, Inst Lung Hlth, Leicester LE2 7LX, Leics, England.
C3 University of Bern; University Hospital of Bern; Boston University; University of Otago; University of Otago; University of Leicester
RP Frey, U (corresponding author), Univ Hosp Bern, Inselspital, Dept Paediat, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
EM urs.frey@insel.ch
NR 17
TC 185
Z9 199
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 667
EP 670
DI 10.1038/nature04176
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100050
PM 16319891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Avinun-Kalish, M
   Heiblum, M
   Zarchin, O
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
AF Avinun-Kalish, M
   Heiblum, M
   Zarchin, O
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
TI Crossover from 'mesoscopic' to 'universal' phase for electron transmission in quantum dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scattering
AB The measurement of phase in coherent electron systems-that is, 'mesoscopic' systems such as quantum dots-can yield information about fundamental transport properties that is not readily apparent from conductance measurements. Phase measurements on relatively large quantum dots(1) recently revealed that the phase evolution for electrons traversing the dots exhibits a 'universal' behaviour, independent of dot size, shape, and electron occupancy(2,3). Specifically, for quantum dots in the Coulomb blockade regime, the transmission phase increases monotonically by pi throughout each conductance peak; in the conductance valleys, the phase returns sharply to its starting value. The expected mesoscopic features in the phase evolution-related to the dot's shape, spin degeneracy or to exchange effects-have not been observed, and there is at present no satisfactory explanation for the observed universality in phase behaviour(4). Here we report the results of phase measurements on a series of small quantum dots, having occupancies of between only 1-20 electrons, where the phase behaviour for electron transmission should in principle be easier to interpret. In contrast to the universal behaviour observed thus far only in the larger dots, we see clear mesoscopic features in the phase measurements when the dot occupancy is less than similar to 10 electrons. As the occupancy increases, the manner of phase evolution changes and universal behaviour is recovered for some 14 electrons or more. The identification of a transition from the expected mesoscopic behaviour to universal phase evolution should help to direct and constrain theoretical models for the latter.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Heiblum, M (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM heiblum@wisemail.weizmann.ac.il
NR 26
TC 143
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 529
EP 533
DI 10.1038/nature03899
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800055
PM 16049482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andreae, MO
   Jones, CD
   Cox, PM
AF Andreae, MO
   Jones, CD
   Cox, PM
TI Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; temperature-change; uncertainty; sensitivity; feedback
AB Atmospheric aerosols counteract the warming effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases by an uncertain, but potentially large, amount. This in turn leads to large uncertainties in the sensitivity of climate to human perturbations, and therefore also in carbon cycle feedbacks and projections of climate change. In the future, aerosol cooling is expected to decline relative to greenhouse gas forcing, because of the aerosols' much shorter lifetime and the pursuit of a cleaner atmosphere. Strong aerosol cooling in the past and present would then imply that future global warming may proceed at or even above the upper extreme of the range projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
   Met Off, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Winfrith DT2 8ZD, Dorset, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Andreae, MO (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, POB 3060, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
EM andreae@mpch-mainz.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 496
Z9 562
U1 1
U2 166
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1187
EP 1190
DI 10.1038/nature03671
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500033
PM 15988515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basu, S
   Gerchman, Y
   Collins, CH
   Arnold, FH
   Weiss, R
AF Basu, S
   Gerchman, Y
   Collins, CH
   Arnold, FH
   Weiss, R
TI A synthetic multicellular system for programmed pattern formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; vibrio-fischeri; bacteria; luxr; networks; lactones; growth
AB Pattern formation is a hallmark of coordinated cell behaviour in both single and multicellular organisms(1-3). It typically involves cell-cell communication and intracellular signal processing. Here we show a synthetic multicellular system in which genetically engineered 'receiver' cells are programmed to formring-like patterns of differentiation based on chemical gradients of an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signal that is synthesized by 'sender' cells. In receiver cells, 'band-detect' gene networks respond to user-defined ranges of AHL concentrations. By fusing different fluorescent proteins as outputs of network variants, an initially undifferentiated 'lawn' of receivers is engineered to form a bullseye pattern around a sender colony. Other patterns, such as ellipses and clovers, are achieved by placing senders in different configurations. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal which kinetic parameters most significantly affect ring development over time. Construction and study of such synthetic multicellular systems can improve our quantitative understanding of naturally occurring developmental processes and may foster applications in tissue engineering, biomaterial fabrication and biosensing.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; California Institute of Technology
RP Weiss, R (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM rweiss@princeton.edu
NR 18
TC 831
Z9 1067
U1 6
U2 306
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1130
EP 1134
DI 10.1038/nature03461
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300043
PM 15858574
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zykov, V
   Mytilinaios, E
   Adams, B
   Lipson, H
AF Zykov, V
   Mytilinaios, E
   Adams, B
   Lipson, H
TI Self-reproducing machines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Math, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Zykov, V (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM hod.lipson@cornell.edu
NR 13
TC 230
Z9 267
U1 5
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 163
EP 164
DI 10.1038/435163a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100028
PM 15889080
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muroyama, Y
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
   Rowitch, DH
AF Muroyama, Y
   Fujiwara, Y
   Orkin, SH
   Rowitch, DH
TI Specification of astrocytes by bHLH protein SCL in a restricted region of the neural tube
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinal-cord; stem-cells; motor-neuron; gene-expression; v2 interneurons; scl/tal-1; identity; differentiation; precursors
AB Astrocytes are the most abundant and functionally diverse glial population in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)(1). However, the mechanisms underlying astrocyte specification are poorly understood. It is well established that cellular diversification of neurons in the embryo is generated by position-dependent extrinsic signals and combinatorial interactions of transcription factors that direct specific cell fates by suppressing alternative fates(2). It is unknown whether a comparable process determines embryonic astrocyte identity. Indeed, astrocyte development is generally thought to take place in a position-independent manner(3,4). Here we show multiple functions of Stem cell leukaemia (Scl, also known as Tal1), which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, in the regulation of both astrocyte versus oligodendrocyte cell fate acquisition and V2b versus V2a interneuron cell fate acquisition in the p2 domain of the developing vertebrate spinal cord. Our findings demonstrate a regionally restricted transcriptional programme necessary for astrocyte and V2b interneuron development, with striking parallels to the involvement of SCL in haematopoiesis. They further indicate that acquisition of embryonic glial subtype identity might be regulated by genetic interactions between SCL and the transcription factor Olig2 in the ventral neural tube.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Newborn Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Orkin, SH (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM stuart_orkin@dfci.harvard.edu; david_rowitch@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 137
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/nature04139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200049
PM 16292311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lourens, LJ
   Sluijs, A
   Kroon, D
   Zachos, JC
   Thomas, E
   Röhl, U
   Bowles, J
   Raffi, I
AF Lourens, LJ
   Sluijs, A
   Kroon, D
   Zachos, JC
   Thomas, E
   Röhl, U
   Bowles, J
   Raffi, I
TI Astronomical pacing of late Palaeocene to early Eocene global warming events
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal maximum; comet impact; methane; records; dissociation; chronology; volcanism; end
AB At the boundary between the Palaeocene and Eocene epochs, about 55 million years ago, the Earth experienced a strong global warming event, the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum(1-4). The leading hypothesis to explain the extreme greenhouse conditions prevalent during this period is the dissociation of 1,400 to 2,800 gigatonnes of methane from ocean clathrates(5,6), resulting in a large negative carbon isotope excursion and severe carbonate dissolution in marine sediments. Possible triggering mechanisms for this event include crossing a threshold temperature as the Earth warmed gradually(7), comet impact(8), explosive volcanism(9,10) or ocean current reorganization and erosion at continental slopes(11), whereas orbital forcing has been excluded(12). Here we report a distinct carbonate-poor red clay layer in deep-sea cores from Walvis ridge(13), which we term the Elmo horizon. Using orbital tuning, we estimate deposition of the Elmo horizon at about 2 million years after the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum. The Elmo horizon has similar geochemical and biotic characteristics as the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum, but of smaller magnitude. It is coincident with carbon isotope depletion events in other ocean basins, suggesting that it represents a second global thermal maximum. We show that both events correspond to maxima in the similar to 405-kyr and similar to 100-kyr eccentricity cycles that post-date prolonged minima in the 2.25-Myr eccentricity cycle, implying that they are indeed astronomically paced.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Fac Geosci, Dept Earth Sci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Palaeoecol, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Wesleyan Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Middletown, CT 06459 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Study Global Change, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Bremen, DFG Res Ctr Ocean Margins, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ G DAnnunzio, Dipartimento Sci Terra, Fac Sci, I-66013 Chieti, Italy.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Wesleyan University; Yale University; University of Bremen; German Research Foundation (DFG); University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara
RP Lourens, LJ (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Fac Geosci, Dept Earth Sci, Budapestlaan 4, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM llourens@geo.uu.nl
NR 27
TC 498
Z9 585
U1 4
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1083
EP 1087
DI 10.1038/nature03814
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400045
PM 15944716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morbidelli, A
   Levison, HF
   Tsiganis, K
   Gomes, R
AF Morbidelli, A
   Levison, HF
   Tsiganis, K
   Gomes, R
TI Chaotic capture of Jupiter's Trojan asteroids in the early Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planetary migration; kuiper-belt; planetesimal disk; family comets; origin; accretion; neptune; orbit; population; evolution
AB Jupiter's Trojans are asteroids that follow essentially the same orbit as Jupiter, but lead or trail the planet by an angular distance of similar to 60 degrees (co-orbital motion). They are hypothesized to be planetesimals that formed near Jupiter and were captured onto their current orbits while Jupiter was growing(1,2), possibly with the help of gas drag(3-6) and/or collisions(7). This idea, however, cannot explain some basic properties of the Trojan population, in particular its broad orbital inclination distribution, which ranges up to similar to 40 degrees ( ref. 8). Here we show that the Trojans could have formed in more distant regions and been subsequently captured into co-orbital motion with Jupiter during the time when the giant planets migrated by removing neighbouring planetesimals(9-12). The capture was possible during a short period of time, just after Jupiter and Saturn crossed their mutual 1: 2 resonance, when the dynamics of the Trojan region were completely chaotic. Our simulations of this process satisfactorily reproduce the orbital distribution of the Trojans and their total mass.
C1 Observ Cote Azur, F-06304 Nice, France.
   SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   UFRJ, OV, GEA, BR-20080090 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   MCT, ON, BR-20080090 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
RP Morbidelli, A (corresponding author), Observ Cote Azur, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice, France.
EM morby@obs-nice.fr
NR 28
TC 708
Z9 801
U1 4
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 462
EP 465
DI 10.1038/nature03540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800047
PM 15917801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Matteo, T
   Springel, V
   Hernquist, L
AF Di Matteo, T
   Springel, V
   Hernquist, L
TI Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model; starbursts; outflow; mass
AB In the early Universe, while galaxies were still forming, black holes as massive as a billion solar masses powered quasars. Supermassive black holes are found at the centres of most galaxies today(1 - 3), where their masses are related to the velocity dispersions of stars in their host galaxies and hence to the mass of the central bulge of the galaxy(4,5). This suggests a link between the growth of the black holes and their host galaxies(6 - 9), which has indeed been assumed for a number of years. But the origin of the observed relation between black hole mass and stellar velocity dispersion, and its connection with the evolution of galaxies, have remained unclear. Here we report simulations that simultaneously follow star formation and the growth of black holes during galaxy - galaxy collisions. We find that, in addition to generating a burst of star formation(10), a merger leads to strong inflows that feed gas to the supermassive black hole and thereby power the quasar. The energy released by the quasar expels enough gas to quench both star formation and further black hole growth. This determines the lifetime of the quasar phase ( approaching 100 million years) and explains the relationship between the black hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion.
C1 Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Astron, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Harvard University
RP Di Matteo, T (corresponding author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
EM tiziana@phys.cmu.edu
NR 30
TC 2903
Z9 3126
U1 7
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 604
EP 607
DI 10.1038/nature03335
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000036
PM 15703739
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Talkington, MWT
   Siuzdak, G
   Williamson, JR
AF Talkington, MWT
   Siuzdak, G
   Williamson, JR
TI An assembly landscape for the 30S ribosomal subunit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-desorption ionization; dnak chaperone system; escherichia-coli; mass-spectrometry; bacterial ribosm; protein expression; central domain; 16-s rna; 30-s; reconstitution
AB Self- assembling macromolecular machines drive fundamental cellular processes, including transcription, messenger RNA processing, translation, DNA replication and cellular transport. The ribosome, which carries out protein synthesis, is one such machine, and the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome is the preeminent model system for biophysical analysis of large RNA - protein complexes. Our understanding of 30S assembly is incomplete, owing to the challenges of monitoring the association of many components simultaneously. Here we have developed a method involving pulse - chase monitored by quantitative mass spectrometry ( PC/ QMS) to follow the assembly of the 20 ribosomal proteins with 16S ribosomal RNA during formation of the functional particle. These data represent a detailed and quantitative kinetic characterization of the assembly of a large multicomponent macromolecular complex. By measuring the protein binding rates at a range of temperatures, we find that local transformations throughout the assembling subunit have similar but distinct activation energies. Thus, the prevailing view of 30S assembly as a pathway proceeding through a global rate-limiting conformational change must give way to one in which the assembly of the complex traverses a landscape dotted with various local conformational transitions.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Williamson, JR (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM jrwill@scripps.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM053757] Funding Source: Medline
NR 36
TC 220
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 628
EP 632
DI 10.1038/nature04261
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100041
PM 16319883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carter, NJ
   Cross, RA
AF Carter, NJ
   Cross, RA
TI Mechanics of the kinesin step
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hand-over-hand; 8-nm step; atp hydrolysis; myosin motor; force clamp; molecules; cycle; processivity; microscopy; dependence
AB Kinesin is a molecular walking machine that organizes cells by hauling packets of components directionally along microtubules. The physical mechanism that impels directional stepping is uncertain. We show here that, under very high backward loads, the intrinsic directional bias in kinesin stepping can be reversed such that the motor walks sustainedly backwards in a previously undescribed mode of ATP-dependent backward processivity. We find that both forward and backward 8-nm steps occur on the microsecond timescale and that both occur without mechanical substeps on this timescale. The data suggest an underlying mechanism in which, once ATP has bound to the microtubule-attached head, the other head undergoes a diffusional search for its next site, the outcome of which can be biased by an applied load.
C1 Marie Curie Res Inst, Mol Motors Grp, Surrey RH8 0TL, England.
RP Cross, RA (corresponding author), Marie Curie Res Inst, Mol Motors Grp, Surrey RH8 0TL, England.
EM r.cross@mcri.ac.uk
NR 35
TC 609
Z9 701
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 308
EP 312
DI 10.1038/nature03528
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000037
PM 15902249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olson, EL
   Allen, RM
AF Olson, EL
   Allen, RM
TI The deterministic nature of earthquake rupture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic nucleation phase; southern california; 1994 northridge; ground-motion; size; ridgecrest; magnitude; foreshock; sequence; stress
AB Understanding the earthquake rupture process is central to our understanding of fault systems and earthquake hazards. Multiple hypotheses concerning the nature of fault rupture have been proposed but no unifying theory has emerged(1-12). The conceptual hypothesis most commonly cited is the cascade model for fault rupture(1,3,10,13). In the cascade model, slip initiates on a small fault patch and continues to rupture further across a fault plane as long as the conditions are favourable. Two fundamental implications of this domino-like theory are that small earthquakes begin in the same manner as large earthquakes and that the rupture process is not deterministic - that is, the size of the earthquake cannot be determined until the cessation of rupture. Here we show that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy within the first few seconds of rupture scales with the final magnitude of the event. We infer that the magnitude of an earthquake can therefore be estimated before the rupture is complete. This finding implies that the rupture process is to some degree deterministic and has implications for the physics of the rupture process.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Allen, RM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 307 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM rallen@berkeley.edu
NR 28
TC 239
Z9 287
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 212
EP 215
DI 10.1038/nature04214
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500046
PM 16281033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vermot, J
   Pourquié, O
AF Vermot, J
   Pourquié, O
TI Retinoic acid coordinates somitogenesis and left-right patterning in vertebrate embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; chick-embryo; segmentation clock; nodal expression; somite formation; mouse; information; pathways; gene; bud
AB A striking feature of the body plan of a majority of animals is bilateral symmetry. Almost nothing is known about the mechanisms controlling the symmetrical arrangement of the left and right body sides during development. Here we report that blocking the production of retinoic acid ( RA) in chicken embryos leads to a desynchronization of somite formation between the two embryonic sides, demonstrated by a shortened left segmented region. This defect is linked to a loss of coordination of the segmentation clock oscillations(1). The lateralization of this defect led us to investigate the relation between somitogenesis and the left - right asymmetry machinery(2,3) in RA-deficient embryos. Reversal of the situs in chick(4,5) or mouse(6) embryos lacking RA results in a reversal of the somitogenesis laterality defect. Our data indicate that RA is important in buffering the lateralizing influence of the left - right machinery, thus permitting synchronization of the development of the two embryonic sides.
C1 Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
C3 Stowers Institute for Medical Research
RP Pourquié, O (corresponding author), Stowers Inst Med Res, 1000E 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
EM olp@stowers-institute.org
NR 29
TC 192
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 215
EP 220
DI 10.1038/nature03488
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100043
PM 15889094
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hua, JY
   Smear, MC
   Baier, H
   Smith, SJ
AF Hua, JY
   Smear, MC
   Baier, H
   Smith, SJ
TI Regulation of axon growth in vivo by activity-based competition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; synaptic competition; ocular dominance; branch dynamics; neural activity; zebrafish; system; reveals; arbors; brain
AB The formation of functional neural networks requires precise regulation of the growth and branching of the terminal arbors of axons, processes known to be influenced by early network electrical activity(1-3). Here we show that a rule of activity-based competition between neighbouring axons appears to govern the growth and branching of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon arbors in the developing optic tectum of zebrafish. Mosaic expression of an exogenous potassium channel or a dominant-negative SNARE protein was used to suppress electrical or neurosecretory activity in subsets of RGC axons. Imaging in vivo showed that these forms of activity suppression strongly inhibit both net growth and the formation of new branches by individually transfected RGC axon arbors. The inhibition is relieved when the activity of nearby 'competing' RGC axons is also suppressed. These results therefore identify a new form of activity-based competition rule that might be a key regulator of axon growth and branch initiation.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Hua, JY (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM huayy@stanford.edu
NR 25
TC 182
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1022
EP 1026
DI 10.1038/nature03409
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600039
PM 15846347
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kosfeld, M
   Heinrichs, M
   Zak, PJ
   Fischbacher, U
   Fehr, E
AF Kosfeld, M
   Heinrichs, M
   Zak, PJ
   Fischbacher, U
   Fehr, E
TI Oxytocin increases trust in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maternal-behavior; vasopressin; attachment; fairness; aversion; brain; risk
AB Trust pervades human societies(1,2). Trust is indispensable in friendship, love, families and organizations, and plays a key role in economic exchange and politics(3). In the absence of trust among trading partners, market transactions break down. In the absence of trust in a country's institutions and leaders, political legitimacy breaks down. Much recent evidence indicates that trust contributes to economic, political and social success(4,5). Little is known, however, about the biological basis of trust among humans. Here we show that intranasal administration of oxytocin, a neuropeptide that plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in non-human mammals(6-8), causes a substantial increase in trust among humans, thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactions. We also show that the effect of oxytocin on trust is not due to a general increase in the readiness to bear risks. On the contrary, oxytocin specifically affects an individual's willingness to accept social risks arising through interpersonal interactions. These results concur with animal research suggesting an essential role for oxytocin as a biological basis of prosocial approach behaviour.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich, Dept Clin Psychol & Psychotherapy, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Claremont Grad Univ, Ctr Neuroecon Studies, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
   Collegium Helveticum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich; University of Zurich; Claremont Colleges; Claremont Graduate University
RP Fehr, E (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, Blumlisalpstr 10, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM m.heinrichs@psychologie.unizh.ch; efehr@iew.unizh.ch
NR 30
TC 2486
Z9 2980
U1 7
U2 877
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/nature03701
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200050
PM 15931222
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller, P
   Kuttenkeuler, D
   Gesellchen, V
   Zeidler, MP
   Boutros, M
AF Müller, P
   Kuttenkeuler, D
   Gesellchen, V
   Zeidler, MP
   Boutros, M
TI Identification of JAK/STAT signalling components by genome-wide RNA interference
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila; pathway; gene; expression; protein; kinase; cells; transcription; transduction; activation
AB Signalling pathways mediating the transduction of information between cells are essential for development, cellular differentiation and homeostasis(1). Their dysregulation is also frequently associated with human malignancies. The Janus tyrosine kinase/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway represents one such signalling cascade whose evolutionarily conserved roles include cell proliferation and haematopoiesis(2). Here we describe a systematic genome-wide survey for genes required for JAK/STAT pathway activity. Analysis of 20,026 RNA interference (RNAi)-induced phenotypes in cultured Drosophila melanogaster haemocyte-like cells identified interacting genes encoding 4 known and 86 previously uncharacterized proteins. Subsequently, cell-based epistasis experiments were used to classify these proteins on the basis of their interaction with known components of the signalling cascade. In addition to multiple human disease gene homologues, we have found the tyrosine phosphatase Ptp61F and the Drosophila homologue of BRWD3, a bromo-domain-containing protein disrupted in leukaemia(3). Moreover, in vivo analysis demonstrates that disrupted dBRWD3 and overexpressed Ptp61F function as suppressors of leukaemia-like blood cell tumours. This screen represents a comprehensive identification of novel loci required for JAK/STAT signalling and provides molecular insights into an important pathway relevant for human cancer. Human homologues of identified pathway modifiers may constitute targets for therapeutic interventions.
C1 German Canc Res Ctr, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Dev Biol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Max Planck Society
RP Zeidler, MP (corresponding author), German Canc Res Ctr, Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM mzeidle@gwdg.de; m.boutros@dkfz.de
NR 30
TC 240
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 871
EP 875
DI 10.1038/nature03869
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500051
PM 16094372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohde, RA
   Muller, RA
AF Rohde, RA
   Muller, RA
TI Cycles in fossil diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass extinctions; marine
AB It is well known that the diversity of life appears to fluctuate during the course of the Phanerozoic, the eon during which hard shells and skeletons left abundant fossils ( 0 - 542 million years ago). Here we show, using Sepkoski's compendium(1) of the first and last stratigraphic appearances of 36,380 marine genera, a strong 62 +/- 3-million-year cycle, which is particularly evident in the shorter-lived genera. The five great extinctions enumerated by Raup and Sepkoski(2) may be an aspect of this cycle. Because of the high statistical significance we also consider the contributions of environmental factors, and possible causes.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Muller, RA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM ramuller@lbl.gov
NR 28
TC 229
Z9 261
U1 2
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 208
EP 210
DI 10.1038/nature03339
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500043
PM 15758998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lawrence, T
   Bebien, M
   Liu, GY
   Nizet, V
   Karin, M
AF Lawrence, T
   Bebien, M
   Liu, GY
   Nizet, V
   Karin, M
TI IKKα limits macrophage NF-κB activation and contributes to the resolution of inflammation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-rel; phosphorylation; kinase; transcription; recognition; ubiquitination; degradation; expression; receptors; exchange
AB Inflammation and innate immunity involve signalling pathways leading to the production of inflammatory mediators. Usually such responses are self-limiting, but aberrant resolution of inflammation results in chronic diseases(1). Much attention has focused on pro-inflammatory signalling but little is known about the mechanisms that resolve inflammation. The I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex contains two catalytic subunits, IKK alpha and IKK beta, and controls the activation of NF-kappa B transcription factors, which play a pivotal role in inflammation(2). Ample evidence indicates that IKK beta mediates NF-kappa B activation in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbial products. IKK alpha regulates an alternative pathway important for lymphoid organogenesis(2), but the role of IKK alpha in inflammation is unknown. Here we describe a new role for IKK alpha in the negative regulation of macrophage activation and inflammation. IKK alpha contributes to suppression of NF-kappa B activity by accelerating both the turnover of the NF-kappa B subunits RelA and c-Rel, and their removal from pro-inflammatory gene promoters. Inactivation of IKK alpha in mice enhances inflammation and bacterial clearance. Hence, the two IKK catalytic subunits have evolved opposing but complimentary roles needed for the intricate control of inflammation and innate immunity.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Div Paediat Infect Dis, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Lawrence, T (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Div Rheumatol, Kennedy Inst, 1 Aspenlea Rd, London W6 8LH, England.
EM t.lawrence@imperial.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 570
Z9 661
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1138
EP 1143
DI 10.1038/nature03491
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300045
PM 15858576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terabe, K
   Hasegawa, T
   Nakayama, T
   Aono, M
AF Terabe, K
   Hasegawa, T
   Nakayama, T
   Aono, M
TI Quantized conductance atomic switch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon nanotube; point-contact; nanowires; devices; nanotechnology; transistors; transport; single
AB A large variety of nanometre-scale devices have been investigated in recent years(1-7) that could overcome the physical and economic limitations of current semiconductor devices(8). To be of technological interest, the energy consumption and fabrication cost of these 'nanodevices' need to be low. Here we report a new type of nanodevice, a quantized conductance atomic switch (QCAS), which satisfies these requirements. The QCAS works by controlling the formation and annihilation of an atomic bridge at the crossing point between two electrodes. The wires are spaced approximately 1 nm apart, and one of the two is a solid electrolyte wire from which the atomic bridges are formed. We demonstrate that such a QCAS can switch between 'on' and 'off ' states at room temperature and in air at a frequency of 1 MHz and at a small operating voltage (600 mV). Basic logic circuits are also easily fabricated by crossing solid electrolyte wires with metal electrodes.
C1 Natl Inst Mat Sci, Nanomat Labs, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, ICORP, SORST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); RIKEN
RP Hasegawa, T (corresponding author), Natl Inst Mat Sci, Nanomat Labs, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050044, Japan.
EM HASEGAWA.Tsuyoshi@nims.go.jp
NR 29
TC 1093
Z9 1263
U1 6
U2 411
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 47
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature03190
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100031
PM 15635405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dharmasiri, N
   Dharmasiri, S
   Estelle, M
AF Dharmasiri, N
   Dharmasiri, S
   Estelle, M
TI The F-box protein TIR1 is an auxin receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scf ubiquitin-ligase; aux/iaa proteins; degradation; complex; mechanisms; expression; binding; growth; domain; genes
AB The plant hormone auxin regulates diverse aspects of plant growth and development. Recent studies indicate that auxin acts by promoting the degradation of the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors through the action of the ubiquitin protein ligase SCFTIR1. The nature of the signalling cascade that leads to this effect is not known. However, recent studies indicate that the auxin receptor and other signalling components involved in this response are soluble factors. Using an in vitro pull-down assay, we demonstrate that the interaction between transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) and Aux/IAA proteins does not require stable modification of either protein. Instead auxin promotes the Aux/IAA-SCFTIR1 interaction by binding directly to SCFTIR1. We further show that the loss of TIR1 and three related F-box proteins eliminates saturable auxin binding in plant extracts. Finally, TIR1 synthesized in insect cells binds Aux/IAA proteins in an auxin-dependent manner. Together, these results indicate that TIR1 is an auxin receptor that mediates Aux/IAA degradation and auxin-regulated transcription.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Estelle, M (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
EM maestell@indiana.edu
NR 30
TC 1626
Z9 2020
U1 6
U2 476
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 441
EP 445
DI 10.1038/nature03543
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800043
PM 15917797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pascal, AA
   Liu, ZF
   Broess, K
   van Oort, B
   van Amerongen, H
   Wang, C
   Horton, P
   Robert, B
   Chang, WR
   Ruban, A
AF Pascal, AA
   Liu, ZF
   Broess, K
   van Oort, B
   van Amerongen, H
   Wang, C
   Horton, P
   Robert, B
   Chang, WR
   Ruban, A
TI Molecular basis of photoprotection and control of photosynthetic light-harvesting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chlorophyll-protein complex; time-resolved fluorescence; green plants; excitation-energy; binding; lhcii; mechanism; xanthophylls; zeaxanthin; membranes
AB In order to maximize their use of light energy in photosynthesis, plants have molecules that act as light-harvesting antennae, which collect light quanta and deliver them to the reaction centres, where energy conversion into a chemical form takes place. The functioning of the antenna responds to the extreme changes in the intensity of sunlight encountered in nature(1-3). In shade, light is efficiently harvested in photosynthesis. However, in full sunlight, much of the energy absorbed is not needed and there are vitally important switches to specific antenna states, which safely dissipate the excess energy as heat(2,3). This is essential for plant survival(4), because it provides protection against the potential photo-damage of the photosynthetic membrane(5). But whereas the features that establish high photosynthetic efficiency have been highlighted(6), almost nothing is known about the molecular nature of the dissipative states. Recently, the atomic structure of the major plant light-harvesting antenna protein, LHCII, has been determined by X-ray crystallography(7). Here we demonstrate that this is the structure of a dissipative state of LHCII. We present a spectroscopic analysis of this crystal form, and identify the specific changes in configuration of its pigment population that give LHCII the intrinsic capability to regulate energy flow. This provides a molecular basis for understanding the control of photosynthetic light-harvesting.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   CNRS, URA 2096, Serv Biophys Fonct Membranaires, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CEA Saclay, DBJC, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, Natl Lab Biomacromol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Biophys Lab, NL-6700 ET Wageningen, Netherlands.
C3 University of Sheffield; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biophysics, CAS; Wageningen University & Research
RP Horton, P (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM p.horton@sheffield.ac.uk; robert@dsvidf.cea.fr
NR 29
TC 546
Z9 614
U1 2
U2 207
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 134
EP 137
DI 10.1038/nature03795
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600053
PM 16001075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, J
   Bizzarro, M
   Wittig, N
   Connelly, J
   Haack, H
AF Baker, J
   Bizzarro, M
   Wittig, N
   Connelly, J
   Haack, H
TI Early planetesimal melting from an age of 4.5662 Gyr for differentiated meteorites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-system; isotope systematics; chondrules; dorbigny; abundances; timescales; search; time
AB Long- and short-lived radioactive isotopes and their daughter products in meteorites are chronometers that can test models for Solar System formation(1,2). Differentiated meteorites come from parent bodies that were once molten and separated into metal cores and silicate mantles. Mineral ages for these meteorites, however, are typically younger than age constraints for planetesimal differentiation(3-5). Such young ages indicate that the energy required to melt their parent bodies could not have come from the most likely heat source(6) - radioactive decay of short-lived nuclides (Al-26 and Fe-60) injected from a nearby supernova - because these would have largely decayed by the time of melting. Here we report an age of 4.5662 +/- 0.0001 billion years ( based on Pb - Pb dating) for basaltic angrites, which is only 1Myr younger than the currently accepted minimum age of the Solar System(7) and corresponds to a time when Al-26 and Fe-60 decay could have triggered planetesimal melting. Small Mg-26 excesses in bulk angrite samples confirm that Al-26 decay contributed to the melting of their parent body. These results indicate that the accretion of differentiated planetesimals pre-dated that of undifferentiated planetesimals, and reveals the minimum Solar System age to be 4.5695 +/- 0.0002 billion years.
C1 Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Earth Sci, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Inst Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Geol Museum, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 Victoria University Wellington; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Baker, J (corresponding author), Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Earth Sci, POB 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
EM joel.baker@vuw.ac.nz
NR 27
TC 203
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1127
EP 1131
DI 10.1038/nature03882
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600038
PM 16121173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Rossum, DB
   Patterson, RL
   Sharma, S
   Barrow, RK
   Kornberg, M
   Gill, DL
   Snyder, SH
AF van Rossum, DB
   Patterson, RL
   Sharma, S
   Barrow, RK
   Kornberg, M
   Gill, DL
   Snyder, SH
TI Phospholipase Cγ1 controls surface expression of TRPC3 through an intermolecular PH domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor; fold
AB Many ion channels are regulated by lipids(1-3), but prominent motifs for lipid binding have not been identified in most ion channels. Recently, we reported that phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLC-gamma1) binds to and regulates TRPC3 channels(4), components of agonist-induced Ca2+ entry into cells. This interaction requires a domain in PLC-gamma1 that includes a partial pleckstrin homology (PH)domain - a consensus lipid-binding and protein-binding sequence(5,6). We have developed a gestalt algorithm to detect hitherto 'invisible' PH and PH-like domains, and now report that the partial PH domain of PLC-gamma1 interacts with a complementary partial PH-like domain in TRPC3 to elicit lipid binding and cell-surface expression of TRPC3. Our findings imply a far greater abundance of PH domains than previously appreciated, and suggest that intermolecular PH-like domains represent a widespread signalling mode.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore
RP Snyder, SH (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM ssnyder@jhmi.edu
NR 15
TC 157
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 99
EP 104
DI 10.1038/nature03340
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600051
PM 15744307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Man, WN
   Megens, M
   Steinhardt, PJ
   Chaikin, PM
AF Man, WN
   Megens, M
   Steinhardt, PJ
   Chaikin, PM
TI Experimental measurement of the photonic properties of icosahedral quasicrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmission; gap
AB Quasicrystalline structures may have optical bandgap properties-frequency ranges in which the propagation of light is forbidden-that make them well-suited to the scientific and technological applications for which photonic crystals(1-3) are normally considered(4). Such quasicrystals can be constructed from two or more types of dielectric material arranged in a quasiperiodic pattern whose rotational symmetry is forbidden for periodic crystals (such as five-fold symmetry in the plane and icosahedral symmetry in three dimensions). Because quasicrystals have higher point group symmetry than ordinary crystals, their gap centre frequencies are closer and the gaps widths are more uniform-optimal conditions for forming a complete bandgap that is more closely spherically symmetric. Although previous studies have focused on one-dimensional and two-dimensional quasicrystals(4-7,) where exact (one-dimensional) or approximate (two-dimensional) band structures can be calculated numerically, analogous calculations for the three-dimensional case are computationally challenging and have not yet been performed. Here we circumvent the computational problem by doing an experiment. Using stereolithography, we construct a photonic quasicrystal with centimetre-scale cells and perform microwave transmission measurements. We show that three-dimensional icosahedral quasicrystals exhibit sizeable stop gaps and, despite their quasi-periodicity, yield uncomplicated spectra that allow us to experimentally determine the faces of their effective Brillouin zones. Our studies confirm that they are excellent candidates for photonic bandgap materials.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Inst Sci & technol Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   NYU, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   NYU, Ctr Soft Condensed Matter Res, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Philips; Philips Research; New York University; New York University
RP Steinhardt, PJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM steinh@princeton.edu
NR 14
TC 233
Z9 266
U1 4
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 993
EP 996
DI 10.1038/nature03977
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900044
PM 16107842
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU You, LR
   Lin, FJ
   Lee, CT
   DeMayo, FJ
   Tsai, MJ
   Tsai, SY
AF You, LR
   Lin, FJ
   Lee, CT
   DeMayo, FJ
   Tsai, MJ
   Tsai, SY
TI Suppression of Notch signalling by the COUP-TFII transcription factor regulates vein identity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cell niche; cardiovascular development; embryonic angiogenesis; vessel formation; receptor; mice; pathway; ligand; mouse; differentiation
AB Arteries and veins are anatomically, functionally and molecularly distinct. The current model of arterial - venous identity proposes that binding of vascular endothelial growth factor to its heterodimeric receptor - Flk1 and neuropilin 1 (NP-1; also called Nrp1) - activates the Notch signalling pathway in the endothelium, causing induction of ephrin B2 expression and suppression of ephrin receptor B4 expression to establish arterial identity(1-4). Little is known about vein identity except that it involves ephrin receptor B4 expression, because Notch signalling is not activated in veins; an unresolved question is how vein identity is regulated. Here, we show that COUP-TFII ( also known as Nr2f2), a member of the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily, is specifically expressed in venous but not arterial endothelium. Ablation of COUP-TFII in endothelial cells enables veins to acquire arterial characteristics, including the expression of arterial markers NP-1 and Notch signalling molecules, and the generation of haematopoietic cell clusters. Furthermore, ectopic expression of COUP-TFII in endothelial cells results in the fusion of veins and arteries in transgenic mouse embryos. Thus, COUP-TFII has a critical role in repressing Notch signalling to maintain vein identity, which suggests that vein identity is under genetic control and is not derived by a default pathway.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dev Biol Program, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Tsai, MJ (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM mtsai@bcm.tmc.edu; stsai@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 27
TC 523
Z9 657
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 98
EP 104
DI 10.1038/nature03511
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600046
PM 15875024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, RC
   Scott, CS
AF Fox, RC
   Scott, CS
TI First evidence of a venom delivery apparatus in extinct mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Numerous non-mammalian vertebrates have evolved lethal venoms to aid either in securing prey or as protection from predators, but modern mammals that use venoms in these ways are rare, including only the duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus), the Caribbean Solenodon, and a few shrews (Soricidae) (Order Insectivora)(1). Here we report evidence of a venom delivery apparatus in extinct mammals, documented by well-preserved specimens recovered from late Palaeocene rocks in Alberta, Canada(2,3). Although classified within Eutheria, these mammals are phylogenetically remote from modern Insectivora(4) and have evolved specialized teeth as salivary venom delivery systems (VDSs) that differ markedly from one another and from those of Solenodon and shrews. Our discoveries therefore show that mammals have been much more flexible in the evolution of VDSs than previously believed, contradicting currently held notions that modern insectivorans are representative of the supposedly limited role of salivary venoms in mammalian history. Evidently, small predatory eutherians have paralleled colubroid snakes(5) in evolving salivary venoms and their delivery systems several times independently.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Paleontol Vertebres Lab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta
RP Fox, RC (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Paleontol Vertebres Lab, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
EM richard.fox@ualberta.ca
NR 15
TC 38
Z9 43
U1 3
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1091
EP 1093
DI 10.1038/nature03646
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400047
PM 15973406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masle, J
   Gilmore, SR
   Farquhar, GD
AF Masle, J
   Gilmore, SR
   Farquhar, GD
TI The ERECTA gene regulates plant transpiration efficiency in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-like kinase; carbon-isotope discrimination; water-use efficiency; resistance; traits; leaves; co2; thaliana; growth; wheat
AB Assimilation of carbon by plants incurs water costs. In the many parts of the world where water is in short supply, plant transpiration efficiency, the ratio of carbon fixation to water loss, is critical to plant survival, crop yield and vegetation dynamics(1). When challenged by variations in their environment, plants often seem to coordinate photosynthesis and transpiration(2), but significant genetic variation in transpiration efficiency has been identified both between and within species(3,4). This has allowed plant breeders to develop effective selection programmes for the improved transpiration efficiency of crops(5), after it was demonstrated that carbon isotopic discrimination, Delta, of plant matter was a reliable and sensitive marker negatively related to variation in transpiration efficiency(3,4,6). However, little is known of the genetic controls of transpiration efficiency. Here we report the isolation of a gene that regulates transpiration efficiency, ERECTA. We show that ERECTA, a putative leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK)(7,8) known for its effects on inflorescence development(7,9), is a major contributor to a locus for Delta on Arabidopsis chromosome 2. Mechanisms include, but are not limited to, effects on stomatal density, epidermal cell expansion, mesophyll cell proliferation and cell - cell contact.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Environm Biol Grp, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Masle, J (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Environm Biol Grp, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
EM josette.masle@anu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 426
Z9 519
U1 5
U2 190
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 866
EP 870
DI 10.1038/nature03835
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500050
PM 16007076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zollikofer, CPE
   de León, MSP
   Lieberman, DE
   Guy, F
   Pilbeam, D
   Likius, A
   Mackaye, HT
   Vignaud, P
   Brunet, M
AF Zollikofer, CPE
   de León, MSP
   Lieberman, DE
   Guy, F
   Pilbeam, D
   Likius, A
   Mackaye, HT
   Vignaud, P
   Brunet, M
TI Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper miocene; paleoanthropology; hominids; head
AB Previous research in Chad at the Toros-Menalla 266 fossiliferous locality (about 7 million years old) uncovered a nearly complete cranium (TM 266-01-60-1), three mandibular fragments and several isolated teeth attributed to Sahelanthropus tchadensis(1-3). Of this material, the cranium is especially important for testing hypotheses about the systematics and behavioural characteristics of this species, but is partly distorted from fracturing, displacement and plastic deformation. Here we present a detailed virtual reconstruction of the TM 266 cranium that corrects these distortions. The reconstruction confirms that S. tchadensis is a hominid and is not more closely related to the African great apes(4,5). Analysis of the basicranium further indicates that S. tchadensis might have been an upright biped, suggesting that bipedalism was present in the earliest known hominids, and probably arose soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages.
C1 Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, CNRS,UMR 6046, Lab Geobiol Biochronol & Paleontol Humaine, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Univ Zurich Irchel, MultiMedia Lab, Inst Anthropol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Ndjamena, Ndjamena, Chad.
C3 Universite de Poitiers; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Zurich; Harvard University
RP Brunet, M (corresponding author), Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, CNRS,UMR 6046, Lab Geobiol Biochronol & Paleontol Humaine, 40 Ave Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
EM michel.brunet@univ-poitiers.fr
NR 25
TC 231
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 755
EP 759
DI 10.1038/nature03397
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700039
PM 15815628
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bellouin, N
   Boucher, O
   Haywood, J
   Reddy, MS
AF Bellouin, N
   Boucher, O
   Haywood, J
   Reddy, MS
TI Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-property; products; algorithm
AB Atmospheric aerosols cause scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation. Additional anthropogenic aerosols released into the atmosphere thus exert a direct radiative forcing on the climate system(1). The degree of present-day aerosol forcing is estimated from global models that incorporate a representation of the aerosol cycles(1-3). Although the models are compared and validated against observations, these estimates remain uncertain. Previous satellite measurements of the direct effect of aerosols contained limited information about aerosol type, and were confined to oceans only(4,5). Here we use state-of-the-art satellite-based measurements of aerosols(6-8) and surface wind speed(9) to estimate the clear-sky direct radiative forcing for 2002, incorporating measurements over land and ocean. We use a Monte Carlo approach to account for uncertainties in aerosol measurements and in the algorithm used. Probability density functions obtained for the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere give a clear-sky, global, annual average of -1.9 W m(-2) with standard deviation, +/-0.3 W m(-2). These results suggest that present-day direct radiative forcing is stronger than present model estimates, implying future atmospheric warming greater than is presently predicted, as aerosol emissions continue to decline(10).
C1 Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 Met Office - UK; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Bellouin, N (corresponding author), Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
EM nicolas.bellouin@metoffice.gov.uk
NR 23
TC 411
Z9 470
U1 9
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1138
EP 1141
DI 10.1038/nature04348
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500046
PM 16372005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Subramaniam, AB
   Abkarian, M
   Mahadevan, L
   Stone, HA
AF Subramaniam, AB
   Abkarian, M
   Mahadevan, L
   Stone, HA
TI Non-spherical bubbles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shells
C1 Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Subramaniam, AB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM has@deas.harvard.edu
NR 9
TC 275
Z9 310
U1 6
U2 178
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 930
EP 930
DI 10.1038/438930a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600046
PM 16355208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goncharenko, I
   Loubeyre, P
AF Goncharenko, I
   Loubeyre, P
TI Neutron and X-ray diffraction study of the broken symmetry phase transition in solid deuterium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ortho-para conversion; integral monte-carlo; molecular-hydrogen; high-pressure; orientational order; megabar pressures; quantum; excitations; state
AB The solid hydrogen compounds D-2, HD and H-2 remain quantum molecular solids up to pressures in the 100 GPa range(1). A remarkable macroscopic consequence is the existence of a pressure-induced broken symmetry phase transition(2-4), in which the molecules go from a spherical rotational state to an anisotropic rotational state. Theoretical understanding of the broken symmetry phase structure remains controversial, despite numerous studies(5-10). Some open questions concern the existence of long- or short-range orientational order; whether a strong isotopic shift on the transition pressure should be assigned to the nuclear zero-point motion or to quantum localization; and whether the structures are cubic, hexagonal or orthorhombic. Here we present experimental data on the structure of the broken symmetry phase in solid D-2, obtained by a combination of neutron and X-ray diffraction up to 60 GPa. Our data are incompatible with orthorhombic structures predicted by recent theoretical works. We find that the broken symmetry phase structure is incommensurate with local orientational order, being similar to that found in metastable cubic para-D-2.
C1 CEA Saclay, CNRS, Lab Leon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Applicat, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA
RP Goncharenko, I (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, CNRS, Lab Leon Brillouin, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM gonch@llb.saclay.cea.fr; paul.loubeyre@cea.fr
NR 24
TC 96
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1206
EP 1209
DI 10.1038/nature03699
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500037
PM 15988519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindorff-Larsen, K
   Best, RB
   DePristo, MA
   Dobson, CM
   Vendruscolo, M
AF Lindorff-Larsen, K
   Best, RB
   DePristo, MA
   Dobson, CM
   Vendruscolo, M
TI Simultaneous determination of protein structure and dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; coupling-constants; order parameters; backbone motion; native proteins; nmr relaxation; ubiquitin; transition; simulations; state
AB We present a protocol for the experimental determination of ensembles of protein conformations that represent simultaneously the native structure and its associated dynamics. The procedure combines the strengths of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-for obtaining experimental information at the atomic level about the structural and dynamical features of proteins-with the ability of molecular dynamics simulations to explore a wide range of protein conformations. We illustrate the method for human ubiquitin in solution and find that there is considerable conformational heterogeneity throughout the protein structure. The interior atoms of the protein are tightly packed in each individual conformation that contributes to the ensemble but their overall behaviour can be described as having a significant degree of liquid-like character. The protocol is completely general and should lead to significant advances in our ability to understand and utilize the structures of native proteins.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Vendruscolo, M (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
EM cmd44@cam.ac.uk; mv245@cam.ac.uk
NR 46
TC 595
Z9 671
U1 0
U2 141
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 128
EP 132
DI 10.1038/nature03199
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200029
PM 15650731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickinson, M
   Farman, G
   Frye, M
   Bekyarova, T
   Gore, D
   Maughan, D
   Irving, T
AF Dickinson, M
   Farman, G
   Frye, M
   Bekyarova, T
   Gore, D
   Maughan, D
   Irving, T
TI Molecular dynamics of cyclically contracting insect flight muscle in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; drosophila-melanogaster; myosin-filaments; cross-bridges; target zones; actin; reflections; activation; efficiency; stretch
AB Flight in insects-which constitute the largest group of species in the animal kingdom-is powered by specialized muscles located within the thorax. In most insects each contraction is triggered not by a motor neuron spike but by mechanical stretch imposed by antagonistic muscles(1). Whereas 'stretch activation' and its reciprocal phenomenon 'shortening deactivation' are observed to varying extents in all striated muscles, both are particularly prominent in the indirect flight muscles of insects(1). Here we show changes in thick-filament structure and actin-myosin interactions in living, flying Drosophila with the use of synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction. To elicit stable flight behaviour and permit the capture of images at specific phases within the 5-ms wingbeat cycle, we tethered flies within a visual flight simulator(2). We recorded images of 340 mus duration every 625 mus to create an eight-frame diffraction movie, with each frame reflecting the instantaneous structure of the contractile apparatus. These time-resolved measurements of molecular-level structure provide new insight into the unique ability of insect flight muscle to generate elevated power at high frequency.
C1 IIT, Dept BCPS, BioCAT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Bioengn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   IIT, Dept BCPS, CSRRI, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
   Univ Vermont, Dept Mol Physiol & Biophys, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
C3 Illinois Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Illinois Institute of Technology; University of Vermont
RP Irving, T (corresponding author), IIT, Dept BCPS, BioCAT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
EM irving@iit.edu
NR 30
TC 75
Z9 87
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 330
EP 333
DI 10.1038/nature03230
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300059
PM 15662427
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Check, E
AF Check, E
TI Stem-cell research - The rocky road to success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID es cells; mice
NR 5
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 185
EP 186
DI 10.1038/437185a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900024
PM 16148905
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Couzin, ID
   Krause, J
   Franks, NR
   Levin, SA
AF Couzin, ID
   Krause, J
   Franks, NR
   Levin, SA
TI Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID migratory behavior; fish
AB For animals that forage or travel in groups, making movement decisions often depends on social interactions among group members(1,2). However, in many cases, few individuals have pertinent information, such as knowledge about the location of a food source(3,4), or of a migration route(5-9). Using a simple model we show how information can be transferred within groups both without signalling and when group members do not know which individuals, if any, have information. We reveal that the larger the group the smaller the proportion of informed individuals needed to guide the group, and that only a very small proportion of informed individuals is required to achieve great accuracy. We also demonstrate how groups can make consensus decisions, even though informed individuals do not know whether they are in a majority or minority, how the quality of their information compares with that of others, or even whether there are any other informed individuals. Our model provides new insights into the mechanisms of effective leadership and decision-making in biological systems.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Ctr Behav Biol, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
C3 Princeton University; University of Oxford; University of Leeds; University of Bristol
RP Couzin, ID (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM iain.couzin@zoo.ox.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/T11241/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 22
TC 2020
Z9 2320
U1 20
U2 734
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 513
EP 516
DI 10.1038/nature03236
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200046
PM 15690039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yokoya, T
   Nakamura, T
   Matsushita, T
   Muro, T
   Takano, Y
   Nagao, M
   Takenouchi, T
   Kawarada, H
   Oguchi, T
AF Yokoya, T
   Nakamura, T
   Matsushita, T
   Muro, T
   Takano, Y
   Nagao, M
   Takenouchi, T
   Kawarada, H
   Oguchi, T
TI Origin of the metallic properties of heavily boron-doped superconducting diamond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID valence-band
AB The physical properties of lightly doped semiconductors are well described by electronic band- structure calculations and impurity energy levels(1). Such properties form the basis of present- day semiconductor technology. If the doping concentration n exceeds a critical value n(c), the system passes through an insulator- to- metal transition and exhibits metallic behaviour; this is widely accepted to occur as a consequence of the impurity levels merging to form energy bands(2). However, the electronic structure of semiconductors doped beyond nc have not been explored in detail. Therefore, the recent observation of superconductivity emerging near the insulator- to- metal transition(3) in heavily boron- doped diamond(4,5) has stimulated a discussion on the fundamental origin of the metallic states responsible for the superconductivity. Two approaches have been adopted for describing this metallic state: the introduction of charge carriers into either the impurity bands(6) or the intrinsic diamond bands(7-9). Here we show experimentally that the doping- dependent occupied electronic structures are consistent with the diamond bands, indicating that holes in the diamond bands play an essential part in determining the metallic nature of the heavily boron- doped diamond superconductor. This supports the diamond band approach and related predictions, including the possibility of achieving dopant- induced superconductivity in silicon and germanium(7). It should also provide a foundation for the possible development of diamond- based devices(10).
C1 JASRI SPring8, Sayo, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
   Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Nat Sci & Technol, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
   Natl Inst Mat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
   Waseda Univ, Sch Sci & Engn, Tokyo 1698555, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Sci Matter ADSM, Dept Quantum Matter, Higashihiroshima 7398530, Japan.
C3 Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Okayama University; National Institute for Materials Science; Waseda University; Hiroshima University
RP Yokoya, T (corresponding author), JASRI SPring8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
EM yokoya@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
NR 20
TC 253
Z9 264
U1 2
U2 146
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 647
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature04278
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100045
PM 16319887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wibberley, CAJ
   Shimamoto, T
AF Wibberley, CAJ
   Shimamoto, T
TI Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fault gouge; gas-permeability; fluid pressure; distance; pseudotachylyte; nucleation; friction; zones; time
AB An earthquake occurs when a fault weakens during the early portion of its slip at a faster rate than the release of tectonic stress driving the fault motion(1,2). This slip weakening occurs over a critical distance, D-c. Understanding the controls on D-c in nature is severely limited, however, because the physical mechanism of weakening is unconstrained. Conventional friction experiments, typically conducted at slow slip rates and small displacements, have obtained Dc values that are orders of magnitude lower than values estimated from modelling seismological data for natural earthquakes(3-6). Here we present data on fluid transport properties of slip zone rocks and on the slip zone width in the centre of the Median Tectonic Line fault zone, Japan. We show that the discrepancy between laboratory and seismological results can be resolved if thermal pressurization of the pore fluid(7-10) is the slip-weakening mechanism. Our analysis indicates that a planar fault segment with an impermeable and narrow slip zone will become very unstable during slip and is likely to be the site of a seismic asperity.
C1 Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Earth & Planetary Sci, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Kyoto University
RP Wibberley, CAJ (corresponding author), Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, 250 Rue A Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
EM wibbs@geoazur.unice.fr
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 339
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 689
EP 692
DI 10.1038/nature03901
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500041
PM 16079843
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Le Fèvre, O
   Paltani, S
   Arnouts, S
   Charlot, S
   Foucaud, S
   Ilbert, O
   McCracken, HJ
   Zamorani, G
   Bottini, D
   Garilli, B
   Le Brun, V
   Maccagni, D
   Picat, JP
   Scaramella, R
   Scodeggio, M
   Tresse, L
   Vettolani, G
   Zanichelli, A
   Adami, C
   Bardelli, S
   Bolzonella, M
   Cappi, A
   Ciliegi, P
   Contini, T
   Franzetti, P
   Gavignaud, I
   Guzzo, L
   Iovino, A
   Marano, B
   Marinoni, C
   Mazure, A
   Meneux, B
   Merighi, R
   Pellò, R
   Pollo, A
   Pozzetti, L
   Radovich, M
   Zucca, E
   Arnaboldi, M
   Bondi, M
   Bongiorno, A
   Busarello, G
   Gregorini, L
   Lamareille, F
   Mathez, G
   Mellier, Y
   Merluzzi, P
   Ripepi, V
   Rizzo, D
AF Le Fèvre, O
   Paltani, S
   Arnouts, S
   Charlot, S
   Foucaud, S
   Ilbert, O
   McCracken, HJ
   Zamorani, G
   Bottini, D
   Garilli, B
   Le Brun, V
   Maccagni, D
   Picat, JP
   Scaramella, R
   Scodeggio, M
   Tresse, L
   Vettolani, G
   Zanichelli, A
   Adami, C
   Bardelli, S
   Bolzonella, M
   Cappi, A
   Ciliegi, P
   Contini, T
   Franzetti, P
   Gavignaud, I
   Guzzo, L
   Iovino, A
   Marano, B
   Marinoni, C
   Mazure, A
   Meneux, B
   Merighi, R
   Pellò, R
   Pollo, A
   Pozzetti, L
   Radovich, M
   Zucca, E
   Arnaboldi, M
   Bondi, M
   Bongiorno, A
   Busarello, G
   Gregorini, L
   Lamareille, F
   Mathez, G
   Mellier, Y
   Merluzzi, P
   Ripepi, V
   Rizzo, D
TI A large population of galaxies 9 to 12 billion years back in the history of the Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-break galaxy; ultraviolet luminosity density; france redshift survey; forming galaxy; star-formation; bright
AB To understand the evolution of galaxies, we need to know as accurately as possible how many galaxies were present in the Universe at different epochs(1). Galaxies in the young Universe have hitherto mainly been identified using their expected optical colours(2 - 4), but this leaves open the possibility that a significant population remains undetected because their colours are the result of a complex mix of stars, gas, dust or active galactic nuclei. Here we report the results of a flux- limited I- band survey of galaxies at look- back times of 9 to 12 billion years. We find 970 galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts between 1.4 and 5. This population is 1.6 to 6.2 times larger than previous estimates(2 - 4), with the difference increasing towards brighter magnitudes. Strong ultraviolet continua ( in the rest frame of the galaxies) indicate vigorous star formation rates of more than 10 - 100 solar masses per year. As a consequence, the cosmic star formation rate representing the volume- averaged production of stars is higher than previously measured at redshifts of 3 to 4.
C1 Univ Aix Marseille 1, CNRS, UMR 6110, OAMP,Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille, France.
   Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Inst Astrophys, UMR 7095, F-75014 Paris, France.
   IASF INAF, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Osservatorio Astron Bologna, INAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy.
   Observ Midi Pyrenees, UMR 5572, Astrophys Lab, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   IRA INAF, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, Milan, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Capodimonte, INAF, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Observ Paris, LERMA, F-75014 Paris, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Max Planck Society; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Bologna; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); European Southern Observatory; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Le Fèvre, O (corresponding author), Univ Aix Marseille 1, CNRS, UMR 6110, OAMP,Lab Astrophys Marseille, BP8, F-13376 Marseille, France.
EM Olivier.LeFevre@oamp.fr
NR 21
TC 54
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 519
EP 521
DI 10.1038/nature03979
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800042
PM 16177783
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, Q
   Graham, TE
   Mody, N
   Preitner, F
   Peroni, OD
   Zabolotny, JM
   Kotani, K
   Quadro, L
   Kahn, BB
AF Yang, Q
   Graham, TE
   Mody, N
   Preitner, F
   Peroni, OD
   Zabolotny, JM
   Kotani, K
   Quadro, L
   Kahn, BB
TI Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinol-binding-protein; proliferator-activated receptors; glut4 glucose-transporter; knockout mice; vitamin-a; plasma retinol; adipose-tissue; transthyretin; muscle; adipocytes
AB In obesity and type 2 diabetes, expression of the GLUT4 glucose transporter is decreased selectively in adipocytes. Adipose-specific Glut4 ( also known as Slc2a4) knockout (adipose-Glut4(-/-)) mice show insulin resistance secondarily in muscle and liver. Here we show, using DNA arrays, that expression of retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) is elevated in adipose tissue of adipose-Glut4(-/-) mice. We show that serum RBP4 levels are elevated in insulin-resistant mice and humans with obesity and type 2 diabetes. RBP4 levels are normalized by rosiglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing drug. Transgenic overexpression of human RBP4 or injection of recombinant RBP4 in normal mice causes insulin resistance. Conversely, genetic deletion of Rbp4 enhances insulin sensitivity. Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid that increases urinary excretion of RBP4, normalizes serum RBP4 levels and improves insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Increasing serum RBP4 induces hepatic expression of the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ( PEPCK) and impairs insulin signalling in muscle. Thus, RBP4 is an adipocyte-derived 'signal' that may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Lowering RBP4 could be a new strategy for treating type 2 diabetes.
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Res, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Columbia University
RP Kahn, BB (corresponding author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM bkahn@bidmc.harvard.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK043051] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 1730
Z9 2069
U1 1
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 356
EP 362
DI 10.1038/nature03711
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400034
PM 16034410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, PC
   Robinson, MS
AF Thomas, PC
   Robinson, MS
TI Seismic resurfacing by a single impact on the asteroid 433 Eros
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collisional history; ejecta; craters; features; 433-eros
AB Impact cratering creates a wide range of topography on small satellites and asteroids. The population of visible craters evolves with impacts, and because there are no competing endogenic processes to modify the surface, determining the various ways younger craters add to or subtract from the population is a fundamental aspect of small-body geology(1,2). Asteroid 433 Eros, the most closely studied small body, has regions of substantially different crater densities(3-5) that remain unexplained. Here we show that the formation of a relatively young crater ( 7.6 km in diameter) resulted in the removal of other craters as large as 0.5 km over nearly 40 per cent of the asteroid. Burial by ejecta cannot explain the observed pattern of crater removal. The limitation of reduced crater density to a zone within a particular straight-line distance through the asteroid from the centre of the large crater suggests degradation of the topography by seismic energy(6) released during the impact. Our observations indicate that the interior of Eros is sufficiently cohesive to transmit seismic energy over many kilometres, and the outer several tens of metres of the asteroid must be composed of relatively non-cohesive material.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Ctr Planetary Sci, Evanston, IL USA.
C3 Cornell University; Northwestern University
RP Thomas, PC (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM thomas@baritone.astro.cornell.edu
NR 29
TC 66
Z9 70
U1 2
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 366
EP 369
DI 10.1038/nature03855
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400036
PM 16034412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nusbaum, C
   Zody, MC
   Borowsky, ML
   Kamal, M
   Kodira, CD
   Taylor, TD
   Whittaker, CA
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, MG
   Yang, XP
   Abouelleil, A
   Allen, NR
   Anderson, S
   Bloom, T
   Bugalter, B
   Butler, J
   Cook, A
   DeCaprio, D
   Engels, R
   Garber, M
   Gnirke, A
   Hafez, N
   Hall, JL
   Norman, CH
   Itoh, T
   Jaffe, DB
   Kuroki, Y
   Lehoczky, J
   Lui, A
   Macdonald, P
   Mauceli, E
   Mikkelsen, TS
   Naylor, JW
   Nicol, R
   Nguyen, C
   Noguchi, H
   O'Leary, SB
   Piqani, B
   Smith, CL
   Talamas, JA
   Topham, K
   Totoki, Y
   Toyoda, A
   Wain, HM
   Young, SK
   Zeng, QD
   Zimmer, AR
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Birren, BW
   Sakaki, Y
   Lander, ES
AF Nusbaum, C
   Zody, MC
   Borowsky, ML
   Kamal, M
   Kodira, CD
   Taylor, TD
   Whittaker, CA
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, MG
   Yang, XP
   Abouelleil, A
   Allen, NR
   Anderson, S
   Bloom, T
   Bugalter, B
   Butler, J
   Cook, A
   DeCaprio, D
   Engels, R
   Garber, M
   Gnirke, A
   Hafez, N
   Hall, JL
   Norman, CH
   Itoh, T
   Jaffe, DB
   Kuroki, Y
   Lehoczky, J
   Lui, A
   Macdonald, P
   Mauceli, E
   Mikkelsen, TS
   Naylor, JW
   Nicol, R
   Nguyen, C
   Noguchi, H
   O'Leary, SB
   Piqani, B
   Smith, CL
   Talamas, JA
   Topham, K
   Totoki, Y
   Toyoda, A
   Wain, HM
   Young, SK
   Zeng, QD
   Zimmer, AR
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Birren, BW
   Sakaki, Y
   Lander, ES
TI DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 18
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome; gene deserts; evolution; mouse; duplication; database; inversion; search; blast; map
AB Chromosome 18 appears to have the lowest gene density of any human chromosome and is one of only three chromosomes for which trisomic individuals survive to term(1). There are also a number of genetic disorders stemming from chromosome 18 trisomy and aneuploidy. Here we report the finished sequence and gene annotation of human chromosome 18, which will allow a better understanding of the normal and disease biology of this chromosome. Despite the low density of protein- coding genes on chromosome 18, we find that the proportion of non- protein-coding sequences evolutionarily conserved among mammals is close to the genome- wide average. Extending this analysis to the entire human genome, we find that the density of conserved non- protein- coding sequences is largely uncorrelated with gene density. This has important implications for the nature and roles of non- protein- coding sequence elements.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Mitsubishi Res Inst Inc, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008141, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 2770882, Japan.
   UCL, Galton Lab, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
   Natl Inst Informat, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1018430, Japan.
   Kitasato Univ, Kitsato Inst Life Sci, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; RIKEN; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Research Institute; University of Tokyo; University of London; University College London; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Informatics (NII) - Japan; Kitasato University
RP Nusbaum, C (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 320 Charles St, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
EM chad@broad.mit.edu
NR 34
TC 44
Z9 232
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 551
EP 555
DI 10.1038/nature03983
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800050
PM 16177791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fairhurst, RM
   Baruch, DI
   Brittain, NJ
   Ostera, GR
   Wallach, JS
   Hoang, HL
   Hayton, K
   Guindo, A
   Makobongo, MO
   Schwartz, OM
   Tounkara, A
   Doumbo, OK
   Diallo, DA
   Fujioka, H
   Ho, M
   Wellems, TE
AF Fairhurst, RM
   Baruch, DI
   Brittain, NJ
   Ostera, GR
   Wallach, JS
   Hoang, HL
   Hayton, K
   Guindo, A
   Makobongo, MO
   Schwartz, OM
   Tounkara, A
   Doumbo, OK
   Diallo, DA
   Fujioka, H
   Ho, M
   Wellems, TE
TI Abnormal display of PfEMP-1 on erythrocytes carrying haemoglobin C may protect against malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID falciparum-infected erythrocytes; plasmodium-falciparum; red-cells; surface; antigens; antibody; disease; pathogenesis; population; resistance
AB Haemoglobin C, which carries a glutamate-to-lysine mutation in the beta-globin chain, protects West African children against Plasmodium falciparum malaria(1,2). Mechanisms of protection are not established for the heterozygous (haemoglobin AC) or homozygous (haemoglobin CC) states. Here we report a marked effect of haemoglobin C on the cell-surface properties of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes involved in pathogenesis. Relative to parasite-infected normal erythrocytes (haemoglobin AA), parasitized AC and CC erythrocytes show reduced adhesion to endothelial monolayers expressing CD36 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). They also show impaired rosetting interactions with non-parasitized erythrocytes, and reduced agglutination in the presence of pooled sera from malaria-immune adults. Abnormal cell-surface display of the main variable cytoadherence ligand, PfEMP-1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1), correlates with these findings. The abnormalities in PfEMP-1 display are associated with markers of erythrocyte senescence, and are greater in CC than in AC erythrocytes. Haemoglobin C might protect against malaria by reducing PfEMP-1-mediated adherence of parasitized erythrocytes, thereby mitigating the effects of their sequestration in the microvasculature.
C1 NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vestor Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Malaria Vaccine Dev Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIAID, Biol Imaging Facil, Res Technol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Odontostomatol, Dept Parasitol, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali.
   Univ Bamako, Fac Med Pharm & Odontostomatol, Dept Hematol, Malaria Res & Training Ctr, Bamako, Mali.
   Minist Hlth, Ctr Natl Transfus Sanguine, Bamako, Mali.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Calgary; University of Bamako; University of Bamako; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Wellems, TE (corresponding author), NIAID, Lab Malaria & Vestor Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM twellems@niaid.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000483] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 154
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1117
EP 1121
DI 10.1038/nature03631
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400053
PM 15973412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bendor, D
   Wang, XQ
AF Bendor, D
   Wang, XQ
TI The neuronal representation of pitch in primate auditory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harmonic complex tones; tonotopic organization; mongolian gerbil; periodicity; perception; monkey; connections; frequency; salience; noise
AB Pitch perception is critical for identifying and segregating auditory objects(1), especially in the context of music and speech. The perception of pitch is not unique to humans and has been experimentally demonstrated in several animal species(2,3). Pitch is the subjective attribute of a sound's fundamental frequency (f(0)) that is determined by both the temporal regularity and average repetition rate of its acoustic waveform. Spectrally dissimilar sounds can have the same pitch if they share a common f(0). Even when the acoustic energy at f(0) is removed ('missing fundamental') the same pitch is still perceived(1). Despite its importance for hearing, how pitch is represented in the cerebral cortex is unknown. Here we show the existence of neurons in the auditory cortex of marmoset monkeys that respond to both pure tones and missing fundamental harmonic complex sounds with the same f(0), providing a neural correlate for pitch constancy(1). These pitch-selective neurons are located in a restricted low-frequency cortical region near the anterolateral border of the primary auditory cortex, and is consistent with the location of a pitch-selective area identified in recent imaging studies in humans(4,5).
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Lab Auditory Neurophysiol, Baltimore, MD 21025 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Bendor, D (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Lab Auditory Neurophysiol, Baltimore, MD 21025 USA.
EM dbendor@bme.jhu.edu; xwang@bme.jhu.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC003180, F31 DC006528] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders [R01DC003180] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 436
Z9 534
U1 1
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1161
EP 1165
DI 10.1038/nature03867
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600047
PM 16121182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dobson, DP
   Brodholt, JP
AF Dobson, DP
   Brodholt, JP
TI Subducted banded iron formations as a source of ultralow-velocity zones at the core-mantle boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; phase; earth; feo; energy; belt
AB Ultralow-velocity zones (ULVZs) are regions of the Earth's core mantle boundary about 1 - 10 kilometres thick exhibiting seismic velocities that are lower than radial-Earth reference models by about 10 - 20 per cent for compressional waves and 10 - 30 per cent for shear waves. It is also thought that such regions have an increased density of about 0 - 20 per cent (ref. 1). A number of origins for ULVZs have been proposed, such as ponding of dense silicate melt(2), core - mantle reaction zones(3) or underside sedimentation from the core(4). Here we suggest that ULVZs might instead be relics of banded iron formations subducted to the core - mantle boundary between 2.8 and 1.8 billion years ago. Consisting mainly of interbedded iron oxides and silica, such banded iron formations were deposited in the world's oceans during the late Archaean and early Proterozoic eras. We argue that these layers, as part of the ocean floor, would be recycled into the Earth's interior by subduction(5), sink to the bottom of the mantle and may explain all of the observed features of ULVZs.
C1 UCL, Dept Earth Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Dobson, DP (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Earth Sci, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM d.dobson@ucl.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 151
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 371
EP 374
DI 10.1038/nature03430
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100048
PM 15772658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kessel, R
   Schmidt, MW
   Ulmer, P
   Pettke, T
AF Kessel, R
   Schmidt, MW
   Ulmer, P
   Pettke, T
TI Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120-180 km depth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure experiments; phase-relations; upper-mantle; arc magmas; gpa; constraints; eclogite; system; crust; slab
AB Fluids and melts liberated from subducting oceanic crust recycle lithophile elements back into the mantle wedge, facilitate melting and ultimately lead to prolific subduction-zone arc volcanism(1,2). The nature and composition of the mobile phases generated in the subducting slab at high pressures have, however, remained largely unknown(3-7). Here we report direct LA-ICPMS measurements of the composition of fluids and melts equilibrated with a basaltic eclogite at pressures equivalent to depths in the Earth of 120 - 180 km and temperatures of 700 - 1,200 degrees C. The resultant liquid/mineral partition coefficients constrain the recycling rates of key elements. The dichotomy of dehydration versus melting at 120 km depth is expressed through contrasting behaviour of many trace elements (U/Th, Sr, Ba, Be and the light rare-earth elements). At pressures equivalent to 180 km depth, however, a supercritical liquid with melt-like solubilities for the investigated trace elements is observed, even at low temperatures. This mobilizes most of the key trace elements ( except the heavy rare-earth elements, Y and Sc) and thus limits fluid-phase transfer of geochemical signatures in subduction zones to pressures less than 6 GPa.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   ETH Zentrum, Inst Mineral & Petrog, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Kessel, R (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Earth Sci, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM kessel@vms.huji.ac.il
NR 32
TC 1260
Z9 1415
U1 7
U2 333
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/nature03971
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900050
PM 16193050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ozima, M
   Seki, K
   Terada, N
   Miura, YN
   Podosek, FA
   Shinagawa, H
AF Ozima, M
   Seki, K
   Terada, N
   Miura, YN
   Podosek, FA
   Shinagawa, H
TI Terrestrial nitrogen and noble gases in lunar soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID archean geomagnetic-field; solar; samples; venus; ions; barberton; isotopes; earth
AB The nitrogen in lunar soils is correlated to the surface and therefore clearly implanted from outside. The straightforward interpretation is that the nitrogen is implanted by the solar wind, but this explanation has difficulties accounting for both the abundance of nitrogen and a variation of the order of 30 per cent in the N-15/N-14 ratio. Here we propose that most of the nitrogen and some of the other volatile elements in lunar soils may actually have come from the Earth's atmosphere rather than the solar wind. We infer that this hypothesis is quantitatively reasonable if the escape of atmospheric gases, and implantation into lunar soil grains, occurred at a time when the Earth had essentially no geomagnetic field. Thus, evidence preserved in lunar soils might be useful in constraining when the geomagnetic field first appeared. This hypothesis could be tested by examination of lunar farside soils, which should lack the terrestrial component.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   ETH Zentrum, Inst Isotope Geol & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 4428507, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Washington University (WUSTL); Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Tokyo; Nagoya University
RP Ozima, M (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM EZZ03651@nifty.ne.jp
NR 33
TC 94
Z9 101
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 655
EP 659
DI 10.1038/nature03929
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500033
PM 16079836
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adolphs, R
   Gosselin, F
   Buchanan, TW
   Tranel, D
   Schyns, P
   Damasio, AR
AF Adolphs, R
   Gosselin, F
   Buchanan, TW
   Tranel, D
   Schyns, P
   Damasio, AR
TI A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bilateral damage; facial emotion; individuals; perception; patterns; gaze
AB Ten years ago, we reported that SM, a patient with rare bilateral amygdala damage, showed an intriguing impairment in her ability to recognize fear from facial expressions(1). Since then, the importance of the amygdala in processing information about facial emotions has been borne out by a number of lesion(2-4) and functional imaging studies(5,6). Yet the mechanism by which amygdala damage compromises fear recognition has not been identified. Returning to patient SM, we now show that her impairment stems from an inability to make normal use of information from the eye region of faces when judging emotions, a defect we trace to a lack of spontaneous fixations on the eyes during free viewing of faces. Although SM fails to look normally at the eye region in all facial expressions, her selective impairment in recognizing fear is explained by the fact that the eyes are the most important feature for identifying this emotion. Notably, SM's recognition of fearful faces became entirely normal when she was instructed explicitly to look at the eyes. This finding provides a mechanism to explain the amygdala's role in fear recognition, and points to new approaches for the possible rehabilitation of patients with defective emotion perception.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Neurol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Humanities & Social Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Psychol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Glasgow, Dept Psychol, Glasgow G12 8QB, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 University of Iowa; California Institute of Technology; Universite de Montreal; University of Glasgow
RP Adolphs, R (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Neurol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM radolphs@hss.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 979
Z9 1171
U1 1
U2 226
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 68
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature03086
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100037
PM 15635411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Colaprete, A
   Barnes, JR
   Haberle, RM
   Hollingsworth, JL
   Kieffer, HH
   Titus, TN
AF Colaprete, A
   Barnes, JR
   Haberle, RM
   Hollingsworth, JL
   Kieffer, HH
   Titus, TN
TI Albedo of the south pole on Mars determined by topographic forcing of atmosphere dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; tes; behavior; waves; model; caps; ice
AB The nature of the martian south polar cap has remained enigmatic since the first spacecraft observations(1-6). In particular, the presence of a perennial carbon dioxide ice cap, the formation of a vast area of black 'slab ice' known as the Cryptic region and the asymmetric springtime retreat of the cap have eluded explanation. Here we present observations and climate modelling that indicate the south pole of Mars is characterized by two distinct regional climates that are the result of dynamical forcing by the largest southern impact basins, Argyre and Hellas. The style of surface frost deposition is controlled by these regional climates. In the cold and stormy conditions that exist poleward of 60 degrees S and extend 180 degrees in longitude west from the Mountains of Mitchel (similar to 30 degrees W), surface frost accumulation is dominated by precipitation. In the opposite hemisphere, the polar atmosphere is relatively warm and clear and frost accumulation is dominated by direct vapour deposition. It is the differences in these deposition styles that determine the cap albedo.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, San Jose State Univ Fdn, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Astrogeol Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Oregon State University; California State University System; San Jose State University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Colaprete, A (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
EM Anthony.Colaprete-1@nasa.gov
NR 23
TC 75
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 184
EP 188
DI 10.1038/nature03561
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100034
PM 15889086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bryant, HE
   Schultz, N
   Thomas, HD
   Parker, KM
   Flower, D
   Lopez, E
   Kyle, S
   Meuth, M
   Curtin, NJ
   Helleday, T
AF Bryant, HE
   Schultz, N
   Thomas, HD
   Parker, KM
   Flower, D
   Lopez, E
   Kyle, S
   Meuth, M
   Curtin, NJ
   Helleday, T
TI Specific killing of BRCA2-deficient tumours with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand breaks; homologous recombination; mammalian-cells; dna-damage; replication forks; nuclear foci; repair; parp-1; stability; requirement
AB Poly( ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) facilitates DNA repair by binding to DNA breaks and attracting DNA repair proteins to the site of damage(1-3). Nevertheless, PARP1(-/-) mice are viable, fertile and do not develop early onset tumours(4). Here, we show that PARP inhibitors trigger gamma-H2AX and RAD51 foci formation. We propose that, in the absence of PARP1, spontaneous single-strand breaks collapse replication forks and trigger homologous recombination for repair. Furthermore, we show that BRCA2-deficient cells, as a result of their deficiency in homologous recombination, are acutely sensitive to PARP inhibitors, presumably because resultant collapsed replication forks are no longer repaired. Thus, PARP1 activity is essential in homologous recombination-deficient BRCA2 mutant cells. We exploit this requirement in order to kill BRCA2-deficient tumours by PARP inhibition alone. Treatment with PARP inhibitors is likely to be highly tumour specific, because only the tumours ( which are BRCA2(-/-)) in BRCA2(+/-) patients are defective in homologous recombination. The use of an inhibitor of a DNA repair enzyme alone to selectively kill a tumour, in the absence of an exogenous DNA-damaging agent, represents a new concept in cancer treatment.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Sch Med, Inst Canc Studies, Sheffield S10 2RX, S Yorkshire, England.
   Stockholm Univ, Arrhenius Lab, Dept Genet Microbiol & Toxicol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Newcastle Univ, Sch Med, No Inst Canc Res, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; Stockholm University; Newcastle University - UK
RP Helleday, T (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Sch Med, Inst Canc Studies, Beech Hill Rd, Sheffield S10 2RX, S Yorkshire, England.
EM t.helleday@sheffield.ac.uk
FU NCI NIH HHS [F31 CA260794] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 4162
Z9 4832
U1 5
U2 394
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/nature03443
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600044
PM 15829966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hovatta, I
   Tennant, RS
   Helton, R
   Marr, RA
   Singer, O
   Redwine, JM
   Ellison, JA
   Schadt, EE
   Verma, IM
   Lockhart, DJ
   Barlow, C
AF Hovatta, I
   Tennant, RS
   Helton, R
   Marr, RA
   Singer, O
   Redwine, JM
   Ellison, JA
   Schadt, EE
   Verma, IM
   Lockhart, DJ
   Barlow, C
TI Glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reductase 1 regulate anxiety in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malondialdehyde levels; antioxidant enzyme; mouse; expression; brain; identification; behavior; strains; fear
AB Anxiety and fear are normal emotional responses to threatening situations. In human anxiety disorders - such as panic disorder, obsessive - compulsive disorder, post- traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder - these responses are exaggerated. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of normal and pathological anxiety are mostly unknown. However, the availability of different inbred strains of mice offers an excellent model system in which to study the genetics of certain behavioural phenotypes(1-3). Here we report, using a combination of behavioural analysis of six inbred mouse strains with quantitative gene expression profiling of several brain regions, the identification of 17 genes with expression patterns that correlate with anxiety- like behavioural phenotypes. To determine if two of the genes, glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reductase 1, have a causal role in the genesis of anxiety, we performed genetic manipulation using lentivirus- mediated gene transfer. Local overexpression of these genes in the mouse brain resulted in increased anxiety- like behaviour, while local inhibition of glyoxalase 1 expression by RNA interference decreased the anxiety- like behaviour. Both of these genes are involved in oxidative stress metabolism, linking this pathway with anxiety- related behaviour.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   BrainCells Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Neurome Inc, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Merck & Co Inc, Rosetta Inpharmat LLC, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA
RP Barlow, C (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM cbarlow@braincellsinc.com
NR 28
TC 413
Z9 482
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 662
EP 666
DI 10.1038/nature04250
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100049
PM 16244648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brunet, I
   Weinl, C
   Piper, M
   Trembleau, A
   Volovitch, M
   Harris, W
   Prochiantz, A
   Holt, C
AF Brunet, I
   Weinl, C
   Piper, M
   Trembleau, A
   Volovitch, M
   Harris, W
   Prochiantz, A
   Holt, C
TI The transcription factor Engrailed-2 guides retinal axons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ganglion-cell axons; optic tectum; tyrosine kinases; growth cones; expression; protein; translation; homeoprotein; guidance; ligands
AB Engrailed-2 (En-2), a homeodomain transcription factor, is expressed in a caudal-to-rostral gradient in the developing midbrain, where it has an instructive role in patterning the optic tectum - the target of topographic retinal input(1,2). In addition to its well-known role in regulating gene expression through its DNA-binding domain, En-2 may also have a role in cell - cell communication, as suggested by the presence of other domains involved in nuclear export, secretion and internalization(3). Consistent with this possibility, here we report that an external gradient of En-2 protein strongly repels growth cones of Xenopus axons originating from the temporal retina and, conversely, attracts nasal axons. Fluorescently tagged En-2 accumulates inside growth cones within minutes of exposure, and a mutant form of the protein that cannot enter cells fails to elicit axon turning. Once internalized, En-2 stimulates the rapid phosphorylation of proteins involved in translation initiation and triggers the local synthesis of new proteins. Furthermore, the turning responses of both nasal and temporal growth cones in the presence of En-2 are blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. The differential guidance of nasal and temporal axons reported here suggests that En-2 may participate directly in topographic map formation in the vertebrate visual system.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
   Ecole Normale Super, CNRS, UMR 8542, F-75230 Paris, France.
C3 University of Cambridge; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Holt, C (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Anat, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3DY, England.
EM prochian@biologie.ens.fr; ceh@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [070568] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 211
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 94
EP 98
DI 10.1038/nature04110
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000048
PM 16267555
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calais, E
   Mattioli, G
   DeMets, C
   Nocquet, JM
   Stein, S
   Newman, A
   Rydelek, P
AF Calais, E
   Mattioli, G
   DeMets, C
   Nocquet, JM
   Stein, S
   Newman, A
   Rydelek, P
TI Tectonic strain in plate interiors?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID madrid seismic zone; earthquakes
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Univ Arkansas, Dept Geol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   CNRS, Geosci Azur, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of Arkansas System; University of Arkansas Fayetteville; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Universite Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Northwestern University; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University of Memphis
RP Calais, E (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
EM ecalais@purdue.edu
NR 7
TC 43
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP E9
EP E10
DI 10.1038/nature04428
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600048
PM 16355163
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenmesser, EZ
   Millet, O
   Labeikovsky, W
   Korzhnev, DM
   Wolf-Watz, M
   Bosco, DA
   Skalicky, JJ
   Kay, LE
   Kern, D
AF Eisenmesser, EZ
   Millet, O
   Labeikovsky, W
   Korzhnev, DM
   Wolf-Watz, M
   Bosco, DA
   Skalicky, JJ
   Kay, LE
   Kern, D
TI Intrinsic dynamics of an enzyme underlies catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cis-trans-isomerization; triosephosphate isomerase; chemical-exchange; protein dynamics; loop motion; nmr; flexibility; states
AB A unique feature of chemical catalysis mediated by enzymes is that the catalytically reactive atoms are embedded within a folded protein. Although current understanding of enzyme function has been focused on the chemical reactions and static three-dimensional structures, the dynamic nature of proteins has been proposed to have a function in catalysis(1-5). The concept of conformational substates has been described(6); however, the challenge is to unravel the intimate linkage between protein flexibility and enzymatic function. Here we show that the intrinsic plasticity of the protein is a key characteristic of catalysis. The dynamics of the prolyl cis - trans isomerase cyclophilin A ( CypA) in its substrate-free state and during catalysis were characterized with NMR relaxation experiments. The characteristic enzyme motions detected during catalysis are already present in the free enzyme with frequencies corresponding to the catalytic turnover rates. This correlation suggests that the protein motions necessary for catalysis are an intrinsic property of the enzyme and may even limit the overall turnover rate. Motion is localized not only to the active site but also to a wider dynamic network. Whereas coupled networks in proteins have been proposed previously(3,7-10), we experimentally measured the collective nature of motions with the use of mutant forms of CypA. We propose that the pre-existence of collective dynamics in enzymes before catalysis is a common feature of biocatalysts and that proteins have evolved under synergistic pressure between structure and dynamics.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Florida State Univ, Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Kern, D (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM dkern@brandeis.edu
NR 30
TC 945
Z9 1127
U1 0
U2 292
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 117
EP 121
DI 10.1038/nature04105
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000053
PM 16267559
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hessa, T
   Kim, H
   Bihlmaier, K
   Lundin, C
   Boekel, J
   Andersson, H
   Nilsson, I
   White, SH
   von Heijne, G
AF Hessa, T
   Kim, H
   Bihlmaier, K
   Lundin, C
   Boekel, J
   Andersson, H
   Nilsson, I
   White, SH
   von Heijne, G
TI Recognition of transmembrane helices by the endoplasmic reticulum translocon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID semliki-forest-virus; membrane-protein; peptides; integration; prediction; interfaces; stability; sequence; channel; domain
AB Membrane proteins depend on complex translocation machineries for insertion into target membranes. Although it has long been known that an abundance of nonpolar residues in transmembrane helices is the principal criterion for membrane insertion, the specific sequence-coding for transmembrane helices has not been identified. By challenging the endoplasmic reticulum Sec61 translocon with an extensive set of designed polypeptide segments, we have determined the basic features of this code, including a 'biological' hydrophobicity scale. We find that membrane insertion depends strongly on the position of polar residues within transmembrane segments, adding a new dimension to the problem of predicting transmembrane helices from amino acid sequences. Our results indicate that direct protein - lipid interactions are critical during translocon-mediated membrane insertion.
C1 Stockholm Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Program Macromol Struct, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, NOVUM, Dept Biosci, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
C3 Stockholm University; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; Karolinska Institutet
RP von Heijne, G (corresponding author), Stockholm Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM gunnar@dbb.su.se
NR 36
TC 831
Z9 1017
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 377
EP 381
DI 10.1038/nature03216
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200033
PM 15674282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cuthill, IC
   Stevens, M
   Sheppard, J
   Maddocks, T
   Párraga, CA
   Troscianko, TS
AF Cuthill, IC
   Stevens, M
   Sheppard, J
   Maddocks, T
   Párraga, CA
   Troscianko, TS
TI Disruptive coloration and background pattern matching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Effective camouflage renders a target indistinguishable from irrelevant background objects. Two interrelated but logically distinct mechanisms for this are background pattern matching (crypsis(1,2)) and disruptive coloration: in the former, the animal's colours are a random sample of the background(1,2); in the latter, bold contrasting colours on the animal's periphery break up its outline. The latter has long been proposed as an explanation for some apparently conspicuous coloration in animals(3,4), and is standard textbook material. Surprisingly, only one quantitative test(5) of the theory exists, and one experimental test of its effectiveness against non-human predators(6). Here we test two key predictions: that patterns on the body's outline should be particularly effective in promoting concealment and that highly contrasting colours should enhance this disruptive effect. Artificial moth-like targets were exposed to bird predation in the field, with the experimental colour patterns on the 'wings' and a dead mealworm as the edible 'body'. Survival analysis supported the predictions, indicating that disruptive coloration is an effective means of camouflage, above and beyond background pattern matching.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Expt Psychol, Bristol BS8 1TN, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Bristol
RP Cuthill, IC (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Biol Sci, Woodland Rd, Bristol BS8 1UG, Avon, England.
EM i.cuthill@bristol.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [S18903] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [S18903] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 464
Z9 507
U1 4
U2 419
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature03312
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600045
PM 15744301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wobus, C
   Heimsath, A
   Whipple, K
   Hodges, K
AF Wobus, C
   Heimsath, A
   Whipple, K
   Hodges, K
TI Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID main central thrust; cosmogenic nuclides; erosion rates; evolution; be-10; precipitation; accumulation; deformation; equilibrium; constraints
AB Recent convergence between India and Eurasia is commonly assumed to be accommodated mainly along a single fault-the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT)-which reaches the surface in the Siwalik Hills of southern Nepal(1-3). Although this model is consistent with geodetic(4,5), geomorphic(6) and microseismic data(7), an alternative model incorporating slip on more northerly surface faults has been proposed to be consistent with these data as well(8-10). Here we present in situ cosmogenic Be-10 data indicating a fourfold increase in millennial timescale erosion rates occurring over a distance of less than 2 km in central Nepal, delineating for the first time an active thrust fault nearly 100 km north of the surface expression of the MHT. These data challenge the view that rock uplift gradients in central Nepal reflect only passive transport over a ramp in the MHT. Instead, when combined with previously reported 40Ar-39Ar data(9), our results indicate persistent exhumation above deep-seated, surface-breaking structures at the foot of the high Himalaya. These results suggest that strong dynamic interactions between climate, erosion and tectonics have maintained a locus of active deformation well to the north of the Himalayan deformation front.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Dept Earth Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Dartmouth College
RP Wobus, C (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM cwobus@mit.edu
NR 27
TC 277
Z9 322
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1008
EP 1011
DI 10.1038/nature03499
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600035
PM 15846343
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morimoto, M
   Takahashi, Y
   Endo, M
   Saga, Y
AF Morimoto, M
   Takahashi, Y
   Endo, M
   Saga, Y
TI The Mesp2 transcription factor establishes segmental borders by suppressing Notch activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lunatic-fringe expression; somite boundary formation; vertebrate segmentation; retinoic acid; clock; gene; somitogenesis; mesoderm; glycosyltransferase; pathway
AB The serially segmented ( metameric) structures of vertebrates are based on somites that are periodically formed during embryogenesis. A 'clock and wavefront' model has been proposed to explain the underlying mechanism of somite formation(1), in which the periodicity is generated by oscillation of Notch components ( the clock) in the posterior pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM)(2-6). This temporal periodicity is then translated into the segmental units in the 'wavefront'(7,8). The wavefront is thought to exist in the anterior PSM and progress backwards at a constant rate; however, there has been no direct evidence as to whether the levels of Notch activity really oscillate and how such oscillation is translated into a segmental pattern in the anterior PSM. Here, we have visualized endogenous levels of Notch1 activity in mice, showing that it oscillates in the posterior PSM but is arrested in the anterior PSM. Somite boundaries formed at the interface between Notch1-activated and - repressed domains. Genetic and biochemical studies indicate that this interface is generated by suppression of Notch activity by mesoderm posterior 2 (Mesp2) through induction of the lunatic fringe gene (Lfng). We propose that the oscillation of Notch activity is arrested and translated in the wavefront by Mesp2.
C1 Natl Inst Genet, Div Mammalian Dev, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Cellular & Mol Toxicol Div, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 1588501, Japan.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; National Institute of Health Sciences - Japan
RP Saga, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Genet, Div Mammalian Dev, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
EM ysaga@lab.nig.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 210
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 354
EP 359
DI 10.1038/nature03591
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000047
PM 15902259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Isobe, H
   Miyagoshi, T
   Shibata, K
   Yokoyama, T
AF Isobe, H
   Miyagoshi, T
   Shibata, K
   Yokoyama, T
TI Filamentary structure on the Sun from the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray jets; fast reconnection mechanism; computer; flux
AB Magnetic flux emerges from the solar surface as dark filaments connecting small sunspots with opposite polarities(1-3). The regions around the dark filaments are often bright in X-rays and are associated with jets(4-6). This implies plasma heating and acceleration, which are important for coronal heating. Previous two-dimensional simulations of such regions showed that magnetic reconnection between the coronal magnetic field and the emerging flux produced X-ray jets and flares, but left unresolved the origin of filamentary structure and the intermittent nature of the heating. Here we report three-dimensional simulations of emerging flux showing that the filamentary structure arises spontaneously from the magnetic Rayleigh - Taylor instability(7,8), contrary to the previous view that the dark filaments are isolated bundles of magnetic field that rise from the photosphere carrying the dense gas(9-11). As a result of the magnetic Rayleigh - Taylor instability, thin current sheets are formed in the emerging flux, and magnetic reconnection occurs between emerging flux and the pre-existing coronal field in a spatially intermittent way. This explains naturally the intermittent nature of coronal heating and the patchy brightenings in solar flares.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Kyoto 6078471, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Hida Observ, Kyoto 6078471, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University; Kyoto University; University of Tokyo
RP Isobe, H (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Kwasan Observ, Kyoto 6078471, Japan.
EM isobe@kwasan.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 161
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 478
EP 481
DI 10.1038/nature03399
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000034
PM 15791248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ballentine, CJ
   Marty, B
   Lollar, BS
   Cassidy, M
AF Ballentine, CJ
   Marty, B
   Lollar, BS
   Cassidy, M
TI Neon isotopes constrain convection and volatile origin in the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primordial noble-gases; popping rock; solar neon; helium; evolution; models; xenon; argon; co2; systematics
AB Identifying the origin of primordial volatiles in the Earth's mantle provides a critical test between models that advocate magma-ocean equilibration with an early massive solar-nebula atmosphere and those that require subduction of volatiles implanted in late accreting material. Here we show that neon isotopes in the convecting mantle, resolved in magmatic CO2 well gases, are consistent with a volatile source related to solar corpuscular irradiation of accreting material. This contrasts with recent results that indicated a solar-nebula origin for neon in mantle plume material, which is thought to be sampling the deep mantle. Neon isotope heterogeneity in different mantle sources suggests that models in which the plume source supplies the convecting mantle with its volatile inventory require revision. Although higher than accepted noble gas concentrations in the convecting mantle may reduce the need for a deep mantle volatile flux, any such flux must be dominated by the neon ( and helium) isotopic signature of late accreting material.
C1 Univ Manchester, Dept Earth Sci, Manchester M13 9LP, Lancs, England.
   Ctr Rech Petrog & Geochim, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Ecole Natl Super Geol, F-54501 Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada.
   Univ Houston, Dept Geosci, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
C3 University of Manchester; Universite de Lorraine; Universite de Lorraine; University of Toronto; University of Houston System; University of Houston
RP Ballentine, CJ (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9LP, Lancs, England.
EM chris.ballentine@manchester.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/A/S/2002/00960] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 50
TC 150
Z9 172
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 33
EP 38
DI 10.1038/nature03182
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100028
PM 15635402
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, JH
   Kim, B
   Cai, L
   Choi, HJ
   Ohgi, KA
   Tran, C
   Chen, C
   Chung, CH
   Huber, O
   Rose, DW
   Sawyers, CL
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Baek, SH
AF Kim, JH
   Kim, B
   Cai, L
   Choi, HJ
   Ohgi, KA
   Tran, C
   Chen, C
   Chung, CH
   Huber, O
   Rose, DW
   Sawyers, CL
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Baek, SH
TI Transcriptional regulation of a metastasis suppressor gene by Tip60 and β-catenin complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; prostate-cancer; rna interference; target; cells; transformation; pontin52; protein; growth; colon
AB Defining the molecular strategies that integrate diverse signalling pathways in the expression of specific gene programmes that are critical in homeostasis and disease remains a central issue in biology. This is particularly pertinent in cancer biology because downregulation of tumour metastasis suppressor genes is a common occurrence(1,2), and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well established. Here we report that the downregulation of a metastasis suppressor gene, KAI1, in prostate cancer cells involves the inhibitory actions of beta-catenin, along with a reptin chromatin remodelling complex. This inhibitory function of beta-catenin - reptin requires both increased beta-catenin expression and recruitment of histone deacetylase activity. The coordinated actions of beta- catenin - reptin components that mediate the repressive state serve to antagonize a Tip60 coactivator complex(3-8) that is required for activation; the balance of these opposing complexes controls the expression of KAI1 and metastatic potential. The molecular mechanisms underlying the antagonistic regulation of b- catenin - reptin and the Tip60 coactivator complexes for the metastasis suppressor gene, KAI1, are likely to be prototypic of a selective downregulation strategy for many genes, including a subset of NF-kappa B target genes.
C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Nat Sci, Dept Sci Biol, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Charite, Inst Clin Chem & Pathobiochem, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Seoul National University (SNU); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Baek, SH (corresponding author), Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Nat Sci, Dept Sci Biol, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
EM mrosenfeld@ucsd.edu; sbaek@snu.ac.kr
NR 25
TC 269
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 921
EP 926
DI 10.1038/nature03452
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600046
PM 15829968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neijssen, J
   Herberts, C
   Drijfhout, JW
   Reits, E
   Janssen, L
   Neefjes, J
AF Neijssen, J
   Herberts, C
   Drijfhout, JW
   Reits, E
   Janssen, L
   Neefjes, J
TI Cross-presentation by intercellular peptide transfer through gap junctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mhc class-i; cd8(+) t-cells; antigen presentation; communication; protein; degradation; growth; vitro
AB Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present peptides that are derived from endogenous proteins1. These antigens can also be transferred to professional antigen-presenting cells in a process called cross-presentation, which precedes initiation of a proper T-cell response(2,3); but exactly how they do this is unclear. We tested whether peptides can be transferred directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the cytoplasm of its neighbour through gap junctions. Here we show that peptides with a relative molecular mass of up to,1,800 diffuse intercellularly through gap junctions unless a three-dimensional structure is imposed. This intercellular peptide transfer causes cytotoxic T-cell recognition of adjacent, innocent bystander cells as well as activated monocytes. Gap-junction-mediated peptide transfer is restricted to a few coupling cells owing to the high cytosolic peptidase activity. We present a mechanism of antigen acquisition for cross-presentation that couples the antigen presentation system of two adjacent cells and is lost in most tumours: gap-junction-mediated intercellular peptide coupling for presentation by bystander MHC class I molecules and transfer to professional antigen presenting cells for cross-priming.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Tumor Biol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Med Ctr, Dept Immunohematol & Blood Transfus Leiden, NL-2333 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Neijssen, J (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Tumor Biol, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM J.Neefjes@nki.nl
NR 30
TC 354
Z9 423
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 83
EP 88
DI 10.1038/nature03290
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600048
PM 15744304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krogsgaard, M
   Li, QJ
   Sumen, C
   Huppa, JB
   Huse, M
   Davis, MM
AF Krogsgaard, M
   Li, QJ
   Sumen, C
   Huppa, JB
   Huse, M
   Davis, MM
TI Agonist/endogenous peptide-MHC heterodimers drive T cell activation and sensitivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunological synapse formation; hla-dr molecules; class-ii; ligand recognition; foreign antigen; binding-site; cd8; proliferation; expression; contribute
AB alphabeta T lymphocytes are able to detect even a single peptide - major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell(1,2). This is despite clear evidence, at least with CD4(+) T cells, that monomeric ligands are not stimulatory(3,4). In an effort to understand how this remarkable sensitivity is achieved, we constructed soluble peptide - MHC heterodimers in which one peptide is an agonist and the other is one of the large number of endogenous peptide - MHCs displayed by presenting cells. We found that some specific combinations of these heterodimers can stimulate specific T cells in a CD4-dependent manner. This activation is severely impaired if the CD4-binding site on the agonist ligand is ablated, but the same mutation on an endogenous ligand has no effect. These data correlate well with analyses of lipid bilayers and cells presenting these ligands, and indicate that the basic unit of helper T cell activation is a heterodimer of agonist peptide - and endogenous peptide MHC complexes, stabilized by CD4.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Davis, MM (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM mdavis@cmgm.stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 281
Z9 346
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 238
EP 243
DI 10.1038/nature03391
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500051
PM 15724150
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bayley, PJ
   Frascino, JC
   Squire, LR
AF Bayley, PJ
   Frascino, JC
   Squire, LR
TI Robust habit learning in the absence of awareness and independent of the medial temporal lobe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal-lesions; semantic knowledge; basal ganglia; memory; monkeys; performance; amnesia; damage; systems; task
AB Habit memory is thought to involve slowly acquired associations between stimuli and responses and to depend on the basal ganglia(1). Habit memory has been well studied in experimental animals but is poorly understood in humans because of their strong tendency to acquire information as conscious ( declarative) knowledge. Here we show that humans have a robust capacity for gradual trial-and-error learning that operates outside awareness for what is learned and independently of the medial temporal lobe. We tested two patients with large medial temporal lobe lesions and no capacity for declarative memory. Both patients gradually acquired a standard eight-pair object discrimination task over many weeks but at the start of each session could not describe the task, the instructions or the objects. The acquired knowledge was rigidly organized, and performance collapsed when the task format was altered.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Vet Affairs Med Ctr, San Diego, CA 92161 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA)
RP Squire, LR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychiat, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM Lsquire@ucsd.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH024600] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 125
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 550
EP 553
DI 10.1038/nature03857
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800060
PM 16049487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Royle, SJ
   Bright, NA
   Lagnado, L
AF Royle, SJ
   Bright, NA
   Lagnado, L
TI Clathrin is required for the function of the mitotic spindle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor trafficking; proteins; kinetochores; identification; segregation; dynamics; link
AB Clathrin has an established function in the generation of vesicles that transfer membrane and proteins around the cell(1-4). The formation of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs continuously in nondividing cells(5), but is shut down during mitosis(6), when clathrin concentrates at the spindle apparatus(7,8). Here, we show that clathrin stabilizes fibres of the mitotic spindle to aid congression of chromosomes. Clathrin bound to the spindle directly by the amino-terminal domain of clathrin heavy chain. Depletion of clathrin heavy chain using RNA interference prolonged mitosis; kinetochore fibres were destabilized, leading to defective congression of chromosomes to the metaphase plate and persistent activation of the spindle checkpoint. Normal mitosis was rescued by clathrin triskelia but not the N-terminal domain of clathrin heavy chain, indicating that stabilization of kinetochore fibres was dependent on the unique structure of clathrin. The importance of clathrin for normal mitosis may be relevant to understanding human cancers that involve gene fusions of clathrin heavy chain.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital
RP Royle, SJ (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM sjr51@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105178794] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U105178794, U.1051.02.006(78794)] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [MC_U105178794] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 219
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1152
EP 1157
DI 10.1038/nature03502
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300048
PM 15858577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, AC
   Petta, JR
   Taylor, JM
   Yacoby, A
   Lukin, MD
   Marcus, CM
   Hanson, MP
   Gossard, AC
AF Johnson, AC
   Petta, JR
   Taylor, JM
   Yacoby, A
   Lukin, MD
   Marcus, CM
   Hanson, MP
   Gossard, AC
TI Triplet-singlet spin relaxation via nuclei in a double quantum dot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-spin; semiconductor; computation; field
AB The spin of a confined electron, when oriented originally in some direction, will lose memory of that orientation after some time. Physical mechanisms leading to this relaxation of spin memory typically involve either coupling of the electron spin to its orbital motion or to nuclear spins(1-7). Relaxation of confined electron spin has been previously measured only for Zeeman or exchange split spin states, where spin-orbit effects dominate relaxation(8-10); spin flips due to nuclei have been observed in optical spectroscopy studies(11). Using an isolated GaAs double quantum dot defined by electrostatic gates and direct time domain measurements, we investigate in detail spin relaxation for arbitrary splitting of spin states. Here we show that electron spin flips are dominated by nuclear interactions and are slowed by several orders of magnitude when a magnetic field of a few millitesla is applied. These results have significant implications for spin-based information processing(12).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Weizmann Institute of Science; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Marcus, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM marcus@harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 467
Z9 532
U1 0
U2 106
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 925
EP 928
DI 10.1038/nature03815
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700042
PM 15944715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hurley, K
   Boggs, SE
   Smith, DM
   Duncan, RC
   Lin, R
   Zoglauer, A
   Krucker, S
   Hurford, G
   Hudson, H
   Wigger, C
   Hajdas, W
   Thompson, C
   Mitrofanov, I
   Sanin, A
   Boynton, W
   Fellows, C
   von Kienlin, A
   Lichti, G
   Rau, A
   Cline, T
AF Hurley, K
   Boggs, SE
   Smith, DM
   Duncan, RC
   Lin, R
   Zoglauer, A
   Krucker, S
   Hurford, G
   Hudson, H
   Wigger, C
   Hajdas, W
   Thompson, C
   Mitrofanov, I
   Sanin, A
   Boynton, W
   Fellows, C
   von Kienlin, A
   Lichti, G
   Rau, A
   Cline, T
TI An exceptionally bright flare from SGR 1806-20 and the origins of short-duration γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetized neutron-stars; 1998 august 27; 1979 march 5; x-ray; sgr 1900+14; radiative mechanism; giant flare; lbv 1806-20; repeaters; spectrum
AB Soft-gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are galactic X-ray stars that emit numerous short-duration (about 0.1 s) bursts of hard X-rays during sporadic active periods. They are thought to be magnetars: strongly magnetized neutron stars with emissions powered by the dissipation of magnetic energy. Here we report the detection of a long (380 s) giant flare from SGR 1806-20, which was much more luminous than any previous transient event observed in our Galaxy. (In the first 0.2 s, the flare released as much energy as the Sun radiates in a quarter of a million years.) Its power can be explained by a catastrophic instability involving global crust failure and magnetic reconnection on a magnetar, with possible large-scale untwisting of magnetic field lines outside the star. From a great distance this event would appear to be a short-duration, hard-spectrum cosmic gamma-ray burst. At least a significant fraction of the mysterious short-duration gamma-ray bursts may therefore come from extragalactic magnetars.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Inst Particle Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Arizona; Max Planck Society; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Hurley, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM khurley@ssl.berkeley.edu
NR 50
TC 509
Z9 567
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1098
EP 1103
DI 10.1038/nature03519
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300034
PM 15858565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindell, D
   Jaffe, JD
   Johnson, ZI
   Church, GM
   Chisholm, SW
AF Lindell, D
   Jaffe, JD
   Johnson, ZI
   Church, GM
   Chisholm, SW
TI Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synechococcus strains; prochlorococcus; genome; metabolism; phage; light
AB Cyanobacteria, and the viruses ( phages) that infect them, are significant contributors to the oceanic 'gene pool'(1,2). This pool is dynamic, and the transfer of genetic material between hosts and their phages(3-6) probably influences the genetic and functional diversity of both. For example, photosynthesis genes of cyanobacterial origin have been found in phages that infect Prochlorococcus(5,7) and Synechococcus(8,9), the numerically dominant phototrophs in ocean ecosystems. These genes include psbA, which encodes the photosystem II core reaction centre protein D1, and high-light-inducible ( hli) genes. Here we show that phage psbA and hli genes are expressed during infection of Prochlorococcus and are cotranscribed with essential phage capsid genes, and that the amount of phage D1 protein increases steadily over the infective period. We also show that the expression of host photosynthesis genes declines over the course of infection and that replication of the phage genome is a function of photosynthesis. We thus propose that the phage genes are functional in photosynthesis and that they may be increasing phage fitness by supplementing the host production of these proteins.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chisholm, SW (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM chisholm@mit.edu
NR 29
TC 387
Z9 473
U1 2
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/nature04111
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000046
PM 16222247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zack, SP
   Penkrot, TA
   Bloch, JI
   Rose, KD
AF Zack, SP
   Penkrot, TA
   Bloch, JI
   Rose, KD
TI Affinities of 'hyopsodontids' to elephant shrews and a Holarctic origin of Afrotheria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalia; eocene; radiation
AB Macroscelideans ( elephant shrews or sengis) are small-bodied ( 25 - 540 g), cursorial ( running) and saltatorial ( jumping), insectivorous and omnivorous(1) placental mammals represented by at least 15 extant African species classified in four genera(2). Macroscelidea is one of several morphologically diverse but predominantly African placental orders classified in the superorder Afrotheria by molecular phylogeneticists(3,4). The distribution of modern afrotheres, in combination with a basal position for Afrotheria within Placentalia and molecular divergence-time estimates, has been used to link placental diversification with the mid-Cretaceous separation of South America and Africa(4). Morphological phylogenetic analyses do not support Afrotheria(5-7) and the fossil record favours a northern origin of Placentalia(8). Here we describe fossil postcrania that provide evidence for a close relationship between North American Palaeocene Eocene apheliscine 'hyopsodontid' ` condylarths' ( early ungulates or hoofed mammals) and extant Macroscelidea. Apheliscine postcranial morphology is consistent with a relationship to other ungulate-like afrotheres (Hyracoidea, Proboscidea) but does not provide support for a monophyletic Afrotheria. As the oldest record of an afrothere clade, identification of macroscelidean relatives in the North American Palaeocene argues against an African origin for Afrotheria, weakening support for linking placental diversification to the break-up of Gondwana.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Funct Anat & Evolut, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Florida, Florida Museum Nat Hist, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Zack, SP (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Funct Anat & Evolut, 1830 E Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM szack1@jhem.jhmi.edu
NR 30
TC 82
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 497
EP 501
DI 10.1038/nature03351
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000040
PM 15791254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mannella, N
   Yang, WL
   Zhou, XJ
   Zheng, H
   Mitchell, JF
   Zaanen, J
   Devereaux, TP
   Nagaosa, N
   Hussain, Z
   Shen, ZX
AF Mannella, N
   Yang, WL
   Zhou, XJ
   Zheng, H
   Mitchell, JF
   Zaanen, J
   Devereaux, TP
   Nagaosa, N
   Hussain, Z
   Shen, ZX
TI Nodal quasiparticle in pseudogapped colossal magnetoresistive manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fermi-surface; dispersion; oxides
AB A characteristic feature of the copper oxide high-temperature superconductors is the dichotomy between the electronic excitations along the nodal (diagonal) and antinodal (parallel to the Cu-O bonds) directions in momentum space, generally assumed to be linked to the 'd-wave' symmetry of the superconducting state. Angle-resolved photoemission measurements in the superconducting state have revealed a quasiparticle spectrum with a d-wave gap structure that exhibits a maximum along the antinodal direction and vanishes along the nodal direction(1). Subsequent measurements have shown that, at low doping levels, this gap structure persists even in the high-temperature metallic state, although the nodal points of the superconducting state spread out in finite 'Fermi arcs'(2). This is the so-called pseudogap phase, and it has been assumed that it is closely linked to the superconducting state, either by assigning it to fluctuating superconductivity(3) or by invoking orders which are natural competitors of d-wave superconductors(4,5). Here we report experimental evidence that a very similar pseudogap state with a nodal-antinodal dichotomous character exists in a system that is markedly different from a superconductor: the ferromagnetic metallic groundstate of the colossal magnetoresistive bilayer manganite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7. Our findings therefore cast doubt on the assumption that the pseudogap state in the copper oxides and the nodal-antinodal dichotomy are hallmarks of the superconductivity state.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Leiden Univ, Inst Lorentz Theoret Phys, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, CREST, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   AIST, Correlated Electron Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; University of Waterloo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Shen, ZX (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM NMannella@lbl.gov; zxshen@stanford.edu
NR 29
TC 224
Z9 241
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 474
EP 478
DI 10.1038/nature04273
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200044
PM 16306987
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Otomo, T
   Tomchick, DR
   Otomo, C
   Panchal, SC
   Machius, M
   Rosen, MK
AF Otomo, T
   Tomchick, DR
   Otomo, C
   Panchal, SC
   Machius, M
   Rosen, MK
TI Structural basis of actin filament nucleation and processive capping by a formin homology 2 domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diaphanous-related formins; diffraction data; fission yeast; cell-division; mouse formin; profilin; protein; polymerization; cytokinesis; mechanism
AB The conserved formin homology 2 (FH2) domain nucleates actin filaments and remains bound to the barbed end of the growing filament. Here we report the crystal structure of the yeast Bni1p FH2 domain in complex with tetramethylrhodamine - actin. Each of the two structural units in the FH2 dimer binds two actins in an orientation similar to that in an actin filament, suggesting that this structure could function as a filament nucleus. Biochemical properties of heterodimeric FH2 mutants suggest that the wild-type protein equilibrates between two bound states at the barbed end: one permitting monomer binding and the other permitting monomer dissociation. Interconversion between these states allows processive barbed-end polymerization and depolymerization in the presence of bound FH2 domain. Kinetic and/or thermodynamic differences in the conformational and binding equilibria can explain the variable activity of different FH2 domains as well as the effects of the actin-binding protein profilin on FH2 function.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Rosen, MK (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM mrosen@biochem.swmed.edu
NR 36
TC 305
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 488
EP 494
DI 10.1038/nature03251
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200039
PM 15635372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riley, JR
   Greggers, U
   Smith, AD
   Reynolds, DR
   Menzel, R
AF Riley, JR
   Greggers, U
   Smith, AD
   Reynolds, DR
   Menzel, R
TI The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harmonic radar; bees; tracking
AB In the 'dance language' of honeybees(1,2), the dancer generates a specific, coded message that describes the direction and distance from the hive of a new food source, and this message is displaced in both space and time from the dancer's discovery of that source. Karl von Frisch concluded that bees 'recruited' by this dance used the information encoded in it to guide them directly to the remote food source, and this Nobel Prize-winning discovery revealed the most sophisticated example of non-primate communication that we know of(3,4). In spite of some initial scepticism(5-9), almost all biologists are now convinced that von Frisch was correct(3,4,10-14), but what has hitherto been lacking is a quantitative description of how effectively recruits translate the code in the dance into flight to their destinations. Using harmonic radar(15-17) to record the actual flight paths of recruited bees, we now provide that description.
C1 Rothamsted Res, Plant & Invertebrate Ecol Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
   Free Univ Berlin, Fachbereich Biol Chem Pharm, Inst Biol Neurobiol, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Greenwich, Nat Resources Inst, Plant Anim & Human Hlth Grp, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Rothamsted Research; Free University of Berlin; University of Greenwich
RP Riley, JR (corresponding author), Rothamsted Res, Plant & Invertebrate Ecol Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England.
EM joe@radarent.freeserve.co.uk
NR 30
TC 285
Z9 335
U1 3
U2 355
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 205
EP 207
DI 10.1038/nature03526
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100040
PM 15889092
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basile-Doelsch, I
   Meunier, JD
   Parron, C
AF Basile-Doelsch, I
   Meunier, JD
   Parron, C
TI Another continental pool in the terrestrial silicon cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic composition; stable-isotopes; silcrete; fractionation; diagenesis; calcrete; diatoms; ocean
AB Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth. It is an important nutrient for phytoplankton(1) and is readily absorbed by terrestrial vegetation(2); it also assists the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the weathering of silicates(3). But the continental cycle of silicon is not well known, and only a few studies have attempted to use silicon stable isotopes (Si-28, Si-29 and Si-30)(4-13) to quantify the continental silicon reservoirs. Dissolved silicon in sea and river waters forms a reservoir of mean isotopic value 11.1parts per thousand (refs 7, 10). It is enriched in Si-30 with respect to the igneous rocks reservoir, which has a mean isotopic value of -0.3parts per thousand (refs 4, 9). This enrichment can only be produced by a major fractionation during weathering, and should result in the formation of a continental Si-30-depleted reservoir. Such a reservoir, however, has not been identified to date. Here we analyse silicon isotopes of in situ quartz from a sandstone series in France, using a new-generation secondary ion mass spectrometry apparatus. We show that quartz that precipitates as siliceous cements forms a strongly Si-30-depleted reservoir with isotopic values down to -5.7parts per thousand, a more negative value than any previously published for terrestrial samples. Our findings suggest that quartz re-precipitation plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of silicon.
C1 IRD Reunion, LSTUR, F-97492 St Denis, France.
   Univ Paul Cezanne, IRD, Europole Arbois, CEREGE UMR CNRS, F-13545 Aix En Provence 4, France.
C3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite PSL; College de France; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Basile-Doelsch, I (corresponding author), IRD Reunion, LSTUR, UR037,BP 172, F-97492 St Denis, France.
EM basile@cerege.fr
NR 30
TC 177
Z9 206
U1 4
U2 92
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 399
EP 402
DI 10.1038/nature03217
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200038
PM 15674287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, TA
   Stenstrom, P
AF Nielsen, TA
   Stenstrom, P
TI hat are the memory sources of dreaming?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movement sleep; rem-sleep; episodic memory; consolidation; events; hippocampus; humans; brain; fmri
AB Investigators since Freud have appreciated that memories of the people, places, activities and emotions of daily life are reflected in dreams but are typically so fragmented that their predictability is nil. The mechanisms that translate such memories into dream images remain largely unknown. New research targeting relationships between dreaming, memory and the hippocampus is producing a new theory to explain how, why and when we dream of waking life events.
C1 Hop Sacre Coeur, Dream & Nightmare Lab, Montreal, PQ H4J 1C5, Canada.
   Hop Sacre Coeur, Dept Psychiat, Montreal, PQ H4J 1C5, Canada.
   Hop Sacre Coeur, Dept Psychol, Montreal, PQ H4J 1C5, Canada.
C3 Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal
RP Nielsen, TA (corresponding author), Hop Sacre Coeur, Dream & Nightmare Lab, 5400 Blvd Gouin Ouest, Montreal, PQ H4J 1C5, Canada.
EM tore.nielsen@umontreal.ca
NR 41
TC 119
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1286
EP 1289
DI 10.1038/nature04288
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100042
PM 16251954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lechler, T
   Fuchs, E
AF Lechler, T
   Fuchs, E
TI Asymmetric cell divisions promote stratification and differentiation of mammalian skin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; epidermal morphogenesis; conditional ablation; drosophila; numa; integrin; beta-1-integrin; hemidesmosm; proliferation; localization
AB The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium forming the barrier that excludes harmful microbes and retains body fluids. To perform these functions, proliferative basal cells in the innermost layer periodically detach from an underlying basement membrane of extracellular matrix, move outward and eventually die. Once suprabasal, cells stop dividing and enter a differentiation programme to form the barrier(1). The mechanism of stratification is poorly understood. Although studies in vitro have led to the view that stratification occurs through the delamination and subsequent movement of epidermal cells(2-4), most culture conditions favour keratinocytes that lack the polarity and cuboidal morphology of basal keratinocytes in tissue. These features could be important in considering an alternative mechanism, that stratification occurs through asymmetric cell divisions in which the mitotic spindle orients perpendicularly to the basement membrane(5-7). Here we show that basal epidermal cells use their polarity to divide asymmetrically, generating a committed suprabasal cell and a proliferative basal cell. We further demonstrate that integrins and cadherins are essential for the apical localization of atypical protein kinase C, the Par3 - LGN - Inscuteable complex and NuMA - dynactin to align the spindle.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP Fuchs, E (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM fuchslb@rockefeller.edu
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR027883] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases [R01AR027883] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 31
TC 805
Z9 1005
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 275
EP 280
DI 10.1038/nature03922
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900060
PM 16094321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Acar, M
   Becskei, A
   van Oudenaarden, A
AF Acar, M
   Becskei, A
   van Oudenaarden, A
TI Enhancement of cellular memory by reducing stochastic transitions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eukaryotic gene-expression; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; escherichia-coli; positive-feedback; toggle switch; network; noise; multistability; metabolism; stability
AB On induction of cell differentiation, distinct cell phenotypes are encoded by complex genetic networks(1-3). These networks can prevent the reversion of established phenotypes even in the presence of significant fluctuations. Here we explore the key parameters that determine the stability of cellular memory by using the yeast galactose-signalling network as a model system. This network contains multiple nested feedback loops. Of the two positive feedback loops, only the loop mediated by the cytoplasmic signal transducer Gal3p is able to generate two stable expression states with a persistent memory of previous galactose consumption states. The parallel loop mediated by the galactose transporter Gal2p only increases the expression difference between the two states. A negative feedback through the inhibitor Gal80p reduces the strength of the core positive feedback. Despite this, a constitutive increase in the Gal80p concentration tunes the system from having destabilized memory to having persistent memory. A model reveals that fluctuations are trapped more efficiently at higher Gal80p concentrations. Indeed, the rate at which single cells randomly switch back and forth between expression states was reduced. These observations provide a quantitative understanding of the stability and reversibility of cellular differentiation states.
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP van Oudenaarden, A (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM avano@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 410
Z9 509
U1 1
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 228
EP 232
DI 10.1038/nature03524
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100046
PM 15889097
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loog, M
   Morgan, DO
AF Loog, M
   Morgan, DO
TI Cyclin specificity in the phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase substrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-type cyclins; s-phase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; recognition motif; fission yeast; budding yeast; cell cycle; mitosis; replication; exit
AB Cell-cycle events are controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose periodic activation is driven by cyclins. Different cyclins promote distinct cell-cycle events, but the molecular basis for these differences remains unclear(1,2). Here we compare the specificity of two budding yeast cyclins, the S-phase cyclin Clb5 and the M-phase cyclin Clb2, in the phosphorylation of 150 Cdk1 (Cdc28) substrates. About 24% of these proteins were phosphorylated more efficiently by Clb5 - Cdk1 than Clb2 - Cdk1. The Clb5-specific targets include several proteins (Sld2, Cdc6, Orc6, Mcm3 and Cdh1) involved in early S-phase events. Clb5 specificity depended on an interaction between a hydrophobic patch in Clb5 and a short sequence in the substrate ( the RXL or Cy motif). Phosphorylation of Clb5-specific targets during S phase was reduced by replacing Clb5 with Clb2 or by mutating the substrate RXL motif, confirming the importance of Clb5 specificity in vivo. Although we did not identify any highly Clb2-specific substrates, we found that Clb2 - Cdk1 possessed higher intrinsic kinase activity than Clb5 - Cdk1, enabling efficient phosphorylation of a broad range of mitotic Cdk1 targets. Thus, Clb5 and Clb2 use distinct mechanisms to enhance the phosphorylation of S-phase and M-phase substrates.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Morgan, DO (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM dmorgan@cgl.ucsf.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM069901] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 307
Z9 390
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 104
EP 108
DI 10.1038/nature03329
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600052
PM 15744308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sarda, P
   Guillot, B
AF Sarda, P
   Guillot, B
TI Breaking of Henry's law for noble gas and CO2 solubility in silicate melt under pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ridge popping rocks; argon solubility; rare-gases; mantle; liquids; systematics; glasses; ascent; fluids; crests
AB Degassing of the Earth is still poorly understood, as is the large scatter in He/Ar ratios observed in mid-ocean ridge basalts. A possible explanation for such observations is that vesiculation occurs at great depths with noble-gas solubilities different from those measured at 1 bar (ref. 1). Here we develop a hard-sphere model for noble-gas solubility and find that, owing to melt compaction, solubility may decrease by several orders of magnitude when pressure increases, an effect subtly overbalanced by the compression of the fluid phase. Our results satisfactorily explain recent experimental data on argon solubility in silicate melts, where argon concentration increases almost linearly with pressure, then levels off at pressures of 50-100 kbar (refs 2-5). We also model vesiculation during magma ascent at ridges and find that noble-gas partitioning between melt and CO2 vesicles at depth differs significantly from that at low pressure. Starting at 10 kbar (similar to 35 km depth), several stages of vesiculation occur followed by vesicle loss, which explains the broad variability of He-Ar concentration data in mid-ocean ridge basalts. 'Popping rocks', exceptional samples with high vesicularity, may represent fully vesiculated ridge magma, whereas common samples would simply have lost such vesicles.
C1 Univ Paris 11, Dept Sci Terre, Grp Geochim Gaz Rares, CNRS,UMR 8148,IDES, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7600, Lab Phys Theor Mat Condensee, F-75252 Paris, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP)
RP Sarda, P (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5570, Lab Sci Terre, F-69364 Lyon, France.
EM sarda@geophy.geol.u-psud.fr
NR 29
TC 35
Z9 35
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 95
EP 98
DI 10.1038/nature03636
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600045
PM 16001067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gravina, B
   Mellars, P
   Ramsey, CB
AF Gravina, B
   Mellars, P
   Ramsey, CB
TI Radiocarbon dating of interstratified Neanderthal and early modern human occupations at the Chatelperronian type-site
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice; calibration; aurignacian; records; ams
AB The question of the coexistence and potential interaction between the last Neanderthal and the earliest intrusive populations of anatomically modern humans in Europe has recently emerged as a topic of lively debate in the archaeological and anthropological literature. Here we report the results of radiocarbon accelerator dating for what has been reported as an interstratified sequence of late Neanderthal and early anatomically modern occupations at the French type-site of the Chatelperronian, the Grotte des Fees de Chatelperron, in east-central France. The radiocarbon measurements seem to provide the earliest secure dates for the presence of Aurignacian technology - and from this, we infer the presence of anatomically modern human populations - in France.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Archaeol, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Oxford OX1 3QJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Oxford
RP Mellars, P (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Archaeol, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, England.
EM pam59@cam.ac.uk
NR 46
TC 74
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 51
EP 56
DI 10.1038/nature04006
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000038
PM 16136079
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woodhead, JL
   Zhao, FQ
   Craig, R
   Egelman, EH
   Alamo, L
   Padrón, R
AF Woodhead, JL
   Zhao, FQ
   Craig, R
   Egelman, EH
   Alamo, L
   Padrón, R
TI Atomic model of a myosin filament in the relaxed state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle myosin; phosphorylation-dependent regulation; thick filaments; heavy-meromyosin; image-reconstruction; structural-changes; tarantula muscle; skeletal-muscle; heads; arrangement
AB Contraction of muscle involves the cyclic interaction of myosin heads on the thick filaments with actin subunits in the thin filaments(1). Muscles relax when this interaction is blocked by molecular switches on either or both filaments(2). Insight into the relaxed ( switched OFF) structure of myosin has come from electron microscopic studies of smooth muscle myosin molecules, which are regulated by phosphorylation. These studies suggest that the OFF state is achieved by an asymmetric, intramolecular interaction between the actin-binding region of one head and the converter region of the other, switching both heads off(3). Although this is a plausible model for relaxation based on isolated myosin molecules, it does not reveal whether this structure is present in native myosin filaments. Here we analyse the structure of a phosphorylation-regulated striated muscle thick filament using cryo-electron microscopy. Three-dimensional reconstruction and atomic fitting studies suggest that the 'interacting-head' structure is also present in the filament, and that it may underlie the relaxed state of thick filaments in both smooth and myosin-regulated striated muscles over a wide range of species.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Dept Biol Estructural, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Virginia; Venezuelan Institute Science Research
RP Craig, R (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Worcester, MA 01655 USA.
EM Roger.Craig@umassmed.edu
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR034711] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 278
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1195
EP 1199
DI 10.1038/nature03920
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600054
PM 16121187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orme, CDL
   Davies, RG
   Burgess, M
   Eigenbrod, F
   Pickup, N
   Olson, VA
   Webster, AJ
   Ding, TS
   Rasmussen, PC
   Ridgely, RS
   Stattersfield, AJ
   Bennett, PM
   Blackburn, TM
   Gaston, KJ
   Owens, IPF
AF Orme, CDL
   Davies, RG
   Burgess, M
   Eigenbrod, F
   Pickup, N
   Olson, VA
   Webster, AJ
   Ding, TS
   Rasmussen, PC
   Ridgely, RS
   Stattersfield, AJ
   Bennett, PM
   Blackburn, TM
   Gaston, KJ
   Owens, IPF
TI Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indicator taxa; conservation; rarity; biodiversity; patterns; complementarity; coincidence; diversity
AB Biodiversity hotspots have a prominent role in conservation biology(1-9), but it remains controversial to what extent different types of hotspot are congruent(4,10-14). Previous studies were unable to provide a general answer because they used a single biodiversity index, were geographically restricted, compared areas of unequal size or did not quantitatively compare hotspot types(1-10,12-22). Here we use a new global database on the breeding distribution of all known extant bird species to test for congruence across three types of hotspot. We demonstrate that hotspots of species richness, threat and endemism do not show the same geographical distribution. Only 2.5% of hotspot areas are common to all three aspects of diversity, with over 80% of hotspots being idiosyncratic. More generally, there is a surprisingly low overall congruence of biodiversity indices, with any one index explaining less than 24% of variation in the other indices. These results suggest that, even within a single taxonomic class, different mechanisms are responsible for the origin and maintenance of different aspects of diversity. Consequently, the different types of hotspots also vary greatly in their utility as conservation tools.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Biodivers & Macroecol Grp, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Sch Forestry & Resource Conservat, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
   Michigan State Univ Museum, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA.
   Birdlife Int, Cambridge CB3 0NA, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Sheffield; Zoological Society of London; University of Birmingham; National Taiwan University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Drexel University; BirdLife International
RP Owens, IPF (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Biol, Silwood Pk, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
EM i.owens@imperial.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/O/S/2001/01230] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 932
Z9 1094
U1 6
U2 393
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1016
EP 1019
DI 10.1038/nature03850
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900050
PM 16107848
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Plusa, B
   Hadjantonakis, AK
   Gray, D
   Piotrowska-Nitsche, K
   Jedrusik, A
   Papaioannou, VE
   Glover, DM
   Zernicka-Goetz, M
AF Plusa, B
   Hadjantonakis, AK
   Gray, D
   Piotrowska-Nitsche, K
   Jedrusik, A
   Papaioannou, VE
   Glover, DM
   Zernicka-Goetz, M
TI The first cleavage of the mouse zygote predicts the blastocyst axis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1st cleavage; blastomeres; division; egg
AB One of the unanswered questions in mammalian development is how the embryonic - abembryonic axis of the blastocyst is first established. It is possible that the first cleavage division contributes to this process, because in most mouse embryos the progeny of one two-cell blastomere primarily populate the embryonic part of the blastocyst and the progeny of its sister populate the abembryonic part(1-4). However, it is not known whether the embryonic - abembryonic axis is set up by the first cleavage itself, by polarity in the oocyte that then sets the first cleavage plane with respect to the animal pole, or indeed whether it can be divorced entirely from the first cleavage and established in relation to the animal pole. Here we test the importance of the orientation of the first cleavage by imposing an elongated shape on the zygote so that the division no longer passes close to the animal pole, marked by the second polar body. Non-invasive lineage tracing shows that even when the first cleavage occurs along the short axis imposed by this experimental treatment, the progeny of the resulting two-cell blastomeres tend to populate the respective embryonic and abembryonic parts of the blastocyst. Thus, the first cleavage contributes to breaking the symmetry of the embryo, generating blastomeres with different developmental characteristics.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Columbia University
RP Zernicka-Goetz, M (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome Trust & Canc Res UK Gurdon Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
EM mzg@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [064421] Funding Source: Medline
NR 14
TC 109
Z9 129
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 391
EP 395
DI 10.1038/nature03388
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100054
PM 15772664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirano, Y
   Hendil, KB
   Yashiroda, H
   Iemura, S
   Nagane, R
   Hioki, Y
   Natsume, T
   Tanaka, K
   Murata, S
AF Hirano, Y
   Hendil, KB
   Yashiroda, H
   Iemura, S
   Nagane, R
   Hioki, Y
   Natsume, T
   Tanaka, K
   Murata, S
TI A heterodimeric complex that promotes the assembly of mammalian 20S proteasomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-subunits; maturation; resolution; protein
AB The 26S proteasome is a multisubunit protease responsible for regulated proteolysis in eukaryotic cells(1,2). It comprises one catalytic 20S proteasome and two axially positioned 19S regulatory complexes(3). The 20S proteasome is composed of 28 subunits arranged in a cylindrical particle as four heteroheptameric rings, alpha(1-7)beta(1-7)beta(1-7)alpha(1-7) ( refs 4, 5), but the mechanism responsible for the assembly of such a complex structure remains elusive. Here we report two chaperones, designated proteasome assembling chaperone-1 (PAC1) and PAC2, that are involved in the maturation of mammalian 20S proteasomes. PAC1 and PAC2 associate as heterodimers with proteasome precursors and are degraded after formation of the 20S proteasome is completed. Overexpression of PAC1 or PAC2 accelerates the formation of precursor proteasomes, whereas knockdown by short interfering RNA impairs it, resulting in poor maturation of 20S proteasomes. Furthermore, the PAC complex provides a scaffold for alpha-ring formation and keeps the alpha-rings competent for the subsequent formation of half-proteasomes. Thus, our results identify a mechanism for the correct assembly of 20S proteasomes.
C1 Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Lab Frontier Sci, Core Technol & Res Ctr, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Mol Biol & Physiol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind SCi & Technol, Biol Informat Res Ctr, Kohtoh Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; University of Copenhagen; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Murata, S (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Lab Frontier Sci, Core Technol & Res Ctr, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
EM tanakak@rinshoken.or.jp; smurata@rinshoken.or.jp
NR 23
TC 207
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1381
EP 1385
DI 10.1038/nature04106
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100059
PM 16251969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lie, DC
   Colamarino, SA
   Song, HJ
   Désiré, L
   Mira, H
   Consiglio, A
   Lein, ES
   Jessberger, S
   Lansford, H
   Dearie, AR
   Gage, FH
AF Lie, DC
   Colamarino, SA
   Song, HJ
   Désiré, L
   Mira, H
   Consiglio, A
   Lein, ES
   Jessberger, S
   Lansford, H
   Dearie, AR
   Gage, FH
TI Wnt signalling regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-transfer; in-vitro; proliferation; expression; differentiation; transcription; cells; links
AB The generation of new neurons from neural stem cells is restricted to two regions of the adult mammalian central nervous system: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus(1). In both regions, signals provided by the microenvironment regulate the maintenance, proliferation and neuronal fate commitment of the local stem cell population(1). The identity of these signals is largely unknown. Here we show that adult hippocampal stem/progenitor cells (AHPs) express receptors and signalling components for Wnt proteins, which are key regulators of neural stem cell behaviour in embryonic development(2). We also show that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is active and that Wnt3 is expressed in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Overexpression of Wnt3 is sufficient to increase neurogenesis from AHPs in vitro and in vivo. By contrast, blockade of Wnt signalling reduces neurogenesis from AHPs in vitro and abolishes neurogenesis almost completely in vivo. Our data show that Wnt signalling is a principal regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and provide evidence that Wnt proteins have a role in adult hippocampal function.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   GSF Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Dev Genet, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Gage, FH (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM chichung.lie@gsf.de; gage@salk.edu
FU Telethon [GFP01004] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 1273
Z9 1595
U1 1
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1370
EP 1375
DI 10.1038/nature04108
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100057
PM 16251967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yusa, G
   Muraki, K
   Takashina, K
   Hashimoto, K
   Hirayama, Y
AF Yusa, G
   Muraki, K
   Takashina, K
   Hashimoto, K
   Hirayama, Y
TI Controlled multiple quantum coherences of nuclear spins in a nanometre-scale device
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID experimental realization
AB The analytical technique of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR1,2) is based on coherent quantum mechanical superposition of nuclear spin states. Recently, NMR has received considerable renewed interest in the context of quantum computation and information processing(3-11), which require controlled coherent qubit operations. However, standard NMR is not suitable for the implementation of realistic scalable devices, which would require all-electrical control and the means to detect microscopic quantities of coherent nuclear spins. Here we present a self-contained NMR semiconductor device that can control nuclear spins in a nanometre-scale region. Our approach enables the direct detection of (otherwise invisible) multiple quantum coherences between levels separated by more than one quantum of spin angular momentum. This microscopic high sensitivity NMR technique is especially suitable for probing materials whose nuclei contain multiple spin levels, and may form the basis of a versatile multiple qubit device.
C1 NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, SORST Program, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3310012, Japan.
C3 NTT, Inc; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Yusa, G (corresponding author), NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
EM yusa@NTTBRL.jp; muraki@will.brl.ntt.co.jp
NR 28
TC 172
Z9 225
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1001
EP 1005
DI 10.1038/nature03456
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600033
PM 15846341
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bird, MK
   Allison, M
   Asmar, SW
   Atkinson, DH
   Avruch, IM
   Dutta-Roy, R
   Dzierma, Y
   Edenhofer, P
   Folkner, WM
   Gurvits, LI
   Johnston, DV
   Plettemeier, D
   Pogrebenko, SV
   Preston, RA
   Tyler, GL
AF Bird, MK
   Allison, M
   Asmar, SW
   Atkinson, DH
   Avruch, IM
   Dutta-Roy, R
   Dzierma, Y
   Edenhofer, P
   Folkner, WM
   Gurvits, LI
   Johnston, DV
   Plettemeier, D
   Pogrebenko, SV
   Preston, RA
   Tyler, GL
TI The vertical profile of winds on Titan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation; radio science; saturn system; atmosphere; superrotation; temperatures; occultation; voyager-1; dynamics; venus
AB One of Titan's most intriguing attributes is its copious but featureless atmosphere. The Voyager 1 fly-by and occultation in 1980 provided the first radial survey of Titan's atmospheric pressure and temperature(1,2) and evidence for the presence of strong zonal winds(3). It was realized that the motion of an atmospheric probe could be used to study the winds, which led to the inclusion of the Doppler Wind Experiment(4) on the Huygens probe(5). Here we report a high resolution vertical profile of Titan's winds, with an estimated accuracy of better than 1 m s(-1). The zonal winds were prograde during most of the atmospheric descent, providing in situ confirmation of superrotation on Titan. A layer with surprisingly slow wind, where the velocity decreased to near zero, was detected at altitudes between 60 and 100 km. Generally weak winds (similar to 1 m s(-1)) were seen in the lowest 5 km of descent.
C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, D-53125 Bonn, Germany.
   NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Idaho, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
   Joint Inst VLBI Europe, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst HF Tech, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Elektrotech Inst, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
   Stanford Univ, Ctr Radar Astron, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Bonn; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Idaho; Ruhr University Bochum; Technische Universitat Dresden; Stanford University
RP Bird, MK (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, Auf Hugel 71, D-53125 Bonn, Germany.
EM mbird@astro.uni-bonn.de
NR 25
TC 163
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 800
EP 802
DI 10.1038/nature04060
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800042
PM 16319831
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, EM
   Smith, DK
   Williams, CM
   Schouten, H
AF Klein, EM
   Smith, DK
   Williams, CM
   Schouten, H
TI Counter-rotating microplates at the Galapagos triple junction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tectonic evolution; intensity; inversion; boundary
AB An 'incipient' spreading centre east of (and orthogonal to) the East Pacific Rise at 2degrees 40' N has been identified as forming a portion of the northern boundary of the Galapagos microplate(1,2). This spreading centre was described as a slowly diverging, westward propagating rift, tapering towards the East Pacific Rise. Here we present evidence that the 'incipient rift' has also rifted towards the east and opens anticlockwise about a pivot at its eastern end. The 'incipient rift' then bounds a second microplate, north of the clockwise-rotating Galapagos microplate. The Galapagos triple junction region, in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, thus consists of two counter-rotating microplates partly separated by the Hess Deep rift. Our kinematic solution for microplate motion relative to the major plates indicates that the two counter-rotating microplates may be treated as rigid blocks driven by drag on the microplates' edges(3).
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Duke University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Klein, EM (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM ek4@duke.edu
NR 22
TC 24
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 855
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature03262
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600039
PM 15729339
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brem, RB
   Storey, JD
   Whittle, J
   Kruglyak, L
AF Brem, RB
   Storey, JD
   Whittle, J
   Kruglyak, L
TI Genetic interactions between polymorphisms that affect gene expression in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; complex trait; epistasis; drosophila
AB Interactions between polymorphisms at different quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are thought to contribute to the genetics of many traits, and can markedly affect the power of genetic studies to detect QTLs(1). Interacting loci have been identified in many organisms(1-5). However, the prevalence of interactions(6-8), and the nucleotide changes underlying them(9,10), are largely unknown. Here we search for naturally occurring genetic interactions in a large set of quantitative phenotypes - the levels of all transcripts in a cross between two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(7). For each transcript, we searched for secondary loci interacting with primary QTLs detected by their individual effects. Such locus pairs were estimated to be involved in the inheritance of 57% of transcripts; statistically significant pairs were identified for 225 transcripts. Among these, 67% of secondary loci had individual effects too small to be significant in a genome-wide scan. Engineered polymorphisms in isogenic strains confirmed an interaction between the mating-type locus MAT and the pheromone response gene GPA1. Our results indicate that genetic interactions are widespread in the genetics of transcript levels, and that many QTLs will be missed by single-locus tests but can be detected by two-stage tests that allow for interactions.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Program Computat Biol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biostat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Infect Dis Res Inst, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Lewis Sigler Inst Integrat Genom, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Carl Icahn Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Brem, RB (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Program Computat Biol, 1100 Fairview Ave N,M2-B876, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM rbrem@fhcrc.org; leonid@genomics.princeton.edu
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG002913] Funding Source: Medline; NIMH NIH HHS [R37 MH059520] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 252
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 701
EP 703
DI 10.1038/nature03865
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500044
PM 16079846
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huybers, P
   Wunsch, C
AF Huybers, P
   Wunsch, C
TI Obliquity pacing of the late Pleistocene glacial terminations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; sea-ice; insolation; greenland; fluctuations
AB The 100,000-year timescale in the glacial/interglacial cycles of the late Pleistocene epoch ( the past similar to 700,000 years) is commonly attributed to control by variations in the Earth's orbit(1). This hypothesis has inspired models that depend on the Earth's obliquity (similar to 40,000 yr; similar to 40 kyr), orbital eccentricity (similar to 100 kyr) and precessional (similar to 20 kyr) fluctuations(2-5), with the emphasis usually on eccentricity and precessional forcing. According to a contrasting hypothesis, the glacial cycles arise primarily because of random internal climate variability(6-8). Taking these two perspectives together, there are currently more than thirty different models of the seven late-Pleistocene glacial cycles(9). Here we present a statistical test of the orbital forcing hypothesis, focusing on the rapid deglaciation events known as terminations(10,11). According to our analysis, the null hypothesis that glacial terminations are independent of obliquity can be rejected at the 5% significance level, whereas the corresponding null hypotheses for eccentricity and precession cannot be rejected. The simplest inference consistent with the test results is that the ice sheets terminated every second or third obliquity cycle at times of high obliquity, similar to the original proposal by Milankovitch(12). We also present simple stochastic and deterministic models that describe the timing of the late-Pleistocene glacial terminations purely in terms of obliquity forcing.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Huybers, P (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM phuybers@whoi.edu
NR 30
TC 257
Z9 304
U1 4
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 491
EP 494
DI 10.1038/nature03401
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000038
PM 15791252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, JG
   Diamond, J
AF Liu, JG
   Diamond, J
TI China's environment in a globalizing world
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acid deposition; trade
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Ctr Syst Integrat & Sustainabil, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Fudan Univ, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Geog, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES), CAS; Fudan University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Liu, JG (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Ctr Syst Integrat & Sustainabil, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM jliu@panda.msu.edu; jdiamond@geog.ucla.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD39789] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 1380
Z9 1633
U1 13
U2 821
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1179
EP 1186
DI 10.1038/4351179a
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500032
PM 15988514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Check, E
AF Check, E
TI Roots of recovery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 3
TC 11
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 910
EP 911
DI 10.1038/438910a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600026
PM 16355185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Debayle, E
   Kennett, B
   Priestley, K
AF Debayle, E
   Kennett, B
   Priestley, K
TI Global azimuthal seismic anisotropy and the unique plate-motion deformation of Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle; surface-waves; rayleigh; love
AB Differences in the thickness of the high-velocity lid underlying continents as imaged by seismic tomography, have fuelled a long debate on the origin of the 'roots' of continents(1-5). Some of these differences may be reconciled by observations of radial anisotropy between 250 and 300 km depth, with horizontally polarized shear waves travelling faster than vertically polarized ones(2). This azimuthally averaged anisotropy could arise from present-day deformation at the base of the plate, as has been found for shallower depths beneath ocean basins(6). Such deformation would also produce significant azimuthal variation, owing to the preferred alignment of highly anisotropic minerals(7). Here we report global observations of surface-wave azimuthal anisotropy, which indicate that only the continental portion of the Australian plate displays significant azimuthal anisotropy and strong correlation with present-day plate motion in the depth range 175 - 300 km. Beneath other continents, azimuthal anisotropy is only weakly correlated with plate motion and its depth location is similar to that found beneath oceans. We infer that the fast-moving Australian plate contains the only continental region with a sufficiently large deformation at its base to be transformed into azimuthal anisotropy. Simple shear leading to anisotropy with a plunging axis of symmetry may explain the smaller azimuthal anisotropy beneath other continents.
C1 Ctr Natl Rech Sci, Ecole & Observ Sci Terre, Inst Phys Globe Strasbourg, F-61084 Strasbourg, France.
   Univ Strasbourg, F-61084 Strasbourg, France.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Cambridge, Bullard Labs, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Australian National University; University of Cambridge
RP Debayle, E (corresponding author), Ctr Natl Rech Sci, Ecole & Observ Sci Terre, Inst Phys Globe Strasbourg, F-61084 Strasbourg, France.
EM Eric.Debayle@eost.u-strasbg.fr
NR 31
TC 262
Z9 294
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/nature03247
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200045
PM 15690038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marris, E
AF Marris, E
TI The vanishing coast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 908
EP 909
DI 10.1038/438908a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600025
PM 16355184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de la Sierra-Gallay, IL
   Pellegrini, O
   Condon, C
AF de la Sierra-Gallay, IL
   Pellegrini, O
   Condon, C
TI Structural basis for substrate binding, cleavage and allostery in the tRNA maturase RNase Z
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-lactamase; end maturation; precursor; cca; enzyme; gene
AB Transfer RNAs ( tRNAs) are synthesized as part of longer primary transcripts that require processing of both their 30 and 50 extremities in every living organism known. The 50 side is processed ( matured) by the ubiquitously conserved endonucleolytic ribozyme, RNase P-1, whereas removal of the 30 tails can be either exonucleolytic(2,3) or endonucleolytic(4). The endonucleolytic pathway is catalysed by an enzyme known as RNase Z, or 3' tRNase(5,6). RNase Z cleaves precursor tRNAs immediately after the discriminator base ( the unpaired nucleotide 30 to the last base pair of the acceptor stem, used as an identity determinant by many aminoacyl- tRNA synthetases) in most cases(6 - 8), yielding a tRNA primed for addition of the CCA motif by nucleotidyl transferase. Here we report the crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis RNase Z at 2.1 Angstrom resolution, and propose a mechanism for tRNA recognition and cleavage. The structure explains the allosteric properties of the enzyme, and also sheds light on the mechanisms of inhibition by the CCA motif and long 50 extensions. Finally, it highlights the extraordinary adaptability of the metallo- hydrolase domain of the beta- lactamase family for the hydrolysis of covalent bonds.
C1 Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UPR 9073, F-75221 Paris 05, France.
   Inst Biol Physicochim, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Condon, C (corresponding author), Univ Paris 07, CNRS, UPR 9073, F-75221 Paris 05, France.
EM condon@ibpc.fr
NR 29
TC 141
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 657
EP 661
DI 10.1038/nature03284
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000050
PM 15654328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Honda, K
   Yanai, H
   Negishi, H
   Asagiri, M
   Sato, M
   Mizutani, T
   Shimada, N
   Ohba, Y
   Takaoka, A
   Yoshida, N
   Taniguchi, T
AF Honda, K
   Yanai, H
   Negishi, H
   Asagiri, M
   Sato, M
   Mizutani, T
   Shimada, N
   Ohba, Y
   Takaoka, A
   Yoshida, N
   Taniguchi, T
TI IRF-7 is the master regulator of type-I interferon-dependent immune responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmacytoid dendritic cells; single-stranded rna; toll-like receptors; transcription factors; positive feedback; alpha production; distinct; recognition; induction; myd88
AB The type-I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) response is critical to immunity against viruses and can be triggered in many cell types by cytosolic detection of viral infection, or in differentiated plasmacytoid dendritic cells by the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) subfamily, which generates signals via the adaptor MyD88 to elicit robust IFN induction(1-4). Using mice deficient in the Irf7 gene (Irf7(-/-) mice), we show that the transcription factor IRF-7 is essential for the induction of IFN-alpha/beta genes via the virus-activated, MyD88-independent pathway and the TLR-activated, MyD88-dependent pathway. Viral induction of MyD88-independent IFN-alpha/beta genes is severely impaired in Irf7(-/-) fibroblasts. Consistently, Irf7(-/-) mice are more vulnerable than Myd88(-/-) mice to viral infection, and this correlates with a marked decrease in serum IFN levels, indicating the importance of the IRF-7-dependent induction of systemic IFN responses for innate antiviral immunity. Furthermore, robust induction of IFN production by activation of the TLR9 subfamily in plasmacytoid dendritic cells is entirely dependent on IRF-7, and this MyD88-IRF-7 pathway governs the induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses. Thus, all elements of IFN responses, whether the systemic production of IFN in innate immunity or the local action of IFN from plasmacytoid dendritic cells in adaptive immunity, are under the control of IRF-7.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Informat & Cell Funct, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Taniguchi, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM tada@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 1862
Z9 2257
U1 5
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 772
EP 777
DI 10.1038/nature03464
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700043
PM 15800576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fishman, MC
   Porter, JA
AF Fishman, MC
   Porter, JA
TI Pharmaceuticals - A new grammar for drug discovery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial hypercholesterolemia; drosophila; pathway; inhibitor; reductase; genetics; beta; map
C1 Novartis Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Novartis; Novartis USA
RP Fishman, MC (corresponding author), Novartis Inst Biomed Res, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM mark.fishman@novartis.com
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 491
EP 493
DI 10.1038/437491a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800034
PM 16177777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harrison, CJ
   Corley, SB
   Moylan, EC
   Alexander, DL
   Scotland, RW
   Langdale, JA
AF Harrison, CJ
   Corley, SB
   Moylan, EC
   Alexander, DL
   Scotland, RW
   Langdale, JA
TI Independent recruitment of a conserved developmental mechanism during leaf evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID knotted1-like homeobox gene; rough-sheath2 gene; knox genes; expression; tomato; mutants; protein; family; leaves
AB Vascular plants evolved in the Middle to Late Silurian period, about 420 million years ago(1). The fossil record indicates that these primitive plants had branched stems with sporangia but no leaves. Leaf-like lateral outgrowths subsequently evolved on at least two independent occasions(2-4). In extant plants, these events are represented by microphyllous leaves in lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts) and megaphyllous leaves in euphyllophytes ( ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms). Our current understanding of how leaves develop is restricted to processes that operate during megaphyll formation. Because microphylls and megaphylls evolved independently, different mechanisms might be required for leaf formation. Here we show that this is not so. Gene expression data from a microphyllous lycophyte, phylogenetic analyses, and a cross-species complementation experiment all show that a common developmental mechanism can underpin both microphyll and megaphyll formation. We propose that this mechanism might have operated originally in the context of primitive plant apices to facilitate bifurcation. Recruitment of this pathway to formleaves occurred independently and in parallel in different plant lineages.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Langdale, JA (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
EM jane.langdale@plants.ox.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [G19201] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [G19201] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 170
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 509
EP 514
DI 10.1038/nature03410
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000043
PM 15791256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, ZB
   Trotman, LC
   Shaffer, D
   Lin, HK
   Dotan, ZA
   Niki, M
   Koutcher, JA
   Scher, HI
   Ludwig, T
   Gerald, W
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Pandolfi, PP
AF Chen, ZB
   Trotman, LC
   Shaffer, D
   Lin, HK
   Dotan, ZA
   Niki, M
   Koutcher, JA
   Scher, HI
   Ludwig, T
   Gerald, W
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Pandolfi, PP
TI Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prostate-cancer; p53; cells; pathway; region; mdm2
AB Cellular senescence has been theorized to oppose neoplastic transformation triggered by activation of oncogenic pathways in vitro(1-3), but the relevance of senescence in vivo has not been established. The PTEN and p53 tumour suppressors are among the most commonly inactivated or mutated genes in human cancer including prostate cancer(4,5). Although they are functionally distinct, reciprocal cooperation has been proposed, as PTEN is thought to regulate p53 stability, and p53 to enhance PTEN transcription(6-10). Here we show that conditional inactivation of Trp53 in the mouse prostate fails to produce a tumour phenotype, whereas complete Pten inactivation in the prostate triggers non-lethal invasive prostate cancer after long latency. Strikingly, combined inactivation of Pten and Trp53 elicits invasive prostate cancer as early as 2 weeks after puberty and is invariably lethal by 7 months of age. Importantly, acute Pten inactivation induces growth arrest through the p53-dependent cellular senescence pathway both in vitro and in vivo, which can be fully rescued by combined loss of Trp53. Furthermore, we detected evidence of cellular senescence in specimens from early-stage human prostate cancer. Our results demonstrate the relevance of cellular senescence in restricting tumorigenesis in vivo and support a model for cooperative tumour suppression in which p53 is an essential failsafe protein of Pten-deficient tumours.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Radiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Med Phys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Inst Canc Genet, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Columbia University
RP Pandolfi, PP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM p-pandolfi@ski.mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA137050, P50 CA092629] Funding Source: Medline; NIMHD NIH HHS [R01 MD004038] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P50CA092629] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 1664
Z9 2008
U1 1
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 725
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature03918
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500049
PM 16079851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimel, AV
   Kirilyuk, A
   Usachev, PA
   Pisarev, RV
   Balbashov, AM
   Rasing, T
AF Kimel, AV
   Kirilyuk, A
   Usachev, PA
   Pisarev, RV
   Balbashov, AM
   Rasing, T
TI Ultrafast non-thermal control of magnetization by instantaneous photomagnetic pulses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID raman-scattering; excitations; dynamics
AB The demand for ever-increasing density of information storage and speed of manipulation has triggered an intense search for ways to control the magnetization of a medium by means other than magnetic fields(1-5). Recent experiments on laser-induced demagnetization(6-8) and spin reorientation(9) use ultrafast lasers as a means to manipulate magnetization, accessing timescales of a picosecond or less. However, in all these cases the observed magnetic excitation is the result of optical absorption followed by a rapid temperature increase. This thermal origin of spin excitation considerably limits potential applications because the repetition frequency is limited by the cooling time(10). Here we demonstrate that circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulses can be used to non-thermally excite and coherently control the spin dynamics in magnets by way of the inverse Faraday effect. Such a photomagnetic interaction is instantaneous and is limited in time by the pulse width (similar to 200 fs in our experiment). Our finding thus reveals an alternative mechanism of ultrafast coherent spin control, and offers prospects for applications of ultrafast lasers in magnetic devices.
C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMM, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
   Moscow Power Engn Inst, Moscow 111250, Russia.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; Moscow Power Engineering Institute
RP Rasing, T (corresponding author), Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMM, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM th.rasing@science.ru.nl
NR 26
TC 1046
Z9 1155
U1 3
U2 405
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 2
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7042
BP 655
EP 657
DI 10.1038/nature03564
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 931HK
UT WOS:000229476200045
PM 15917826
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moreno-Herrero, F
   de Jager, M
   Dekker, NH
   Kanaar, R
   Wyman, C
   Dekker, C
AF Moreno-Herrero, F
   de Jager, M
   Dekker, NH
   Kanaar, R
   Wyman, C
   Dekker, C
TI Mesoscale conformational changes in the DNA-repair complex Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 upon binding DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; mre11 complex; hook
AB The human Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 complex (hR/M/N) functions as an essential guardian of genome integrity by directing the proper processing of DNA ends, including DNA breaks(1). This biological function results from its ability to tether broken DNA molecules(2,3). hR/M/N's dynamic molecular architecture consists of a globular DNA-binding domain from which two 50-nm-long coiled coils protrude. The coiled coils are flexible(4) and their apices can self-associate(5). The flexibility of the coiled coils allows their apices to adopt an orientation favourable for interaction. However, this also allows interaction between the tips of two coiled coils within the same complex, which competes with and frustrates the intercomplex interaction required for DNA tethering. Here we show that the dynamic architecture of hR/M/N is markedly affected by DNA binding. DNAbinding by the hR/M/N globular domain leads to parallel orientation of the coiled coils; this prevents intracomplex interactions and favours intercomplex associations needed for DNA tethering. The hR/M/N complex thus is an example of a biological nanomachine in which binding to its ligand, in this case DNA, affects the functional conformation of a domain located 50 nm distant.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Erasmus MC, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Erasmus MC, Dept Radiat Oncol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC
RP Dekker, C (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM c.wyman@erasmusmc.nl; dekker@mb.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 11
TC 214
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 440
EP 443
DI 10.1038/nature03927
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100060
PM 16163361
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mancoff, FB
   Rizzo, ND
   Engel, BN
   Tehrani, S
AF Mancoff, FB
   Rizzo, ND
   Engel, BN
   Tehrani, S
TI Phase-locking in double-point-contact spin-transfer devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced magnetization reversal; polarized current; tunnel-junctions; co/cu/co pillars; driven; nanomagnet; dependence; valve
AB Spin-transfer(1,2) in nanometre-scale magnetic devices results from the torque on a ferromagnet owing to its interaction with a spin-polarized current and the electrons' spin angular momentum. Experiments have detected either a reversal(3-16) or high-frequency (GHz) steady-state precession(17-23) of the magnetization in giant magnetoresistance spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions with current densities of more than 10(7) A cm(-2). Spin-transfer devices may enable high-density, low-power magnetic random access memory(24,25) or direct-current-driven nanometre-sized microwave oscillators. Here we show that the magnetization oscillations induced by spin-transfer in two 80-nm-diameter giant-magneto-resistance point contacts in close proximity to each other can phase-lock into a single resonance over a frequency range from approximately < 10 to > 24 GHz for contact spacings of less than about similar to 200 nm. The output power from these contact pairs with small spacing is approximately twice the total power from more widely spaced (similar to 400 nm and greater) contact pairs that undergo separate resonances, indicating that the closely spaced pairs are phase-locked with zero phase shift. Phase-locking may enable control of large arrays of coupled spin-transfer devices with increased power output for microwave oscillator applications.
C1 Freescale Semicond Inc, Technol Solut Org, Chandler, AZ 85224 USA.
C3 NXP Semiconductors; Freescale Semiconductor
RP Mancoff, FB (corresponding author), Freescale Semicond Inc, Technol Solut Org, Chandler, AZ 85224 USA.
EM fred.mancoff@freescale.com
NR 26
TC 448
Z9 517
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 393
EP 395
DI 10.1038/nature04036
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100049
PM 16163352
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merano, M
   Sonderegger, S
   Crottini, A
   Collin, S
   Renucci, P
   Pelucchi, E
   Malko, A
   Baier, MH
   Kapon, E
   Deveaud, B
   Ganière, JD
AF Merano, M
   Sonderegger, S
   Crottini, A
   Collin, S
   Renucci, P
   Pelucchi, E
   Malko, A
   Baier, MH
   Kapon, E
   Deveaud, B
   Ganière, JD
TI Probing carrier dynamics in nanostructures by picosecond cathodoluminescence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum dots; single; luminescence; relaxation
AB Picosecond and femtosecond spectroscopy allow the detailed study of carrier dynamics in nanostructured materials(1). In such experiments, a laser pulse normally excites several nanostructures at once. However, spectroscopic information may also be acquired using pulses from an electron beam in a modern electron microscope, exploiting a phenomenon called cathodoluminescence. This approach offers several advantages. The multimode imaging capabilities of the electron microscope enable the correlation of optical properties (via cathodoluminescence) with surface morphology (secondary electron mode) at the nanometre scale(2). The broad energy range of the electrons can excite wide-bandgap materials, such as diamond- or gallium-nitride-based structures that are not easily excited by conventional optical means. But perhaps most intriguingly, the small beam can probe a single selected nanostructure. Here we apply an original time-resolved cathodoluminescence set-up to describe carrier dynamics within single gallium-arsenide-based pyramidal nanostructures(3) with a time resolution of 10 picoseconds and a spatial resolution of 50 nanometres. The behaviour of such charge carriers could be useful for evaluating elementary components in quantum computers(4,5), optical quantum gates6 or single photon sources(7-9) for quantum cryptography(10).
C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Quantum Elect & Photon, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP Merano, M (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Quantum Elect & Photon, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM michele.merano@ensta.fr
NR 28
TC 150
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 479
EP 482
DI 10.1038/nature04298
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200045
PM 16306988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palmer, DM
   Barthelmy, S
   Gehrels, N
   Kippen, RM
   Cayton, T
   Kouveliotou, C
   Eichler, D
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Woods, PM
   Granot, J
   Lyubarsky, YE
   Ramirez-Ruiz, E
   Barbier, L
   Chester, M
   Cummings, J
   Fenimore, EE
   Finger, MH
   Gaensler, BM
   Hullinger, D
   Krimm, H
   Markwardt, CB
   Nousek, JA
   Parsons, A
   Patel, S
   Sakamoto, T
   Sato, G
   Suzuki, M
   Tueller, J
AF Palmer, DM
   Barthelmy, S
   Gehrels, N
   Kippen, RM
   Cayton, T
   Kouveliotou, C
   Eichler, D
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Woods, PM
   Granot, J
   Lyubarsky, YE
   Ramirez-Ruiz, E
   Barbier, L
   Chester, M
   Cummings, J
   Fenimore, EE
   Finger, MH
   Gaensler, BM
   Hullinger, D
   Krimm, H
   Markwardt, CB
   Nousek, JA
   Parsons, A
   Patel, S
   Sakamoto, T
   Sato, G
   Suzuki, M
   Tueller, J
TI A giant γ-ray flare from the magnetar SGR 1806-20
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID repeater sgr 1900+14; 1998 august 27; radiative mechanism; burst; outbursts; mission
AB Two classes of rotating neutron stars-soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) and anomalous X-ray pulsars-are magnetars(1), whose X-ray emission is powered by a very strong magnetic field (B approximate to 10(15) G). SGRs occasionally become 'active', producing many short X-ray bursts. Extremely rarely, an SGR emits a giant flare with a total energy about a thousand times higher than in a typical burst(2-4). Here we report that SGR 1806-20 emitted a giant flare on 27 December 2004. The total (isotropic) flare energy is 2 x 10(46) erg, which is about a hundred times higher than the other two previously observed giant flares. The energy release probably occurred during a catastrophic reconfiguration of the neutron star's magnetic field. If the event had occurred at a larger distance, but within 40 megaparsecs, it would have resembled a short, hard gamma-ray burst, suggesting that flares from extragalactic SGRs may form a subclass of such bursts.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Univ Space Res Assoc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Univ Space Res Assoc, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   CNR, Washington, DC 20001 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, JAXA, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Saitama Univ, Sakura Ku, Saitama 3388570, Japan.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; University of Amsterdam; Stanford University; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Saitama University
RP Palmer, DM (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM palmer@lanl.gov
NR 22
TC 457
Z9 497
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1107
EP 1109
DI 10.1038/nature03525
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300036
PM 15858567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lim, LP
   Lau, NC
   Garrett-Engele, P
   Grimson, A
   Schelter, JM
   Castle, J
   Bartel, DP
   Linsley, PS
   Johnson, JM
AF Lim, LP
   Lau, NC
   Garrett-Engele, P
   Grimson, A
   Schelter, JM
   Castle, J
   Bartel, DP
   Linsley, PS
   Johnson, JM
TI Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; prediction; sirnas; plant
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in plants and animals(1,2). To investigate the influence of miRNAs on transcript levels, we transfected miRNAs into human cells and used microarrays to examine changes in the messenger RNA profile. Here we show that delivering miR-124 causes the expression profile to shift towards that of brain, the organ in which miR-124 is preferentially expressed, whereas delivering miR-1 shifts the profile towards that of muscle, where miR-1 is preferentially expressed. In each case, about 100 messages were downregulated after 12 h. The 30 untranslated regions of these messages had a significant propensity to pair to the 50 region of the miRNA, as expected if many of these messages are the direct targets of the miRNAs(3). Our results suggest that metazoan miRNAs can reduce the levels of many of their target transcripts, not just the amount of protein deriving from these transcripts. Moreover, miR-1 and miR-124, and presumably other tissue-specific miRNAs, seem to downregulate a far greater number of targets than previously appreciated, thereby helping to define tissue-specific gene expression in humans.
C1 Rosetta Inpharmat, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Lim, LP (corresponding author), Rosetta Inpharmat, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM lee_lim@merck.com
NR 30
TC 4033
Z9 4861
U1 3
U2 379
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 769
EP 773
DI 10.1038/nature03315
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200045
PM 15685193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Porco, CC
   Baker, E
   Barbara, J
   Beurle, K
   Brahic, A
   Burns, JA
   Charnoz, S
   Cooper, N
   Dawson, DD
   Del Genio, AD
   Denk, T
   Dones, L
   Dyudina, U
   Evans, MW
   Fussner, S
   Giese, B
   Grazier, K
   Helfenstein, P
   Ingersoll, AP
   Jacobson, RA
   Johnson, TV
   McEwen, A
   Murray, CD
   Neukum, G
   Owen, WM
   Perry, J
   Roatsch, T
   Spitale, J
   Squyres, S
   Thomas, P
   Tiscareno, M
   Turtle, EP
   Vasavada, AR
   Veverka, J
   Wagner, R
   West, R
AF Porco, CC
   Baker, E
   Barbara, J
   Beurle, K
   Brahic, A
   Burns, JA
   Charnoz, S
   Cooper, N
   Dawson, DD
   Del Genio, AD
   Denk, T
   Dones, L
   Dyudina, U
   Evans, MW
   Fussner, S
   Giese, B
   Grazier, K
   Helfenstein, P
   Ingersoll, AP
   Jacobson, RA
   Johnson, TV
   McEwen, A
   Murray, CD
   Neukum, G
   Owen, WM
   Perry, J
   Roatsch, T
   Spitale, J
   Squyres, S
   Thomas, P
   Tiscareno, M
   Turtle, EP
   Vasavada, AR
   Veverka, J
   Wagner, R
   West, R
TI Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropospheric clouds; gravity-waves; surface; atmosphere; superrotation; temperature; chemistry; rotation; methane; liquid
AB Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is the only satellite in the Solar System with a substantial atmosphere. The atmosphere is poorly understood and obscures the surface, leading to intense speculation about Titan's nature. Here we present observations of Titan from the imaging science experiment onboard the Cassini spacecraft that address some of these issues. The images reveal intricate surface albedo features that suggest aeolian, tectonic and fluvial processes; they also show a few circular features that could be impact structures. These observations imply that substantial surface modification has occurred over Titan's history. We have not directly detected liquids on the surface to date. Convective clouds are found to be common near the south pole, and the motion of mid-latitude clouds consistently indicates eastward winds, from which we infer that the troposphere is rotating faster than the surface. A detached haze at an altitude of 500 km is 150 - 200 km higher than that observed by Voyager, and more tenuous haze layers are also resolved.
C1 Space Sci Inst, Cassini Imaging Cent Lab Operat, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Univ London, Queen Mary, Astron Unit, London E1 4NS, England.
   Univ Paris 07, CE Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Planetary Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Free Univ Berlin, Inst Geol Wissensch, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
   SW Res Inst, Dept Space Sci, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   German Aerosp Ctr, Inst Planetary Res, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; University of London; Queen Mary University London; Universite Paris Cite; Cornell University; University of Arizona; Free University of Berlin; California Institute of Technology; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Porco, CC (corresponding author), Space Sci Inst, Cassini Imaging Cent Lab Operat, 4750 Walnut St,Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
EM carolyn@ciclops.org
NR 45
TC 331
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 159
EP 168
DI 10.1038/nature03436
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500034
PM 15758990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuoka, T
   Ahlberg, PE
   Kessaris, N
   Iannarelli, P
   Dennehy, U
   Richardson, WD
   McMahon, AP
   Koentges, G
AF Matsuoka, T
   Ahlberg, PE
   Kessaris, N
   Iannarelli, P
   Dennehy, U
   Richardson, WD
   McMahon, AP
   Koentges, G
TI Neural crest origins of the neck and shoulder
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; muscles; genes; evolution; migration; suggest; growth; fate
AB The neck and shoulder region of vertebrates has undergone a complex evolutionary history. To identify its underlying mechanisms we map the destinations of embryonic neural crest and mesodermal stem cells using Cre- recombinase-mediated transgenesis. The single-cell resolution of this genetic labelling reveals cryptic cell boundaries traversing the seemingly homogeneous skeleton of the neck and shoulders. Within this assembly of bones and muscles we discern a precise code of connectivity that mesenchymal stem cells of both neural crest and mesodermal origin obey as they form muscle scaffolds. The neural crest anchors the head onto the anterior lining of the shoulder girdle, while a Hox-gene-controlled mesoderm links trunk muscles to the posterior neck and shoulder skeleton. The skeleton that we identify as neural crest-derived is specifically affected in human Klippel - Feil syndrome, Sprengel's deformity and Arnold - Chiari I/II malformation, providing insights into their likely aetiology. We identify genes involved in the cellular modularity of the neck and shoulder skeleton and propose a new method for determining skeletal homologies that is based on muscle attachments. This has allowed us to trace the whereabouts of the cleithrum, the major shoulder bone of extinct land vertebrate ancestors, which seems to survive as the scapular spine in living mammals.
C1 UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Lab Funct Genom, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Physiol & Dev Biol, Subdept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; Uppsala University; Harvard University
RP Koentges, G (corresponding author), UCL, Wolfson Inst Biomed Res, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM g.koentges@ucl.ac.uk
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS033642] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 411
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 347
EP 355
DI 10.1038/nature03837
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400033
PM 16034409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galagan, JE
   Calvo, SE
   Cuomo, C
   Ma, LJ
   Wortman, JR
   Batzoglou, S
   Lee, SI
   Bastürkmen, M
   Spevak, CC
   Clutterbuck, J
   Kapitonov, V
   Jurka, J
   Scazzocchio, C
   Farman, M
   Butler, J
   Purcell, S
   Harris, S
   Braus, GH
   Draht, O
   Busch, S
   D'Enfert, C
   Bouchier, C
   Goldman, GH
   Bell-Pedersen, D
   Griffiths-Jones, S
   Doonan, JH
   Yu, J
   Vienken, K
   Pain, A
   Freitag, M
   Selker, EU
   Archer, DB
   Peñalva, MA
   Oakley, BR
   Momany, M
   Tanaka, T
   Kumagai, T
   Asai, K
   Machida, M
   Nierman, WC
   Denning, DW
   Caddick, M
   Hynes, M
   Paoletti, M
   Fischer, R
   Miller, B
   Dyer, P
   Sachs, MS
   Osmani, SA
   Birren, BW
AF Galagan, JE
   Calvo, SE
   Cuomo, C
   Ma, LJ
   Wortman, JR
   Batzoglou, S
   Lee, SI
   Bastürkmen, M
   Spevak, CC
   Clutterbuck, J
   Kapitonov, V
   Jurka, J
   Scazzocchio, C
   Farman, M
   Butler, J
   Purcell, S
   Harris, S
   Braus, GH
   Draht, O
   Busch, S
   D'Enfert, C
   Bouchier, C
   Goldman, GH
   Bell-Pedersen, D
   Griffiths-Jones, S
   Doonan, JH
   Yu, J
   Vienken, K
   Pain, A
   Freitag, M
   Selker, EU
   Archer, DB
   Peñalva, MA
   Oakley, BR
   Momany, M
   Tanaka, T
   Kumagai, T
   Asai, K
   Machida, M
   Nierman, WC
   Denning, DW
   Caddick, M
   Hynes, M
   Paoletti, M
   Fischer, R
   Miller, B
   Dyer, P
   Sachs, MS
   Osmani, SA
   Birren, BW
TI Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A-fumigatus and A-oryzae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mating-type; candida-albicans; gene-expression; beta-oxidation; evolution; regulator; fungus; transcription; dynamics
AB The aspergilli comprise a diverse group of filamentous fungi spanning over 200 million years of evolution. Here we report the genome sequence of the model organism Aspergillus nidulans, and a comparative study with Aspergillus fumigatus, a serious human pathogen, and Aspergillus oryzae, used in the production of sake, miso and soy sauce. Our analysis of genome structure provided a quantitative evaluation of forces driving long-term eukaryotic genome evolution. It also led to an experimentally validated model of mating-type locus evolution, suggesting the potential for sexual reproduction in A. fumigatus and A. oryzae. Our analysis of sequence conservation revealed over 5,000 non-coding regions actively conserved across all three species. Within these regions, we identified potential functional elements including a previously uncharacterized TPP riboswitch and motifs suggesting regulation in filamentous fungi by Puf family genes. We further obtained comparative and experimental evidence indicating widespread translational regulation by upstream open reading frames. These results enhance our understanding of these widely studied fungi as well as provide new insight into eukaryotic genome evolution and gene regulation.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Inst Genome Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Environm & Biomol Syst, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA.
   Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Div Mol Genet, Glasgow G11 6NU, Lanark, Scotland.
   Genet Informat Res Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Univ France, Inst Genet & Microbiol, UMR 8621, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Plant Pathol, Lexington, KY 40546 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Microbiol & Genet, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   INRA USC 2019, Inst Pasteur, Unite Postulante Biol & Pathogen Fong, F-75724 Paris, France.
   Inst Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Appl Biosci, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Univ Oregon, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Biol, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   CSIC, Ctr Invest Biol, Madrid 28040, Spain.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Mol Genet, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   NITE, Shibuya Ku, Tokyo 1510066, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058566, Japan.
   George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Med, Manchester M23 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M23 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Donnan Labs, Plant Sci & Fungal Mol Biol Res Grp, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Genet, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Univ Idaho, Dept Microbiol Mol Biol & Biochem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; J. Craig Venter Institute; Stanford University; Oregon Health & Science University; University of Glasgow; Universite Paris Saclay; Institut Universitaire de France; University of Kentucky; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Gottingen; INRAE; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; University of Oregon; University of Nottingham; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB); University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); George Washington University; University of Manchester; University of Manchester; University of Liverpool; University of Melbourne; University of Idaho
RP Galagan, JE (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 320 Charles St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM jgalag@mit.edu
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [CFB17726] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM058529] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [CFB17726] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 47
TC 1080
Z9 2438
U1 7
U2 286
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1105
EP 1115
DI 10.1038/nature04341
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500040
PM 16372000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hohmann, AG
   Suplita, RL
   Bolton, NM
   Neely, MH
   Fegley, D
   Mangieri, R
   Krey, JF
   Walker, JM
   Holmes, PV
   Crystal, JD
   Duranti, A
   Tontini, A
   Mor, M
   Tarzia, G
   Piomelli, D
AF Hohmann, AG
   Suplita, RL
   Bolton, NM
   Neely, MH
   Fegley, D
   Mangieri, R
   Krey, JF
   Walker, JM
   Holmes, PV
   Crystal, JD
   Duranti, A
   Tontini, A
   Mor, M
   Tarzia, G
   Piomelli, D
TI An endocannabinoid mechanism for stress-induced analgesia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stimulus-evoked activity; dorsal-horn; neurons; brain; suppression; inhibitors; receptors; lipase; esters; forms
AB Acute stress suppresses pain by activating brain pathways that engage opioid or non-opioid mechanisms. Here we show that an opioid-independent form of this phenomenon, termed stress-induced analgesia(1), is mediated by the release of endogenous marijuana-like (cannabinoid) compounds in the brain. Blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the periaqueductal grey matter of the midbrain prevents non-opioid stress-induced analgesia. In this region, stress elicits the rapid formation of two endogenous cannabinoids, the lipids 2-arachidonoylglycerol(2) (2-AG) and anandamide(3). A newly developed inhibitor of the 2-AG-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase(4,5), selectively increases 2-AG concentrations and, when injected into the periaqueductal grey matter, enhances stress-induced analgesia in a CB1-dependent manner. Inhibitors of the anandamide-deactivating enzyme fatty-acid amide hydrolase(6), which selectively elevate anandamide concentrations, exert similar effects. Our results indicate that the coordinated release of 2-AG and anandamide in the periaqueductal grey matter might mediate opioid-independent stress-induced analgesia. These studies also identify monoacylglycerol lipase as a previously unrecognized therapeutic target.
C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Psychol, Neurosci & Behav Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Pharmacol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Drug Discovery, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Psychol, Schrier Res Lab, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Schrier Res Lab, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Univ Urbino Carlo Bo, Inst Med Chem, I-61029 Urbino, Italy.
   Univ Parma, Dept Pharmaceut, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; Brown University; Brown University; University of Urbino; University of Parma
RP Hohmann, AG (corresponding author), Univ Georgia, Dept Psychol, Neurosci & Behav Program, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
EM ahohmann@uga.edu; piomelli@uci.edu
NR 30
TC 620
Z9 730
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1108
EP 1112
DI 10.1038/nature03658
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400051
PM 15973410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, JF III
   Lemmon, MT
   Duxbury, TC
   Hubbard, MYH
   Wolff, MJ
   Squyres, SW
   Craig, L
   Ludwinski, JM
AF Bell, JF III
   Lemmon, MT
   Duxbury, TC
   Hubbard, MYH
   Wolff, MJ
   Squyres, SW
   Craig, L
   Ludwinski, JM
TI Solar eclipses of Phobos and Deimos observed from the surface of Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satellites; localization; spacecraft; orbits
AB The small martian satellites Phobos and Deimos orbit in synchronous rotation with inclinations of only 0.01 degrees and 0.92 degrees, respectively, relative to the planet's equatorial plane. Thus, an observer at near-equatorial latitudes on Mars could occasionally observe solar eclipses by these satellites (see ref. 1, for example). Because the apparent angular diameter of the satellites is much smaller than that of the Sun, however, such events are more appropriately referred to as transits. Transit data can be used for correcting and refining the orbital ephemerides of the moons. For example, Phobos is known to exhibit a secular acceleration that is caused by tidal dissipation within Mars(2-4). Long-term, accurate measurements are needed to refine the magnitude and origin of this dissipation within the martian interior as well as to refine the predicted orbital evolution of both satellites(5,6). Here we present observations of six transits of Phobos and Deimos across the solar disk from cameras on Mars aboard the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity(7,8). These are the first direct imaging observations of satellites transiting the Sun from the surface of another planet.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM jfb8@cornell.edu
NR 16
TC 20
Z9 24
U1 1
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature03437
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600037
PM 16001060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gorgoulis, VG
   Vassiliou, LVF
   Karakaidos, P
   Zacharatos, P
   Kotsinas, A
   Liloglou, T
   Venere, M
   DiTullio, RA Jr
   Kastrinakis, NG
   Levy, B
   Kletsas, D
   Yoneta, A
   Herlyn, M
   Kittas, C
   Halazonetis, TD
AF Gorgoulis, VG
   Vassiliou, LVF
   Karakaidos, P
   Zacharatos, P
   Kotsinas, A
   Liloglou, T
   Venere, M
   DiTullio, RA Jr
   Kastrinakis, NG
   Levy, B
   Kletsas, D
   Yoneta, A
   Herlyn, M
   Kittas, C
   Halazonetis, TD
TI Activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and genomic instability in human precancerous lesions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell lung carcinomas; double-strand breaks; p53 mutations; histone h2ax; human cancer; allele loss; cyclin-e; 53bp1; expression; pathway
AB DNA damage checkpoint genes, such as p53, are frequently mutated in human cancer, but the selective pressure for their inactivation remains elusive(1-3). We analysed a panel of human lung hyperplasias, all of which retained wild-type p53 genes and had no signs of gross chromosomal instability, and found signs of a DNA damage response, including histone H2AX and Chk2 phosphorylation, p53 accumulation, focal staining of p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) and apoptosis. Progression to carcinoma was associated with p53 or 53BP1 inactivation and decreased apoptosis. A DNA damage response was also observed in dysplastic nevi and in human skin xenografts, in which hyperplasia was induced by overexpression of growth factors. Both lung and experimentally-induced skin hyperplasias showed allelic imbalance at loci that are prone to DNA double-strand break formation when DNA replication is compromised ( common fragile sites). We propose that, from its earliest stages, cancer development is associated with DNA replication stress, which leads to DNA double-strand breaks, genomic instability and selective pressure for p53 mutations.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Athens, Sch Med, Dept Histol & Embryol, GR-11527 Athens, Greece.
   Univ Liverpool, Ctr Canc Res, Roy Castle Lung Canc Res Programme, Liverpool, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Penn, Grad Grp Biomed Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Demokritos Natl Ctr Sci Res, Inst Biol, GR-15310 Athens, Greece.
C3 The Wistar Institute; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; University of Liverpool; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos"
RP Halazonetis, TD (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM halazonetis@wistar.upenn.edu
NR 29
TC 1706
Z9 1987
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 907
EP 913
DI 10.1038/nature03485
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600043
PM 15829965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paciorek, T
   Zazímalová, E
   Ruthardt, N
   Petrásek, J
   Stierhof, YD
   Kleine-Vehn, J
   Morris, DA
   Emans, N
   Jürgens, G
   Geldner, N
   Friml, J
AF Paciorek, T
   Zazímalová, E
   Ruthardt, N
   Petrásek, J
   Stierhof, YD
   Kleine-Vehn, J
   Morris, DA
   Emans, N
   Jürgens, G
   Geldner, N
   Friml, J
TI Auxin inhibits endocytosis and promotes its own efflux from cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brefeldin-a; arabidopsis; transport; localization; gradients; gene; accumulation; mutations; mechanism; hormone
AB One of the mechanisms by which signalling molecules regulate cellular behaviour is modulating subcellular protein translocation. This mode of regulation is often based on specialized vesicle trafficking, termed constitutive cycling, which consists of repeated internalization and recycling of proteins to and from the plasma membrane(1). No such mechanism of hormone action has been shown in plants although several proteins, including the PIN auxin efflux facilitators, exhibit constitutive cycling(2,3). Here we show that a major regulator of plant development, auxin, inhibits endocytosis. This effect is specific to biologically active auxins and requires activity of the Calossin-like protein BIG. By inhibiting the internalization step of PIN constitutive cycling, auxin increases levels of PINs at the plasma membrane. Concomitantly, auxin promotes its own efflux from cells by a vesicle-trafficking-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, asymmetric auxin translocation during gravitropism is correlated with decreased PIN internalization. Our data imply a previously undescribed mode of plant hormone action: by modulating PIN protein trafficking, auxin regulates PIN abundance and activity at the cell surface, providing a mechanism for the feedback regulation of auxin transport.
C1 Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   ASCR, Inst Expt Bot, Prague 16502 6, Czech Republic.
   Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Cellome Res Grp, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences; RWTH Aachen University; University of Southampton
RP Friml, J (corresponding author), Univ Tubingen, Zentrum Mol Biol Pflanzen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM jiri.friml@zmbp.uni-tuebingen.de
NR 30
TC 622
Z9 701
U1 3
U2 177
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1251
EP 1256
DI 10.1038/nature03633
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500047
PM 15988527
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, A
   Baker, TA
   Sauer, RT
AF Martin, A
   Baker, TA
   Sauer, RT
TI Rebuilt AAA plus motors reveal operating principles for ATP-fuelled machines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clpxp degradation machine; escherichia-coli; dependent proteases; crystal-structure; sequential hydrolysis; protein; helicase; recognition; mechanism; chaperone
AB Hexamericring- shaped ATPases of the AAA+ (for ATPases associated with various cellular activities) superfamily power cellular processes in which macromolecular structures and complexes are dismantled or denatured, but the mechanisms used by these machine-like enzymes are poorly understood. By covalently linking active and inactive subunits of the ATPase ClpX to form hexamers, here we show that diverse geometric arrangements can support the enzymatic unfolding of protein substrates and translocation of the denatured polypeptide into the ClpP peptidase for degradation. These studies indicate that the ClpX power stroke is generated by ATP hydrolysis in a single subunit, rule out concerted and strict sequential ATP hydrolysis models, and provide evidence for a probabilistic sequence of nucleotide hydrolysis. This mechanism would allow any ClpX subunit in contact with a translocating polypeptide to hydrolyse ATP to drive substrate spooling into ClpP, and would prevent stalling if one subunit failed to bind or hydrolyse ATP. Energy-dependent machines with highly diverse quaternary architectures and molecular functions could operate by similar asymmetric mechanisms.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Sauer, RT (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM bobsauer@mit.edu
NR 37
TC 310
Z9 403
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1115
EP 1120
DI 10.1038/nature04031
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500035
PM 16237435
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, ZB
   Tamura, M
   Fukagawa, M
   Hough, J
   Lucas, P
   Suto, H
   Ishii, M
   Yang, J
AF Jiang, ZB
   Tamura, M
   Fukagawa, M
   Hough, J
   Lucas, P
   Suto, H
   Ishii, M
   Yang, J
TI A circumstellar disk associated with a massive protostellar object
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID becklin-neugebauer object; young stellar objects; imaging polarimetry; magnetic-field; infrared polarimetry; molecular cloud; star formation; orion-nebula; region; telescope
AB The formation process for stars with masses several times that of the Sun is still unclear. The two main theories are mergers of several low-mass young stellar objects(1), which requires a high stellar density, or mass accretion from circumstellar disks in the same way as low-mass stars are formed(2), accompanied by outflows during the process of gravitational infall. Although a number of disks have been discovered around low- and intermediate-mass young stellar objects(3,4), the presence of disks around massive young stellar objects is still uncertain and the mass of the disk system detected around one such object(5), M17, is disputed(6). Here we report near-infrared imaging polarimetry that reveals an outflow/ disk system around the Becklin - Neugebauer protostellar object, which has a mass of at least seven solar masses (M-.). This strongly supports the theory that stars with masses of at least 7M(.) form in the same way as lower mass stars.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Purple Mt Observ, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Dept Phys Astron & Math, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
C3 Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics & Technology, NAOC, CAS; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); University of Hertfordshire
RP Jiang, ZB (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Purple Mt Observ, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
EM zbjiang@pmo.ac.cn
NR 28
TC 42
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 112
EP 115
DI 10.1038/nature04012
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400051
PM 16136137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Osborne, LC
   Lisberger, SG
   Bialek, W
AF Osborne, LC
   Lisberger, SG
   Bialek, W
TI A sensory source for motor variation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perceptual decisions; eye-movement; direction; area; information; neurons
AB Suppose that the variability in our movements(1-9) is caused not by noise in the motor system itself, nor by fluctuations in our intentions or plans, but rather by errors in our sensory estimates of the external parameters that define the appropriate action. For tasks in which precision is at a premium, performance would be optimal if no noise were added in movement planning and execution: motor output would be as accurate as possible given the quality of sensory inputs. Here we use visually guided smooth-pursuit eye movements in primates(10) as a testing ground for this notion of optimality. In response to repeated presentations of identical target motions, nearly 92% of the variance in eye trajectory can be accounted for as a consequence of errors in sensory estimates of the speed, direction and timing of target motion, plus a small background noise that is observed both during eye movements and during fixations. The magnitudes of the inferred sensory errors agree with the observed thresholds for sensory discrimination by perceptual systems, suggesting that the very different neural processes of perception and action are limited by the same sources of noise.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, WM Keck Fdn Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Sloan Swartz Ctr Theoret Neurobiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Lewis Sigler Inst Integrat Genom, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Osborne, LC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, WM Keck Fdn Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Sloan Swartz Ctr Theoret Neurobiol, Box 0444, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM osborne@phy.ucsf.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY003878] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 232
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 412
EP 416
DI 10.1038/nature03961
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100054
PM 16163357
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelson, R
   Sawaya, MR
   Balbirnie, M
   Madsen, AO
   Riekel, C
   Grothe, R
   Eisenberg, D
AF Nelson, R
   Sawaya, MR
   Balbirnie, M
   Madsen, AO
   Riekel, C
   Grothe, R
   Eisenberg, D
TI Structure of the cross-β spine of amyloid-like fibrils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; molecular-basis; protein models; core structure; sheet; peptide; transthyretin; conformation; conversion; reveals
AB Numerous soluble proteins convert to insoluble amyloid-like fibrils that have common properties. Amyloid fibrils are associated with fatal diseases such as Alzheimer's, and amyloid-like fibrils can be formed in vitro. For the yeast protein Sup35, conversion to amyloid-like fibrils is associated with a transmissible infection akin to that caused by mammalian prions. A seven-residue peptide segment from Sup35 forms amyloid-like fibrils and closely related microcrystals, from which we have determined the atomic structure of the cross-beta spine. It is a double beta-sheet, with each sheet formed from parallel segments stacked in register. Side chains protruding from the two sheets form a dry, tightly self-complementing steric zipper, bonding the sheets. Within each sheet, every segment is bound to its two neighbouring segments through stacks of both backbone and side-chain hydrogen bonds. The structure illuminates the stability of amyloid fibrils, their self-seeding characteristic and their tendency to form polymorphic structures.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, UCLA DOE Inst Genom & Proteom, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Copenhagen, Ctr Crystallog Studies, Dept Chem, DK-2100 KBH, Denmark.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); University of Copenhagen
RP Eisenberg, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, UCLA DOE Inst Genom & Proteom, Box 951570, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM david@mbi.ucla.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007185, P01 GM031299] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 1949
Z9 2333
U1 4
U2 468
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 773
EP 778
DI 10.1038/nature03680
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700041
PM 15944695
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pettifer, RF
   Mathon, O
   Pascarelli, S
   Cooke, MD
   Gibbs, MRJ
AF Pettifer, RF
   Mathon, O
   Pascarelli, S
   Cooke, MD
   Gibbs, MRJ
TI Measurement of femtometre-scale atomic displacements by X-ray absorption spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fine-structure; beamline; edge
AB The frequencies of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS)(1) measurements, which are oscillations occurring on the high-energy side of an X-ray absorption edge, can be used to identify interatomic distances in materials. We have used a dispersive X-ray spectrometer(2-5), which has no moving components, to make rapid measurements with minimal energy drift of the difference in EXAFS from the Fe K edge in an iron-cobalt thin film undergoing periodic strain through magnetostriction(6,7). We show that magnetostriction can be detected by differential X-ray absorption. The magnitude of the recorded signal relative to the noise shows a sensitivity to mean differential atomic motion of one femtometre: a factor of 100 times more sensitive than that normally available(8,9).
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Warwick; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); University of Sheffield
RP Pettifer, RF (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
EM r.pettifer@warwick.ac.uk
NR 18
TC 100
Z9 106
U1 2
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature03516
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600040
PM 15875018
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kao, H
   Shan, SJ
   Dragert, H
   Rogers, G
   Cassidy, JF
   Ramachandran, K
AF Kao, H
   Shan, SJ
   Dragert, H
   Rogers, G
   Cassidy, JF
   Ramachandran, K
TI A wide depth distribution of seismic tremors along the northern Cascadia margin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subduction zone; southwest japan; aseismic slip; silent slip; earthquakes; model; deep; deformation; reflections; washington
AB The Cascadia subduction zone is thought to be capable of generating major earthquakes with moment magnitude as large as M-w = 9 at an interval of several hundred years(1-3). The seismogenic portion of the plate interface is mostly offshore and is currently locked, as inferred from geodetic data(4-6). However, episodic surface displacements - in the direction opposite to the long-term deformation motions caused by relative plate convergence across a locked interface - are observed about every 14 months with an unusual tremor-like seismic signature(7-9). Here we show that these tremors are distributed over a depth range exceeding 40 km within a limited horizontal band. Many occurred within or close to the strong seismic reflectors above the plate interface where local earthquakes are absent, suggesting that the seismogenic process for tremors is fluid-related. The observed depth range implies that tremors could be associated with the variation of stress field induced by a transient slip along the deeper portion of the Cascadia interface or, alternatively, that episodic slip is more diffuse than originally suggested.
C1 Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 1B9, Canada.
C3 Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada
RP Kao, H (corresponding author), Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, 9860 W Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC V8L 1B9, Canada.
EM hkao@nrcan.gc.ca
NR 30
TC 173
Z9 206
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 841
EP 844
DI 10.1038/nature03903
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500044
PM 16094366
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manoli, DS
   Foss, M
   Villella, A
   Taylor, BJ
   Hall, JC
   Baker, BS
AF Manoli, DS
   Foss, M
   Villella, A
   Taylor, BJ
   Hall, JC
   Baker, BS
TI Male-specific fruitless specifies the neural substrates of Drosophila courtship behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; expression patterns; genetic dissection; sexual-dimorphism; melanogaster; neurons; identification; ablation; mutants; complex
AB Robust innate behaviours are attractive systems for genetically dissecting how environmental cues are perceived and integrated to generate complex behaviours. During courtship, Drosophila males engage in a series of innate, stereotyped behaviours that are coordinated by specific sensory cues. However, little is known about the specific neural substrates mediating this complex behavioural programme(1). Genetic, developmental and behavioural studies have shown that the fruitless (fru) gene encodes a set of male-specific transcription factors (Fru(M)) that act to establish the potential for courtship in Drosophila(2). Fru(M) proteins are expressed in similar to 2% of central nervous system neurons, at least one subset of which coordinates the component behaviours of courtship(3,4). Here we have inserted the yeast GAL4 gene into the fru locus by homologous recombination and show that ( 1) Fru(M) is expressed in subsets of all peripheral sensory systems previously implicated in courtship, ( 2) inhibition of Fru(M) function in olfactory system components reduces olfactory-dependent changes in courtship behaviour, ( 3) transient inactivation of all Fru(M)-expressing neurons abolishes courtship behaviour, with no other gross changes in general behaviour, and ( 4) 'masculinization' of Fru(M)-expressing neurons in females is largely sufficient to confer male courtship behaviour. Together, these data demonstrate that Fru(M) proteins specify the neural substrates of male courtship.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Oregon State University; Brandeis University
RP Baker, BS (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM bbaker@pmgm2.stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 320
Z9 421
U1 3
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 395
EP 400
DI 10.1038/nature03859
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400043
PM 15959468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sönnichsen, B
   Koski, LB
   Walsh, A
   Marschall, P
   Neumann, B
   Brehm, M
   Alleaume, AM
   Artelt, J
   Bettencourt, P
   Cassin, E
   Hewitson, M
   Holz, C
   Khan, M
   Lazik, S
   Martin, C
   Nitzsche, B
   Ruer, M
   Stamford, J
   Winzi, M
   Heinkel, R
   Röder, M
   Finell, J
   Häntsch, H
   Jones, SJM
   Jones, M
   Piano, F
   Gunsalus, KC
   Oegema, K
   Gönczy, P
   Coulson, A
   Hyman, AA
   Echeverri, CJ
AF Sönnichsen, B
   Koski, LB
   Walsh, A
   Marschall, P
   Neumann, B
   Brehm, M
   Alleaume, AM
   Artelt, J
   Bettencourt, P
   Cassin, E
   Hewitson, M
   Holz, C
   Khan, M
   Lazik, S
   Martin, C
   Nitzsche, B
   Ruer, M
   Stamford, J
   Winzi, M
   Heinkel, R
   Röder, M
   Finell, J
   Häntsch, H
   Jones, SJM
   Jones, M
   Piano, F
   Gunsalus, KC
   Oegema, K
   Gönczy, P
   Coulson, A
   Hyman, AA
   Echeverri, CJ
TI Full-genome RNAi profiling of early embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; cell-division; interference; genes; generation
AB A key challenge of functional genomics today is to generate well-annotated data sets that can be interpreted across different platforms and technologies. Large-scale functional genomics data often fail to connect to standard experimental approaches of gene characterization in individual laboratories. Furthermore, a lack of universal annotation standards for phenotypic data sets makes it difficult to compare different screening approaches. Here we address this problem in a screen designed to identify all genes required for the first two rounds of cell division in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. We used RNA-mediated interference to target 98% of all genes predicted in the C. elegans genome in combination with differential interference contrast time-lapse microscopy. Through systematic annotation of the resulting movies, we developed a phenotypic profiling system, which shows high correlation with cellular processes and biochemical pathways, thus enabling us to predict new functions for previously uncharacterized genes.
C1 Cenix Biosci GmbH, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   British Columbia Canc Res Ctr, Genome Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   NYU, Dept Biol, Ctr Comparat Funct Genom, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; New York University
RP Sönnichsen, B (corresponding author), Cenix Biosci GmbH, Tatzberg 47-51, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM soennichsen@cenix.bioscience.com
NR 21
TC 723
Z9 898
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 462
EP 469
DI 10.1038/nature03353
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000032
PM 15791247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bartkova, J
   Horejsi, Z
   Koed, K
   Krämer, A
   Tort, F
   Zieger, K
   Guldberg, P
   Sehested, M
   Nesland, JM
   Lukas, C
   Orntoft, T
   Lukas, J
   Bartek, J
AF Bartkova, J
   Horejsi, Z
   Koed, K
   Krämer, A
   Tort, F
   Zieger, K
   Guldberg, P
   Sehested, M
   Nesland, JM
   Lukas, C
   Orntoft, T
   Lukas, J
   Bartek, J
TI DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle control; chromosome instability; genomic instability; breast-cancer; histone h2ax; phosphorylation; replication; protein; atm; p53
AB During the evolution of cancer, the incipient tumour experiences 'oncogenic stress', which evokes a counter- response to eliminate such hazardous cells. However, the nature of this stress remains elusive, as does the inducible anti-cancer barrier that elicits growth arrest or cell death. Here we show that in clinical specimens from different stages of human tumours of the urinary bladder, breast, lung and colon, the early precursor lesions ( but not normal tissues) commonly express markers of an activated DNA damage response. These include phosphorylated kinases ATM and Chk2, and phosphorylated histone H2AX and p53. Similar checkpoint responses were induced in cultured cells upon expression of different oncogenes that deregulate DNA replication. Together with genetic analyses, including a genome-wide assessment of allelic imbalances, our data indicate that early in tumorigenesis ( before genomic instability and malignant conversion), human cells activate an ATR/ATM- regulated DNA damage response network that delays or prevents cancer. Mutations compromising this checkpoint, including defects in the ATM - Chk2 p53 pathway, might allow cell proliferation, survival, increased genomic instability and tumour progression.
C1 Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Danish Canc Soc, Ctr Genotox Stress Res, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen Hosp, Dept Pathol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Oslo, Norwegian Radium Hosp, Dept Pathol, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Genet Mol, CZ-16637 Prague, Czech Republic.
C3 Danish Cancer Society; Danish Cancer Society; Aarhus University; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen University Hospital; University of Oslo; Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Bartek, J (corresponding author), Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, Strandblvd 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM jb@cancer.dk
NR 49
TC 2275
Z9 2660
U1 2
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 864
EP 870
DI 10.1038/nature03482
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600032
PM 15829956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldenberg, C
   Goldhirsch, I
AF Goldenberg, C
   Goldhirsch, I
TI Friction enhances elasticity in granular solids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model; transmission
AB For years, engineers have used elastic and plastic models to describe the properties of granular solids, such as sand piles and grains in silos(1-3). However, there are theoretical(4-6) and experimental(7-14) results that challenge this approach. Specifically, it has been claimed(4-6) that stress in granular solids propagates in a manner described by wave-like ( hyperbolic) equations, rather than the elliptic equations of static elasticity. Here we report numerical simulations of the response of a two-dimensional granular slab to an external load, revealing that both approaches are valid - albeit on different length scales. For small systems that can be considered mesoscopic on the scale of the grains, a hyperbolic-like, strongly anisotropic response is expected. However, in large systems ( those typically considered by engineers), the response is closer to that predicted by traditional isotropic elasticity models. Static friction, often ignored in simple models, plays a key role: it increases the elastic range and renders the response more isotropic, even beyond this range.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Fluid Mech & Heat Transfer, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Fac Exact Sci, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv University
RP Goldhirsch, I (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Fluid Mech & Heat Transfer, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM isaac@eng.tau.ac.il
NR 27
TC 289
Z9 328
U1 3
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 188
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature03497
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100035
PM 15889087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Waal, FBM
AF de Waal, FBM
TI A century of getting to know the chimpanzee
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kibale national-park; infanticide; paternity
AB A century of research on chimpanzees, both in their natural habitat and in captivity, has brought these apes socially, emotionally and mentally much closer to us. Parallels and homologues between chimpanzee and human behaviour range from tool-technology and cultural learning to power politics and intercommunity warfare. Few behavioural domains have remained untouched by this increased knowledge, which has dramatically challenged the way we view ourselves. The sequencing of the chimpanzee genome will no doubt bring more surprises and insights. Humans do occupy a special place among the primates, but this place increasingly has to be defined against a backdrop of substantial similarity.
C1 Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Living Links, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 Emory University
RP de Waal, FBM (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Living Links, 954 N Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
EM dewaal@emory.edu
NR 34
TC 33
Z9 46
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature03999
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400042
PM 16136128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yasuda, S
   Townsend, D
   Michele, DE
   Favre, EG
   Day, SM
   Metzger, JM
AF Yasuda, S
   Townsend, D
   Michele, DE
   Favre, EG
   Day, SM
   Metzger, JM
TI Dystrophic heart failure blocked by membrane sealant poloxamer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscular-dystrophy; skeletal-muscle; cardiomyopathy; expression; injection; disease; cells; mice
AB Dystrophin deficiency causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans, an inherited and progressive disease of striated muscle deterioration that frequently involves pronounced cardiomyopathy(1). Heart failure is the second leading cause of fatalities in DMD1,2. Progress towards defining the molecular basis of disease in DMD has mostly come from studies on skeletal muscle, with comparatively little attention directed to cardiac muscle. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cardiac myocytes may differ significantly from skeletal myofibres; this is underscored by the presence of significant cardiac disease in patients with truncated or reduced levels of dystrophin but without skeletal muscle disease(3). Here we show that intact, isolated dystrophin-deficient cardiac myocytes have reduced compliance and increased susceptibility to stretch-mediated calcium overload, leading to cell contracture and death, and that application of the membrane sealant poloxamer 188 corrects these defects in vitro. In vivo administration of poloxamer 188 to dystrophic mice instantly improved ventricular geometry and blocked the development of acute cardiac failure during a dobutamine-mediated stress protocol. Once issues relating to optimal dosing and long-term effects of poloxamer 188 in humans have been resolved, chemical-based membrane sealants could represent a new therapeutic approach for preventing or reversing the progression of cardiomyopathy and heart failure in muscular dystrophy.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Metzger, JM (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM metzgerj@umich.edu
NR 25
TC 263
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1025
EP 1029
DI 10.1038/nature03844
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900052
PM 16025101
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schefuss, E
   Schouten, S
   Schneider, RR
AF Schefuss, E
   Schouten, S
   Schneider, RR
TI Climatic controls on central African hydrology during the past 20,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; rainfall variability; south-atlantic; isotopes; terrestrial; circulation; calibration; equatorial; dynamics; hydrogen
AB Past hydrological changes in Africa have been linked to various climatic processes, depending on region and timescale. Long-term precipitation changes in the regions of northern and southern Africa influenced by the monsoons are thought to have been governed by precessional variations in summer insolation(1,2). Conversely, short-term precipitation changes in the northern African tropics have been linked to North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies, affecting the northward extension of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and its associated rainbelt(3,4). Our knowledge of large-scale hydrological changes in equatorial Africa and their forcing factors is, however, limited(5). Here we analyse the isotopic composition of terrigenous plant lipids, extracted from a marine sediment core close to the Congo River mouth, in order to reconstruct past central African rainfall variations and compare this record to sea surface temperature changes in the South Atlantic Ocean. We find that central African precipitation during the past 20,000 years was mainly controlled by the difference in sea surface temperatures between the tropics and subtropics of the South Atlantic Ocean, whereas we find no evidence that changes in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone had a significant influence on the overall moisture availability in central Africa. We conclude that changes in ocean circulation, and hence sea surface temperature patterns, were important in modulating atmospheric moisture transport onto the central African continent.
C1 Univ Bremen, DFG Res Ctr Ocean Margins, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Geowissensch, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
C3 German Research Foundation (DFG); University of Bremen; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of Kiel
RP Schefuss, E (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM eschefuss@whoi.edu
NR 30
TC 405
Z9 460
U1 0
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1003
EP 1006
DI 10.1038/nature03945
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100041
PM 16222296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Talavera, K
   Yasumatsu, K
   Voets, T
   Droogmans, G
   Shigemura, N
   Ninomiya, Y
   Margolskee, RF
   Nilius, B
AF Talavera, K
   Yasumatsu, K
   Voets, T
   Droogmans, G
   Shigemura, N
   Ninomiya, Y
   Margolskee, RF
   Nilius, B
TI Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-cells; channels; temperature; mice; transduction; voltage
AB TRPM5, a cation channel of the TRP superfamily, is highly expressed in taste buds of the tongue, where it has a key role in the perception of sweet, umami and bitter tastes(1,2). Activation of TRPM5 occurs downstream of the activation of G-protein-coupled taste receptors and is proposed to generate a depolarizing potential in the taste receptor cells(2). Factors that modulate TRPM5 activity are therefore expected to influence taste. Here we show that TRPM5 is a highly temperature-sensitive, heat-activated channel: inward TRPM5 currents increase steeply at temperatures between 15 and 35 degrees C. TRPM4, a close homologue of TRPM5, shows similar temperature sensitivity. Heat activation is due to a temperature-dependent shift of the activation curve, in analogy to other thermosensitive TRP channels(3). Moreover, we show that increasing temperature between 15 and 35 degrees C markedly enhances the gustatory nerve response to sweet compounds in wild-type but not in Trpm5 knockout mice. The strong temperature sensitivity of TRPM5 may underlie known effects of temperature on perceived taste in humans(4-6), including enhanced sweetness perception at high temperatures and 'thermal taste', the phenomenon whereby heating or cooling of the tongue evoke sensations of taste in the absence of tastants(7).
C1 Catholic Univ Louvain, Fysiol Lab, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Kyushu Univ, Grad Sch Dent Sci, Sect Oral Neurosci, Higashi Ku, Fukuoka 8128582, Japan.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 Universite Catholique Louvain; Kyushu University; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Talavera, K (corresponding author), Catholic Univ Louvain, Fysiol Lab, Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM Karel.talavera@med.kuleuven.be
NR 22
TC 395
Z9 471
U1 4
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1022
EP 1025
DI 10.1038/nature04248
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600068
PM 16355226
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawakami, Y
   Raya, A
   Raya, RM
   Rodríguez-Esteban, C
   Belmonte, JCI
AF Kawakami, Y
   Raya, A
   Raya, RM
   Rodríguez-Esteban, C
   Belmonte, JCI
TI Retinoic acid signalling links left-right asymmetric patterning and bilaterally symmetric somitogenesis in the zebrafish embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segmentation clock; nodal expression; vertebrate segmentation; presomitic mesoderm; somite segmentation; axis formation; motor protein; early step; genes; oscillator
AB During embryogenesis, cells are spatially patterned as a result of highly coordinated and stereotyped morphogenetic events. In the vertebrate embryo, information on laterality is conveyed to the node, and subsequently to the lateral plate mesoderm, by a complex cascade of epigenetic and genetic events, eventually leading to a left - right asymmetric body plan. At the same time, the paraxial mesoderm is patterned along the anterior - posterior axis in metameric units, or somites, in a bilaterally symmetric fashion. Here we characterize a cascade of laterality information in the zebrafish embryo and show that blocking the early steps of this cascade ( before it reaches the lateral plate mesoderm) results in random left - right asymmetric somitogenesis. We also uncover a mechanism mediated by retinoic acid signalling that is crucial in buffering the influence of the flow of laterality information on the left - right progression of somite formation, and thus in ensuring bilaterally symmetric somitogenesis.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Belmonte, JCI (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Gene Express Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM belmonte@salk.edu
NR 50
TC 218
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 165
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature03512
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100030
PM 15889082
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burdyga, T
   Wray, S
AF Burdyga, T
   Wray, S
TI Action potential refractory period in ureter smooth muscle is set by Ca sparks and BK channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guinea-pig ureter; ca2+-activated k+ channels; sarcoplasmic-reticulum; calcium sparks; intracellular ca2+; currents; cells; ryanodine; release; rat
AB In excitable tissues the refractory period is a critical control mechanism preventing hyperactivity and undesirable tetani, by preventing subsequent stimuli eliciting action potentials and Ca2+ entry. In ureteric smooth muscle, peristaltic waves that occur as invading pacemaker potentials produce long-lasting action potentials (300-800 ms) and extraordinarily long ( more than 10 s) refractory periods(1-6), which prevent urine reflux and kidney damage(2). For smooth muscles neither the mechanisms underlying the refractory period nor the link between excitability and refractoriness are properly understood. Here we show that a negative feedback process, which depends on Ca2+ loading the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during the action potential and on the subsequent activation of local releases of Ca2+ from the SR (sparks(7)), stimulating plasmalemmal Ca2+-sensitive K+ (BK) channels, determines the refractory period of the action potential. As sparks gradually reduce the Ca2+ load in the SR, electrical inhibition is released, the refractory period is terminated and peristaltic contractions occur again. The refractory period can be manipulated, for example from 10 s to 100 s, by altering the Ca2+ content of the SR or release mechanism or by inhibiting BK channels. This insight into the control of excitability and hence function provides a focus for therapies directed at pathologies of smooth muscle.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Physiol, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Burdyga, T (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Physiol, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
EM burdyga@liv.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 79
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 559
EP 562
DI 10.1038/nature03834
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800062
PM 16049489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clarke, JA
   Tambussi, CP
   Noriega, JI
   Erickson, GM
   Ketcham, RA
AF Clarke, JA
   Tambussi, CP
   Noriega, JI
   Erickson, GM
   Ketcham, RA
TI Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID birds; evolution
AB Long-standing controversy(1-9) surrounds the question of whether living bird lineages emerged after non-avian dinosaur extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary(1,6) or whether these lineages coexisted with other dinosaurs and passed through this mass extinction event(2-5,7-9). Inferences from biogeography(4,8) and molecular sequence data(2,3,5,9) (but see ref. 10) project major avian lineages deep into the Cretaceous period, implying their 'mass survival'(3) at the K/T boundary. By contrast, it has been argued that the fossil record refutes this hypothesis, placing a 'big bang' of avian radiation only after the end of the Cretaceous(1,6). However, other fossil data-fragmentary bones referred to extant bird lineages(11-13)-have been considered inconclusive(1,6,14). These data have never been subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Here we identify a rare, partial skeleton from the Maastrichtian of Antarctica(15) as the first Cretaceous fossil definitively placed within the extant bird radiation. Several phylogenetic analyses supported by independent histological data indicate that a new species, Vegavis iaai, is a part of Anseriformes ( waterfowl) and is most closely related to Anatidae, which includes true ducks. A minimum of five divergences within Aves before the K/T boundary are inferred from the placement of Vegavis; at least duck, chicken and ratite bird relatives were coextant with non-avian dinosaurs.
C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
   N Carolina Museum Nat Sci, Raleigh, NC 27601 USA.
   Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo La Plata, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina.
   Ctr Invest Cient, RA-3105 Diamante, Entre Rios, Argentina.
   TTP CONICET Matteri & Espana, RA-3105 Diamante, Entre Rios, Argentina.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Univ Texas, Jackson Sch Geosci, High Resolut Xray Computed Tomog Facil, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 North Carolina State University; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); State University System of Florida; Florida State University; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Clarke, JA (corresponding author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
EM Julia_Clarke@NCSU.edu
NR 29
TC 267
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 305
EP 308
DI 10.1038/nature03150
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300053
PM 15662422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geffeney, SL
   Fujimoto, E
   Brodie, ED
   Brodie, ED
   Ruben, PC
AF Geffeney, SL
   Fujimoto, E
   Brodie, ED
   Brodie, ED
   Ruben, PC
TI Evolutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predator-prey interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID na+ channel; skeletal-muscle; outer vestibule; garter snakes; genes; tetrodotoxin; expression; saxitoxin; patterns; pore
AB Understanding the molecular genetic basis of adaptations provides incomparable insight into the genetic mechanisms by which evolutionary diversification takes place. Whether the evolution of common traits in different lineages proceeds by similar or unique mutations, and the degree to which phenotypic evolution is controlled by changes in gene regulation as opposed to gene function, are fundamental questions in evolutionary biology that require such an understanding of genetic mechanisms(1-3). Here we identify novel changes in the molecular structure of a sodium channel expressed in snake skeletal muscle, tsNa(V)1.4, that are responsible for differences in tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistance among garter snake populations coevolving with toxic newts(4). By the functional expression of tsNa(V)1.4, we show how differences in the amino-acid sequence of the channel affect TTX binding and impart different levels of resistance in four snake populations. These results indicate that the evolution of a physiological trait has occurred through a series of unique functional changes in a gene that is otherwise highly conserved among vertebrates.
C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; Utah State University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Geffeney, SL (corresponding author), Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
EM geffeney@biology.usu.edu
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 759
EP 763
DI 10.1038/nature03444
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700040
PM 15815629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michaloglou, C
   Vredeveld, LCW
   Soengas, MS
   Denoyelle, C
   Kuilman, T
   van der Horst, CMAM
   Majoor, DM
   Shay, JW
   Mooi, WJ
   Peeper, DS
AF Michaloglou, C
   Vredeveld, LCW
   Soengas, MS
   Denoyelle, C
   Kuilman, T
   van der Horst, CMAM
   Majoor, DM
   Shay, JW
   Mooi, WJ
   Peeper, DS
TI BRAFE600-associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malignant-melanoma; tumor suppression; braf mutations; cancer; p53; p16; transformation; oncogene; genes
AB Most normal mammalian cells have a finite lifespan(1), thought to constitute a protective mechanism against unlimited proliferation(2-4). This phenomenon, called senescence, is driven by telomere attrition, which triggers the induction of tumour suppressors including p16(INK4a) (ref. 5). In cultured cells, senescence can be elicited prematurely by oncogenes(6); however, whether such oncogene-induced senescence represents a physiological process has long been debated. Human naevi ( moles) are benign tumours of melanocytes that frequently harbour oncogenic mutations ( predominantly V600E, where valine is substituted for glutamic acid) in BRAF(7), a protein kinase and downstream effector of Ras. Nonetheless, naevi typically remain in a growth-arrested state for decades and only rarely progress into malignancy (melanoma)(8-10). This raises the question of whether naevi undergo BRAF(V600E)- induced senescence. Here we show that sustained BRAF(V600E) expression in human melanocytes induces cell cycle arrest, which is accompanied by the induction of both p16(INK4a) and senescence- associated acidic beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, a commonly used senescence marker. Validating these results in vivo, congenital naevi are invariably positive for SA-beta-Gal, demonstrating the presence of this classical senescence-associated marker in a largely growth-arrested, neoplastic human lesion. In growth-arrested melanocytes, both in vitro and in situ, we observed a marked mosaic induction of p16(INK4a), suggesting that factors other than p16(INK4a) contribute to protection against BRAF(V600E)- driven proliferation. Naevi do not appear to suffer from telomere attrition, arguing in favour of an active oncogene-driven senescence process, rather than a loss of replicative potential. Thus, both in vitro and in vivo, BRAF(V600E)-expressing melanocytes display classical hallmarks of senescence, suggesting that oncogene-induced senescence represents a genuine protective physiological process.
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Pathol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Dermatol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Acad Med Ctr, Dept Plast Reconstruct & Hand Surg, NL-1100 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Harold Simmons Canc Ctr, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Peeper, DS (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Genet, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM wj.mooi@vumc.nl; d.peeper@nki.nl
NR 30
TC 1752
Z9 2085
U1 2
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 720
EP 724
DI 10.1038/nature03890
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500048
PM 16079850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grigg, SP
   Canales, C
   Hay, A
   Tsiantis, M
AF Grigg, SP
   Canales, C
   Hay, A
   Tsiantis, M
TI SERRATE coordinates shoot meristem function and leaf axial patterning in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class iiihd-zip; insertional mutagenesis; gene; organogenesis; phabulosa; thaliana; proteins; polarity; genome; member
AB Leaves of flowering plants are determinate organs produced by pluripotent structures termed shoot apical meristems. Once specified, leaves differentiate an adaxial ( upper) side specialized for light capture, and an abaxial ( lower) side specialized for gas exchange. A functional relationship between meristem activity and the differentiation of adaxial leaf fate has been recognized for over fifty years, but the molecular basis of this interaction is unclear. In Arabidopsis thaliana, activity of the class I KNOX (KNOTTED1-like homeobox) genes SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) and BREVIPEDICELLUS ( BP) is required for meristem function but excluded from leaves(1-3), whereas members of the HD-Zip III ( class III homeodomain leucine zipper) protein family function to promote both meristem activity and adaxial leaf fate(4-6). Here we show that the zinc-finger protein SERRATE acts in a microRNA ( miRNA) gene-silencing pathway to regulate expression of the HD-Zip III gene PHABULOSA (PHB) while also limiting the competence of shoot tissue to respond to KNOX expression. Thus, SERRATE acts to coordinately regulate meristem activity and leaf axial patterning.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Tsiantis, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
EM miltos.tsiantis@plants.ox.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 191
Z9 218
U1 4
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1022
EP 1026
DI 10.1038/nature04052
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100045
PM 16222298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boisvert, CA
AF Boisvert, CA
TI The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB One of the most marked transformations in the vertebrate transition to land was that of fins to limbs. This transformation involved not only the generation of morphological novelties ( digits, sacrum) but also a shift in locomotory dominance from the pectoral to the pelvic appendage(1). Despite its importance, the transformation from pelvic fin to hindlimb is the least studied and least well-documented part of this transformation, which is bracketed by the osteolepiform Eusthenopteron and the early tetrapods Ichthyostega and Acanthostega, but is not directly illuminated by any intermediate form. Panderichthys is the closest tetrapod relative currently represented by complete fossils(2), but its pelvic fin skeleton has not been described. Here, I present the only known articulated pelvic fin endoskeleton and associated partial pelvis of Panderichthys. The pelvic girdle is even less tetrapod-like than that of the osteolepiform Eusthenopteron(3), but the pelvic fin endoskeleton shares derived characteristics with basal tetrapods despite being more primitive than the pectoral fin of Panderichthys(4,5). The evolution of tetrapod locomotion appears to have passed through a stage of body-flexion propulsion, in which the pelvic fins played a relatively minor anchoring part, before the emergence of hindlimb-powered propulsion in the interval between Panderichthys and Acanthostega.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Physiol & Dev Biol, Subdept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University
RP Boisvert, CA (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Physiol & Dev Biol, Subdept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, Norbyvagen 18A, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM catherine.boisvert@ebc.uu.se
NR 14
TC 83
Z9 101
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1145
EP 1147
DI 10.1038/nature04119
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500048
PM 16372007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsumoto, T
   Wu, JZ
   Kanamori, H
   Katayose, Y
   Fujisawa, M
   Namiki, N
   Mizuno, H
   Yamamoto, K
   Antonio, BA
   Baba, T
   Sakata, K
   Nagamura, Y
   Aoki, H
   Arikawa, K
   Arita, K
   Bito, T
   Chiden, Y
   Fujitsuka, N
   Fukunaka, R
   Hamada, M
   Harada, C
   Hayashi, A
   Hijishita, S
   Honda, M
   Hosokawa, S
   Ichikawa, Y
   Idonuma, A
   Iijima, M
   Ikeda, M
   Ikeno, M
   Ito, K
   Ito, S
   Ito, T
   Ito, Y
   Ito, Y
   Iwabuchi, A
   Kamiya, K
   Karasawa, W
   Kurita, K
   Katagiri, S
   Kikuta, A
   Kobayashi, H
   Kobayashi, N
   Machita, K
   Maehara, T
   Masukawa, M
   Mizubayashi, T
   Mukai, Y
   Nagasaki, H
   Nagata, Y
   Naito, S
   Nakashima, M
   Nakama, Y
   Nakamichi, Y
   Nakamura, M
   Meguro, A
   Negishi, M
   Ohta, I
   Ohta, T
   Okamoto, M
   Ono, N
   Saji, S
   Sakaguchi, M
   Sakai, K
   Shibata, M
   Shimokawa, T
   Song, JY
   Takazaki, Y
   Terasawa, K
   Tsugane, M
   Tsuji, K
   Ueda, S
   Waki, K
   Yamagata, H
   Yamamoto, M
   Yamamoto, S
   Yamane, H
   Yoshiki, S
   Yoshihara, R
   Yukawa, K
   Zhong, HS
   Yano, M
   Sasaki, T
   Yuan, QP
   Shu, OT
   Liu, J
   Jones, KM
   Gansberger, K
   Moffat, K
   Hill, J
   Bera, J
   Fadrosh, D
   Jin, SH
   Johri, S
   Kim, M
   Overton, L
   Reardon, M
   Tsitrin, T
   Vuong, H
   Weaver, B
   Ciecko, A
   Tallon, L
   Jackson, J
   Pai, G
   Van Aken, S
   Utterback, T
   Reidmuller, S
   Feldblyum, T
   Hsiao, J
   Zismann, V
   Iobst, S
   de Vazeille, AR
   Buell, CR
   Ying, K
   Li, Y
   Lu, TT
   Huang, YC
   Zhao, Q
   Feng, Q
   Zhang, L
   Zhu, JJ
   Weng, QJ
   Mu, J
   Lu, YQ
   Fan, DL
   Liu, YL
   Guan, JP
   Zhang, YJ
   Yu, SL
   Liu, XH
   Zhang, Y
   Hong, GF
   Han, B
   Choisne, N
   Demange, N
   Orjeda, G
   Samain, S
   Cattolico, L
   Pelletier, E
   Couloux, A
   Segurens, B
   Wincker, P
   D'Hont, A
   Scarpelli, C
   Weissenbach, J
   Salanoubat, M
   Quetier, F
   Yu, Y
   Kim, HR
   Rambo, T
   Currie, J
   Collura, K
   Luo, MZ
   Yang, TJ
   Ammiraju, JSS
   Engler, F
   Soderlund, C
   Wing, RA
   Palmer, LE
   de la Bastide, M
   Spiegel, L
   Nascimento, L
   Zutavern, T
   O'Shaughnessy, A
   Dike, S
   Dedhia, N
   Preston, R
   Balija, V
   McCombie, WR
   Chow, TY
   Chen, HH
   Chung, MC
   Chen, CS
   Shaw, JF
   Wu, HP
   Hsiao, KJ
   Chao, YT
   Chu, MK
   Cheng, CH
   Hour, AL
   Lee, PF
   Lin, SJ
   Lin, YC
   Liou, JY
   Liu, SM
   Hsing, YI
   Raghuvanshi, S
   Mohanty, A
   Bharti, AK
   Gaur, A
   Gupta, V
   Kumar, D
   Ravi, V
   Vij, S
   Kapur, A
   Khurana, P
   Khurana, P
   Khurana, JP
   Tyagi, AK
   Gaikwad, K
   Singh, A
   Dalal, V
   Srivastava, S
   Dixit, A
   Pal, AK
   Ghazi, IA
   Yadav, M
   Pandit, A
   Bhargava, A
   Sureshbabu, K
   Batra, K
   Sharma, TR
   Mohapatra, T
   Singh, NK
   Messing, J
   Nelson, AB
   Fuks, G
   Kavchok, S
   Keizer, G
   Llaca, ELV
   Song, RT
   Tanyolac, B
   Young, S
   Il, KH
   Hahn, JH
   Sangsakoo, G
   Vanavichit, A
   de Mattos, LAT
   Zimmer, PD
   Malone, G
   Dellagostin, O
   de Oliveira, AC
   Bevan, M
   Bancroft, I
   Minx, P
   Cordum, H
   Wilson, R
   Cheng, ZK
   Jin, WW
   Jiang, JM
   Leong, SA
   Iwama, H
   Gojobori, T
   Itoh, T
   Niimura, Y
   Fujii, Y
   Habara, T
   Sakai, H
   Sato, Y
   Wilson, G
   Kumar, K
   McCouch, S
   Juretic, N
   Hoen, D
   Wright, S
   Bruskiewich, R
   Bureau, T
   Miyao, A
   Hirochika, H
   Nishikawa, T
   Kadowaki, K
   Sugiura, M
AF Matsumoto, T
   Wu, JZ
   Kanamori, H
   Katayose, Y
   Fujisawa, M
   Namiki, N
   Mizuno, H
   Yamamoto, K
   Antonio, BA
   Baba, T
   Sakata, K
   Nagamura, Y
   Aoki, H
   Arikawa, K
   Arita, K
   Bito, T
   Chiden, Y
   Fujitsuka, N
   Fukunaka, R
   Hamada, M
   Harada, C
   Hayashi, A
   Hijishita, S
   Honda, M
   Hosokawa, S
   Ichikawa, Y
   Idonuma, A
   Iijima, M
   Ikeda, M
   Ikeno, M
   Ito, K
   Ito, S
   Ito, T
   Ito, Y
   Ito, Y
   Iwabuchi, A
   Kamiya, K
   Karasawa, W
   Kurita, K
   Katagiri, S
   Kikuta, A
   Kobayashi, H
   Kobayashi, N
   Machita, K
   Maehara, T
   Masukawa, M
   Mizubayashi, T
   Mukai, Y
   Nagasaki, H
   Nagata, Y
   Naito, S
   Nakashima, M
   Nakama, Y
   Nakamichi, Y
   Nakamura, M
   Meguro, A
   Negishi, M
   Ohta, I
   Ohta, T
   Okamoto, M
   Ono, N
   Saji, S
   Sakaguchi, M
   Sakai, K
   Shibata, M
   Shimokawa, T
   Song, JY
   Takazaki, Y
   Terasawa, K
   Tsugane, M
   Tsuji, K
   Ueda, S
   Waki, K
   Yamagata, H
   Yamamoto, M
   Yamamoto, S
   Yamane, H
   Yoshiki, S
   Yoshihara, R
   Yukawa, K
   Zhong, HS
   Yano, M
   Sasaki, T
   Yuan, QP
   Shu, OT
   Liu, J
   Jones, KM
   Gansberger, K
   Moffat, K
   Hill, J
   Bera, J
   Fadrosh, D
   Jin, SH
   Johri, S
   Kim, M
   Overton, L
   Reardon, M
   Tsitrin, T
   Vuong, H
   Weaver, B
   Ciecko, A
   Tallon, L
   Jackson, J
   Pai, G
   Van Aken, S
   Utterback, T
   Reidmuller, S
   Feldblyum, T
   Hsiao, J
   Zismann, V
   Iobst, S
   de Vazeille, AR
   Buell, CR
   Ying, K
   Li, Y
   Lu, TT
   Huang, YC
   Zhao, Q
   Feng, Q
   Zhang, L
   Zhu, JJ
   Weng, QJ
   Mu, J
   Lu, YQ
   Fan, DL
   Liu, YL
   Guan, JP
   Zhang, YJ
   Yu, SL
   Liu, XH
   Zhang, Y
   Hong, GF
   Han, B
   Choisne, N
   Demange, N
   Orjeda, G
   Samain, S
   Cattolico, L
   Pelletier, E
   Couloux, A
   Segurens, B
   Wincker, P
   D'Hont, A
   Scarpelli, C
   Weissenbach, J
   Salanoubat, M
   Quetier, F
   Yu, Y
   Kim, HR
   Rambo, T
   Currie, J
   Collura, K
   Luo, MZ
   Yang, TJ
   Ammiraju, JSS
   Engler, F
   Soderlund, C
   Wing, RA
   Palmer, LE
   de la Bastide, M
   Spiegel, L
   Nascimento, L
   Zutavern, T
   O'Shaughnessy, A
   Dike, S
   Dedhia, N
   Preston, R
   Balija, V
   McCombie, WR
   Chow, TY
   Chen, HH
   Chung, MC
   Chen, CS
   Shaw, JF
   Wu, HP
   Hsiao, KJ
   Chao, YT
   Chu, MK
   Cheng, CH
   Hour, AL
   Lee, PF
   Lin, SJ
   Lin, YC
   Liou, JY
   Liu, SM
   Hsing, YI
   Raghuvanshi, S
   Mohanty, A
   Bharti, AK
   Gaur, A
   Gupta, V
   Kumar, D
   Ravi, V
   Vij, S
   Kapur, A
   Khurana, P
   Khurana, P
   Khurana, JP
   Tyagi, AK
   Gaikwad, K
   Singh, A
   Dalal, V
   Srivastava, S
   Dixit, A
   Pal, AK
   Ghazi, IA
   Yadav, M
   Pandit, A
   Bhargava, A
   Sureshbabu, K
   Batra, K
   Sharma, TR
   Mohapatra, T
   Singh, NK
   Messing, J
   Nelson, AB
   Fuks, G
   Kavchok, S
   Keizer, G
   Llaca, ELV
   Song, RT
   Tanyolac, B
   Young, S
   Il, KH
   Hahn, JH
   Sangsakoo, G
   Vanavichit, A
   de Mattos, LAT
   Zimmer, PD
   Malone, G
   Dellagostin, O
   de Oliveira, AC
   Bevan, M
   Bancroft, I
   Minx, P
   Cordum, H
   Wilson, R
   Cheng, ZK
   Jin, WW
   Jiang, JM
   Leong, SA
   Iwama, H
   Gojobori, T
   Itoh, T
   Niimura, Y
   Fujii, Y
   Habara, T
   Sakai, H
   Sato, Y
   Wilson, G
   Kumar, K
   McCouch, S
   Juretic, N
   Hoen, D
   Wright, S
   Bruskiewich, R
   Bureau, T
   Miyao, A
   Hirochika, H
   Nishikawa, T
   Kadowaki, K
   Sugiura, M
TI The map-based sequence of the rice genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oryza-sativa l.; arabidopsis-thaliana; transposable elements; draft sequence; japonica rice; genes; annotation; centromere; micrornas; indica
AB Rice, one of the world's most important food plants, has important syntenic relationships with the other cereal species and is a model plant for the grasses. Here we present a map-based, finished quality sequence that covers 95% of the 389 Mb genome, including virtually all of the euchromatin and two complete centromeres. A total of 37,544 non-transposable-element-related protein-coding genes were identified, of which 71% had a putative homologue in Arabidopsis. In a reciprocal analysis, 90% of the Arabidopsis proteins had a putative homologue in the predicted rice proteome. Twenty-nine per cent of the 37,544 predicted genes appear in clustered gene families. The number and classes of transposable elements found in the rice genome are consistent with the expansion of syntenic regions in the maize and sorghum genomes. We find evidence for widespread and recurrent gene transfer from the organelles to the nuclear chromosomes. The map-based sequence has proven useful for the identification of genes underlying agronomic traits. The additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms and simple sequence repeats identified in our study should accelerate improvements in rice production.
C1 Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Inst Soc Techno Innovat Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
   Inst Genome Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Biol Sci, Shanghai 200233, Peoples R China.
   Ctr Natl Sequencage, INRA URGV, CNRS UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   UMR PIA, Cirad Amis, F-34398 Montpellier 05, France.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, BIO5 Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11723 USA.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Bot, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
   Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
   Natl Yang Ming Univ, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
   Univ Delhi, Dept Plant Mol Biol, New Delhi 110021, India.
   Indian Agr Res Inst, Natl Res Ctr Plant Biotechnol, New Delhi 110012, India.
   Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Natl Inst Agr Sci & Technol, RDA, Suwon 441707, South Korea.
   Kasetsart Univ, Rice Gene Unit, Nakron Pathom 73140, Thailand.
   Univ Fed Pelotas, Ctr Genom & Fitomelhoramento, BR-96001970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Washington Univ, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Informat Biol, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, DNA Data Bank Japan, Mishima, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Biol Informat Res Ctr, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Med Res, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138510, Japan.
   Japan Biol informat Consortium, Japan Biol Informat Res Ctr, Koto Ku, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   York Univ, Dept Biol, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
   Int Rice Res Inst, Biometr & Bioinformat Unit, Manila, Philippines.
   Nagoya City Univ, Grad Sch Nat Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4678501, Japan.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; J. Craig Venter Institute; Chinese Academy of Sciences; INRAE; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); CIRAD; University of Arizona; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; National Cheng Kung University; National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; University of Delhi; Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR); ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute; ICAR - National Institute For Plant Biotechnology (NIPB); Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea; Kasetsart University; Universidade Federal de Pelotas; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Cornell University; McGill University; York University - Canada; CGIAR; International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Nagoya City University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Sasaki, T (corresponding author), Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Inst Soc Techno Innovat Agr Forestry & Fisheries, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
EM tsasaki@nias.affrc.go.jp
NR 50
TC 2861
Z9 7399
U1 7
U2 795
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 793
EP 800
DI 10.1038/nature03895
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500034
PM 16100779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mclaughlin, AC
   Sher, F
   Attfield, JP
AF Mclaughlin, AC
   Sher, F
   Attfield, JP
TI RETRACTED: Negative lattice expansion from the superconductivity-antiferromagnetism crossover in ruthenium copper oxides (Retracted Article. See vol 437, pg 1057, 2005)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID coexistence; transition
AB The mechanism of high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity in doped copper oxides is an enduring problem. Antiferromagnetism is established as the competing order(1,2), but the relationship between the two states in the intervening 'pseudogap' regime has become a central puzzle(3). The role of the crystal lattice, which is important in conventional superconductors, also remains unclear. Here we report an anomalous increase of the distance between copper oxide planes on cooling, which results in negative thermal volume expansion, for layered ruthenium copper oxides(4,5) that have been doped to the boundary of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity. We propose that a crossover between these states is driven by spin ordering in the ruthenium oxide layers, revealing a novel mechanism for negative lattice expansion in solids. The differences in volume and lattice strain between the distinct superconducting and antiferromagnetic states can account for the phase segregation phenomena found extensively in low-doped copper oxides, and show that Cooper pair formation is coupled to the lattice. Unusually large variations of resistivity with magnetic field are found in these ruthenium copper oxides at low temperatures through coupling between the ordered Ru and Cu spins.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Sci Extreme Condit, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Chem, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Chem, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   PIEAS, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Aberdeen; University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge; Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Science
RP Attfield, JP (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Sci Extreme Condit, Kings Bldg,Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM j.p.attfield@ed.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 39
Z9 41
U1 2
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature03828
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500041
PM 16094364
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gordon, MD
   Dionne, MS
   Schneider, DS
   Nusse, R
AF Gordon, MD
   Dionne, MS
   Schneider, DS
   Nusse, R
TI WntD is a feedback inhibitor of Dorsal/NF-κB in Drosophila development and immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; nuclear import; toll; host; activation; protein; embryo; gene; melanogaster; morphogen
AB Regulating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) family of transcription factors is of critical importance to animals, with consequences of misregulation that include cancer, chronic inflammatory diseases and developmental defects(1). Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have proved fruitful in determining the signals used to control NF-kappa B proteins, beginning with the discovery that the Toll/NF-kappa B pathway, in addition to patterning the dorsal - ventral axis of the fly embryo, defines a major component of the innate immune response in both Drosophila and mammals(2,3). Here, we characterize the Drosophila wntD (Wnt inhibitor of Dorsal) gene. We show that WntD acts as a feedback inhibitor of the NF-kappa B homologue Dorsal during both embryonic patterning and the innate immune response to infection. wntD expression is under the control of Toll/Dorsal signalling, and increased levels of WntD block Dorsal nuclear accumulation, even in the absence of the I kappa B homologue Cactus. The WntD signal is independent of the common Wnt signalling component Armadillo (beta-catenin). By engineering a gene knockout, we show that wntD loss-of-function mutants have immune defects and exhibit increased levels of Toll/Dorsal signalling. Furthermore, the wntD mutant phenotype is suppressed by loss of zygotic dorsal. These results describe the first secreted feedback antagonist of Toll signalling, and demonstrate a novel Wnt activity in the fly.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
RP Nusse, R (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM rnusse@stanford.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI053080] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 132
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 746
EP 749
DI 10.1038/nature04073
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900055
PM 16107793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kinoshita, T
   Caño-Delgado, AC
   Seto, H
   Hiranuma, S
   Fujioka, S
   Yoshida, S
   Chory, J
AF Kinoshita, T
   Caño-Delgado, AC
   Seto, H
   Hiranuma, S
   Fujioka, S
   Yoshida, S
   Chory, J
TI Binding of brassinosteroids to the extracellular domain of plant receptor kinase BRI1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; gene-expression; crystal-structure; arabidopsis; protein; perception; mutants; pathway
AB Both animals and plants use steroids as signalling molecules during growth and development. Animal steroids are principally recognized by members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors(1). In plants, BRI1, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase localized to the plasma membrane, is a critical component of a receptor complex for brassinosteroids(2,3). Here, we present the first evidence for direct binding of active brassinosteroids to BRI1 using a biotin-tagged photoaffinity castasterone (BPCS), a biosynthetic precursor of brassinolide (the most active of the brassinosteroids). Binding studies using BPCS, H-3-labelled brassinolide and recombinant BRI1 fragments show that the minimal binding domain for brassinosteroids consists of a 70-amino acid island domain (ID) located between LRR21 and LRR22 in the extracellular domain of BRI1, together with the carboxy-terminal flanking LRR (ID-LRR22). Our results demonstrate that brassinosteroids bind directly to the 94 amino acids comprising ID-LRR22 in the extracellular domain of BRI1, and define a new binding domain for steroid hormones.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8108560, Japan.
   RIKEN, Plant Funct Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   RIKEN, Plant Sci Ctr, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; Kyushu University; RIKEN; RIKEN
RP Chory, J (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM chory@salk.edu
NR 27
TC 522
Z9 607
U1 5
U2 161
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 167
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature03227
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200040
PM 15650741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gagnon, K
   Chadwell, CD
   Norabuena, E
AF Gagnon, K
   Chadwell, CD
   Norabuena, E
TI Measuring the onset of locking in the Peru-Chile trench with GPS and acoustic measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nazca-south america; plate velocity; earthquakes; japan; updip; zone
AB The subduction zone off the west coast of South America marks the convergence of the oceanic Nazca plate and the continental South America plate. Nazca - South America convergence over the past 23 million years has created the 6-km-deep Peru - Chile trench, 150 km offshore. High pressure between the plates creates a locked zone, leading to deformation of the overriding plate. The surface area of this locked zone is thought to control the magnitude of co-seismic release and is limited by pressure, temperature, sediment type and fluid content(1). Here we present seafloor deformation data from the submerged South America plate obtained from a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and acoustic transponders. We estimate that the measured horizontal surface motion perpendicular to the trench is consistent with a model having no slip along the thrust fault between 2 and 40 km depth. A tsunami in 1996, 200 km north of our site, was interpreted as being the result of an anomalously shallow interplate earthquake(2). Seismic coupling at shallow depths, such as we observe, may explain why co-seismic events in the Peruvian subduction zone create large tsunamis.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Miami, Geodesy Dept, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Miami
RP Chadwell, CD (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM cchadwell@ucsd.edu
NR 26
TC 175
Z9 199
U1 2
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 205
EP 208
DI 10.1038/nature03412
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500042
PM 15758997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bundock, P
   Hooykaas, P
AF Bundock, P
   Hooykaas, P
TI An Arabidopsis hAT-like transposase is essential for plant development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding domain; proteins; elements; finger; gene; fhy3
AB A significant proportion of the genomes of higher plants and vertebrates consists of transposable elements and their derivatives. Autonomous DNA type transposons encode a transposase that enables them to mobilize to a new chromosomal position in the host genome by a cut-and-paste mechanism. As this is potentially mutagenic, the host limits transposition through epigenetic gene silencing and heterochromatin formation. Here we show that a transposase from Arabidopsis thaliana that we named DAYSLEEPER is essential for normal plant growth; it shares several characteristics with the hAT ( hobo, Activator, Tam3) family of transposases(1). DAYSLEEPER was isolated as a factor binding to a motif (Kubox1) present in the upstream region of the Arabidopsis DNA repair gene Ku70 ( refs 2, 3). This motif is also present in the upstream regions of many other plant genes. Plants lacking DAYSLEEPER or strongly overexpressing this gene do not develop in a normal manner. Furthermore, DAYSLEEPER overexpression results in the altered expression of many genes. Our data indicate that transposase-like genes can be essential for plant development and can also regulate global gene expression. Thus, transposases can become domesticated by the host to fulfil important cellular functions.
C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Biol, NL-2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP Hooykaas, P (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Inst Biol, Wassenaarseweg 64, NL-2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands.
EM hooykaas@rulbim.leidenuniv.nl
NR 16
TC 122
Z9 154
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 282
EP 284
DI 10.1038/nature03667
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500046
PM 16015335
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grisendi, S
   Bernardi, R
   Rossi, M
   Cheng, K
   Khandker, L
   Manova, K
   Pandolfi, PP
AF Grisendi, S
   Bernardi, R
   Rossi, M
   Cheng, K
   Khandker, L
   Manova, K
   Pandolfi, PP
TI Role of nucleophosmin in embryonic development and tumorigenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor protein; leukemia; gene; npm; chromosome-5; inhibition; fusion; arf
AB Nucleophosmin ( also known as NPM, B23, NO38) is a nucleolar protein directly implicated in cancer pathogenesis, as the NPM1 gene is found mutated and rearranged in a number of haematological disorders(1-5). Furthermore, the region of chromosome 5 to which NPM1 maps is deleted in a proportion of de novo human myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)(6-9), and loss of chromosome 5 is extremely frequent in therapy-related MDS9,10. NPM is a multifunctional protein(11-15), and its role in oncogenesis is controversial as NPM has been attributed with both oncogenic and tumour suppressive functions(16-19). To study the function of Npm in vivo, we generated a hypomorphic Npm1 mutant series (Npm1(+/-) < Npm1(hy/ hy) < Npm1(-/-)) in mouse. Here we report that Npm is essential for embryonic development and the maintenance of genomic stability. Npm1(-/-) and Npm1(hy/hy) mutants have aberrant organogenesis and die between embryonic day E11.5 and E16.5 owing to severe anaemia resulting from defects in primitive haematopoiesis. We show that Npm1 inactivation leads to unrestricted centrosome duplication and genomic instability. We demonstrate that Npm is haploinsufficient in the control of genetic stability and that Npm1 heterozygosity accelerates oncogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, Npm1(+/-) mice develop a haematological syndrome with features of human MDS. Our findings uncover an essential developmental role for Npm and implicate its functional loss in tumorigenesis and MDS pathogenesis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Med, Lab Cellular Immunobiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Mol Cytol Core Facil, Dev Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Pandolfi, PP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM p-pandolfi@ski.mskcc.org
NR 30
TC 466
Z9 556
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 147
EP 153
DI 10.1038/nature03915
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400059
PM 16007073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawano, F
   Terasaki, I
   Mori, H
   Mori, T
   Watanabe, M
   Ikeda, N
   Nogami, Y
   Noda, Y
AF Sawano, F
   Terasaki, I
   Mori, H
   Mori, T
   Watanabe, M
   Ikeda, N
   Nogami, Y
   Noda, Y
TI An organic thyristor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID state; conductors
AB Thyristors are a class of nonlinear electronic device that exhibit bistable resistance - that is, they can be switched between two different conductance states(1). Thyristors are widely used as inverters ( direct to alternating current converters) and for the smooth control of power in a variety of applications such as motors and refrigerators. Materials and structures that exhibit nonlinear resistance of this sort are not only useful for practical applications: they also provide systems for exploring fundamental aspects of solid- state and statistical physics. Here we report the discovery of a giant nonlinear resistance effect in the conducting organic salt(2) theta- ( BEDT- TTF) 2CsCo( SCN)(4), the voltage- current characteristics of which are essentially the same as those of a conventional thyristor. This intrinsic organic thyristor works as an inverter, generating an alternating current when a static direct- current voltage is applied. Whereas conventional thyristors consist of a series of diodes ( their nonlinearity comes from interface effects at the p- n junctions), the present salt exhibits giant nonlinear resistance as a bulk phenomenon. We attribute the origin of this effect to the current-induced melting of insulating charge- order domains, an intrinsically non- equilibrium phenomenon in the sense that ordered domains are melted by a steady flow.
C1 Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan.
   Inst Solid State Phys, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778581, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Organ & Polymer Mat, Tokyo 1528552, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Multidisciplinary Res Adv Mat, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
   Okayama Univ, Grad Sch Nat Sci & Technol, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
C3 Waseda University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Tohoku University; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Okayama University
RP Terasaki, I (corresponding author), Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1698555, Japan.
EM terra@waseda.jp
NR 13
TC 188
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/nature04087
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800043
PM 16177784
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gore, AV
   Maegawa, S
   Cheong, A
   Gilligan, PC
   Weinberg, ES
   Sampath, K
AF Gore, AV
   Maegawa, S
   Cheong, A
   Gilligan, PC
   Weinberg, ES
   Sampath, K
TI The zebrafish dorsal axis is apparent at the four-cell stage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nodal-related genes; drosophila oogenesis; xenopus embryos; specification; organizer; expression; signals; squint; layer; fish
AB A central question in the development of multicellular organisms pertains to the timing and mechanisms of specification of the embryonic axes. In many organisms, specification of the dorsoventral axis requires signalling by proteins of the Transforming growth factor-beta and Wnt families(1-3). Here we show that maternal transcripts of the zebrafish Nodal-related morphogen, Squint (Sqt), can localize to two blastomeres at the four-cell stage and predict the dorsal axis. Removal of cells containing sqt transcripts from four-to-eight-cell embryos or injection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotides targeting sqt into oocytes can cause a loss of dorsal structures. Localization of sqt transcripts is independent of maternal Wnt pathway function and requires a highly conserved sequence in the 3' untranslated region. Thus, the dorsoventral axis is apparent by early cleavage stages and may require the maternally encoded morphogen Sqt and its associated factors. Because the 3' untranslated region of the human nodal gene can also localize exogenous sequences to dorsal cells, this mechanism may be evolutionarily conserved.
C1 Temasek Life Sci Lab, Vertebrate Dev Grp, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Biol Sci, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
   Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 National University of Singapore; University of Pennsylvania
RP Sampath, K (corresponding author), Temasek Life Sci Lab, Vertebrate Dev Grp, 1 Res Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
EM karuna@tll.org.sg
NR 30
TC 109
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1030
EP 1035
DI 10.1038/nature04184
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600070
PM 16355228
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silk, JB
   Brosnan, SF
   Vonk, J
   Henrich, J
   Povinelli, DJ
   Richardson, AS
   Lambeth, SP
   Mascaro, J
   Schapiro, SJ
AF Silk, JB
   Brosnan, SF
   Vonk, J
   Henrich, J
   Povinelli, DJ
   Richardson, AS
   Lambeth, SP
   Mascaro, J
   Schapiro, SJ
TI Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID affiliation; inequity; kinship
AB Humans are an unusually prosocial species - we vote, give blood, recycle, give tithes and punish violators of social norms. Experimental evidence indicates that people willingly incur costs to help strangers in anonymous one-shot interactions(1,2), and that altruistic behaviour is motivated, at least in part, by empathy and concern for the welfare of others ( hereafter referred to as other-regarding preferences)(1-3). In contrast, cooperative behaviour in non-human primates is mainly limited to kin and reciprocating partners, and is virtually never extended to unfamiliar individuals(4). Here we present experimental tests of the existence of other-regarding preferences in non-human primates, and show that chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) do not take advantage of opportunities to deliver benefits to familiar individuals at no material cost to themselves, suggesting that chimpanzee behaviour is not motivated by other-regarding preferences. Chimpanzees are among the primates most likely to demonstrate prosocial behaviours. They participate in a variety of collective activities, including territorial patrols, coalitionary aggression, cooperative hunting, food sharing and joint mate guarding(5-12). Consolation of victims of aggression(13) and anecdotal accounts of solicitous treatment of injured individuals suggest that chimpanzees may feel empathy(14,15). Chimpanzees sometimes reject exchanges in which they receive less valuable rewards than others, which may be one element of a 'sense of fairness', but there is no evidence that they are averse to interactions in which they benefit more than others(16-18).
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Anthropol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Anthropol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Michale E Keeling Ctr Comparat Med & Res, Bastrop, TX 78602 USA.
   Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Cognit Evolut Grp, New Iberia, LA 70560 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Emory University; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Louisiana Lafayette
RP Silk, JB (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Anthropol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM jsilk@anthro.ucla.edu
NR 29
TC 362
Z9 410
U1 1
U2 184
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1357
EP 1359
DI 10.1038/nature04243
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100054
PM 16251965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Govindarajulu, M
   Pfeffer, PE
   Jin, HR
   Abubaker, J
   Douds, DD
   Allen, JW
   Bücking, H
   Lammers, PJ
   Shachar-Hill, Y
AF Govindarajulu, M
   Pfeffer, PE
   Jin, HR
   Abubaker, J
   Douds, DD
   Allen, JW
   Bücking, H
   Lammers, PJ
   Shachar-Hill, Y
TI Nitrogen transfer in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fungus glomus-intraradices; in-vitro; gene-expression; transport; carbon; assimilation; roots; metabolism; translocation; carbohydrate
AB Most land plants are symbiotic with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which take up mineral nutrients from the soil and exchange them with plants for photosynthetically fixed carbon. This exchange is a significant factor in global nutrient cycles(1) as well as in the ecology(2), evolution(3) and physiology(4) of plants. Despite its importance as a nutrient, very little is known about how AMF take up nitrogen and transfer it to their host plants(5). Here we report the results of stable isotope labelling experiments showing that inorganic nitrogen taken up by the fungus outside the roots is incorporated into amino acids, translocated from the extraradical to the intraradical mycelium as arginine, but transferred to the plant without carbon. Consistent with this mechanism, the genes of primary nitrogen assimilation are preferentially expressed in the extraradical tissues, whereas genes associated with arginine breakdown are more highly expressed in the intraradical mycelium. Strong changes in the expression of these genes in response to nitrogen availability and form also support the operation of this novel metabolic pathway in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
   ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 New Mexico State University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Michigan State University
RP Lammers, PJ (corresponding author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
EM ppfeffer@arserrc.gov; plammers@nmsu.edu
NR 30
TC 762
Z9 926
U1 11
U2 665
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 819
EP 823
DI 10.1038/nature03610
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700051
PM 15944705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanderson, WC
   Scherbov, S
AF Sanderson, WC
   Scherbov, S
TI Average remaining lifetimes can increase as human populations age
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID social-security; death; life; demography; longevity; savings; time
AB Increases in median ages, the most commonly used measure of population ageing(1,2), are rapid in today's wealthier countries(2,3), and population ageing is widely considered to be a significant challenge to the well-being of citizens there(4). Conventional measures of age count years since birth; however, as lives lengthen, we need to think of age also in terms of years left until death or in proportion to the expanding lifespan. Here we propose a new measure of ageing: the median age of the population standardized for expected remaining years of life. We show, using historical data and forecasts for Germany, Japan and the United States, that although these populations will be growing older, as measured by their median ages, they will probably experience periods in which they grow younger, as measured by their standardized median ages. Furthermore, we provide forecasts for these countries of the old-age dependency ratio rescaled for increases in life expectancy at birth(5). These ratios are forecasted to change much less than their unscaled counterparts, and also exhibit periods when the population is effectively growing younger.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Econ & Hist, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, World Populat Project, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
   Vienna Inst Demog, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
RP Sanderson, WC (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Econ & Hist, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM wsanderson@notes.cc.sunysb.edu
NR 19
TC 124
Z9 155
U1 2
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 811
EP 813
DI 10.1038/nature03593
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700049
PM 15944703
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, T
   Newman, JA
   Silverman, BW
   Turner, SL
   Lilley, AK
AF Bell, T
   Newman, JA
   Silverman, BW
   Turner, SL
   Lilley, AK
TI The contribution of species richness and composition to bacterial services
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microbial community structure; terrestrial ecosystem; current knowledge; biodiversity; diversity; soil; productivity; ecology
AB Bacterial communities provide important services. They break down pollutants, municipal waste and ingested food, and they are the primary means by which organic matter is recycled to plants and other autotrophs. However, the processes that determine the rate at which these services are supplied are only starting to be identified. Biodiversity influences the way in which ecosystems function(1), but the form of the relationship between bacterial biodiversity and functioning remains poorly understood. Here we describe a manipulative experiment that measured how biodiversity affects the functioning of communities containing up to 72 bacterial species constructed from a collection of naturally occurring culturable bacteria. The experimental design allowed us to manipulate large numbers of bacterial species selected at random from those that were culturable. We demonstrate that there is a decelerating relationship between community respiration and increasing bacterial diversity. We also show that both synergistic interactions among bacterial species and the composition of the bacterial community are important in determining the level of ecosystem functioning.
C1 NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Mol Microbial Ecol Grp, Oxford OX1 3SR, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   St Peters Coll, Oxford, England.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
C3 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Guelph
RP Lilley, AK (corresponding author), NERC, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Mol Microbial Ecol Grp, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SR, England.
EM akl@ceh.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 737
Z9 885
U1 5
U2 550
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1157
EP 1160
DI 10.1038/nature03891
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600046
PM 16121181
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aldaz, H
   Rice, LM
   Stearns, T
   Agard, DA
AF Aldaz, H
   Rice, LM
   Stearns, T
   Agard, DA
TI Insights into microtubule nucleation from the crystal structure of human γ-tubulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-beta-tubulin
AB Microtubules are hollow polymers of alpha beta-tubulin that show GTP-dependent assembly dynamics and comprise a critical part of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Initiation of new microtubules in vivo requires gamma-tubulin, organized as an oligomer within the 2.2-MDa gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC) of higher eukaryotes(1-3). Structural insight is lacking regarding gamma-tubulin, its oligomerization and how it promotes microtubule assembly. Here we report the 2.7-angstrom crystal structure of human gamma-tubulin bound to GTP-gamma S ( a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue). We observe a 'curved' conformation for gamma-tubulin -GTP gamma S, similar to that seen for GDP-bound, unpolymerized alpha beta-tubulin(4). Tubulins are thought to represent a distinct class of GTP-binding proteins, and conformational switching in gamma-tubulin might differ from the nucleotide-dependent switching of signalling GTPases. A crystal packing interaction replicates the lateral contacts between alpha- and beta-tubulins in the microtubule(5), and this association probably forms the basis for gamma-tubulin oligomerization within the gamma-TuRC. Laterally associated gamma-tubulins in the gamma-TuRC might promote microtubule nucleation by providing a template that enhances the intrinsically weak lateral interaction between alpha beta-tubulin heterodimers. Because they are dimeric, alpha beta-tubulins cannot form microtubule-like lateral associations in the curved conformation(5). The lateral array of gamma-tubulins we observe in the crystal reveals a unique functional property of a monomeric tubulin.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Stanford University
RP Agard, DA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM agard@msg.ucsf.edu
NR 15
TC 150
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/nature03586
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800060
PM 15917813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nybakken, GE
   Oliphant, T
   Johnson, S
   Burke, S
   Diamond, MS
   Fremont, DH
AF Nybakken, GE
   Oliphant, T
   Johnson, S
   Burke, S
   Diamond, MS
   Fremont, DH
TI Structural basis of West Nile virus neutralization by a therapeutic antibody
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dengue virus; envelope protein; encephalitis-virus; membrane-fusion; domain-iii; disseminated infection; monoclonal-antibody; binding; cells; glycoprotein
AB West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to the human epidemic-causing dengue, yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses(1). In establishing infection these icosahedral viruses undergo endosomal membrane fusion catalysed by envelope glycoprotein rearrangement of the putative receptor-binding domain III (DIII) and exposure of the hydrophobic fusion loop(2-4). Humoral immunity has an essential protective function early in the course of West Nile virus infection(5,6). Here, we investigate the mechanism of neutralization by the E16 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds DIII. Structurally, the E16 antibody Fab fragment engages 16 residues positioned on four loops of DIII, a consensus neutralizing epitope sequence conserved in West Nile virus and distinct in other flaviviruses. The E16 epitope protrudes from the surface of mature virions in three distinct environments(7), and docking studies predict Fab binding will leave fivefold clustered epitopes exposed. We also show that E16 inhibits infection primarily at a step after viral attachment, potentially by blocking envelope glycoprotein conformational changes. Collectively, our results suggest that a vaccine strategy targeting the dominant DIII epitope may elicit safe and effective immune responses against flaviviral diseases.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   MacroGenics, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); MacroGenics, Inc.
RP Fremont, DH (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM Fremont@wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 298
Z9 391
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 764
EP 768
DI 10.1038/nature03956
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900059
PM 16193056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCloskey, J
   Nalbant, SS
   Steacy, S
AF McCloskey, J
   Nalbant, SS
   Steacy, S
TI Indonesian earthqauake: Earthquake risk from co-seismic stress.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fault; sea
C1 Univ Ulster, Sch Environm Sci, Coleraine BT52 1SA, County Derry, North Ireland.
C3 Ulster University
RP McCloskey, J (corresponding author), Univ Ulster, Sch Environm Sci, Coleraine BT52 1SA, County Derry, North Ireland.
EM j.mccloskey@ulster.ac.uk
NR 9
TC 174
Z9 207
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 291
EP 291
DI 10.1038/434291a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100028
PM 15772639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schulze, ED
   Freibauer, A
AF Schulze, ED
   Freibauer, A
TI Environmental science - Carbon unlocked from soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cropland soils; storage; budget
C1 Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Schulze, ED (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, POB 100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
EM Detlef.Schulze@bgc-jena.mpg.de
NR 13
TC 99
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 205
EP 206
DI 10.1038/437205a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900039
PM 16148922
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sambashivan, S
   Liu, YS
   Sawaya, MR
   Gingery, M
   Eisenberg, D
AF Sambashivan, S
   Liu, YS
   Sawaya, MR
   Gingery, M
   Eisenberg, D
TI Amyloid-like fibrils of ribonuclease A with three-dimensional domain-swapped and native-like structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disulfide bridges; core structure; cystatin-c; protein; aggregation; fibers; model
AB Amyloid or amyloid-like fibrils are elongated, insoluble protein aggregates, formed in vivo(1) in association with neurodegenerative diseases or in vitro(2) from soluble native proteins, respectively. The underlying structure of the fibrillar or 'cross-beta' state has presented long-standing, fundamental puzzles of protein structure. These include whether fibril-forming proteins have two structurally distinct stable states, native and fibrillar, and whether all or only part of the native protein refolds as it converts to the fibrillar state. Here we show that a designed amyloid-like fibril of the well-characterized enzyme RNase A contains native-like molecules capable of enzymatic activity. In addition, these functional molecular units are formed from a core RNase A domain and a swapped complementary domain. These findings are consistent with the zipper-spine model(3) in which a cross-beta spine is decorated with three-dimensional domain-swapped functional units, retaining native-like structure.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, UCLA DOE Inst Genom & Proteom, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Eisenberg, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Med Inst, UCLA DOE Inst Genom & Proteom, Box 951570, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM david@mbi.ucla.edu
NR 26
TC 226
Z9 252
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 266
EP 269
DI 10.1038/nature03916
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900058
PM 16148936
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ikeda, N
   Ohsumi, H
   Ohwada, K
   Ishii, K
   Inami, T
   Kakurai, K
   Murakami, Y
   Yoshii, K
   Mori, S
   Horibe, Y
   Kitô, H
AF Ikeda, N
   Ohsumi, H
   Ohwada, K
   Ishii, K
   Inami, T
   Kakurai, K
   Murakami, Y
   Yoshii, K
   Mori, S
   Horibe, Y
   Kitô, H
TI Ferroelectricity from iron valence ordering in the charge-frustrated system LuFe2O4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Ferroelectric materials are widely used in modern electric devices such as memory elements, filtering devices and high-performance insulators. Ferroelectric crystals have a spontaneous electric polarization arising from the coherent arrangement of electric dipoles(1) ( specifically, a polar displacement of anions and cations). First-principles calculations(2,3) and electron density analysis(4) of ferroelectric materials have revealed that the covalent bond between the anions and cations, or the orbital hybridization of electrons on both ions, plays a key role in establishing the dipolar arrangement. However, an alternative model - electronic ferroelectricity(5) - has been proposed in which the electric dipole depends on electron correlations, rather than the covalency. This would offer the attractive possibility of ferroelectric materials that could be controlled by the charge, spin and orbital degrees of freedom of the electron. Here we report experimental evidence for ferroelectricity arising from electron correlations in the triangular mixed valence oxide, LuFe2O4. Using resonant X-ray scattering measurements, we determine the ordering of the Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. They form a superstructure that supports an electric polarization consisting of distributed electrons of polar symmetry. The polar ordering arises from the repulsive property of electrons - electron correlations - acting on a frustrated geometry.
C1 SPring8, Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
   Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, SPring8, Synchrotron Radiat Res Ctr, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Osaka Prefecture Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Osaka 5998531, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058561, Japan.
C3 Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Tohoku University; Osaka Metropolitan University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Ikeda, N (corresponding author), SPring8, Japan Synchrotron Radiat Res Inst, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795198, Japan.
EM ikedan@spring8.or.jp
NR 16
TC 864
Z9 957
U1 6
U2 400
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1136
EP 1138
DI 10.1038/nature04039
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600040
PM 16121175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, IS
   Zuckerman, B
   Weinberger, AJ
   Becklin, EE
AF Song, IS
   Zuckerman, B
   Weinberger, AJ
   Becklin, EE
TI Extreme collisions between planetesimals as the origin of warm dust around a Sun-like star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicate; debris; spectroscopy; spectra; planets; search; comets; disks
AB The slow but persistent collisions between asteroids in our Solar System generate a tenuous cloud of dust known as the zodiacal light ( because of the light the dust reflects). In the young Solar System, such collisions were more common and the dust production rate should have been many times larger(1). Yet copious dust in the zodiacal region around stars much younger than the Sun has rarely been found(2). Dust is known to orbit around several hundred main-sequence stars(3), but this dust is cold and comes from a Kuiper-belt analogous region out beyond the orbit of Neptune. Despite many searches, only a few main-sequence stars reveal warm (> 120 K) dust analogous to zodiacal dust near the Earth(3-5). Signs of planet formation ( in the form of collisions between bodies) in the regions of stars corresponding to the orbits of the terrestrial planets in our Solar System have therefore been elusive. Here we report an exceptionally large amount of warm, small, silicate dust particles around the solar-type star BD+20 307 ( HIP 8920, SAO75016). The composition and quantity of dust could be explained by recent frequent or huge collisions between asteroids or other 'planetesimals' whose orbits are being perturbed by a nearby planet.
C1 Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Astrobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Song, IS (corresponding author), Gemini Observ, 670 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
EM song@gemini.edu
NR 28
TC 117
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 363
EP 365
DI 10.1038/nature03853
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400035
PM 16034411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sengupta, S
   Eavarone, D
   Capila, I
   Zhao, GL
   Watson, N
   Kiziltepe, T
   Sasisekharan, R
AF Sengupta, S
   Eavarone, D
   Capila, I
   Zhao, GL
   Watson, N
   Kiziltepe, T
   Sasisekharan, R
TI Temporal targeting of tumour cells and neovasculature with a nanoscale delivery system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiogenesis inhibitors; antiangiogenic therapy; hypoxia; vasculature; growth
AB In the continuing search for effective treatments for cancer, the emerging model is the combination of traditional chemotherapy with anti-angiogenesis agents(1) that inhibit blood vessel growth. However, the implementation of this strategy has faced two major obstacles. First, the long-term shutdown of tumour blood vessels by the anti-angiogenesis agent can prevent the tumour from receiving a therapeutic concentration of the chemotherapy agent. Second, inhibiting blood supply drives the intra-tumoural accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1-alpha); overexpression of HIF1-alpha is correlated with increased tumour invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapy(2-5). Here we report the disease-driven engineering of a drug delivery system, a 'nanocell', which overcomes these barriers unique to solid tumours. The nanocell comprises a nuclear nanoparticle within an extranuclear pegylated-lipid envelope, and is preferentially taken up by the tumour. The nanocell enables a temporal release of two drugs: the outer envelope first releases an anti-angiogenesis agent, causing a vascular shutdown; the inner nanoparticle, which is trapped inside the tumour, then releases a chemotherapy agent. This focal release within a tumour results in improved therapeutic index with reduced toxicity. The technology can be extended to additional agents, so as to target multiple signalling pathways or distinct tumour compartments, enabling the model of an 'integrative' approach in cancer therapy.
C1 MIT, Biol Engn Div, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
RP Sasisekharan, R (corresponding author), MIT, Biol Engn Div, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM rams@MIT.edu
NR 21
TC 813
Z9 956
U1 3
U2 385
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 568
EP 572
DI 10.1038/nature03794
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800064
PM 16049491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christie, AM
   Lilley, SJ
   Staunton, E
   Andreev, YG
   Bruce, PG
AF Christie, AM
   Lilley, SJ
   Staunton, E
   Andreev, YG
   Bruce, PG
TI Increasing the conductivity of crystalline polymer electrolytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionic-conductivity; transport; peo6-lixf6; battery; sb
AB Polymer electrolytes consist of salts dissolved in polymers ( for example, polyethylene oxide, PEO), and represent a unique class of solid coordination compounds. They have potential applications in a diverse range of all-solid-state devices, such as rechargeable lithium batteries, flexible electrochromic displays and smart windows(1-5). For 30 years, attention was focused on amorphous polymer electrolytes in the belief that crystalline polymer: salt complexes were insulators. This view has been overturned recently by demonstrating ionic conductivity in the crystalline complexes PEO6: LiXF6 (X=P, As, Sb); however, the conductivities were relatively low(6,7). Here we demonstrate an increase of 1.5 orders of magnitude in the conductivity of these materials by replacing a small proportion of the XF6- anions in the crystal structure with isovalent N(SO2CF3)(2)(-) ions. We suggest that the larger and more irregularly shaped anions disrupt the potential around the Li+ ions, thus enhancing the ionic conductivity in a manner somewhat analogous to the AgBr1-xIx ionic conductors(8). The demonstration that doping strategies can enhance the conductivity of crystalline polymer electrolytes represents a significant advance towards the technological exploitation of such materials.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Bruce, PG (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
EM p.g.bruce@st-and.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S76120/01, GR/T08890/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 16
TC 437
Z9 500
U1 17
U2 663
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 50
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature03186
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100032
PM 15635406
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheung, VG
   Spielman, RS
   Ewens, KG
   Weber, TM
   Morley, M
   Burdick, JT
AF Cheung, VG
   Spielman, RS
   Ewens, KG
   Weber, TM
   Morley, M
   Burdick, JT
TI Mapping determinants of human gene expression by regional and genome-wide association
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex traits; disease; dissection; future
AB To study the genetic basis of natural variation in gene expression, we previously carried out genome-wide linkage analysis and mapped the determinants of similar to 1,000 expression phenotypes(1). In the present study, we carried out association analysis with dense sets of single-nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP) markers from the International HapMap Project(2). For 374 phenotypes, the association study was performed with markers only from regions with strong linkage evidence; these regions all mapped close to the expressed gene. For a subset of 27 phenotypes, analysis of genome-wide association was performed with > 770,000 markers. The association analysis with markers under the linkage peaks confirmed the linkage results and narrowed the candidate regulatory regions for many phenotypes with strong linkage evidence. The genome-wide association analysis yielded highly significant results that point to the same locations as the genome scans for about 50% of the phenotypes. For one candidate determinant, we carried out functional analyses and confirmed the variation in cis-acting regulatory activity. Our findings suggest that association studies with dense SNP maps will identify susceptibility loci or other determinants for some complex traits or diseases.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Cheung, VG (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Pediat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM vcheung@mail.med.upenn.edu; spielman@pobox.upenn.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM081930] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 465
Z9 573
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1365
EP 1369
DI 10.1038/nature04244
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100056
PM 16251966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cirelli, C
   Bushey, D
   Hill, S
   Huber, R
   Kreber, R
   Ganetzky, B
   Tononi, G
AF Cirelli, C
   Bushey, D
   Hill, S
   Huber, R
   Kreber, R
   Ganetzky, B
   Tononi, G
TI Reduced sleep in Drosophila shaker mutants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channels; healthy insomnia; nervous-system; k+ channel; melanogaster; gene; mice; homeostasis; rest; deprivation
AB Most of us sleep 7-8 h per night, and if we are deprived of sleep our performance suffers greatly; however, a few do well with just 3-4 h of sleep-a trait that seems to run in families. Determining which genes underlie this phenotype could shed light on the mechanisms and functions of sleep. To do so, we performed mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, because flies also sleep for many hours and, when sleep deprived, show sleep rebound and performance impairments. By screening 9,000 mutant lines, we found minisleep (mns), a line that sleeps for one-third of the wild-type amount. We show that mns flies perform normally in a number of tasks, have preserved sleep homeostasis, but are not impaired by sleep deprivation. We then show that mns flies carry a point mutation in a conserved domain of the Shaker gene. Moreover, after crossing out genetic modifiers accumulated over many generations, other Shaker alleles also become short sleepers and fail to complement the mns phenotype. Finally, we show that short-sleeping Shaker flies have a reduced lifespan. Shaker, which encodes a voltage-dependent potassium channel controlling membrane repolarization and transmitter release, may thus regulate sleep need or efficiency.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat, Madison, WI 53719 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Genet Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Tononi, G (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat, 6001 Res Pk Blvd, Madison, WI 53719 USA.
EM gtononi@wisc.edu
NR 50
TC 362
Z9 443
U1 2
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1087
EP 1092
DI 10.1038/nature03486
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300032
PM 15858564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volkov, I
   Banavar, JR
   He, FL
   Hubbell, SP
   Maritan, A
AF Volkov, I
   Banavar, JR
   He, FL
   Hubbell, SP
   Maritan, A
TI Density dependence explains tree species abundance and diversity in tropical forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID distance; number
AB The recurrent patterns in the commonness and rarity of species in ecological communities - the relative species abundance - have puzzled ecologists for more than half a century(1,2). Here we show that the framework of the current neutral theory in ecology(3 - 10) can easily be generalized to incorporate symmetric density dependence(11 - 14). We can calculate precisely the strength of the rare- species advantage that is needed to explain a given RSA distribution. Previously, we demonstrated that a mechanism of dispersal limitation also fits RSA data well(3,4). Here we compare fits of the dispersal and density- dependence mechanisms for empirical RSA data on tree species in six New and Old World tropical forests and show that both mechanisms offer sufficient and independent explanations. We suggest that RSA data cannot by themselves be used to discriminate among these explanations of RSA patterns(15) - empirical studies will be required to determine whether RSA patterns are due to one or the other mechanism, or to some combination of both.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Alberta; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Padua
RP Banavar, JR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM banavar@psu.edu; maritan@pd.infn.it
NR 24
TC 236
Z9 283
U1 1
U2 133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 658
EP 661
DI 10.1038/nature04030
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100048
PM 16319890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sundkvist, D
   Krasnoselskikh, V
   Shukla, PK
   Vaivads, A
   André, M
   Buchert, S
   Rème, H
AF Sundkvist, D
   Krasnoselskikh, V
   Shukla, PK
   Vaivads, A
   André, M
   Buchert, S
   Rème, H
TI In situ multi-satellite detection of coherent vortices as a manifestation of Alfvenic turbulence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetosphere; ionosphere; waves
AB Turbulence in fluids(1) and plasmas(2-5) is a ubiquitous phenomenon driven by a variety of sources - currents, sheared flows, gradients in density and temperature, and so on. Turbulence involves fluctuations of physical properties on many different scales, which interact nonlinearly to produce self-organized structures in the form of vortices(2-5). Vortex motion in fluids and magnetized plasmas is typically governed by nonlinear equations(2-5), examples of which include the Navier - Stokes equation(1,2), the Charney - Hasegawa - Mima equations(2-5) and their numerous generalizations(6-9). These nonlinear equations admit solutions(2-5) in the form of different types of vortices that are frequently observed in a variety of contexts: in atmospheres, in oceans and planetary systems(2,4), in the heliosphere(10,11), in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere(12-17), and in laboratory plasma experiments(18). Here we report the discovery by the Cluster satellites(19) of a distinct class of vortex motion - short-scale drift-kinetic Alfven (DKA) vortices(8,9) - in the Earth's magnetospheric cusp region. As is the case for the larger Kelvin - Helmholtz vortices observed previously(17), these dynamic structures should provide a channel for transporting plasma particles and energy through the magnetospheric boundary layers.
C1 CNRS, Lab Phys & Chim Environm, F-45071 Orleans, France.
   Swedish Inst Space Phys, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Theoret Phys 4, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31029 Toulouse, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ruhr University Bochum; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
RP Sundkvist, D (corresponding author), CNRS, Lab Phys & Chim Environm, F-45071 Orleans, France.
EM davids@irfu.se
NR 23
TC 122
Z9 126
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 825
EP 828
DI 10.1038/nature03931
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500040
PM 16094363
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vandergoes, MJ
   Newnham, RM
   Preusser, F
   Hendy, CH
   Lowell, TV
   Fitzsimons, SJ
   Hogg, AG
   Kasper, HU
   Schlüchter, C
AF Vandergoes, MJ
   Newnham, RM
   Preusser, F
   Hendy, CH
   Lowell, TV
   Fitzsimons, SJ
   Hogg, AG
   Kasper, HU
   Schlüchter, C
TI Regional insolation forcing of late Quaternary climate change in the Southern Hemisphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID new-zealand; westland; record; age; vegetation; site-594; atlantic
AB In agreement with the Milankovitch orbital forcing hypothesis(1) it is often assumed that glacial - interglacial climate transitions occurred synchronously in the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth. It is difficult to test this assumption, because of the paucity of long, continuous climate records from the Southern Hemisphere that have not been dated by tuning them to the presumed Northern Hemisphere signals(2). Here we present an independently dated terrestrial pollen record from a peat bog on South Island, New Zealand, to investigate global and local factors in Southern Hemisphere climate changes during the last two glacial - interglacial cycles. Our record largely corroborates the Milankovitch model of orbital forcing but also exhibits some differences: in particular, an earlier onset and longer duration of the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results suggest that Southern Hemisphere insolation may have been responsible for these differences in timing. Our findings question the validity of applying orbital tuning to Southern Hemisphere records and suggest an alternative mechanism to the bipolar seesaw for generating interhemispheric asynchrony in climate change.
C1 Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Plymouth, Sch Geog, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
   Univ Bern, Inst Geol Sci, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Waikato, Radiocarbon Dating Lab, Hamilton, New Zealand.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA.
   Univ Otago, Dept Geog, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Geol, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
C3 University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Plymouth; University of Bern; University of Waikato; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; University of Otago; University of Cologne
RP Vandergoes, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
EM vandergoes@maine.edu
NR 29
TC 116
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 242
EP 245
DI 10.1038/nature03826
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500037
PM 16015326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ligi, M
   Bonatti, E
   Cipriani, A
   Ottolini, L
AF Ligi, M
   Bonatti, E
   Cipriani, A
   Ottolini, L
TI Water-rich basalts at mid-ocean-ridge cold spots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midocean ridge; upper-mantle; beneath; generation; elements; flow; h2o
AB Although water is only present in trace amounts in the suboceanic upper mantle, it is thought to play a significant role in affecting mantle viscosity, melting and the generation of crust at mid-ocean ridges. The concentration of water in oceanic basalts(1,2) has been observed to stay below 0.2 wt%, except for water-rich basalts sampled near hotspots and generated by 'wet' mantle plumes(3-5). Here, however, we report unusually high water content in basaltic glasses from a cold region of the mid-ocean-ridge system in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. These basalts are sodium-rich, having been generated by low degrees of melting of the mantle, and contain unusually high ratios of light versus heavy rare-earth elements, implying the presence of garnet in the melting region. We infer that water-rich basalts from such regions of thermal minima derive from low degrees of 'wet' melting greater than 60 km deep in the mantle, with minor dilution by melts produced by shallower 'dry' melting - a view supported by numerical modelling. We therefore conclude that oceanic basalts are water-rich not only near hotspots, but also at 'cold spots'.
C1 CNR, Ist Sci Marine, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Sci Terra, I-00187 Rome, Italy.
   CNR, Sez Pavia, Ist Geosci & Georisorse, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR-CNR); Columbia University; Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG-CNR)
RP Bonatti, E (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Sci Marine, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
EM enrico.bonatti@bo.ismar.cnr.it
NR 30
TC 57
Z9 60
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/nature03264
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600043
PM 15744299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gonen, T
   Cheng, YF
   Sliz, P
   Hiroaki, Y
   Fujiyoshi, Y
   Harrison, SC
   Walz, T
AF Gonen, T
   Cheng, YF
   Sliz, P
   Hiroaki, Y
   Fujiyoshi, Y
   Harrison, SC
   Walz, T
TI Lipid-protein interactions in double-layered two-dimensional AQPO crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major intrinsic protein; human lens; water permeation; electron crystallography; molecular-basis; membrane; aquaporin-0; channel; junctions; dynamics
AB Lens- specific aquaporin-O ( AQPO) functions as a specific water pore and forms the thin junctions between fibre cells. Here we describe a 1.9 angstrom resolution structure of junctional AQPO, determined by electron crystallography of double-layered two- dimensional crystals. Comparison of junctional and non- junctional AQPO structures shows that junction formation depends on a conformational switch in an extracellular loop, which may result from cleavage of the cytoplasmic amino and carboxy termini. In the centre of the water pathway, the closed pore in junctional AQPO retains only three water molecules, which are too widely spaced to form hydrogen bonds with each other. Packing interactions between AQPO tetramers in the crystalline array are mediated by lipid molecules, which assume preferred conformations. We were therefore able to build an atomic model for the lipid bilayer surrounding the AQPO tetramers, and we describe lipid - protein interactions.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Mol Med Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Biophys, Kitashirakawa Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Kyoto University
RP Walz, T (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM twalz@hms.harvard.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY015107] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 543
Z9 644
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 633
EP 638
DI 10.1038/nature04321
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100042
PM 16319884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Honda, K
   Ohba, Y
   Yanai, H
   Negishi, H
   Mizutani, T
   Takaoka, A
   Taya, C
   Taniguchi, T
AF Honda, K
   Ohba, Y
   Yanai, H
   Negishi, H
   Mizutani, T
   Takaoka, A
   Taya, C
   Taniguchi, T
TI Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cpg-dna; bacterial-dna; cells; activation; recognition; endocytosis; alpha/beta; expression; motifs; myd88
AB Robust type-I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) induction in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, through the activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), constitutes a critical aspect of immunity(1-6). It is absolutely dependent on the transcription factor IRF-7, which interacts with and is activated by the adaptor MyD88 (ref. 7). How plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but not other cell types (such as conventional dendritic cells), are able to activate the MyD88 IRF-7-dependent IFN induction pathway remains unknown. Here we show that the spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88 IRF-7 signalling is critical for a high-level IFN induction in response to TLR9 activation. The IFN-inducing TLR9 ligand, A/D-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-A)(3,4,8-11), is retained for long periods in the endosomal vesicles of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, together with the MyD88-IRF-7 complex. However, in conventional dendritic cells, CpG-A is rapidly transferred to lysosomal vesicles. We further show that conventional dendritic cells can also mount a robust IFN induction if CpG-A is manipulated for endosomal retention using a cationic lipid. This strategy also allows us to demonstrate endosomal activation of the IFN pathway by the otherwise inactive TLR9 ligand B/K-type oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-B)(3,4,8-12). Thus, our study offers insights into the regulation of TLR9 signalling in space, potentially suggesting a new avenue for therapeutic intervention.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Informat & Cell Funct, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Lab Anim Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
RP Taniguchi, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM tada@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 760
Z9 932
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1035
EP 1040
DI 10.1038/nature03547
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600042
PM 15815647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carrel, L
   Willard, HF
AF Carrel, L
   Willard, HF
TI X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome inactivation; mammalian x; facultative heterochromatin; repeat hypothesis; methylation; region
AB In female mammals, most genes on one X chromosome are silenced as a result of X-chromosome inactivation(1,2). However, some genes escape X-inactivation and are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosome. Such genes are potential contributors to sexually dimorphic traits, to phenotypic variability among females heterozygous for X-linked conditions, and to clinical abnormalities in patients with abnormal X chromosomes(3). Here, we present a comprehensive X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome, representing an estimated 95% of assayable genes in fibroblast-based test systems(4,5). In total, about 15% of X-linked genes escape inactivation to some degree, and the proportion of genes escaping inactivation differs dramatically between different regions of the X chromosome, reflecting the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes. An additional 10% of X-linked genes show variable patterns of inactivation and are expressed to different extents from some inactive X chromosomes. This suggests a remarkable and previously unsuspected degree of expression heterogeneity among females.
C1 Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
   Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Penn State Health; Duke University
RP Carrel, L (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
EM lcarrel@psu.edu
NR 28
TC 1630
Z9 1929
U1 2
U2 127
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 400
EP 404
DI 10.1038/nature03479
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100056
PM 15772666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Garidel-Thoron, T
   Rosenthal, Y
   Bassinot, F
   Beaufort, L
AF de Garidel-Thoron, T
   Rosenthal, Y
   Bassinot, F
   Beaufort, L
TI Stable sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool over the past 1.75 million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last glacial maximum; climate; foraminifera; magnitude; patterns; atlantic; ratios; sst
AB About 850,000 years ago, the period of the glacial cycles changed from 41,000 to 100,000 years. This mid-Pleistocene climate transition has been attributed to global cooling, possibly caused by a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(1,2). However, evidence for such cooling is currently restricted to the cool upwelling regions in the eastern equatorial oceans(3,4), although the tropical warm pools on the western side of the ocean basins are particularly sensitive to changes in radiative forcing(5,6). Here we present high-resolution records of sea surface temperatures spanning the past 1.75 million years, obtained from oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios in planktonic foraminifera from the western Pacific warm pool. In contrast with the eastern equatorial regions, sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool are relatively stable throughout the Pleistocene epoch, implying little long-term change in the tropical net radiation budget. Our results challenge the hypothesis of a gradual decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as a dominant trigger of the longer glacial cycles since 850,000 years ago. Instead, we infer that the temperature contrast across the equatorial Pacific Ocean increased, which might have had a significant influence on the mid-Pleistocene climate transition.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   CEA, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Aix Marseille 3, CNRS, CEREGE, F-135345 Aix En Provence 4, France.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP de Garidel-Thoron, T (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
EM garidel@marine.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 253
U1 3
U2 79
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 294
EP 298
DI 10.1038/nature03189
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300050
PM 15662419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kühl, M
   Chen, M
   Ralph, PJ
   Schreiber, U
   Larkum, AWD
AF Kühl, M
   Chen, M
   Ralph, PJ
   Schreiber, U
   Larkum, AWD
TI A niche for cyanobacteria containing chlorophyll d
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote; acaryochloris-marina; major pigment
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, Inst Biol, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Univ Technol Sydney, Inst Water & Environm Resource Management, Gore Hill, NSW 2065, Australia.
   Univ Wurzburg, Julius von Sachs Inst Biowissensch, D-97082 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of Copenhagen; University of Sydney; University of Technology Sydney; University of Wurzburg
RP Kühl, M (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, Inst Biol, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark.
EM mkuhl@bi.ku.dk
NR 10
TC 171
Z9 207
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 820
EP 820
DI 10.1038/433820a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600031
PM 15729331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wootton, SK
   Halbert, CL
   Miller, AD
AF Wootton, SK
   Halbert, CL
   Miller, AD
TI Sheep retrovirus structural protein induces lung tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rodent fibroblasts; jaagsiekte; transformation; receptor; vectors; transduction; cells; hyal2; gene; bronchioloalveolar
AB Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus ( JSRV) causes a contagious lung cancer in sheep and goats, with significant animal health and economic consequences(1). The host range of JSRV is in part limited by species-specific differences in the virus entry receptor, hyaluronidase 2 (Hyal2), which is not functional as a receptor in mice but is functional in humans(2). Sheep are immunotolerant of JSRV because of the expression of closely related endogenous retroviruses(3,4), which are not present in humans and most other species, and this may facilitate oncogenesis. Here we show that expression of the JSRV envelope (Env) protein alone in lungs of mice, by using a replication-incompetent adeno-associated virus vector, results in tumours with a bronchiolo-alveolar localization like those seen in sheep. Whereas lethal disease was observed in immunodeficient mice, tumour development was almost entirely blocked in immunocompetent mice. Our results provide a rare example of an oncogenic viral structural protein, show that interaction of the viral Env protein with the virus entry receptor Hyal2 is not required for tumorigenesis, and indicate that immune recognition of Env can protect against JSRV tumorigenesis.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Miller, AD (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM dmiller@fhcrc.org
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK047754] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 124
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 904
EP 907
DI 10.1038/nature03492
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600042
PM 15829964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, H
   Lee, JW
   Kim, DY
   Park, J
   Seo, YT
   Zeng, H
   Moudrakovski, IL
   Ratcliffe, CI
   Ripmeester, JA
AF Lee, H
   Lee, JW
   Kim, DY
   Park, J
   Seo, YT
   Zeng, H
   Moudrakovski, IL
   Ratcliffe, CI
   Ripmeester, JA
TI Tuning clathrate hydrates for hydrogen storage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clusters
AB The storage of large quantities of hydrogen at safe pressures(1) is a key factor in establishing a hydrogen-based economy. Previous strategies-where hydrogen has been bound chemically(2), adsorbed in materials with permanent void space(3) or stored in hybrid materials that combine these elements(3)-have problems arising from either technical considerations or materials cost(2-5). A recently reported(6-8) clathrate hydrate of hydrogen exhibiting two different-sized cages does seem to meet the necessary storage requirements; however, the extreme pressures (similar to 2 kbar) required to produce the material make it impractical. The synthesis pressure can be decreased by filling the larger cavity with tetrahydrofuran (THF) to stabilize the material(9), but the potential storage capacity of the material is compromised with this approach. Here we report that hydrogen storage capacities in THF-containing binary-clathrate hydrates can be increased to similar to 4wt% at modest pressures by tuning their composition to allow the hydrogen guests to enter both the larger and the smaller cages, while retaining low-pressure stability. The tuning mechanism is quite general and convenient, using water-soluble hydrate promoters and various small gaseous guests.
C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); National Research Council Canada
RP Lee, H (corresponding author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
EM h_lee@kaist.ac.kr; John.Ripmeester@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
NR 13
TC 779
Z9 830
U1 10
U2 302
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 743
EP 746
DI 10.1038/nature03457
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700035
PM 15815624
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flanagan, JF
   Mi, LZ
   Chruszcz, M
   Cymborowski, M
   Clines, KL
   Kim, YC
   Minor, W
   Rastinejad, F
   Khorasanizadeh, S
AF Flanagan, JF
   Mi, LZ
   Chruszcz, M
   Cymborowski, M
   Clines, KL
   Kim, YC
   Minor, W
   Rastinejad, F
   Khorasanizadeh, S
TI Double chromodomains cooperate to recognize the methylated histone H3 tail
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding; chromatin; nucleosome; chd1; proteins; complex; genes
AB Chromodomains are modules implicated in the recognition of lysine-methylated histone tails and nucleic acids(1,2). CHD ( for chromo-ATPase/helicase-DNA-binding) proteins regulate ATP-dependent nucleosome assembly and mobilization through their conserved double chromodomains and SWI2/SNF2 helicase/ ATPase domain(3-5). The Drosophila CHD1 localizes to the interbands and puffs of the polytene chromosomes, which are classic sites of transcriptional activity(6). Other CHD isoforms (CHD3/4 or Mi-2) are important for nucleosome remodelling in histone deacetylase complexes(7,8). Deletion of chromodomains impairs nucleosome binding and remodelling by CHD proteins(4). Here we describe the structure of the tandem arrangement of the human CHD1 chromodomains, and its interactions with histone tails. Unlike HP1 and Polycomb proteins that use single chromodomains to bind to their respective methylated histone H3 tails, the two chromodomains of CHD1 cooperate to interact with one methylated H3 tail. We show that the human CHD1 double chromodomains target the lysine 4-methylated histone H3 tail (H3K4me), a hallmark of active chromatin(9). Methylammonium recognition involves two aromatic residues, not the three-residue aromatic cage used by chromodomains of HP1 and Polycomb proteins(10-13). Furthermore, unique inserts within chromodomain 1 of CHD1 block the expected site of H3 tail binding seen in HP1 and Polycomb, instead directing H3 binding to a groove at the inter-chromodomain junction.
C1 Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Dept Pharmacol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Dept Mol Physiol & Biol Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Biosci Div, Struct Biol Ctr, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia (UVA) Health System; University of Virginia; University of Virginia (UVA) Health System; University of Virginia; University of Virginia (UVA) Health System; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Khorasanizadeh, S (corresponding author), Univ Virginia Hlth Syst, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM fr9c@virginia.edu; khorasan@virginia.edu
NR 28
TC 438
Z9 589
U1 2
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1181
EP 1185
DI 10.1038/nature04290
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500056
PM 16372014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hnasko, TS
   Sotak, BN
   Palmiter, RD
AF Hnasko, TS
   Sotak, BN
   Palmiter, RD
TI Morphine reward in dopamine-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; knock-out mice; nucleus-accumbens; locomotor-activity; place preference; receptor; rats; analgesia; system; amphetamine
AB Dopamine has been widely implicated as a mediator of many of the behavioural responses to drugs of abuse(1). To test the hypothesis that dopamine is an essential mediator of various opiate-induced responses, we administered morphine to mice unable to synthesize dopamine. We found that dopamine-deficient mice are unable to mount a normal locomotor response to morphine, but a small dopamine-independent increase in locomotion remains. Dopamine-deficient mice have a rightward shift in the dose - response curve to morphine on the tail-flick test ( a pain sensitivity assay), suggesting either a decreased sensitivity to the analgesic effects of morphine and/or basal hyperalgesia. In contrast, dopamine-deficient mice display a robust conditioned place preference for morphine when given either caffeine or L-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( a dopamine precursor that restores dopamine throughout the brain) during the testing phases. Together, these data demonstrate that dopamine is a crucial component of morphine-induced locomotion, dopamine may contribute to morphine analgesia, but that dopamine is not required for morphine-induced reward as measured by conditioned place preference.
C1 Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Grad Program Neurobiol & Behav, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Palmiter, RD (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM palmiter@u.washington.edu
NR 29
TC 213
Z9 285
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 854
EP 857
DI 10.1038/nature04172
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800051
PM 16341013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horne, RB
   Thorne, RM
   Shprits, YY
   Meredith, NP
   Glauert, SA
   Smith, AJ
   Kanekal, SG
   Baker, DN
   Engebretson, MJ
   Posch, JL
   Spasojevic, M
   Inan, US
   Pickett, JS
   Decreau, PME
AF Horne, RB
   Thorne, RM
   Shprits, YY
   Meredith, NP
   Glauert, SA
   Smith, AJ
   Kanekal, SG
   Baker, DN
   Engebretson, MJ
   Posch, JL
   Spasojevic, M
   Inan, US
   Pickett, JS
   Decreau, PME
TI Wave acceleration of electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relativistic electrons; magnetosphere; diffusion; chorus; storm
AB The Van Allen radiation belts(1) are two regions encircling the Earth in which energetic charged particles are trapped inside the Earth's magnetic field. Their properties vary according to solar activity(2,3) and they represent a hazard to satellites and humans in space(4,5). An important challenge has been to explain how the charged particles within these belts are accelerated to very high energies of several million electron volts. Here we show, on the basis of the analysis of a rare event where the outer radiation belt was depleted and then re-formed closer to the Earth(6), that the long established theory of acceleration by radial diffusion is inadequate; the electrons are accelerated more effectively by electromagnetic waves at frequencies of a few kilohertz. Wave acceleration can increase the electron flux by more than three orders of magnitude over the observed timescale of one to two days, more than sufficient to explain the new radiation belt. Wave acceleration could also be important for Jupiter, Saturn and other astrophysical objects with magnetic fields.
C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Augsburg Coll, Dept Phys, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA.
   Stanford Univ, STAR Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   LPCE, F-45071 Orleans, France.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Augsburg University; Stanford University; University of Iowa
RP Horne, RB (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
EM R.Horne@bas.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 547
Z9 583
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 227
EP 230
DI 10.1038/nature03939
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900049
PM 16148927
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilman, RJ
   Gerssen, J
   Bower, RG
   Morris, SL
   Bacon, R
   de Zeeuw, PT
   Davies, RL
AF Wilman, RJ
   Gerssen, J
   Bower, RG
   Morris, SL
   Bacon, R
   de Zeeuw, PT
   Davies, RL
TI The discovery of a galaxy-wide superwind from a young massive galaxy at redshift z ≈ 3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ly-alpha; luminosity; radiation; emission; matter
AB High-velocity galactic outflows, driven by intense bursts of star formation and black hole accretion, are processes invoked by current theories of galaxy formation(1) to terminate star formation in the most massive galaxies and to deposit heavy elements in the intergalactic medium. From existing observational evidence(2,3) ( for high-redshift galaxies) it is unclear whether such outflows are localized to regions of intense star formation just a few kiloparsecs in extent, or whether they instead have a significant impact on the entire galaxy and its surroundings. Here we present two-dimensional spectroscopy of a star-forming galaxy(4) at redshift z = 3.09 ( seen 11.5 gigayears ago, when the Universe was 20 per cent of its current age): its spatially extended Ly alpha line emission appears to be absorbed by HI in a foreground screen covering the entire galaxy, with a lateral extent of at least 100 kpc and remarkable velocity coherence. This screen was ejected from the galaxy during a starburst several 10(8) years earlier and has subsequently swept up gas from the surrounding intergalactic medium and cooled. This demonstrates the galaxy-wide impact of high-redshift superwinds.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   CRAL Observ, F-69230 St Genis Laval, France.
   Leiden Observ, NL-2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 Durham University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; University of Oxford
RP Wilman, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Phys, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
EM r.j.wilman@durham.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 102
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 227
EP 229
DI 10.1038/nature03718
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500033
PM 16015322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, C
   Ouyang, W
   Grigura, V
   Zhou, Q
   Carnes, K
   Lim, H
   Zhao, GQ
   Arber, S
   Kurpios, N
   Murphy, TL
   Cheng, AM
   Hassell, JA
   Chandrashekar, V
   Hofmann, MC
   Hess, RA
   Murphy, KM
AF Chen, C
   Ouyang, W
   Grigura, V
   Zhou, Q
   Carnes, K
   Lim, H
   Zhao, GQ
   Arber, S
   Kurpios, N
   Murphy, TL
   Cheng, AM
   Hassell, JA
   Chandrashekar, V
   Hofmann, MC
   Hess, RA
   Murphy, KM
TI ERM is required for transcriptional control of the spermatogonial stem cell niche
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sertoli-cells; receptor cxcr4; self-renewal; mice lacking; germ-cells; gene; chemokine; pea3; spermatogenesis; maintenance
AB Division of spermatogonial stem cells(1) produces daughter cells that either maintain their stem cell identity or undergo differentiation to form mature sperm. The Sertoli cell, the only somatic cell within seminiferous tubules, provides the stem cell niche through physical support and expression of surface proteins and soluble factors(2,3). Here we show that the Ets related molecule(4) (ERM) is expressed exclusively within Sertoli cells in the testis and is required for spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal. Mice with targeted disruption of ERM have a loss of maintenance of spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal without a block in normal spermatogenic differentiation and thus have progressive germ-cell depletion and a Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. Microarray analysis of primary Sertoli cells from ERM-deficient mice showed alterations in secreted factors known to regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. These results identify a new function for the Ets family transcription factors in spermatogenesis and provide an example of transcriptional control of a vertebrate stem cell niche.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Sch, Cecil H & Ida Green Ctr Reprod Biol Sci, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Dept Cell Biol, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   McMaster Univ, Inst Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
   So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
   Univ Dayton, Dept Biol, Dayton, OH 45469 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Washington State University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Basel; Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; McMaster University; Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University; University System of Ohio; University of Dayton
RP Murphy, KM (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM murphy@pathbox.wustl.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD044543, K02 HD054607] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 270
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1030
EP 1034
DI 10.1038/nature03894
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900053
PM 16107850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fynbo, HOU
   Diget, CA
   Bergmann, UC
   Borge, MJG
   Cederkäll, J
   Dendooven, P
   Fraile, LM
   Franchoo, S
   Fedosseev, VN
   Fulton, BR
   Huang, WX
   Huikari, J
   Jeppesen, HB
   Jokinen, AS
   Jones, P
   Jonson, B
   Köster, U
   Langanke, K
   Meister, M
   Nilsson, T
   Nyman, G
   Prezado, Y
   Riisager, K
   Rinta-Antila, S
   Tengblad, O
   Turrion, M
   Wang, YB
   Weissman, L
   Wilhelmsen, K
   Äystö, J
AF Fynbo, HOU
   Diget, CA
   Bergmann, UC
   Borge, MJG
   Cederkäll, J
   Dendooven, P
   Fraile, LM
   Franchoo, S
   Fedosseev, VN
   Fulton, BR
   Huang, WX
   Huikari, J
   Jeppesen, HB
   Jokinen, AS
   Jones, P
   Jonson, B
   Köster, U
   Langanke, K
   Meister, M
   Nilsson, T
   Nyman, G
   Prezado, Y
   Riisager, K
   Rinta-Antila, S
   Tengblad, O
   Turrion, M
   Wang, YB
   Weissman, L
   Wilhelmsen, K
   Äystö, J
TI Revised rates for the stellar triple-α process from measurement of 12C nuclear resonances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-decay; nucleosynthesis; particles; stars; astrophysics; elements; b-12
AB In the centres of stars where the temperature is high enough, three alpha-particles (helium nuclei) are able to combine to form C-12 because of a resonant reaction leading to a nuclear excited state(1). (Stars with masses greater than similar to0.5 times that of the Sun will at some point in their lives have a central temperature high enough for this reaction to proceed.) Although the reaction rate is of critical significance for determining elemental abundances in the Universe(1), and for determining the size of the iron core of a star just before it goes supernova(2), it has hitherto been insufficiently determined(2). Here we report a measurement of the inverse process, where a C-12 nucleus decays to three alpha-particles. We find a dominant resonance at an energy of similar to11 MeV, but do not confirm the presence of a resonance at 9.1 MeV (ref. 3). We show that interference between two resonances has important effects on our measured spectrum. Using these data, we calculate the triple-a rate for temperatures from 10(7) K to 10(10) K and find significant deviations from the standard rates(3). Our rate below similar to5 x 10(7) K is higher than the previous standard, implying that the critical amounts of carbon that catalysed hydrogen burning in the first stars are produced twice as fast as previously believed(4). At temperatures above 10(9) K, our rate is much less, which modifies predicted nucleosynthesis in supernovae(5,6).
C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.
   CSIC, Inst Estructura Mat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Groningen, Kernfys Versneller Inst, NL-9747 AA Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ York, Dept Phys, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Phys, FIN-40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Phys, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Chalmers, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Gothenburg Univ, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 Aarhus University; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM); University of Groningen; University of York - UK; University of Jyvaskyla; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Institute of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; University of Gothenburg
RP Fynbo, HOU (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM fynbo@phys.au.dk
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 234
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 136
EP 139
DI 10.1038/nature03219
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200031
PM 15650733
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirkland, JI
   Zanno, LE
   Sampson, SD
   Clark, JM
   DeBlieux, DD
AF Kirkland, JI
   Zanno, LE
   Sampson, SD
   Clark, JM
   DeBlieux, DD
TI A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-america; china; theropoda
AB Therizinosauroids are an enigmatic group of dinosaurs known mostly from the Cretaceous period of Asia, whose derived members are characterized by elongate necks, laterally expanded pelves, small, leaf-shaped teeth, edentulous rostra and mandibular symphyses that probably bore keratinized beaks(1,2). Although more than a dozen therizinosauroid taxa are known, their relationships within Dinosauria have remained controversial because of fragmentary remains and an unusual suite of characters. The recently discovered 'feathered' therizinosauroid Beipiaosaurus from the Early Cretaceous of China helped to clarify the theropod affinities of the group(3). However, Beipiaosaurus is also poorly represented. Here we describe a new, primitive therizinosauroid from an extensive paucispecific bonebed at the base of the Cedar Mountain Formation ( Early Cretaceous) of east-central Utah(4,5). This new taxon represents the most complete and most basal therizinosauroid yet discovered. Phylogenetic analysis of coelurosaurian theropods incorporating this taxon places it at the base of the clade Therizinosauroiden, indicating that this species documents the earliest known stage in the poorly understood transition from carnivory to herbivory within Therizinosauroidea. The taxon provides the first documentation, to our knowledge, of therizinosauroids in North America during the Early Cretaceous.
C1 Utah Geol Survey, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA.
   Univ Utah, Utah Museum Nat Hist, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Geol & Geophys, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; George Washington University
RP Kirkland, JI (corresponding author), Utah Geol Survey, POB 146100, Salt Lake City, UT 84114 USA.
EM jameskirkland@utah.gov
NR 28
TC 82
Z9 99
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 5
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7038
BP 84
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature03468
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 922UL
UT WOS:000228864600042
PM 15875020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Padma, TV
AF Padma, TV
TI Rivalry and red tape
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 490
EP 491
DI 10.1038/436490a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800045
PM 16049475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, T
AF Chapman, T
TI Automation in two dimensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 797
EP 797
DI 10.1038/434797a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cavanagh, P
AF Cavanagh, P
TI The artist as neuroscientist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception; faces; recognition
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Vis Sci Lab, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Cavanagh, P (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Vis Sci Lab, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 24
TC 184
Z9 203
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 301
EP 307
DI 10.1038/434301a
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100034
PM 15772645
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brunet, M
   Guy, F
   Pilbeam, D
   Lieberman, DE
   Likius, A
   Mackaye, HT
   de León, MSP
   Zollikofer, CPE
   Vignaud, P
AF Brunet, M
   Guy, F
   Pilbeam, D
   Lieberman, DE
   Likius, A
   Mackaye, HT
   de León, MSP
   Zollikofer, CPE
   Vignaud, P
TI New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleoanthropology; sahelanthropus; sahelpithecus; ethiopia; lukeino; kenya
AB Discoveries in Chad by the Mission Paleoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne have substantially changed our understanding of early human evolution in Africa(1-3). In particular, the TM 266 locality in the Toros-Menalla fossiliferous area yielded a nearly complete cranium (TM 266-01-60-1), a mandible, and several isolated teeth assigned to Sahelanthropus tchadensis(3) and biochronologically dated to the late Miocene epoch ( about 7 million years ago). Despite the relative completeness of the TM 266 cranium, there has been some controversy about its morphology and its status in the hominid clade(4,5). Here we describe new dental and mandibular specimens from three Toros-Menalla ( Chad) fossiliferous localities ( TM 247, TM 266 and TM 292) of the same age(6). This new material, including a lower canine consistent with a non-honing C/P-3 complex, post-canine teeth with primitive root morphology and intermediate radial enamel thickness, is attributed to S. tchadensis. It expands the hypodigm of the species and provides additional anatomical characters that confirm the morphological differences between S. tchadensis and African apes. S. tchadensis presents several key derived features consistent with its position in the hominid clade close to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.
C1 Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, CNRS,UMR 6046, Lab Geobiol Biochronol & Paleontol Humaine, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Harvard Univ, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Ndjamena, Ndjamena, Chad.
   Univ Zurich Irchel, MultiMedia Lab, Inst Anthropol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Universite de Poitiers; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Harvard University; University of Zurich
RP Brunet, M (corresponding author), Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci, CNRS,UMR 6046, Lab Geobiol Biochronol & Paleontol Humaine, 40 Ave Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
EM michel.brunet@univ-poitiers.fr
NR 14
TC 171
Z9 207
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 752
EP 755
DI 10.1038/nature03392
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700038
PM 15815627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barnes, TD
   Kubota, Y
   Hu, D
   Jin, DZZ
   Graybiel, AM
AF Barnes, TD
   Kubota, Y
   Hu, D
   Jin, DZZ
   Graybiel, AM
TI Activity of striatal neurons reflects dynamic encoding and recoding of procedural memories
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal ganglia; prediction; extinction; selection; habits; cortex
AB Learning to perform a behavioural procedure as a well-ingrained habit requires extensive repetition of the behavioural sequence, and learning not to perform such behaviours is notoriously difficult. Yet regaining a habit can occur quickly, with even one or a few exposures to cues previously triggering the behaviour(1-3). To identify neural mechanisms that might underlie such learning dynamics, we made long-term recordings from multiple neurons in the sensorimotor striatum, a basal ganglia structure implicated in habit formation(4-8), in rats successively trained on a reward-based procedural task, given extinction training and then given reacquisition training. The spike activity of striatal output neurons, nodal points in cortico-basal ganglia circuits, changed markedly across multiple dimensions during each of these phases of learning. First, new patterns of task-related ensemble firing successively formed, reversed and then re-emerged. Second, task-irrelevant firing was suppressed, then rebounded, and then was suppressed again. These changing spike activity patterns were highly correlated with changes in behavioural performance. We propose that these changes in task representation in cortico-basal ganglia circuits represent neural equivalents of the explore-exploit behaviour characteristic of habit learning.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, McGovern Inst Brain Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 0104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Graybiel, AM (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, 43 Vassar St,46-6133, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM graybiel@mit.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [P50 NS038372] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 467
Z9 569
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1158
EP 1161
DI 10.1038/nature04053
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500045
PM 16237445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, PC
   Parker, JW
   McFadden, LA
   Russell, CT
   Stern, SA
   Sykes, MV
   Young, EF
AF Thomas, PC
   Parker, JW
   McFadden, LA
   Russell, CT
   Stern, SA
   Sykes, MV
   Young, EF
TI Differentiation of the asteroid Ceresas revealed by its shape
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 4 vesta; aqueous alteration; adaptive optics; satellites; water; topography; evolution; minerals; surfaces; density
AB The accretion of bodies in the asteroid belt was halted nearly 4.6 billion years ago by the gravitational influence of the newly formed giant planet Jupiter. The asteroid belt therefore preserves a record of both this earliest epoch of Solar System formation and variation of conditions within the solar nebula. Spectral features in reflected sunlight indicate that some asteroids have experienced sufficient thermal evolution to differentiate into layered structures(1). The second most massive asteroid - 4 Vesta - has differentiated to a crust, mantle and core(2,3). 1 Ceres, the largest and most massive asteroid, has in contrast been presumed to be homogeneous, in part because of its low density, low albedo and relatively featureless visible reflectance spectrum, similar to carbonaceous meteorites that have suffered minimal thermal processing(4). Here we show that Ceres has a shape and smoothness indicative of a gravitationally relaxed object. Its shape is significantly less flattened than that expected for a homogeneous object, but is consistent with a central mass concentration indicative of differentiation. Possible interior configurations include water-ice-rich mantles over a rocky core.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   SwRI, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP & ESS, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Southwest Research Institute; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Thomas, PC (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM thomas@baritone.astro.cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 207
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 224
EP 226
DI 10.1038/nature03938
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900048
PM 16148926
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lolle, SJ
   Victor, JL
   Young, JM
   Pruitt, RE
AF Lolle, SJ
   Victor, JL
   Young, JM
   Pruitt, RE
TI Genome-wide non-mendelian inheritance of extra-genomic information in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organ fusion; gene; rna; methylation; transgene; neurospora; capacitor; mutation; hsp90
AB A fundamental tenet of classical mendelian genetics is that allelic information is stably inherited from one generation to the next, resulting in predictable segregation patterns of differing alleles(1). Although several exceptions to this principle are known, all represent specialized cases that are mechanistically restricted to either a limited set of specific genes ( for example mating type conversion in yeast(2)) or specific types of alleles ( for example alleles containing transposons(3) or repeated sequences(4)). Here we show that Arabidopsis plants homozygous for recessive mutant alleles of the organ fusion gene HOTHEAD(5) (HTH) can inherit allele-specific DNA sequence information that was not present in the chromosomal genome of their parents but was present in previous generations. This previously undescribed process is shown to occur at all DNA sequence polymorphisms examined and therefore seems to be a general mechanism for extragenomic inheritance of DNA sequence information. We postulate that these genetic restoration events are the result of a template-directed process that makes use of an ancestral RNA-sequence cache.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Pruitt, RE (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 915 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
EM pruittr@purdue.edu
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 182
U1 0
U2 127
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 505
EP 509
DI 10.1038/nature03380
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000042
PM 15785770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kennedy, HJ
   Crawford, AC
   Fettiplace, R
AF Kennedy, HJ
   Crawford, AC
   Fettiplace, R
TI Force generation by mammalian hair bundles supports a role in cochlear amplification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guinea-pig cochlea; mechanoelectrical transduction; mechanical amplification; cell motility; adaptation; amplifier; stereocilia; stiffness; responses; channels
AB It is generally accepted that the acute sensitivity and frequency discrimination of mammalian hearing requires active mechanical amplification of the sound stimulus within the cochlea(1). The prevailing hypothesis is that this amplification stems from somatic electromotility of the outer hair cells attributable to the motor protein prestin(2,3). Thus outer hair cells contract and elongate in synchrony with the sound-evoked receptor potential(4,5). But problems arise with this mechanism at high frequencies, where the periodic component of the receptor potential will be attenuated by the membrane time constant. On the basis of work in non-mammalian vertebrates, force generation by the hair bundles has been proposed as an alternative means of boosting the mechanical stimulus(6,7). Here we show that hair bundles of mammalian outer hair cells can also produce force on a submillisecond timescale linked to adaptation of the mechano-transducer channels. Because the bundle motor may ultimately be limited by the deactivation rate of the channels, it could theoretically operate at high frequencies. Our results show the existence of another force generator in outer hair cells that may participate in cochlear amplification.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Physiol, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Physiol, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Bristol; University of Cambridge
RP Fettiplace, R (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM fettiplace@physiology.wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 243
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 880
EP 883
DI 10.1038/nature03367
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600046
PM 15696193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, XG
   Xu, YS
   Karato, SI
AF Huang, XG
   Xu, YS
   Karato, SI
TI Water content in the transition zone from electrical conductivity of wadsleyite and ringwoodite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper-mantle; high-pressures; earths mantle; olivine; temperature; diffusion; rheology; beneath; region; quartz
AB The distribution of water in the Earth's interior reflects the way in which the Earth has evolved, and has an important influence on its material properties. Minerals in the transition zone of the Earth's mantle (from similar to 410 to similar to 660 km depth) have large water solubility(1-3), and hence it is thought that the transition zone might act as a water reservoir. When the water content of the transition zone exceeds a critical value, upwelling flow might result in partial melting at similar to 410 km, which would affect the distribution of certain elements in the Earth(4). However, the amount of water in the transition zone has remained unknown. Here we determined the effects of water and temperature on the electrical conductivity of the minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite to infer the water content of the transition zone. We find that the electrical conductivity of these minerals depends strongly on water content but only weakly on temperature. By comparing these results with geophysically inferred conductivity(5-7), we infer that the water content in the mantle transition zone varies regionally, but that its value in the Pacific is estimated to be similar to 0.1-0.2wt%. These values significantly exceed the estimated critical water content in the upper mantle(3,8,9), suggesting that partial melting may indeed occur at similar to 410 km depth, at least in this region.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
C3 Yale University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geology & Geophysics, CAS
RP Karato, SI (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
EM shun-ichiro.karato@yale.edu
NR 22
TC 357
Z9 426
U1 4
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 746
EP 749
DI 10.1038/nature03426
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700036
PM 15815625
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dean, RA
   Talbot, NJ
   Ebbole, DJ
   Farman, ML
   Mitchell, TK
   Orbach, MJ
   Thon, M
   Kulkarni, R
   Xu, JR
   Pan, HQ
   Read, ND
   Lee, YH
   Carbone, I
   Brown, D
   Oh, YY
   Donofrio, N
   Jeong, JS
   Soanes, DM
   Djonovic, S
   Kolomiets, E
   Rehmeyer, C
   Li, WX
   Harding, M
   Kim, S
   Lebrun, MH
   Bohnert, H
   Coughlan, S
   Butler, J
   Calvo, S
   Ma, LJ
   Nicol, R
   Purcell, S
   Nusbaum, C
   Galagan, JE
   Birren, BW
AF Dean, RA
   Talbot, NJ
   Ebbole, DJ
   Farman, ML
   Mitchell, TK
   Orbach, MJ
   Thon, M
   Kulkarni, R
   Xu, JR
   Pan, HQ
   Read, ND
   Lee, YH
   Carbone, I
   Brown, D
   Oh, YY
   Donofrio, N
   Jeong, JS
   Soanes, DM
   Djonovic, S
   Kolomiets, E
   Rehmeyer, C
   Li, WX
   Harding, M
   Kim, S
   Lebrun, MH
   Bohnert, H
   Coughlan, S
   Butler, J
   Calvo, S
   Ma, LJ
   Nicol, R
   Purcell, S
   Nusbaum, C
   Galagan, JE
   Birren, BW
TI The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced point mutation; gene-expression; draft sequence; physical map; resistance; infection; kinase; organization; specificity; contains
AB Magnaporthe grisea is the most destructive pathogen of rice worldwide and the principal model organism for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal disease of plants. Here, we report the draft sequence of the M. grisea genome. Analysis of the gene set provides an insight into the adaptations required by a fungus to cause disease. The genome encodes a large and diverse set of secreted proteins, including those defined by unusual carbohydrate-binding domains. This fungus also possesses an expanded family of G-protein-coupled receptors, several new virulence-associated genes and large suites of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Consistent with a role in fungal pathogenesis, the expression of several of these genes is upregulated during the early stages of infection-related development. The M. grisea genome has been subject to invasion and proliferation of active transposable elements, reflecting the clonal nature of this fungus imposed by widespread rice cultivation.
C1 N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Integrated Fungal Res, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
   Univ Exeter, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, Washington Singer Labs, Exeter EX4 4QG, Devon, England.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Plant Pathol, Lexington, KY 40546 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Agr Biotechnol, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Bayer Cropsci, CNRS Bayer, FRE2579, F-69263 Lyon, France.
   Agilent Technol, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
C3 North Carolina State University; University of Exeter; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; University of Kentucky; University of Arizona; Purdue University System; Purdue University; University of Edinburgh; Seoul National University (SNU); Bayer AG; Bayer CropScience; Agilent Technologies; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute
RP Dean, RA (corresponding author), N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Integrated Fungal Res, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
EM Ralph_Dean@ncsu.edu
NR 50
TC 1302
Z9 2001
U1 4
U2 309
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 980
EP 986
DI 10.1038/nature03449
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600029
PM 15846337
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinkins, SP
   Walker, T
   Lynd, AR
   Steven, AR
   Makepeace, BL
   Godfray, HCJ
   Parkhill, J
AF Sinkins, SP
   Walker, T
   Lynd, AR
   Steven, AR
   Makepeace, BL
   Godfray, HCJ
   Parkhill, J
TI Wolbachia variability and host effects on crossing type in Culex mosquitoes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic incompatibility; bacteriophage-wo; pipiens l; populations; drosophila; transmission; endosymbiont; arthropods; resistance; evolution
AB Wolbachia is a common maternally inherited bacterial symbiont able to induce crossing sterilities known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in insects(1,2). Wolbachia-modified sperm are unable to complete fertilization of uninfected ova, but a rescue function allows infected eggs to develop normally. By providing a reproductive advantage to infected females, Wolbachia can rapidly invade uninfected populations(3), and this could provide a mechanism for driving transgenes through pest populations(4,5). CI can also occur between Wolbachia-infected populations and is usually associated with the presence of different Wolbachia strains(1). In the Culex pipiens mosquito group ( including the filariasis vector C. quinquefasciatus) a very unusual degree of complexity of Wolbachia-induced crossing-types has been reported, with partial or complete CI that can be unidirectional or bidirectional(6-11), yet no Wolbachia strain variation was found(11). Here we show variation between incompatible Culex strains in two Wolbachia ankyrin repeat-encoding genes associated with a prophage region, one of which is sex-specifically expressed in some strains, and also a direct effect of the host nuclear genome on CI rescue.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3SY, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Dept Biol Sci, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; University of Liverpool; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
RP Sinkins, SP (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Peter Medawar Bldg,S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, England.
EM steven.sinkins@zoo.ox.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 117
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 257
EP 260
DI 10.1038/nature03629
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500041
PM 16015330
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, CM
   Havlin, S
   Makse, HA
AF Song, CM
   Havlin, S
   Makse, HA
TI Self-similarity of complex networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internet
AB Complex networks have been studied extensively owing to their relevance to many real systems such as the world-wide web, the Internet, energy landscapes and biological and social networks(1-5). A large number of real networks are referred to as 'scale-free' because they show a power-law distribution of the number of links per node(1,6,7). However, it is widely believed that complex networks are not invariant or self-similar under a length-scale transformation. This conclusion originates from the 'small-world' property of these networks, which implies that the number of nodes increases exponentially with the 'diameter' of the network(8-11), rather than the power-law relation expected for a self-similar structure. Here we analyse a variety of real complex networks and find that, on the contrary, they consist of self-repeating patterns on all length scales. This result is achieved by the application of a renormalization procedure that coarse-grains the system into boxes containing nodes within a given 'size'. We identify a power-law relation between the number of boxes needed to cover the network and the size of the box, defining a finite self-similar exponent. These fundamental properties help to explain the scale-free nature of complex networks and suggest a common self-organization dynamics.
C1 CUNY City Coll, Levich Inst, New York, NY 10031 USA.
   CUNY City Coll, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10031 USA.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Minerva Ctr, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; City College of New York (CUNY); City University of New York (CUNY) System; City College of New York (CUNY); Bar Ilan University; Bar Ilan University
RP Makse, HA (corresponding author), CUNY City Coll, Levich Inst, New York, NY 10031 USA.
EM makse@mailaps.org
NR 19
TC 1151
Z9 1285
U1 8
U2 271
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 27
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7024
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/nature03248
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 890XZ
UT WOS:000226546200036
PM 15674285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lummis, SCR
   Beene, DL
   Lee, LW
   Lester, HA
   Broadhurst, RW
   Dougherty, DA
AF Lummis, SCR
   Beene, DL
   Lee, LW
   Lester, HA
   Broadhurst, RW
   Dougherty, DA
TI Cis-trans isomerization at a proline opens the pore of a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor m2-m3 loop; acetylcholine-receptor; 5-ht3 receptor; nicotinic receptor; gating mechanism; gaba(a) receptor; agonist-binding; residues; accessibility; conformation
AB 5-Hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors are members of the Cys-loop receptor superfamily(1). Neurotransmitter binding in these proteins triggers the opening (gating) of an ion channel by means of an as-yet-uncharacterized conformational change. Here we show that a specific proline ( Pro 8*), located at the apex of the loop between the second and third transmembrane helices (M2 - M3)(2,3), can link binding to gating through a cis-trans isomerization of the protein backbone. Using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, a series of proline analogues with varying preference for the cis conformer was incorporated at the 8* position. Proline analogues that strongly favour the trans conformer produced nonfunctional channels. Among the functional mutants there was a strong correlation between the intrinsic cis - trans energy gap of the proline analogue and the activation of the channel, suggesting that cis - trans isomerization of this single proline provides the switch that interconverts the open and closed states of the channel. Consistent with this proposal, nuclear magnetic resonance studies on an M2 - M3 loop peptide reveal two distinct, structured forms. Our results thus confirm the structure of the M2 - M3 loop and the critical role of Pro 8* in the 5-HT3 receptor. In addition, they suggest that a molecular rearrangement at Pro 8* is the structural mechanism that opens the receptor pore.
C1 CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Cambridge; California Institute of Technology
RP Dougherty, DA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM dadougherty@caltech.edu
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 416
Z9 495
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 248
EP 252
DI 10.1038/nature04130
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500054
PM 16281040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rifkin, SA
   Houle, D
   Kim, J
   White, KP
AF Rifkin, SA
   Houle, D
   Kim, J
   White, KP
TI A mutation accumulation assay reveals a broad capacity for rapid evolution of gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selection; profiles; tissue
AB Mutation is the ultimate source of biological diversity because it generates the variation that fuels evolution(1). Gene expression is the first step by which an organism translates genetic information into developmental change. Here we estimate the rate at which mutation produces new variation in gene expression by measuring transcript abundances across the genome during the onset of metamorphosis in 12 initially identical Drosophila melanogaster lines that independently accumulated mutations for 200 generations(2). We find statistically significant mutational variation for 39% of the genome and a wide range of variability across corresponding genes. As genes are upregulated in development their variability decreases, and as they are downregulated it increases, indicating that developmental context affects the evolution of gene expression. A strong correlation between mutational variance and environmental variance shows that there is the potential for widespread canalization(3). By comparing the evolutionary rates that we report here with differences between species(4,5), we conclude that gene expression does not evolve according to strictly neutral models. Although spontaneous mutations have the potential to generate abundant variation in gene expression, natural variation is relatively constrained.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Goddard Labs 203, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Yale University; Yale University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Kim, J (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Goddard Labs 203, 415 S Univ Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM junhyong@sas.upenn.edu; kevin.white@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 203
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 220
EP 223
DI 10.1038/nature04114
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500048
PM 16281035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hemberger, J
   Lunkenheimer, P
   Fichtl, R
   von Nidda, HAK
   Tsurkan, V
   Loidl, A
AF Hemberger, J
   Lunkenheimer, P
   Fichtl, R
   von Nidda, HAK
   Tsurkan, V
   Loidl, A
TI Relaxor ferroelectricity and colossal magnetocapacitive coupling in ferromagnetic CdCr2S4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinels; polarization
AB Materials in which magnetic and electric order coexist - termed 'multiferroics' or 'magnetoelectrics' - have recently become the focus of much research(1-4). In particular, the simultaneous occurrence of ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity, combined with an intimate coupling of magnetization and polarization via magnetocapacitive effects, holds promise for new generations of electronic devices. Here we present measurements on a simple cubic spinel compound with unusual, and potentially useful, magnetic and electric properties: it shows ferromagnetic order coexisting with relaxor ferroelectricity ( a ferroelectric cluster state with a smeared-out phase transition), both having sizable ordering temperatures and moments. Close to the ferromagnetic ordering temperature, the magnetocapacitive coupling ( characterized by a variation of the dielectric constant in an external magnetic field) reaches colossal values, approaching 500 per cent. We attribute the relaxor properties to geometric frustration, which is well known for magnetic moments but here is found to impede long-range order of the structural degrees of freedom that drive the formation of the ferroelectric state.
C1 Univ Augsburg, Ctr Elect Correlat & Magnetism, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany.
   Moldavian Acad Sci, Inst Phys Appl, MD-2028 Kishinev, Moldova.
C3 University of Augsburg; Moldova State University; Academy of Sciences of Moldova
RP Lunkenheimer, P (corresponding author), Univ Augsburg, Ctr Elect Correlat & Magnetism, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany.
EM peter.lunkenheimer@physik.uni-augsburg.de
NR 29
TC 478
Z9 512
U1 1
U2 198
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 364
EP 367
DI 10.1038/nature03348
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100046
PM 15772656
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bradshaw, GA
   Schore, AN
   Brown, JL
   Poole, JH
   Moss, CJ
AF Bradshaw, GA
   Schore, AN
   Brown, JL
   Poole, JH
   Moss, CJ
TI Elephant breakdown
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Oregon State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Programme, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychiat, Los Angeles, CA USA.
   Smithsonian Natl Zool Pk, Washington, DC USA.
   Amboseli Elephant Res Project, Nairobi, Kenya.
C3 Oregon State University; Oregon State University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Zoological Park & Conservation Biology Institute
RP Bradshaw, GA (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Environm Sci Grad Programme, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
NR 3
TC 142
Z9 173
U1 4
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 807
EP 807
DI 10.1038/433807a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600022
PM 15729320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alard, O
   Luguet, A
   Pearson, NJ
   Griffin, WL
   Lorand, JP
   Gannoun, A
   Burton, KW
   O'Reilly, SY
AF Alard, O
   Luguet, A
   Pearson, NJ
   Griffin, WL
   Lorand, JP
   Gannoun, A
   Burton, KW
   O'Reilly, SY
TI In situ Os isotopes in abyssal peridotites bridge the isotopic gap between MORBs and their source mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID siderophile element geochemistry; midocean ridge; mark area; osmium; systematics; heterogeneity; signature; sulfides; basalts; ratios
AB Abyssal peridotites are assumed to represent the mantle residue of mid-ocean-ridge basalts ( MORBs). However, the osmium isotopic compositions of abyssal peridotites and MORB do not appear to be in equilibrium(1-8), raising questions about the cogenetic relationship between those two reservoirs. However, the cause of this isotopic mismatch is mainly due to a drastic filtering of the data based on the possibility of osmium contamination by sea water(5). Here we present a detailed study of magmatic sulphides ( the main carrier of osmium) in abyssal peridotites and show that the Os-187/Os-188 ratio of these sulphides is of primary mantle origin and can reach radiogenic values suggesting equilibrium with MORB. Thus, the effect of sea water on the osmium systematics of abyssal peridotites has been overestimated and consequently there is no true osmium isotopic gap between MORBs and abyssal peridotites.
C1 Macquarie Univ, GEMOC ARC Natl Key Ctr, Sch Earth & Planetary Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Tectonophys, ISTEEM,CNRS, UMR5560, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Mineral Meteorites Manteau, FREE 2456, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Macquarie University; Open University - UK; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); LAERO; Universite de Montpellier; CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Alard, O (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, GEMOC ARC Natl Key Ctr, Sch Earth & Planetary Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM o.alard@open.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 203
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 1005
EP 1008
DI 10.1038/nature03902
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900047
PM 16107845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharp, SP
   McGowan, A
   Wood, MJ
   Hatchwell, BJ
AF Sharp, SP
   McGowan, A
   Wood, MJ
   Hatchwell, BJ
TI Learned kin recognition cues in a social bird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-tailed tits; aegithalos-caudatus; seychelles warbler; kinship; discrimination; behavior; fitness; helpers; calls
AB In many cooperatively breeding birds, kin selection has an important role in the evolution and maintenance of social behaviour, and 'helpers' can maximize indirect fitness gains by preferentially allocating care to close relatives(1-3). Although there is evidence for kin-biased helping behaviour in several species(1,4,5), the mechanism of kin recognition underlying this behaviour is poorly understood(2). Vocalizations are the most commonly used cues in avian recognition systems(6,7), but the effectiveness of vocal signals as reliable recognition cues must depend on how they are acquired(6-9). However, there have been no experimental studies of the development of vocal recognition cues in cooperative birds; indeed, the ontogeny of all bird vocalizations other than song is poorly known in any species(10-12). Here, we show that cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus) can discriminate between kin and non-kin according to the individual-specific characteristics of contact calls, and show experimentally that individuals learn these calls from provisioning adults during the nestling period. Finally, we show that the pattern of cooperative behaviour in this species is consistent with the use of recognition cues learned through association.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Evolut & Behav Grp, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Exeter Cornwall, Ctr Ecol & Conservat, Marine Turtle Res Grp, Penryn TR10 9EZ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Edward Grey Inst Field Ornithol, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of Sheffield; University of Exeter; University of Oxford
RP Sharp, SP (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Evolut & Behav Grp, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM s.sharp@sheffield.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/A/S/2002/00779] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 23
TC 209
Z9 236
U1 1
U2 156
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1127
EP 1130
DI 10.1038/nature03522
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300042
PM 15858573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collin, D
   Ritort, F
   Jarzynski, C
   Smith, SB
   Tinoco, I Jr
   Bustamante, C
AF Collin, D
   Ritort, F
   Jarzynski, C
   Smith, SB
   Tinoco, I Jr
   Bustamante, C
TI Verification of the Crooks fluctuation theorem and recovery of RNA folding free energies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonequilibrium; molecules; error; force
AB Atomic force microscopes and optical tweezers are widely used to probe the mechanical properties of individual molecules and molecular interactions, by exerting mechanical forces that induce transitions such as unfolding or dissociation. These transitions often occur under nonequilibrium conditions and are associated with hysteresis effects - features usually taken to preclude the extraction of equilibrium information from the experimental data. But fluctuation theorems(1-5) allow us to relate the work along nonequilibrium trajectories to thermodynamic free-energy differences. They have been shown to be applicable to single-molecule force measurements(6) and have already provided information on the folding free energy of a RNA hairpin(7,8). Here we show that the Crooks fluctuation theorem(9) can be used to determine folding free energies for folding and unfolding processes occurring in weak as well as strong nonequilibrium regimes, thereby providing a test of its validity under such conditions. We use optical tweezers(10) to measure repeatedly the mechanical work associated with the unfolding and refolding of a small RNA hairpin(11) and an RNA three-helix junction(12). The resultant work distributions are then analysed according to the theorem and allow us to determine the difference in folding free energy between an RNA molecule and a mutant differing only by one base pair, and the thermodynamic stabilizing effect of magnesium ions on the RNA structure.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Merck & Co Inc, Automated Biotechnol Dept, N Wales, PA 19454 USA.
   Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Merck & Company; Merck & Company USA; University of Barcelona; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM ritort@ffn.ub.es; carlos@alice.berkeley.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM010840] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 849
Z9 949
U1 2
U2 200
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 231
EP 234
DI 10.1038/nature04061
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900050
PM 16148928
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loftus, B
   Anderson, I
   Davies, R
   Alsmark, UCM
   Samuelson, J
   Amedeo, P
   Roncaglia, P
   Berriman, M
   Hirt, RP
   Mann, BJ
   Nozaki, T
   Suh, B
   Pop, M
   Duchene, M
   Ackers, J
   Tannich, E
   Leippe, M
   Hofer, M
   Bruchhaus, I
   Willhoeft, U
   Bhattacharya, A
   Chillingworth, T
   Churcher, C
   Hance, Z
   Harris, B
   Harris, D
   Jagels, K
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Ormond, D
   Squares, R
   Whitehead, S
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Norbertczak, H
   Price, C
   Wang, Z
   Guillén, N
   Gilchrist, C
   Stroup, SE
   Bhattacharya, S
   Lohia, A
   Foster, PG
   Sicheritz-Ponten, T
   Weber, C
   Singh, U
   Mukherjee, C
   El-Sayed, NM
   Petri, WA Jr
   Clark, CG
   Embley, TM
   Barrell, B
   Fraser, CM
   Hall, N
AF Loftus, B
   Anderson, I
   Davies, R
   Alsmark, UCM
   Samuelson, J
   Amedeo, P
   Roncaglia, P
   Berriman, M
   Hirt, RP
   Mann, BJ
   Nozaki, T
   Suh, B
   Pop, M
   Duchene, M
   Ackers, J
   Tannich, E
   Leippe, M
   Hofer, M
   Bruchhaus, I
   Willhoeft, U
   Bhattacharya, A
   Chillingworth, T
   Churcher, C
   Hance, Z
   Harris, B
   Harris, D
   Jagels, K
   Moule, S
   Mungall, K
   Ormond, D
   Squares, R
   Whitehead, S
   Quail, MA
   Rabbinowitsch, E
   Norbertczak, H
   Price, C
   Wang, Z
   Guillén, N
   Gilchrist, C
   Stroup, SE
   Bhattacharya, S
   Lohia, A
   Foster, PG
   Sicheritz-Ponten, T
   Weber, C
   Singh, U
   Mukherjee, C
   El-Sayed, NM
   Petri, WA Jr
   Clark, CG
   Embley, TM
   Barrell, B
   Fraser, CM
   Hall, N
TI The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; evolution; inference; program
AB Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite and the causative agent of amoebiasis, which is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries(1). Here we present the genome of E. histolytica, which reveals a variety of metabolic adaptations shared with two other amitochondrial protist pathogens: Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis. These adaptations include reduction or elimination of most mitochondrial metabolic pathways and the use of oxidative stress enzymes generally associated with anaerobic prokaryotes. Phylogenomic analysis identifies evidence for lateral gene transfer of bacterial genes into the E. histolytica genome, the effects of which centre on expanding aspects of E. histolytica's metabolic repertoire. The presence of these genes and the potential for novel metabolic pathways in E. histolytica may allow for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. The genome encodes a large number of novel receptor kinases and contains expansions of a variety of gene families, including those associated with virulence. Additional genome features include an abundance of tandemly repeated transfer-RNA-containing arrays, which may have a structural function in the genome. Analysis of the genome provides new insights into the workings and genome evolution of a major human pathogen.
C1 TIGR, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Newcastle Univ, Sch Biol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Boston Univ, Goldman Sch Dent Med, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Internal Med, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Microbiol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Parasitol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628640, Japan.
   Med Univ Vienna, Ctr Physiol & Pathophysiol, Div Specif Prophylaxis & Trop Med, A-1095 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England.
   Bernhard Nocht Inst Trop Med, Dept Mol Parasitol, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Zool, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
   Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Sch Environm Sci, New Delhi 110067, India.
   Inst Pasteur, INSERM, U389, Unite Biol Cellulaire Parasitisme, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Bose Inst, Dept Biochem, Kolkata 700054, India.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 J. Craig Venter Institute; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Newcastle University - UK; Boston University; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; Japan Institute for Health Security (JIHS); National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID); Medical University of Vienna; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Leibniz Association; Bernhard Nocht Institut fur Tropenmedizin; University of Kiel; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Department of Science & Technology (India); Bose Institute; Natural History Museum London; Technical University of Denmark; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Loftus, B (corresponding author), TIGR, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM bjloftus@tigr.org
NR 30
TC 668
Z9 785
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 865
EP 868
DI 10.1038/nature03291
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600042
PM 15729342
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minn, AJ
   Gupta, GP
   Siegel, PM
   Bos, PD
   Shu, WP
   Giri, DD
   Viale, A
   Olshen, AB
   Gerald, WL
   Massagué, J
AF Minn, AJ
   Gupta, GP
   Siegel, PM
   Bos, PD
   Shu, WP
   Giri, DD
   Viale, A
   Olshen, AB
   Gerald, WL
   Massagué, J
TI Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression profiles; tumor progression; metalloproteinases; signature; molecules; carcinoma; proteins; survival; network; growth
AB By means of in vivo selection, transcriptomic analysis, functional verification and clinical validation, here we identify a set of genes that marks and mediates breast cancer metastasis to the lungs. Some of these genes serve dual functions, providing growth advantages both in the primary tumour and in the lung microenvironment. Others contribute to aggressive growth selectively in the lung. Many encode extracellular proteins and are of previously unknown relevance to cancer metastasis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Genom Core Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Massagué, J (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM j-massague@ski.mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA094060] Funding Source: Medline
NR 33
TC 2398
Z9 2951
U1 2
U2 220
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 518
EP 524
DI 10.1038/nature03799
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800053
PM 16049480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rose, A
   Zhu, ZG
   Madigan, CF
   Swager, TM
   Bulovic, V
AF Rose, A
   Zhu, ZG
   Madigan, CF
   Swager, TM
   Bulovic, V
TI Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conjugated polymers; stimulated-emission; sensory materials; energy migration; films; microcavity; amplification
AB Societal needs for greater security require dramatic improvements in the sensitivity of chemical and biological sensors. To meet this challenge, increasing emphasis in analytical science has been directed towards materials and devices having highly nonlinear characteristics; semiconducting organic polymers (SOPs), with their facile excited state ( exciton) transport, are prime examples of amplifying materials(1-3). SOPs have also been recognized as promising lasing materials(4), although the susceptibility of these materials to optical damage has thus far limited applications. Here we report that attenuated lasing in optically pumped SOP thin films displays a sensitivity to vapours of explosives more than 30 times higher than is observed from spontaneous emission. Critical to this achievement was the development of a transducing polymer with high thin-film quantum yield, a high optical damage threshold in ambient atmosphere and a record low lasing threshold. Trace vapours of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene ( TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) introduce non-radiative deactivation pathways(5) that compete with stimulated emission. We demonstrate that the induced cessation of the lasing action, and associated sensitivity enhancement, is most pronounced when films are pumped at intensities near their lasing threshold. The combined gains from amplifying materials and lasing promise to deliver sensors that can detect explosives with unparalleled sensitivity.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Swager, TM (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM tswager@mit.edu; bulovic@mit.edu
NR 18
TC 724
Z9 794
U1 0
U2 248
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 876
EP 879
DI 10.1038/nature03438
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600035
PM 15829959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ueguchi-Tanaka, M
   Ashikari, M
   Nakajima, M
   Itoh, H
   Katoh, E
   Kobayashi, M
   Chow, TY
   Hsing, YIC
   Kitano, H
   Yamaguchi, I
   Matsuoka, M
AF Ueguchi-Tanaka, M
   Ashikari, M
   Nakajima, M
   Itoh, H
   Katoh, E
   Kobayashi, M
   Chow, TY
   Hsing, YIC
   Kitano, H
   Yamaguchi, I
   Matsuoka, M
TI GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathway; rice; protein; mutant; gene; metabolism; aleurone; subunit; cloning; growth
AB Gibberellins ( GAs) are phytohormones that are essential for many developmental processes in plants. It has been postulated that plants have both membrane-bound and soluble GA receptors; however, no GA receptors have yet been identified. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a new GA-insensitive dwarf mutant of rice, gid1. The GID1 gene encodes an unknown protein with similarity to the hormone-sensitive lipases, and we observed preferential localization of a GID1 - green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal in nuclei. Recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) - GID1 had a high affinity only for biologically active GAs, whereas mutated GST - GID1 corresponding to three gid1 alleles had no GA-binding affinity. The dissociation constant for GA(4) was estimated to be around 10(-7) M, enough to account for the GA dependency of shoot elongation. Moreover, GID1 bound to SLR1, a rice DELLA protein, in a GA-dependent manner in yeast cells. GID1 overexpression resulted in a GA-hypersensitive phenotype. Together, our results indicate that GID1 is a soluble receptor mediating GA signalling in rice.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Biosci & Biotechnol Ctr, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Dept Biochem, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
   RIKEN, Bioresources Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Bot, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
   Univ Tokyo, Biotechnol Res Ctr, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University; University of Tokyo; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; RIKEN; Academia Sinica - Taiwan; University of Tokyo
RP Matsuoka, M (corresponding author), Nagoya Univ, Biosci & Biotechnol Ctr, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan.
EM makoto@nuagr1.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp
NR 31
TC 1039
Z9 1288
U1 5
U2 437
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 693
EP 698
DI 10.1038/nature04028
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900044
PM 16193045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luan, BQ
   Robbins, MO
AF Luan, BQ
   Robbins, MO
TI The breakdown of continuum models for mechanical contacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force microscopy; friction; adhesion; tribology; surfaces; transition; solids; scale; wear; laws
AB Forces acting within the area of atomic contact between surfaces play a central role in friction and adhesion. Such forces are traditionally calculated using continuum contact mechanics(1), which is known to break down as the contact radius approaches atomic dimensions. Yet contact mechanics is being applied at ever smaller lengths, driven by interest in shrinking devices to nano-metre scales(2,3), creating nanostructured materials with optimized mechanical properties(3,4), and understanding the molecular origins of macroscopic friction and adhesion(5,6). Here we use molecular simulations to test the limits of contact mechanics under ideal conditions. Our findings indicate that atomic discreteness within the bulk of the solids does not have a significant effect, but that the atomic-scale surface roughness that is always produced by discrete atoms leads to dramatic deviations from continuum theory. Contact areas and stresses may be changed by a factor of two, whereas friction and lateral contact stiffness change by an order of magnitude. These variations are likely to affect continuum predictions for many macroscopic rough surfaces, where studies(7,8) show that the total contact area is broken up into many separate regions with very small mean radius.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Robbins, MO (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM mr@jhu.edu
NR 29
TC 567
Z9 658
U1 5
U2 283
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 929
EP 932
DI 10.1038/nature03700
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700043
PM 15959512
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fialko, Y
   Sandwell, D
   Simons, M
   Rosen, P
AF Fialko, Y
   Sandwell, D
   Simons, M
   Rosen, P
TI Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam, Iran, earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hector mine earthquake; san-andreas fault; transient strain accumulation; radar interferometry; landers-earthquake; postseismic deformation; surface displacement; superstition hills; izmit mainshock; hayward fault
AB Our understanding of the earthquake process requires detailed insights into how the tectonic stresses are accumulated and released on seismogenic faults. We derive the full vector displacement field due to the Bam, Iran, earthquake of moment magnitude 6.5 using radar data from the Envisat satellite of the European Space Agency. Analysis of surface deformation indicates that most of the seismic moment release along the 20-km-long strike-slip rupture occurred at a shallow depth of 4 - 5 km, yet the rupture did not break the surface. The Bam event may therefore represent an end-member case of the 'shallow slip deficit' model, which postulates that coseismic slip in the uppermost crust is systematically less than that at seismogenic depths ( 4 - 10 km). The InSAR-derived surface displacement data from the Bam and other large shallow earthquakes suggest that the uppermost section of the seismogenic crust around young and developing faults may undergo a distributed failure in the interseismic period, thereby accumulating little elastic strain.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Seismol Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Fialko, Y (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM fialko@radar.ucsd.edu
NR 47
TC 439
Z9 526
U1 3
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 295
EP 299
DI 10.1038/nature03425
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000035
PM 15902247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turvey, ST
   Green, OR
   Holdaway, RN
AF Turvey, ST
   Green, OR
   Holdaway, RN
TI Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone microstructure; periosteal bone; life-history; evolution; age; extinction; sequences; dinosaurs; rates; birds
AB Cyclical growth marks in cortical bone, deposited before attainment of adult body size, reflect osteogenetic changes caused by annual rhythms and are a general phenomenon in non-avian ectothermic and endothermic tetrapods(1). However, the growth periods of ornithurines (the theropod group including all modern birds) are usually apomorphically shortened to less than a year(2,3), so annual growth marks are almost unknown in this group(4-6). Here we show that cortical growth marks are frequent in long bones of New Zealand's moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes), a recently extinct ratite order. Moa showed the exaggerated K-selected life-history strategy formerly common in the New Zealand avifauna, and in some instances took almost a decade to attain skeletal maturity. This indicates that reproductive maturity in moa was extremely delayed relative to all extant birds. The two presently recognized moa families (Dinornithidae and Emeidae) also showed different postnatal growth rates, which were associated with their relative differences in body size. Both species of giant Dinornis moa attained their massive stature (up to 240 kg live mass) by accelerating their juvenile growth rate compared to the smaller emeid moa species, rather than by extending the skeletal growth period.
C1 Univ Canterbury, Sch Biol Sci, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Palaecol Res Ltd, Christchurch 8004, New Zealand.
C3 University of Canterbury; Zoological Society of London; University of Oxford
RP Turvey, ST (corresponding author), Univ Canterbury, Sch Biol Sci, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand.
EM samuel.turvey@ioz.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 80
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 940
EP 943
DI 10.1038/nature03635
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700046
PM 15959513
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuzuyama, T
   Noel, JP
   Richard, SB
AF Kuzuyama, T
   Noel, JP
   Richard, SB
TI Structural basis for the promiscuous biosynthetic prenylation of aromatic natural products
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID farnesyl diphosphate synthase; crystal-structure; protein farnesyltransferase; polyketide synthase; binding protein; resolution; prenyltransferase; identification; mechanism; enzymes
AB The anti-oxidant naphterpin is a natural product containing a polyketide-based aromatic core with an attached 10-carbon geranyl group derived from isoprenoid ( terpene) metabolism(1-3). Hybrid natural products such as naphterpin that contain 5-carbon ( dimethylallyl), 10-carbon ( geranyl) or 15-carbon ( farnesyl) isoprenoid chains possess biological activities distinct from their non-prenylated aromatic precursors(4). These hybrid natural products represent new anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-cancer compounds. A small number of aromatic prenyltransferases (PTases) responsible for prenyl group attachment have only recently been isolated and characterized(5,6). Here we report the gene identification, biochemical characterization and high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of an architecturally novel aromatic PTase, Orf2 from Streptomyces sp. strain CL190, with substrates and substrate analogues bound. In vivo, Orf2 attaches a geranyl group to a 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene-derived polyketide during naphterpin biosynthesis. In vitro, Orf2 catalyses carbon-carbon-based and carbon-oxygen-based prenylation of a diverse collection of hydroxyl-containing aromatic acceptors of synthetic, microbial and plant origin. These crystal structures, coupled with in vitro assays, provide a basis for understanding and potentially manipulating the regio-specific prenylation of aromatic small molecules using this structurally unique family of aromatic PTases.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Jack Skirball Chem Biol & Proteom Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Biotechnol Res Ctr, Lab Cell Biotechnol, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
C3 Salk Institute; University of Tokyo
RP Richard, SB (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Jack Skirball Chem Biol & Proteom Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM richard@salk.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 273
Z9 316
U1 1
U2 121
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 983
EP 987
DI 10.1038/nature03668
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700055
PM 15959519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kravchenko, JE
   Rogozin, IB
   Koonin, EV
   Chumakov, PM
AF Kravchenko, JE
   Rogozin, IB
   Koonin, EV
   Chumakov, PM
TI Transcription of mammalian messenger RNAs by a nuclear RNA polymerase of mitochondrial origin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna; cells; mtdna; tool; sequences; alignment; patterns; b1
AB Transcription of eukaryotic genes is performed by three nuclear RNA polymerases, of which RNA polymerase II is thought to be solely responsible for the synthesis of messenger RNAs1. Here we show that transcription of some mRNAs in humans and rodents is mediated by a previously unknown single-polypeptide nuclear RNA polymerase (spRNAP-IV). spRNAP-IV is expressed from an alternative transcript of the mitochondrial RNA polymerase gene (POLRMT). The spRNAP-IV lacks 262 amino-terminal amino acids of mitochondrial RNA polymerase, including the mitochondrial-targeting signal, and localizes to the nucleus. Transcription by spRNAP-IV is resistant to the RNA polymease II inhibitor alpha-amanitin but is sensitive to short interfering RNA specific for the POLRMT gene. The promoters for spRNAP-IV differ substantially from those used by RNA polymerase II, do not respond to transcriptional enhancers and contain a common functional sequence motif.
C1 Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   VA Engelhardt Mol Biol Inst, Moscow 119991, Russia.
   Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
C3 Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM)
RP Chumakov, PM (corresponding author), Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
EM chumakp@ccf.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA104903] Funding Source: Medline; NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG025278] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 46
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 735
EP 739
DI 10.1038/nature03848
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500051
PM 16079853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGuire, JJ
   Boettcher, MS
   Jordan, TH
AF McGuire, JJ
   Boettcher, MS
   Jordan, TH
TI Foreshock sequences and short-term earthquake predictability on East Pacific Rise transform faults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aftershock sequences; slip event; seismicity; prediction
AB East Pacific Rise transform faults are characterized by high slip rates ( more than ten centimetres a year), predominately aseismic slip and maximum earthquake magnitudes of about 6.5. Using recordings from a hydroacoustic array deployed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, we show here that East Pacific Rise transform faults also have a low number of aftershocks and high foreshock rates compared to continental strike-slip faults. The high ratio of foreshocks to aftershocks implies that such transform-fault seismicity cannot be explained by seismic triggering models in which there is no fundamental distinction between foreshocks, mainshocks and aftershocks. The foreshock sequences on East Pacific Rise transform faults can be used to predict ( retrospectively) earthquakes of magnitude 5.4 or greater, in narrow spatial and temporal windows and with a high probability gain. The predictability of such transform earthquakes is consistent with a model in which slow slip transients trigger earthquakes, enrich their low-frequency radiation and accommodate much of the aseismic plate motion.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   MIT Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Southern California
RP McGuire, JJ (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM jmcguire@whoi.edu
NR 44
TC 176
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 457
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature03377
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000031
PM 15791246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carreira, S
   Goodall, J
   Aksan, I
   La Rocca, SA
   Galibert, MD
   Denat, L
   Larue, L
   Goding, CR
AF Carreira, S
   Goodall, J
   Aksan, I
   La Rocca, SA
   Galibert, MD
   Denat, L
   Larue, L
   Goding, CR
TI Mitf cooperates with Rb1 and activates p21Cip1 expression to regulate cell cycle progression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microphthalmia gene-product; dependent kinase inhibitor; transcription factor; melanocyte development; factor tbx2; in-vitro; s phase; promoter; target; differentiation
AB The controls that enable melanoblasts and melanoma cells to proliferate are likely to be related, but so far no key regulator of cell cycle progression specific to the melanocyte lineage has been identified. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor Mitf has a crucial but poorly defined role in melanoblast and melanocyte survival and in differentiation(1). Here we show that Mitf can act as a novel anti-proliferative transcription factor able to induce a G1 cell-cycle arrest that is dependent on Mitf-mediated activation of the p21(Cip1) (CDKN1A) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene. Moreover, cooperation between Mitf and the retinoblastoma protein Rb1 potentiates the ability of Mitf to activate transcription. The results indicate that Mitf-mediated activation of p21(Cip1) expression and consequent hypophosphorylation of Rb1 will contribute to cell cycle exit and activation of the differentiation programme. The mutation of genes associated with melanoma, such as INK4a or BRAF that would affect either Mitf cooperation with Rb1 or Mitf stability respectively, would impair Mitf-mediated cell cycle control.
C1 Inst Curie, CNRS, UMR146, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie
RP Goding, CR (corresponding author), Marie Curie Res Inst, Signalling & Dev Lab, The Chart, Oxted RH8 OTL, Surrey, England.
EM c.goding@mcri.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 317
Z9 363
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 764
EP 769
DI 10.1038/nature03269
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200044
PM 15716956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsieh, CH
   Glaser, SM
   Lucas, AJ
   Sugihara, G
AF Hsieh, CH
   Glaser, SM
   Lucas, AJ
   Sugihara, G
TI Distinguishing random environmental fluctuations from ecological catastrophes for the North Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID detecting regime shifts; time-series; stable points; chaos; variability; populations; california; models; error
AB The prospect of rapid dynamic changes in the environment is a pressing concern that has profound management and public policy implications(1,2). Worries over sudden climate change and irreversible changes in ecosystems are rooted in the potential that nonlinear systems have for complex and 'pathological' behaviours(1,2). Nonlinear behaviours have been shown in model systems(3) and in some natural systems(1,4-8), but their occurrence in large-scale marine environments remains controversial(9,10). Here we show that time series observations of key physical variables(11-14) for the North Pacific Ocean that seem to show these behaviours are not deterministically nonlinear, and are best described as linear stochastic. In contrast, we find that time series for biological variables(5,15-17) having similar properties exhibit a low-dimensional nonlinear signature. To our knowledge, this is the first direct test for nonlinearity in large-scale physical and biological data for the marine environment. These results address a continuing debate over the origin of rapid shifts in certain key marine observations as coming from essentially stochastic processes or from dominant nonlinear mechanisms(1,9,10,18-20). Our measurements suggest that large-scale marine ecosystems are dynamically nonlinear, and as such have the capacity for dramatic change in response to stochastic fluctuations in basin-scale physical states.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Sugihara, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM gsugihara@ucsd.edu
NR 29
TC 285
Z9 330
U1 1
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 336
EP 340
DI 10.1038/nature03553
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000044
PM 15902256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, JF
   Struzhkin, VV
   Jacobsen, SD
   Hu, MY
   Chow, P
   Kung, J
   Liu, HZ
   Mao, HK
   Hemley, RJ
AF Lin, JF
   Struzhkin, VV
   Jacobsen, SD
   Hu, MY
   Chow, P
   Kung, J
   Liu, HZ
   Mao, HK
   Hemley, RJ
TI Spin transition of iron in magnesiowustite in the Earth's lower mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID post-perovskite phase; equation-of-state; thermodynamic parameters; silicate perovskite; high-pressure; temperature; heterogeneity; oxides
AB Iron is the most abundant transition-metal element in the mantle and therefore plays an important role in the geochemistry and geodynamics of the Earth's interior(1-11). Pressure-induced electronic spin transitions of iron occur in magnesiowustite, silicate perovskite and post-perovskite(1-4,8,10,11). Here we have studied the spin states of iron in magnesiowustite and the isolated effects of the electronic transitions on the elasticity of magnesiowustite with in situ X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to pressures of the lowermost mantle. An observed high-spin to low-spin transition of iron in magnesiowustite results in an abnormal compressional behaviour between the high-spin and the low-spin states. The high-pressure, low-spin state exhibits a much higher bulk modulus and bulk sound velocity than the low-pressure, high-spin state; the bulk modulus jumps by similar to 35 per cent and bulk sound velocity increases by similar to 15 per cent across the transition in (Mg-0.83, Fe-0.17) O. Although no significant density change is observed across the electronic transition, the jump in the sound velocities and the bulk modulus across the transition provides an additional explanation for the seismic wave heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle(12-21). The transition also affects current interpretations of the geophysical and geochemical models using extrapolated or calculated thermal equation-of-state data without considering the effects of the electronic transition(5,6,22,23).
C1 Carnegie Inst Sci, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, HPCAT, Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Mineral Phys, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Lin, JF (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM j.lin@gl.ciw.edu
NR 32
TC 302
Z9 345
U1 2
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 377
EP 380
DI 10.1038/nature03825
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400039
PM 16034415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Im, YJ
   Raychaudhuri, S
   Prinz, WA
   Hurley, JH
AF Im, YJ
   Raychaudhuri, S
   Prinz, WA
   Hurley, JH
TI Structural mechanism for sterol sensing and transport by OSBP-related proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxysterol-binding-protein; phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein; tocopherol transfer protein; crystal-structure; ligand-binding; lipid-binding; domain; phosphatidylcholine; membranes; homologs
AB The oxysterol-binding-protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) are conserved from yeast to humans(1,2), and are implicated in the regulation of sterol homeostasis(3,4) and in signal transduction pathways(5). Here we report the structure of the full-length yeast ORP Osh4 (also known as Kes1) at 1.5 - 1.9 angstrom resolution in complexes with ergosterol, cholesterol, and 7-, 20- and 25-hydroxycholesterol. We find that a single sterol molecule binds within a hydrophobic tunnel in a manner consistent with a transport function for ORPs. The entrance is blocked by a flexible amino-terminal lid and surrounded by basic residues that are critical for Osh4 function. The structure of the open state of a lid-truncated form of Osh4 was determined at 2.5 angstrom resolution. Structural analysis and limited proteolysis show that sterol binding closes the lid and stabilizes a conformation favouring transport across aqueous barriers and signal transmission. The structure of Osh4 in the absence of ligand exposes potential phospholipid-binding sites that are positioned for membrane docking and sterol exchange. On the basis of these observations, we propose a model in which sterol and membrane binding promote reciprocal conformational changes that facilitate a sterol transfer and signalling cycle.
C1 NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIDDKD, Lab Cell Biochem & Biol, NIH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Life Sci, Gwangju City 500712, South Korea.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology (GIST)
RP Hurley, JH (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM hurley@helix.nih.gov
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [Z01 DK036118-12] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 352
Z9 423
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 154
EP 158
DI 10.1038/nature03923
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400060
PM 16136145
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Orr, JC
   Fabry, VJ
   Aumont, O
   Bopp, L
   Doney, SC
   Feely, RA
   Gnanadesikan, A
   Gruber, N
   Ishida, A
   Joos, F
   Key, RM
   Lindsay, K
   Maier-Reimer, E
   Matear, R
   Monfray, P
   Mouchet, A
   Najjar, RG
   Plattner, GK
   Rodgers, KB
   Sabine, CL
   Sarmiento, JL
   Schlitzer, R
   Slater, RD
   Totterdell, IJ
   Weirig, MF
   Yamanaka, Y
   Yool, A
AF Orr, JC
   Fabry, VJ
   Aumont, O
   Bopp, L
   Doney, SC
   Feely, RA
   Gnanadesikan, A
   Gruber, N
   Ishida, A
   Joos, F
   Key, RM
   Lindsay, K
   Maier-Reimer, E
   Matear, R
   Monfray, P
   Mouchet, A
   Najjar, RG
   Plattner, GK
   Rodgers, KB
   Sabine, CL
   Sarmiento, JL
   Schlitzer, R
   Slater, RD
   Totterdell, IJ
   Weirig, MF
   Yamanaka, Y
   Yool, A
TI Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; prince-william-sound; terra-nova bay; ross sea; aragonite production; pacific sector; southern-ocean; vertical flux; co2; antarctica
AB Today's surface ocean is saturated with respect to calcium carbonate, but increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are reducing ocean pH and carbonate ion concentrations, and thus the level of calcium carbonate saturation. Experimental evidence suggests that if these trends continue, key marine organisms - such as corals and some plankton - will have difficulty maintaining their external calcium carbonate skeletons. Here we use 13 models of the ocean - carbon cycle to assess calcium carbonate saturation under the IS92a 'business-as-usual' scenario for future emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. In our projections, Southern Ocean surface waters will begin to become undersaturated with respect to aragonite, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, by the year 2050. By 2100, this undersaturation could extend throughout the entire Southern Ocean and into the subarctic Pacific Ocean. When live pteropods were exposed to our predicted level of undersaturation during a two-day shipboard experiment, their aragonite shells showed notable dissolution. Our findings indicate that conditions detrimental to high-latitude ecosystems could develop within decades, not centuries as suggested previously.
C1 CEA Saclay, UMR CEA CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Calif State Univ San Marcos, Dept Biol Sci, San Marcos, CA 92096 USA.
   Ctr IRD Bretagne, LOCEAN, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
   CSIRO, Marine Res & Antarctic Climate & Ecosyst CRC, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Univ Liege, Astrophys & Geophys Inst, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, LOCEAN, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Natl Oceanog Ctr Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; California State University System; California State University San Marcos; Sorbonne Universite; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); University of Bern; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Princeton University; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; Max Planck Society; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); University of Liege; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Sorbonne Universite; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton
RP Orr, JC (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, UMR CEA CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM orr@cea.fr
NR 49
TC 3438
Z9 4122
U1 43
U2 3467
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 681
EP 686
DI 10.1038/nature04095
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900042
PM 16193043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lukhtanov, VA
   Kandul, NP
   Plotkin, JB
   Dantchenko, AV
   Haig, D
   Pierce, NE
AF Lukhtanov, VA
   Kandul, NP
   Plotkin, JB
   Dantchenko, AV
   Haig, D
   Pierce, NE
TI Reinforcement of pre-zygotic isolation and karyotype evolution in Agrodiaetus butterflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual selection; speciation; patterns; driven
AB The reinforcement model of evolution argues that natural selection enhances pre-zygotic isolation between divergent populations or species by selecting against unfit hybrids(1,2) or costly interspecific matings(3). Reinforcement is distinguished from other models that consider the formation of reproductive isolation to be a by-product of divergent evolution(4,5). Although theory has shown that reinforcement is a possible mechanism that can lead to speciation(6-8), empirical evidence has been sufficiently scarce to raise doubts about the importance of reinforcement in nature(6,9,10). Agrodiaetus butterflies ( Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) exhibit unusual variability in chromosome number. Whereas their genitalia and other morphological characteristics are largely uniform, different species vary considerably in male wing colour, and provide a model system to study the role of reinforcement in speciation. Using comparative phylogenetic methods, we show that the sympatric distribution of 15 relatively young sister taxa of Agrodiaetus strongly correlates with differences in male wing colour, and that this pattern is most likely the result of reinforcement. We find little evidence supporting sympatric speciation: rather, in Agrodiaetus, karyotypic changes accumulate gradually in allopatry, prompting reinforcement when karyotypically divergent races come into contact.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   St Petersburg State Univ, Dept Entomol, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.
   Bauer Ctr Genom Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Saint Petersburg State University
RP Pierce, NE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM npierce@fas.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 177
Z9 206
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 385
EP 389
DI 10.1038/nature03704
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400041
PM 16034417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xie, XH
   Lu, J
   Kulbokas, EJ
   Golub, TR
   Mootha, V
   Lindblad-Toh, K
   Lander, ES
   Kellis, M
AF Xie, XH
   Lu, J
   Kulbokas, EJ
   Golub, TR
   Mootha, V
   Lindblad-Toh, K
   Lander, ES
   Kellis, M
TI Systematic discovery of regulatory motifs in human promoters and 3′ UTRs by comparison of several mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microrna targets; genome sequence; mouse genome; elements; genes; prediction; protein; 3'-utr; binds; power
AB Comprehensive identification of all functional elements encoded in the human genome is a fundamental need in biomedical research. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the human, mouse, rat and dog genomes to create a systematic catalogue of common regulatory motifs in promoters and 30 untranslated regions ( 3 0 UTRs). The promoter analysis yields 174 candidate motifs, including most previously known transcription-factor binding sites and 105 new motifs. The 3'-UTR analysis yields 106 motifs likely to be involved in post-transcriptional regulation. Nearly one-half are associated with microRNAs ( miRNAs), leading to the discovery of many new miRNA genes and their likely target genes. Our results suggest that previous estimates of the number of human miRNA genes were low, and that miRNAs regulate at least 20% of human genes. The overall results provide a systematic view of gene regulation in the human, which will be refined as additional mammalian genomes become available.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Comp Sci & Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Lander, ES (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
EM lander@broad.mit.edu; manoli@mit.edu
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG004037] Funding Source: Medline
NR 37
TC 1525
Z9 1943
U1 0
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 338
EP 345
DI 10.1038/nature03441
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100041
PM 15735639
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Connor, PM
   Claessens, LPAM
AF O'Connor, PM
   Claessens, LPAM
TI Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID air-flow; pneumaticity; morphology; anatomy; china; lung
AB Birds are unique among living vertebrates in possessing pneumaticity of the postcranial skeleton, with invasion of bone by the pulmonary air-sac system(1-4). The avian respiratory system includes high-compliance air sacs that ventilate a dorsally fixed, non-expanding parabronchial lung(2,3,5,6). Caudally positioned abdominal and thoracic air sacs are critical components of the avian aspiration pump, facilitating flow-through ventilation of the lung and near-constant airflow during both inspiration and expiration, highlighting a design optimized for efficient gas exchange(2,5-8). Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity has also been reported in numerous extinct archosaurs including non-avian theropod dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx(9-12). However, the relationship between osseous pneumaticity and the evolution of the avian respiratory apparatus has long remained ambiguous. Here we report, on the basis of a comparative analysis of region-specific pneumaticity with extant birds, evidence for cervical and abdominal air-sac systems in non-avian theropods, along with thoracic skeletal prerequisites of an avian-style aspiration pump. The early acquisition of this system among theropods is demonstrated by examination of an exceptional new specimen of Majungatholus atopus, documenting these features in a taxon only distantly related to birds. Taken together, these specializations imply the existence of the basic avian pulmonary Bauplan in basal neotheropods, indicating that flow-through ventilation of the lung is not restricted to birds but is probably a general theropod characteristic.
C1 Ohio Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio University; Harvard University
RP O'Connor, PM (corresponding author), Ohio Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Biomed Sci, 228 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701 USA.
EM oconnorp@ohiou.edu
NR 30
TC 183
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 253
EP 256
DI 10.1038/nature03716
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500040
PM 16015329
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, SYL
   Yu, Y
   Roos, J
   Kozak, JA
   Deerinck, TJ
   Ellisman, MH
   Stauderman, KA
   Cahalan, MD
AF Zhang, SYL
   Yu, Y
   Roos, J
   Kozak, JA
   Deerinck, TJ
   Ellisman, MH
   Stauderman, KA
   Cahalan, MD
TI STIM1 is a Ca2+ sensor that activates CRAC channels and migrates from the Ca2+ store to the plasma membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID operated calcium-channels; t-lymphocytes; depletion; influx; cells; oscillations; inhibition; mechanisms; family
AB As the sole Ca2+ entry mechanism in a variety of non-excitable cells, store-operated calcium (SOC) influx is important in Ca2+ signalling and many other cellular processes(1-3). A calcium-release-activated calcium ( CRAC) channel in T lymphocytes is the best-characterized SOC influx channel(4-6) and is essential to the immune response, sustained activity of CRAC channels being required for gene expression and proliferation(7-10). The molecular identity and the gating mechanism of SOC and CRAC channels have remained elusive. Previously we identified Stim and the mammalian homologue STIM1 as essential components of CRAC channel activation in Drosophila S2 cells and human T lymphocytes(11). Here we show that the expression of EF-hand mutants of Stim or STIM1 activates CRAC channels constitutively without changing Ca2+ store content. By immunofluorescence, EM localization and surface biotinylation we show that STIM1 migrates from endoplasmic-reticulum-like sites to the plasma membrane upon depletion of the Ca2+ store. We propose that STIM1 functions as the missing link between Ca2+ store depletion and SOC influx, serving as a Ca2+ sensor that translocates upon store depletion to the plasma membrane to activate CRAC channels.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Immunol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   TorreyPines Therapeut Inc, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Natl Ctr Microscopy & Imaging Res, Ctr Res Biol Struct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Cahalan, MD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM mcahalan@uci.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [P30CA062203] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [R01NS014609] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA062203] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS014609, R37 NS014609] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 1164
Z9 1386
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 902
EP 905
DI 10.1038/nature04147
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600050
PM 16208375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dauphas, N
AF Dauphas, N
TI The U/Th production ratio and the age of the Milky Way from meteorites and Galactic halo stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID r-process; chemical evolution; solar-system; cs 31082-001; cosmochronology; elements; neighborhood; hipparcos; density; galaxy
AB Some heavy elements ( with atomic number A > 69) are produced by the 'rapid' (r)-process of nucleosynthesis, where lighter elements are bombarded with a massive flux of neutrons(1-8). Although this is characteristic of supernovae and neutron star mergers, uncertainties in where the r-process occurs persist because stellar models are too crude to allow precise quantification of this phenomenon. As a result, there are many uncertainties and assumptions in the models used to calculate the production ratios of actinides ( like uranium-238 and thorium-232). Current estimates of the U/Th production ratio range from similar to 0.4 to 0.7. Here I show that the U/Th abundance ratio in meteorites(9) can be used, in conjunction with observations of low-metallicity stars in the halo of the Milky Way(10-12), to determine the U/Th production ratio very precisely (0.571(-0.031)(+0.037)). This value can be used in future studies to constrain the possible nuclear mass formulae used in r- process calculations(5,6), to help determine the source of Galactic cosmic rays, and to date circumstellar grains(5). I also estimate the age of the Milky Way (14.5(-2.2)(+2.8) Gyr) in a way that is independent of the uncertainties associated with fluctuations in the microwave background(13) or models of stellar evolution(14,15).
C1 Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Dept Geophys Sci, Origins Lab, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Chicago Ctr Cosmochem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Dauphas, N (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Dept Geophys Sci, Origins Lab, 5734 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM dauphas@uchicago.edu
NR 30
TC 33
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1203
EP 1205
DI 10.1038/nature03645
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500036
PM 15988518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laugwitz, KL
   Moretti, A
   Lam, J
   Gruber, P
   Chen, YH
   Woodard, S
   Lin, LZ
   Cai, CL
   Lu, MM
   Reth, M
   Platoshyn, O
   Yuan, JXJ
   Evans, S
   Chien, KR
AF Laugwitz, KL
   Moretti, A
   Lam, J
   Gruber, P
   Chen, YH
   Woodard, S
   Lin, LZ
   Cai, CL
   Lu, MM
   Reth, M
   Platoshyn, O
   Yuan, JXJ
   Evans, S
   Chien, KR
TI Postnatal isl1+cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; tamoxifen-inducible form; cardiac myocytes; cre; expression; pathways; disease; fusion
AB The purification, renewal and differentiation of native cardiac progenitors would form a mechanistic underpinning for unravelling steps for cardiac cell lineage formation, and their links to forms of congenital and adult cardiac diseases(1 - 3). Until now there has been little evidence for native cardiac precursor cells in the postnatal heart(4). Herein, we report the identification of isl1(+) cardiac progenitors in postnatal rat, mouse and human myocardium. A cardiac mesenchymal feeder layer allows renewal of the isolated progenitor cells with maintenance of their capability to adopt a fully differentiated cardiomyocyte phenotype. Tamoxifen- inducible Cre/ lox technology enables selective marking of this progenitor cell population including its progeny, at a defined time, and purification to relative homogeneity. Coculture studies with neonatal myocytes indicate that isl1(+) cells represent authentic, endogenous cardiac progenitors ( cardioblasts) that display highly efficient conversion to a mature cardiac phenotype with stable expression of myocytic markers ( 25%) in the absence of cell fusion, intact Ca2+- cycling, and the generation of action potentials. The discovery of native cardioblasts represents a genetically based system to identify steps in cardiac cell lineage formation and maturation in development and disease.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Inst Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Cardiac Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Med, Div Cardiovasc, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Freiburg, Max Planck Inst Immunbiol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; University of Freiburg; Max Planck Society
RP Chien, KR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Inst Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM syevans@ucsd.edu; kchien@partners.org
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [DP1 HL117649, R01 HL070867] Funding Source: Medline; NIH HHS [DP1 OD006428] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 1006
Z9 1208
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 647
EP 653
DI 10.1038/nature03215
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000048
PM 15703750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Storm, C
   Pastore, JJ
   MacKintosh, FC
   Lubensky, TC
   Janmey, PA
AF Storm, C
   Pastore, JJ
   MacKintosh, FC
   Lubensky, TC
   Janmey, PA
TI Nonlinear elasticity in biological gels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin gels; modulus
AB The mechanical properties of soft biological tissues are essential to their physiological function and cannot easily be duplicated by synthetic materials. Unlike simple polymer gels, many biological materials - including blood vessels(1), mesentery tissue(2), lung parenchyma(3), cornea(4) and blood clots(5) - stiffen as they are strained, thereby preventing large deformations that could threaten tissue integrity. The molecular structures and design principles responsible for this nonlinear elasticity are unknown. Here we report a molecular theory that accounts for strain-stiffening in a range of molecularly distinct gels formed from cytoskeletal and extracellular proteins and that reveals universal stress - strain relations at low to intermediate strains. The input to this theory is the force - extension curve for individual semi-flexible filaments and the assumptions that biological networks composed of these filaments are homogeneous, isotropic, and that they strain uniformly. This theory shows that systems of filamentous proteins arranged in an open crosslinked mesh invariably stiffen at low strains without requiring a specific architecture or multiple elements with different intrinsic stiffness.
C1 Univ Penn, Inst Med & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Div Phys & Astron, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; University of Pennsylvania
RP Storm, C (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, LION, Inst Lorentz Theoret Phys, POB 9506, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
EM cstorm@lorentz.leidenuniv.nl
NR 29
TC 1431
Z9 1719
U1 7
U2 508
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 191
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature03521
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100036
PM 15889088
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kinjo, Y
   Wu, D
   Kim, GS
   Xing, GW
   Poles, MA
   Ho, DD
   Tsuji, M
   Kawahara, K
   Wong, CH
   Kronenberg, M
AF Kinjo, Y
   Wu, D
   Kim, GS
   Xing, GW
   Poles, MA
   Ho, DD
   Tsuji, M
   Kawahara, K
   Wong, CH
   Kronenberg, M
TI Recognition of bacterial glycosphingolipids by natural killer T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nkt cells; alpha-galactosylceramide; cutting edge; activation
AB Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a highly conserved T lymphocyte subpopulation that has the potential to regulate many types of immune responses through the rapid secretion of cytokines(1,2). NKT cells recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d, a class I-like antigen- presenting molecule. They have an invariant T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) alpha-chain, but whether this invariant TCR recognizes microbial antigens is still controversial. Here we show that most mouse and human NKT cells recognize glycosphingolipids from Sphingomonas, Gram-negative bacteria that do not contain lipopolysaccharide(3-5). NKT cells are activated in vivo after exposure to these bacterial antigens or bacteria, and mice that lack NKT cells have a marked defect in the clearance of Sphingomonas from the liver. These data suggest that NKT cells are T lymphocytes that provide an innate-type immune response to certain microorganisms through recognition by their antigen receptor, and that they might be useful in providing protection from bacteria that cannot be detected by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4.
C1 La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Div Dev Immunol, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med & Mol Parasitol, New York, NY 10010 USA.
   Kitasato Inst, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088642, Japan.
C3 La Jolla Institute for Immunology; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; New York University; Rockefeller University; New York University
RP Kronenberg, M (corresponding author), La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Div Dev Immunol, 10355 Sci Ctr Dr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
EM mitch@liai.org
NR 30
TC 789
Z9 911
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 520
EP 525
DI 10.1038/nature03407
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000045
PM 15791257
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, P
AF Moore, P
TI Photocopiers for DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 237
EP 237
DI 10.1038/435237a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100051
PM 15889102
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU West, RA
   Brown, ME
   Salinas, SV
   Bouchez, AH
   Roe, HG
AF West, RA
   Brown, ME
   Salinas, SV
   Bouchez, AH
   Roe, HG
TI No oceans on Titan from the absence of a near-infrared specular reflection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-constants; atmosphere; liquid; model
AB With its substantial atmosphere of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and nitriles, Saturn's moon Titan is a unique planetary satellite. Photochemical processing of the gaseous constituents produces an extended haze that obscures the surface. Soon after the Voyager fly-bys in 1980 and 1981 photochemical models(1-3) led to the conclusion that there should be enough liquid methane/ethane/ nitrogen to cover the surface to a depth of several hundred metres. Recent Earth-based radar echoes imply that surface liquid may be present at a significant fraction of the locations sampled(4). Here we present ground-based observations ( at near-infrared wavelengths) and calculations showing that there is no evidence thus far for surface liquid(5). Combined with the specular signatures from radar observations, we infer mechanisms that produce very flat solid surfaces, involving a substance that was liquid in the past but is not in liquid form at the locations we studied.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Ctr Remote Imaging Sensing & Proc, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
   WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; National University of Singapore
RP West, RA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 169-237,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM Robert.A.West@jpl.nasa.gov
NR 17
TC 52
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 670
EP 672
DI 10.1038/nature03824
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500036
PM 16079839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McElwain, JC
   Wade-Murphy, J
   Hesselbo, SP
AF McElwain, JC
   Wade-Murphy, J
   Hesselbo, SP
TI Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cenomanian-turonian boundary; atmospheric co2; mass extinction; gas-hydrate; toarcian; dissociation; antarctica; methane
AB The marine sedimentary record exhibits evidence for episodes of enhanced organic carbon burial known as 'oceanic anoxic events' (OAEs)(1,2). They are characterized by carbon-isotope excursions in marine(3) and terrestrial(4) reservoirs and mass extinction of marine faunas(5). Causal mechanisms for the enhancement of organic carbon burial during OAEs are still debated(6,7), but it is thought that such events should draw down significant quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide(7). In the case of the Toarcian OAE (similar to 183 million years ago), a short-lived negative carbon-isotope excursion in oceanic and terrestrial reservoirs has been interpreted to indicate raised atmospheric carbon dioxide(4) caused by oxidation of methane catastrophically released from either marine gas hydrates(4) or magma-intruded organic-rich rocks(8). Here we test these two leading hypotheses(4,8) for a negative carbon isotopic excursion marking the initiation of the Toarcian OAE using a high-resolution atmospheric carbon dioxide record obtained from fossil leaf stomatal frequency(9,10). We find that coincident with the negative carbon-isotope excursion carbon dioxide is first drawn down by 350 +/- 100 p. p. m. v. and then abruptly elevated by 1,200 6 400 p. p. m. v, and infer a global cooling and greenhouse warming of 2.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 6.5 +/- 1 degrees C, respectively. The pattern and magnitude of carbon dioxide change are difficult to reconcile with catastrophic input of isotopically light methane from hydrates(5) as the cause of the negative isotopic signal. Our carbon dioxide record better supports a magma-intrusion hypothesis(8), and suggests that injection of isotopically light carbon from the release of thermogenic methane occurred owing to the intrusion of Gondwana coals by Toarcian-aged Karoo-Ferrar dolerites.
C1 Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); University of Chicago; University of Oxford
RP McElwain, JC (corresponding author), Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Geol, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
EM jmcelwain@fieldmuseum.org
NR 30
TC 457
Z9 493
U1 4
U2 111
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 479
EP 482
DI 10.1038/nature03618
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800051
PM 15917805
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurin-Csörgei, K
   Epstein, IR
   Orbán, M
AF Kurin-Csörgei, K
   Epstein, IR
   Orbán, M
TI Systematic design of chemical oscillators using complexation and precipitation equilibria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Concentration oscillations are ubiquitous in living systems, where they involve a wide range of chemical species. In contrast, early in vitro chemical oscillators were all derived from two accidentally discovered reactions(1-3) based on oxyhalogen chemistry. Over the past 25 years, the use of a systematic design algorithm(4,5), in which a slow feedback reaction periodically drives a bistable system in a flow reactor between its two steady states, has increased the list of oscillating chemical reactions to dozens of systems. But these oscillating reactions are still confined to a handful of elements that possess multiple stable oxidation states: halogens, sulphur and some transition metals(6). Here we show that linking a 'core' oscillator to a complexation or precipitation equilibrium can induce concentration oscillations in a species participating in the equilibrium. We use this method to design systems that produce periodic pulses of calcium, aluminium or fluoride ions. The ability to generate oscillations in elements possessing only a single stable oxidation state (for example, Na(+), F(-), Ca(2+)) may lead to reactions that are useful for coupling to or probing living systems, or that help us to understand new mechanisms by which periodic behaviour may arise.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Chem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Volen Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Inorgan & Analyt Chem, H-1518 Budapest 112, Hungary.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Epstein, IR (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Chem, MS 015, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM epstein@brandeis.edu
NR 13
TC 96
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 139
EP 142
DI 10.1038/nature03214
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200032
PM 15650734
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Furukawa, H
   Singh, SK
   Mancusso, R
   Gouaux, E
AF Furukawa, H
   Singh, SK
   Mancusso, R
   Gouaux, E
TI Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID d-aspartate receptors; ligand-binding core; glutamate-receptor; crystal-structures; molecular determinants; channel kinetics; ampa receptors; activation; kainate; mechanism
AB Excitatory neurotransmission mediated by NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors is fundamental to the physiology of the mammalian central nervous system. These receptors are heteromeric ion channels that for activation require binding of glycine and glutamate to the NR1 and NR2 subunits, respectively. NMDA receptor function is characterized by slow channel opening and deactivation, and the resulting influx of cations initiates signal transduction cascades that are crucial to higher functions including learning and memory. Here we report crystal structures of the ligand-binding core of NR2A with glutamate and that of the NR1 - NR2A heterodimer with glutamate and glycine. The NR2A - glutamate complex defines the determinants of glutamate and NMDA recognition, and the NR1 - NR2A heterodimer suggests a mechanism for ligand-induced ion channel opening. Analysis of the heterodimer interface, together with biochemical and electrophysiological experiments, confirms that the NR1 - NR2A heterodimer is the functional unit in tetrameric NMDA receptors and that tyrosine 535 of NR1, located in the subunit interface, modulates the rate of ion channel deactivation.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
EM jeg52@columbia.edu
NR 50
TC 636
Z9 829
U1 2
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 185
EP 192
DI 10.1038/nature04089
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500040
PM 16281028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Israël, G
   Szopa, C
   Raulin, F
   Cabane, M
   Niemann, HB
   Atreya, SK
   Bauer, SJ
   Brun, JF
   Chassefière, E
   Coll, P
   Condé, E
   Coscia, D
   Hauchecorne, A
   Millian, P
   Nguyen, MJ
   Owen, T
   Riedler, W
   Samuelson, RE
   Siguier, JM
   Steller, M
   Sternberg, R
   Vidal-Madjar, C
AF Israël, G
   Szopa, C
   Raulin, F
   Cabane, M
   Niemann, HB
   Atreya, SK
   Bauer, SJ
   Brun, JF
   Chassefière, E
   Coll, P
   Condé, E
   Coscia, D
   Hauchecorne, A
   Millian, P
   Nguyen, MJ
   Owen, T
   Riedler, W
   Samuelson, RE
   Siguier, JM
   Steller, M
   Sternberg, R
   Vidal-Madjar, C
TI Complex organic matter in Titan's atmospheric aerosols from in situ pyrolysis and analysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optical-property; acetylene; plasma; clouds
AB Aerosols in Titan's atmosphere play an important role in determining its thermal structure(1-3). They also serve as sinks for organic vapours(4) and can act as condensation nuclei for the formation of clouds(5,6), where the condensation efficiency will depend on the chemical composition of the aerosols(5,7). So far, however, no direct information has been available on the chemical composition of these particles. Here we report an in situ chemical analysis of Titan's aerosols by pyrolysis at 600 degrees C. Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) have been identified as the main pyrolysis products. This clearly shows that the aerosol particles include a solid organic refractory core. NH3 and HCN are gaseous chemical fingerprints of the complex organics that constitute this core, and their presence demonstrates that carbon and nitrogen are in the aerosols.
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7620, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
   Univ Versailles St Quentin, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
   Univ Paris 12, CNRS, UMR 7583, Lab Interuniv Syst Atmospher, F-94010 Creteil, France.
   Univ Paris 07, F-94010 Creteil, France.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Graz Univ, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
   Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, F-31401 Toulouse, France.
   Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, F-31055 Toulouse, France.
   Univ Hawaii Manoa, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Weltraumforsch, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
   CNRS, UMR 7581, Lab Rech Polymeres, F-94320 Thiais, France.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Graz; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); National Office for Aerospace Studies & Research (ONERA); University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Austrian Academy of Sciences; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Israël, G (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7620, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
EM Guy.israel@aerov.jussieu.fr
NR 24
TC 183
Z9 201
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 796
EP 799
DI 10.1038/nature04349
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800041
PM 16319825
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanzilli, S
   Tittel, W
   Halder, M
   Alibart, O
   Baldi, P
   Gisin, N
   Zbinden, H
AF Tanzilli, S
   Tittel, W
   Halder, M
   Alibart, O
   Baldi, P
   Gisin, N
   Zbinden, H
TI A photonic quantum information interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bells-inequality; wave-guide; entanglement; violation; realization
AB Quantum communication requires the transfer of quantum states(1), or quantum bits of information (qubits), from one place to another. From a fundamental perspective, this allows the distribution of entanglement and the demonstration of quantum non-locality over significant distances(2-6). Within the context of applications, quantum cryptography offers a provably secure way to establish a confidential key between distant partners(7). Photons represent the natural flying qubit carriers for quantum communication, and the presence of telecommunications optical fibres makes the wavelengths of 1,310 nm and 1,550 nm particularly suitable for distribution over long distances. However, qubits encoded into alkaline atoms that absorb and emit at wavelengths around 800 nm have been considered for the storage and processing of quantum information(8,9). Hence, future quantum information networks made of telecommunications channels and alkaline memories will require interfaces that enable qubit transfers between these useful wavelengths, while preserving quantum coherence and entanglement(9-11). Here we report a demonstration of qubit transfer between photons of wavelength 1,310 nm and 710 nm. The mechanism is a nonlinear up-conversion process, with a success probability of greater than 5 per cent. In the event of a successful qubit transfer, we observe strong two-photon interference between the 710 nm photon and a third photon at 1,550 nm, initially entangled with the 1,310 nm photon, although they never directly interacted. The corresponding fidelity is higher than 98 per cent.
C1 Univ Geneva, Appl Phys Grp, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Nice, Phys Mat Condensee Lab, F-06108 Nice, France.
C3 University of Geneva; Universite Cote d'Azur
RP Tanzilli, S (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Appl Phys Grp, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
EM sebastien.tanzilli@physics.unige.ch
NR 29
TC 363
Z9 402
U1 2
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 116
EP 120
DI 10.1038/nature04009
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400052
PM 16136138
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giovannoni, SJ
   Bibbs, L
   Cho, JC
   Stapels, MD
   Desiderio, R
   Vergin, KL
   Rappé, MS
   Laney, S
   Wilhelm, LJ
   Tripp, HJ
   Mathur, EJ
   Barofsky, DF
AF Giovannoni, SJ
   Bibbs, L
   Cho, JC
   Stapels, MD
   Desiderio, R
   Vergin, KL
   Rappé, MS
   Laney, S
   Wilhelm, LJ
   Tripp, HJ
   Mathur, EJ
   Barofsky, DF
TI Proteorhodopsin in the ubiquitous marine bacterium SAR11
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identification; phototrophy
AB Proteorhodopsins are light-dependent proton pumps that are predicted to have an important role in the ecology of the oceans by supplying energy for microbial metabolism(1,2). Proteorhodopsin genes were first discovered through the cloning and sequencing of large genomic DNA fragments from seawater(1). They were later shown to be widely distributed, phylogenetically diverse, and active in the oceans(3-7). Proteorhodopsin genes have not been found in cultured bacteria, and on the basis of environmental sequence data, it has not yet been possible to reconstruct the genomes of uncultured bacterial strains that have proteorhodopsin genes. Although the metabolic effect of proteorhodopsins is uncertain, they are thought to function in cells for which the primary mode of metabolism is the heterotrophic assimilation of dissolved organic carbon. Here we report that SAR11 strain HTCC1062 ('Pelagibacter ubique')(8), the first cultivated member of the extraordinarily abundant SAR11 clade, expresses a proteorhodopsin gene when cultured in autoclaved seawater and in its natural environment, the ocean. The Pelagibacter proteorhodopsin functions as a light-dependent proton pump. The gene is expressed by cells grown in either diurnal light or in darkness, and there is no difference between the growth rates or cell yields of cultures grown in light or darkness.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Diversa Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; Oregon State University; Oregon State University; Verenium Corporation
RP Giovannoni, SJ (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM steve.giovannoni@oregonstate.edu
NR 21
TC 256
Z9 300
U1 2
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 82
EP 85
DI 10.1038/nature04032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000045
PM 16267553
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reese, C
   Heise, F
   Mayer, A
AF Reese, C
   Heise, F
   Mayer, A
TI Trans-SNARE pairing can precede a hemifusion intermediate in intracellular membrane fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vacuole fusion; influenza hemagglutinin; yeast vacuoles; viral fusion; late step; exocytosis; docking; peptides
AB The question concerning whether all membranes fuse according to the same mechanism has yet to be answered satisfactorily. During fusion of model membranes or viruses, membranes dock, the outer membrane leaflets mix ( termed hemifusion), and finally the fusion pore opens and the contents mix(1,2). Viral fusion proteins consist of a membrane-disturbing 'fusion peptide' and a helical bundle that pin the membranes together(2-4). Although SNARE ( soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complexes form helical bundles with similar topology, it is unknown whether SNARE-dependent fusion events on intracellular membranes proceed through a hemifusion state. Here we identify the first hemifusion state for SNARE-dependent fusion of native membranes, and place it into a sequence of molecular events: formation of helical bundles by SNAREs precedes hemifusion; further progression to pore opening requires additional peptides. Thus, SNARE-dependent fusion may proceed along the same pathway as viral fusion: both use a docking mechanism via helical bundles(5,6) and additional peptides to destabilize the membrane and efficiently induce lipid mixing(7-9). Our results suggest that a common lipidic intermediate(3) may underlie all fusion reactions of lipid bilayers.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Dept Biochim, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
   Univ Heidelberg, Zentrum Biochem, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Lausanne; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Mayer, A (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Dept Biochim, Chemin Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
EM Andreas.Mayer@unil.ch
NR 30
TC 98
Z9 127
U1 2
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 21
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7049
BP 410
EP 414
DI 10.1038/nature03722
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 947DK
UT WOS:000230623400046
PM 15924133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Class, C
   Goldstein, SL
AF Class, C
   Goldstein, SL
TI Evolution of helium isotopes in the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID he-3/he-4 ratios; oceanic basalts; volcanic-rocks; excess he-3; plumes; geochemistry; constraints; systematics; convection; model
AB Degassing of the Earth's mantle through magmatism results in the irreversible loss of helium to space, and high He-3/He-4 ratios observed in oceanic basalts have been considered the main evidence for a 'primordial' undegassed deep mantle reservoir. Here we present a new global data compilation of ocean island basalts, representing upwelling 'plumes' from the deep mantle, and show that island groups with the highest primordial signal ( high He-3/He-4 ratios) have striking chemical and isotopic similarities to mid-ocean-ridge basalts. We interpret this as indicating a common history of mantle trace element depletion through magmatism. The high He-3/He-4 in plumes may thus reflect incomplete degassing of the deep Earth during continent and ocean crust formation. We infer that differences between plumes and the upper-mantle source of ocean-ridge basalts reflect isolation of plume sources from the convecting mantle for similar to 1-2 Gyr. An undegassed, primordial reservoir in the mantle would therefore not be required, thus reconciling a long-standing contradiction in mantle dynamics.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Class, C (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM class@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 49
TC 158
Z9 179
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1107
EP 1112
DI 10.1038/nature03930
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600035
PM 16121171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boulé, JB
   Vega, LR
   Zakian, VA
AF Boulé, JB
   Vega, LR
   Zakian, VA
TI The yeast Pif1p helicase removes telomerase from telomeric DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; nucleoprotein filaments; chromosome ends; in-vivo; elongation; identification; disruption; subfamily; complex
AB Telomeres are the physical ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Genetic studies have established that the baker's yeast Pif1p DNA helicase is a negative regulator of telomerase, the specialized reverse transcriptase that maintains telomeric DNA, but the biochemical basis for this inhibition was unknown. Here we show that in vitro, Pif1p reduces the processivity of telomerase and releases telomerase from telomeric oligonucleotides. The released telomerase is enzymatically active because it is able to lengthen a challenger oligonucleotide. In vivo, overexpression of Pif1p reduces telomerase association with telomeres, whereas depleting cells of Pif1p increases the levels of telomere-bound Est1p, a telomerase subunit that is present on the telomere when telomerase is active. We propose that Pif1p helicase activity limits telomerase action both in vivo and in vitro by displacing active telomerase from DNA ends.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Zakian, VA (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM vzakian@molbio.princeton.edu
NR 37
TC 199
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 57
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature04091
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000039
PM 16121131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vergani, P
   Lockless, SW
   Nairn, AC
   Gadsby, DC
AF Vergani, P
   Lockless, SW
   Nairn, AC
   Gadsby, DC
TI CFTR channel opening by ATP-driven tight dimerization of its nucleotide-binding domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane conductance regulator; multidrug-resistance protein; abc transporter; hydrolysis; subunit; cycle; dimer
AB ABC (ATP-binding cassette) proteins constitute a large family of membrane proteins that actively transport a broad range of substrates. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR), the protein dysfunctional in cystic fibrosis, is unique among ABC proteins in that its transmembrane domains comprise an ion channel. Opening and closing of the pore have been linked to ATP binding and hydrolysis at CFTR's two nucleotide-binding domains, NBD1 and NBD2 (see, for example, refs 1, 2). Isolated NBDs of prokaryotic ABC proteins dimerize upon binding ATP, and hydrolysis of the ATP causes dimer dissociation(3-5). Here, using single-channel recording methods on intact CFTR molecules, we directly follow opening and closing of the channel gates, and relate these occurrences to ATP-mediated events in the NBDs. We find that energetic coupling(6) between two CFTR residues, expected to lie on opposite sides of its predicted NBD1-NBD2 dimer interface, changes in concert with channel gating status. The two monitored side chains are independent of each other in closed channels but become coupled as the channels open. The results directly link ATP-driven tight dimerization of CFTR's cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding domains to opening of the ion channel in the transmembrane domains. This establishes a molecular mechanism, involving dynamic restructuring of the NBD dimer interface, that is probably common to all members of the ABC protein superfamily.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cardiac Membrane Physiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Yale University
RP Gadsby, DC (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cardiac Membrane Physiol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM paola.vergani@rockefeller.edu; gadsby@rockefeller.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK051767] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 359
Z9 420
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 876
EP 880
DI 10.1038/nature03313
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600045
PM 15729345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russ, WP
   Lowery, DM
   Mishra, P
   Yaffe, MB
   Ranganathan, R
AF Russ, WP
   Lowery, DM
   Mishra, P
   Yaffe, MB
   Ranganathan, R
TI Natural-like function in artificial WW domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yes-associated protein; ligand recognition; proline; design; specificity; mechanism; redesign
AB Protein sequences evolve through random mutagenesis with selection for optimal fitness(1). Cooperative folding into a stable tertiary structure is one aspect of fitness, but evolutionary selection ultimately operates on function, not on structure. In the accompanying paper(2), we proposed a model for the evolutionary constraint on a small protein interaction module ( the WW domain) through application of the SCA, a statistical analysis of multiple sequence alignments(3,4). Construction of artificial protein sequences directed only by the SCA showed that the information extracted by this analysis is sufficient to engineer the WW fold at atomic resolution. Here, we demonstrate that these artificial WW sequences function like their natural counterparts, showing class-specific recognition of proline- containing target peptides(5 - 8). Consistent with SCA predictions, a distributed network of residues mediates functional specificity in WW domains. The ability to recapitulate natural- like function in designed sequences shows that a relatively small quantity of sequence information is sufficient to specify the global energetics of amino acid interactions.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Div Biol Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ranganathan, R (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM rama.ranganathan@utsouthwestern.edu
NR 29
TC 204
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 579
EP 583
DI 10.1038/nature03990
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800056
PM 16177795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Venegas, JG
   Winkler, T
   Musch, G
   Melo, MFV
   Layfield, D
   Tgavalekos, N
   Fischman, AJ
   Callahan, RJ
   Bellani, G
   Harris, RS
AF Venegas, JG
   Winkler, T
   Musch, G
   Melo, MFV
   Layfield, D
   Tgavalekos, N
   Fischman, AJ
   Callahan, RJ
   Bellani, G
   Harris, RS
TI Self-organized patchiness in asthma as a prelude to catastrophic shifts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID airway smooth-muscle; ventilation; lung; pet; hyperresponsiveness; methacholine; perfusion; volume; tree
AB Asthma is a common disease affecting an increasing number of children throughout the world. In asthma, pulmonary airways narrow in response to contraction of surrounding smooth muscle. The precise nature of functional changes during an acute asthma attack is unclear. The tree structure of the pulmonary airways has been linked to complex behaviour in sudden airway narrowing(1,2) and avalanche-like reopening(3,4). Here we present experimental evidence that bronchoconstriction leads to patchiness in lung ventilation, as well as a computational model that provides interpretation of the experimental data. Using positron emission tomography, we observe that bronchoconstricted asthmatics develop regions of poorly ventilated lung. Using the computational model we show that, even for uniform smooth muscle activation of a symmetric bronchial tree, the presence of minimal heterogeneity breaks the symmetry and leads to large clusters of poorly ventilated lung units. These clusters are generated by interaction of short- and long-range feedback mechanisms, which lead to catastrophic shifts similar to those linked to self-organized patchiness in nature(5,6). This work might have implications for the treatment of asthma, and might provide a model for studying diseases of other distributed organs.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Radiol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Pulm & Crit Care Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Boston University
RP Venegas, JG (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM jvenegas@vqpet.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 451
Z9 506
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 777
EP 782
DI 10.1038/nature03490
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700044
PM 15772676
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, N
   Wang, YH
   Lee, HK
   Ito, T
   Wang, YH
   Cao, W
   Liu, YJ
AF Watanabe, N
   Wang, YH
   Lee, HK
   Ito, T
   Wang, YH
   Cao, W
   Liu, YJ
TI Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epithelial-cells; human thymocytes; growth-factor; guinea-pig; in-vitro; selection; expression; self; peptide; differentiation
AB Hassall's corpuscles - first described in the human thymus over 150 years ago(1) - are groups of epithelial cells within the thymic medulla. The physical nature of these structures differs between mammalian species(2). Although Hassall's corpuscles have been proposed to act in both the removal of apoptotic thymocytes(3,4) and the maturation of developing thymocytes(5) within the thymus, the function of Hassall's corpuscles has remained an enigma. Here we report that human Hassall's corpuscles express thymic stromal lymphopoietin ( TSLP). Human TSLP activates thymic CD11c-positive dendritic cells to express high levels of CD80 and CD86. These TSLP-conditioned dendritic cells are then able to induce the proliferation and differentiation of CD4(+) CD8(-) CD25(-) thymic T cells into CD4(+) CD25(+) FOXP3(+) (forkhead box P3) regulatory T cells. This induction depends on peptide - major histocompatibility complex class II interactions, and the presence of CD80 and CD86, as well as interleukin 2. Immunohistochemistry studies reveal that CD25(+) CTLA4(+) (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) regulatory T cells associate in the thymic medulla with activated or mature dendritic cells and TSLP-expressing Hassall's corpuscles. These findings suggest that Hassall's corpuscles have a critical role in dendritic-cell-mediated secondary positive selection of medium-to-high affinity self-reactive T cells, leading to the generation of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells within the thymus.
C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, Houston, TX 77054 USA.
   Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Ctr Canc Immunol Res, Houston, TX 77054 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Liu, YJ (corresponding author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Immunol, 7455 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77054 USA.
EM yjliu@mdanderson.org
NR 30
TC 585
Z9 713
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1181
EP 1185
DI 10.1038/nature03886
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600051
PM 16121185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Novas, FE
   Pol, D
AF Novas, FE
   Pol, D
TI New evidence on deinonychosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theropod
AB Most of what is known about the evolution of deinonychosaurs ( that is, the group of theropods most closely related to birds) is based on discoveries from North America and Asia(1). Except for Unenlagia comahuensis(2,3) and some fragmentary remains from northern Africa(4), no other evidence was available on deinonychosaurian diversity in Gondwana. Here we report a new, Late Cretaceous member of the clade, Neuquenraptor argentinus gen. et sp. nov., representing uncontroversial evidence of a deinonychosaurian theropod in the Southern Hemisphere. The new discovery demonstrates that Cretaceous theropod faunas from the southern continents shared greater similarity with those of the northern landmasses than previously thought. Available evidence suggests that deinonychosaurians were probably distributed worldwide at least by the beginning of the Cretaceous period. The phylogenetic position of the new deinonychosaur, as well as other Patagonian coelurosaurian theropods, is compatible with a vicariance model of diversification for some groups of Gondwanan and Laurasian dinosaurs.
C1 Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Ohio State Univ, Math Biosci Inst, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Av Angel Gallardo 470, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
EM fernovas@yahoo.com.ar
NR 30
TC 87
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 858
EP 861
DI 10.1038/nature03285
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600040
PM 15729340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisaman, MD
   André, A
   Massou, F
   Fleischhauer, M
   Zibrov, AS
   Lukin, MD
AF Eisaman, MD
   André, A
   Massou, F
   Fleischhauer, M
   Zibrov, AS
   Lukin, MD
TI Electromagnetically induced transparency with tunable single-photon pulses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum communication; light; generation; storage; memory; pairs
AB Techniques to facilitate controlled interactions between single photons and atoms are now being actively explored(1-7). These techniques are important for the practical realization of quantum networks, in which multiple memory nodes that utilize atoms for generation, storage and processing of quantum states are connected by single-photon transmission in optical fibres(1,2). One promising avenue for the realization of quantum networks involves the manipulation of quantum pulses of light in optically dense atomic ensembles using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT, refs 8, 9). EIT is a coherent control technique that is widely used for controlling the propagation of classical, multi-photon light pulses(10-14) in applications such as efficient nonlinear optics(15). Here we demonstrate the use of EIT for the controllable generation, transmission and storage of single photons with tunable frequency, timing and bandwidth. We study the interaction of single photons produced in a 'source' ensemble of Rb-87 atoms at room temperature with another 'target' ensemble. This allows us to simultaneously probe the spectral and quantum statistical properties of narrow-bandwidth single-photon pulses, revealing that their quantum nature is preserved under EIT propagation and storage. We measure the time delay associated with the reduced group velocity of the single-photon pulses and report observations of their storage and retrieval.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Phys, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; RPTU University Kaiserslautern; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute
RP Eisaman, MD (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM eisaman@fas.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 655
Z9 730
U1 4
U2 171
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 837
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature04327
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800047
PM 16341010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeng, X
   Tamai, K
   Doble, B
   Li, ST
   Huang, H
   Habas, R
   Okamura, H
   Woodgett, J
   He, X
AF Zeng, X
   Tamai, K
   Doble, B
   Li, ST
   Huang, H
   Habas, R
   Okamura, H
   Woodgett, J
   He, X
TI A dual-kinase mechanism for Wnt co-receptor phosphorylation and activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-related protein-5; beta-catenin; substrate-specificity; signal-transduction; plasma-membrane; pathway; axin; drosophila; mutants; family
AB Signalling by the Wnt family of secreted lipoproteins has essential functions in development and disease(1). The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway requires a single-span transmembrane receptor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6)(2-4), whose phosphorylation at multiple PPPSP motifs is induced upon stimulation by Wnt and is critical for signal transduction(5). The kinase responsible for LRP6 phosphorylation has not been identified. Here we provide biochemical and genetic evidence for a 'dual-kinase' mechanism for LRP6 phosphorylation and activation. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which is known for its inhibitory role in Wnt signalling through the promotion of beta-catenin phosphorylation and degradation, mediates the phosphorylation and activation of LRP6. We show that Wnt induces sequential phosphorylation of LRP6 by GSK3 and casein kinase 1, and this dual phosphorylation promotes the engagement of LRP6 with the scaffolding protein Axin. We show further that a membrane-associated form of GSK3, in contrast with cytosolic GSK3, stimulates Wnt signalling and Xenopus axis duplication. Our results identify two key kinases mediating Wnt co-receptor activation, reveal an unexpected and intricate logic of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling, and illustrate GSK3 as a genuine switch that dictates both on and off states of a pivotal regulatory pathway.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Boston, Dept Neurol,Neurobiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Princess Margaret Hosp, Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
RP He, X (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Boston, Dept Neurol,Neurobiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM xi.he@childrens.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM074241] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 681
Z9 900
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 873
EP 877
DI 10.1038/nature04185
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800055
PM 16341017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sotin, C
   Jaumann, R
   Buratti, BJ
   Brown, RH
   Clark, RN
   Soderblom, LA
   Baines, KH
   Bellucci, G
   Bibring, JP
   Capaccioni, F
   Cerroni, P
   Combes, M
   Coradini, A
   Cruikshank, DP
   Drossart, P
   Formisano, V
   Langevin, Y
   Matson, DL
   McCord, TB
   Nelson, RM
   Nicholson, PD
   Sicardy, B
   LeMouelic, S
   Rodriguez, S
   Stephan, K
   Scholz, CK
AF Sotin, C
   Jaumann, R
   Buratti, BJ
   Brown, RH
   Clark, RN
   Soderblom, LA
   Baines, KH
   Bellucci, G
   Bibring, JP
   Capaccioni, F
   Cerroni, P
   Combes, M
   Coradini, A
   Cruikshank, DP
   Drossart, P
   Formisano, V
   Langevin, Y
   Matson, DL
   McCord, TB
   Nelson, RM
   Nicholson, PD
   Sicardy, B
   LeMouelic, S
   Rodriguez, S
   Stephan, K
   Scholz, CK
TI Release of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean
AB Titan is the only satellite in our Solar System with a dense atmosphere. The surface pressure is 1.5 bar ( ref. 1) and, similar to the Earth, N-2 is the main component of the atmosphere. Methane is the second most important component(2), but it is photodissociated on a timescale of 10(7) years ( ref. 3). This short timescale has led to the suggestion that Titan may possess a surface or subsurface reservoir of hydrocarbons(4,5) to replenish the atmosphere. Here we report near-infrared images of Titan obtained on 26 October 2004 by the Cassini spacecraft. The images show that a widespread methane ocean does not exist; subtle albedo variations instead suggest topographical variations, as would be expected for a more solid ( perhaps icy) surface. We also find a circular structure similar to 30 km in diameter that does not resemble any features seen on other icy satellites. We propose that the structure is a dome formed by upwelling icy plumes that release methane into Titan's atmosphere.
C1 Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44100 Nantes, France.
   DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Stewart Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   CNR, Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosmica, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Nantes Universite; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of Arizona; University of Arizona; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Cornell University
RP Sotin, C (corresponding author), Univ Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6112, Lab Planetol & Geodynam, F-44100 Nantes, France.
EM Christophe.Sotin@univ-nantes.fr
NR 11
TC 161
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 786
EP 789
DI 10.1038/nature03596
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700043
PM 15944697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nateri, AS
   Spencer-Dene, B
   Behrens, A
AF Nateri, AS
   Spencer-Dene, B
   Behrens, A
TI Interaction of phosphorylated c-Jun with TCF4 regulates intestinal cancer development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terminal phosphorylation; target genes; apc gene; proliferation; ap-1; transcription; regeneration; carcinomas; expression; pathway
AB The proto-oncoprotein c-Jun is a component of the AP-1 transcription factor, the activity of which is augmented in many tumour types(1). An important mechanism in the stimulation of AP-1 function is amino-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun by the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs)(2). Phosphorylated c-Jun is biologically more active, partially because it acquires the ability to interact with binding partners. Here we show that phosphorylated c-Jun interacts with the HMG-box transcription factor TCF4 to form a ternary complex containing c-Jun, TCF4 and beta-catenin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed JNK-dependent c-Jun - TCF4 interaction on the c-jun promoter, and c-Jun and TCF4 cooperatively activated the c-jun promoter in reporter assays in a beta-catenin-dependent manner. In the Apc(Min) mouse model of intestinal cancer(6), genetic abrogation of c-Jun N-terminal phosphorylation(3) or gut-specific conditional c-jun inactivation(4,5) reduced tumour number and size and prolonged lifespan. Therefore, the phosphorylation-dependent interaction between c-Jun and TCF4 regulates intestinal tumorigenesis by integrating JNK and APC/beta-catenin, two distinct pathways activated by WNT signalling.
C1 CR UK London Res Inst, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, Mammalian Genet Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   CR UK London Res Inst, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, Expt Pathol Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Histopathol, London SW7 2AZ, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Behrens, A (corresponding author), CR UK London Res Inst, Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, Mammalian Genet Lab, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM axel.behrens@cancer.org.uk
NR 24
TC 311
Z9 373
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 281
EP 285
DI 10.1038/nature03914
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900061
PM 16007074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smalley, R Jr
   Ellis, MA
   Paul, J
   Van Arsdale, RB
AF Smalley, R Jr
   Ellis, MA
   Paul, J
   Van Arsdale, RB
TI Space geodetic evidence for rapid strain rates in the New Madrid seismic zone of central USA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earthquakes; deformation; kinematics; hazard
AB In the winter of 1811-1812, near the town of New Madrid in the central United States and more than 2,000 km from the nearest plate boundary, three earthquakes within three months shook the entire eastern half of the country and liquefied the ground over distances far greater than any historic earthquake in North America(1,2). The origin and modern significance of these earthquakes, however, is highly contentious(3). Geological evidence demonstrates that liquefaction due to strong ground shaking, similar in scale to that generated by the New Madrid earthquakes, has occurred at least three and possibly four times in the past 2,000 years (refs 4-6), consistent with recurrence statistics derived from regional seismicity(7). Here we show direct evidence for rapid strain rates in the area determined from a continuously operated global positioning system (GPS) network. Rates of strain are of the order of 10(-7) per year, comparable in magnitude to those across active plate boundaries, and are consistent with known active faults within the region. These results have significant implications for the definition of seismic hazard and for processes that drive intraplate seismicity.
C1 Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
   Univ Memphis, Dept Earth Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
C3 University of Memphis; University of Memphis
RP Ellis, MA (corresponding author), Univ Memphis, Ctr Earthquake Res & Informat, Memphis, TN 38152 USA.
EM mellis@memphis.edu
NR 31
TC 48
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1088
EP 1090
DI 10.1038/nature03642
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400046
PM 15973405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, P
AF Moore, P
TI Hot from the vent
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 1
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 235
EP 235
DI 10.1038/435235b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100049
PM 15889099
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hjorth, J
   Watson, D
   Fynbo, JPU
   Price, PA
   Jensen, BL
   Jorgensen, UG
   Kubas, D
   Gorosabel, J
   Jakobsson, P
   Sollerman, J
   Pedersen, K
   Kouveliotou, C
AF Hjorth, J
   Watson, D
   Fynbo, JPU
   Price, PA
   Jensen, BL
   Jorgensen, UG
   Kubas, D
   Gorosabel, J
   Jakobsson, P
   Sollerman, J
   Pedersen, K
   Kouveliotou, C
TI The optical afterglow of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050709
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernova; constraints; discovery; prospects; spectra; model
AB It has long been known that there are two classes(1) of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), mainly distinguished by their durations. The breakthrough in our understanding of long-duration GRBs ( those lasting more than similar to 2 s), which ultimately linked them with energetic type Ic supernovae(2-4), came from the discovery of their long-lived X-ray(5) and optical(6,7) 'afterglows', when precise and rapid localizations of the sources could finally be obtained. X-ray localizations have recently become available(8,9) for short ( duration < 2 s) GRBs, which have evaded optical detection for more than 30 years. Here we report the first discovery of transient optical emission (R-band magnitude similar to 23) associated with a short burst: GRB 050709. The optical afterglow was localized with subarcsecond accuracy, and lies in the outskirts of a blue dwarf galaxy. The optical and X-ray(10) afterglow properties 34 h after the GRB are reminiscent of the afterglows of long GRBs, which are attributable to synchrotron emission from ultrarelativistic ejecta. We did not, however, detect a supernova, as found in most nearby long GRB afterglows, which suggests a different origin for the short GRBs.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Dark Cosmol Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Astron, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; University of Hawaii System; European Southern Observatory; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Stockholm University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
RP Hjorth, J (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Dark Cosmol Ctr, Juliane Maries Vej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM jens@astro.ku.dk
NR 23
TC 268
Z9 300
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 859
EP 861
DI 10.1038/nature04174
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600040
PM 16208365
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, JR
   Brunzelle, JS
   Forest, KT
   Vierstra, RD
AF Wagner, JR
   Brunzelle, JS
   Forest, KT
   Vierstra, RD
TI A light-sensing knot revealed by the structure of the chromophore-binding domain of phytochrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure analysis; deep trefoil knot; crystallization; pr; bacteriophytochrm; refinement; clock; green; agp1; form
AB Phytochromes are red/far-red light photoreceptors that direct photosensory responses across the bacterial, fungal and plant kingdoms. These include photosynthetic potential and pigmentation in bacteria as well as chloroplast development and photomorphogenesis in plants. Phytochromes consist of an amino-terminal region that covalently binds a single bilin chromophore, followed by a carboxy-terminal dimerization domain that often transmits the light signal through a histidine kinase relay. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of the chromophore-binding domain of Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome assembled with its chromophore biliverdin in the Pr ground state. Our model, refined to 2.5 angstrom resolution, reaffirms Cys 24 as the chromophore attachment site, locates key amino acids that form a solvent-shielded bilin-binding pocket, and reveals an unusually formed deep trefoil knot that stabilizes this region. The structure provides the first three-dimensional glimpse into the photochromic behaviour of these photoreceptors and helps to explain the evolution of higher plant phytochromes from prokaryotic precursors.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Genet, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Life Sci Collaborat Access Team, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Northwestern University
RP Forest, KT (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM forest@bact.wisc.edu
NR 48
TC 484
Z9 572
U1 1
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 325
EP 331
DI 10.1038/nature04118
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200041
PM 16292304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fang, CM
   Smith, P
   Moncrieff, JB
   Smith, JU
AF Fang, CM
   Smith, P
   Moncrieff, JB
   Smith, JU
TI Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace gas fluxes; microbial respiration; carbon storage; n availability; net nitrogen; mineralization; decomposition; dependence; biomass
AB Our understanding of the relationship between the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil temperature affects our predictions of the impact of climate change on soil-stored carbon(1). One current opinion is that the decomposition of soil labile carbon is sensitive to temperature variation whereas resistant components are insensitive(2-4). The resistant carbon or organic matter in mineral soil is then assumed to be unresponsive to global warming(2,4). But the global pattern and magnitude of the predicted future soil carbon stock will mainly rely on the temperature sensitivity of these resistant carbon pools. To investigate this sensitivity, we have incubated soils under changing temperature. Here we report that SOM decomposition or soil basal respiration rate was significantly affected by changes in SOM components associated with soil depth, sampling method and incubation time. We find, however, that the temperature sensitivity for SOM decomposition was not affected, suggesting that the temperature sensitivity for resistant organic matter pools does not differ significantly from that of labile pools, and that both types of SOM will therefore respond similarly to global warming.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Aberdeen; University of Edinburgh
RP Fang, CM (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland.
EM c.fang@abdn.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 619
Z9 790
U1 12
U2 664
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature03138
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100034
PM 15635408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramamoorthi, N
   Narasimhan, S
   Pal, U
   Bao, FK
   Yang, XFF
   Fish, D
   Anguita, J
   Norgard, MV
   Kantor, FS
   Anderson, JF
   Koski, RA
   Fikrig, E
AF Ramamoorthi, N
   Narasimhan, S
   Pal, U
   Bao, FK
   Yang, XFF
   Fish, D
   Anguita, J
   Norgard, MV
   Kantor, FS
   Anderson, JF
   Koski, RA
   Fikrig, E
TI The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID borrelia-burgdorferi; mice; spirochete; immunity; dissemination; inhibition; antibody; arthritis; ixodidae; acari
AB The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is maintained in a tick-mouse cycle(1,2). Here we show that B. burgdorferi usurps a tick salivary protein, Salp15 (ref. 3), to facilitate the infection of mice. The level of salp15 expression was selectively enhanced by the presence of B. burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis, first indicating that spirochaetes might use Salp15 during transmission. Salp15 was then shown to adhere to the spirochaete, both in vitro and in vivo, and specifically interacted with B. burgdorferi outer surface protein C. The binding of Salp15 protected B. burgdorferi from antibody-mediated killing in vitro and provided spirochaetes with a marked advantage when they were inoculated into naive mice or animals previously infected with B. burgdorferi. Moreover, RNA interference-mediated repression of salp15 in I. scapularis drastically reduced the capacity of tick-borne spirochaetes to infect mice. These results show the capacity of a pathogen to use a secreted arthropod protein to help it colonize the mammalian host.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Rheumatol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Sect Allergy & Immunol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA.
   Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, New Haven, CT 06504 USA.
   L2 Diagnost, New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Charlotte; Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
RP Fikrig, E (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Rheumatol Sect, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM erol.fikrig@yale.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI053064] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 388
Z9 492
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 28
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7050
BP 573
EP 577
DI 10.1038/nature03812
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 949LE
UT WOS:000230788800065
PM 16049492
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Satpute-Krishnan, P
   Serio, TR
AF Satpute-Krishnan, P
   Serio, TR
TI Prion protein remodelling confers an immediate phenotypic switch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chain release factor; yeast sup35 protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; in-vitro; scrapie; propagation; replication; determinant; inheritance; mechanism
AB In a variety of systems, proteins have been linked to processes historically limited to nucleic acids, such as infectivity and inheritance(1,2). These atypical proteins, termed prions(3), lack sequence homology but are collectively defined by their capacity to adopt multiple physical and therefore functional states in vivo. Newly synthesized prion protein generally adopts the form already present in the cell, and this in vivo folding bias directs the near faithful transmission of the corresponding phenotypic state(1,2). Switches between the prion and non-prion phenotypes can occur in vivo(2); however, the fate of existing protein during these transitions and its effects on the emergence of new traits remain major unanswered questions. Here, we determine the changes in protein-state that induce phenotypic switching for the yeast prion Sup35/[PSI+]. We show that the prion form does not need to be specified by an alternate misfolding pathway initiated during Sup35 synthesis but instead can be accessed by mature protein. This remodelling of protein from one stable form to another is accompanied by the loss of Sup35 activity, evoking a rapid change in cellular phenotype within a single cell cycle.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Mol Biol Cell Biol & Biochem, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Serio, TR (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Mol Biol Cell Biol & Biochem, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM Tricia_Serio@Brown.edu
NR 30
TC 77
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 262
EP 265
DI 10.1038/nature03981
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900057
PM 16148935
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, PA
   Jia, X
AF Johnson, PA
   Jia, X
TI Nonlinear dynamics, granular media and dynamic earthquake triggering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slow dynamics; seismicity; elasticity; transient; landers; field
AB The 1992 magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake triggered an exceptional number of additional earthquakes within California and as far north as Yellowstone and Montana(1-3). Since this observation, other large earthquakes have been shown to induce dynamic triggering at remote distances - for example, after the 1999 magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine(1) and the 2002 magnitude 7.9 Denali(4) earthquakes - and in the near-field as aftershocks(5). The physical origin of dynamic triggering, however, remains one of the least understood aspects of earthquake nucleation(1-5). The dynamic strain amplitudes from a large earthquake are exceedingly small once the waves have propagated more than several fault radii. For example, a strain wave amplitude of 10(-6) and wavelength 1 m corresponds to a displacement amplitude of about 10(-7) m. Here we show that the dynamic, elastic-nonlinear behaviour of fault gouge perturbed by a seismic wave may trigger earthquakes, even with such small strains. We base our hypothesis on recent laboratory dynamic experiments conducted in granular media, a fault gouge surrogate(6,7). From these we infer that, if the fault is weak(8-10), seismic waves cause the fault core modulus to decrease abruptly and weaken further. If the fault is already near failure, this process could therefore induce fault slip.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Geophys Grp EES11, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Marne la Vallee, CNRS, UMR 8108, Lab Phys Mat Divises & Interfaces, F-77454 Marne La Vallee, France.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Gustave-Eiffel
RP Johnson, PA (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Geophys Grp EES11, MS D443, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM paj@lanl.gov
NR 28
TC 360
Z9 394
U1 5
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 871
EP 874
DI 10.1038/nature04015
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600043
PM 16208368
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lobov, IB
   Rao, S
   Carroll, TJ
   Vallance, JE
   Ito, M
   Ondr, JK
   Kurup, S
   Glass, DA
   Patel, MS
   Shu, WG
   Morrisey, EE
   McMahon, AP
   Karsenty, G
   Lang, RA
AF Lobov, IB
   Rao, S
   Carroll, TJ
   Vallance, JE
   Ito, M
   Ondr, JK
   Kurup, S
   Glass, DA
   Patel, MS
   Shu, WG
   Morrisey, EE
   McMahon, AP
   Karsenty, G
   Lang, RA
TI WNT7b mediates macrophage-induced programmed cell death in patterning of the vasculature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-related protein-5; colorectal-cancer; mouse; eye; proliferation; progression; regression; elegans; catenin; roles
AB Macrophages have a critical role in inflammatory and immune responses through their ability to recognize and engulf apoptotic cells(1). Here we show that macrophages initiate a cell-death programme in target cells by activating the canonical WNT pathway. We show in mice that macrophage WNT7b is a short-range paracrine signal required for WNT-pathway responses and programmed cell death in the vascular endothelial cells of the temporary hyaloid vessels of the developing eye. These findings indicate that macrophages can use WNT ligands to influence cell-fate decisions - including cell death - in adjacent cells, and raise the possibility that they do so in many different cellular contexts.
C1 Childrens Hosp Res Fdn, Div Dev Biol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Ophthalmol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Natl Def Med Coll, Dept Anat, Tokorozawa, Saitama 3598513, Japan.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Mol Cardiol Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati; Harvard University; National Defense Medical College - Japan; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Lang, RA (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp Res Fdn, Div Dev Biol, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA.
EM Richard.Lang@cchmc.org
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY015766] Funding Source: Medline; NHLBI NIH HHS [U01 HL100405, R01 HL087825] Funding Source: Medline; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [R01HL087825] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 356
Z9 413
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 417
EP 421
DI 10.1038/nature03928
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100055
PM 16163358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiernan, AE
   Pelling, AL
   Leung, KKH
   Tang, ASP
   Bell, DM
   Tease, C
   Lovell-Badge, R
   Steel, KP
   Cheah, KSE
AF Kiernan, AE
   Pelling, AL
   Leung, KKH
   Tang, ASP
   Bell, DM
   Tease, C
   Lovell-Badge, R
   Steel, KP
   Cheah, KSE
TI Sox2 is required for sensory organ development in the mammalian inner ear
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hair-cells; stem-cells; expression; drosophila; math1; generation; chicken; genes; differentiation; epithelium
AB Sensory hair cells and their associated non-sensory supporting cells in the inner ear are fundamental for hearing and balance. They arise from a common progenitor(1), but little is known about the molecular events specifying this cell lineage. We recently identified two allelic mouse mutants, light coat and circling (Lcc) and yellow submarine (Ysb), that show hearing and balance impairment(2). Lcc/Lcc mice are completely deaf, whereas Ysb/Ysb mice are severely hearing impaired(2). We report here that inner ears of Lcc/Lcc mice fail to establish a prosensory domain and neither hair cells nor supporting cells differentiate, resulting in a severe inner ear malformation, whereas the sensory epithelium of Ysb/Ysb mice shows abnormal development with disorganized and fewer hair cells. These phenotypes are due to the absence (in Lcc mutants) or reduced expression (in Ysb mutants) of the transcription factor SOX2, specifically within the developing inner ear. SOX2 continues to be expressed in the inner ears of mice lacking Math1 (also known as Atoh1 and HATH1), a gene essential for hair cell differentiation, whereas Math1 expression is absent in Lcc mutants, suggesting that Sox2 acts upstream of Math1.
C1 Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biochem, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
   Univ Nottingham, MRC, Inst Hearing Res, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Genet, London NW7 1AA, England.
   MRC, Mammalian Genet Unit, Didcot OX11 0RD, Oxon, England.
C3 University of Hong Kong; University of Nottingham; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC Harwell
RP Cheah, KSE (corresponding author), Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biochem, Fac Med Bldg,21 Sassoon Rd, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.
EM hrmbdkc@hkusua.hku.hk
FU MRC [MC_U117562207] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117562207] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U117562207] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 449
Z9 538
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 21
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7036
BP 1031
EP 1035
DI 10.1038/nature03487
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 918EH
UT WOS:000228524600041
PM 15846349
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heimpel, M
   Aurnou, J
   Wicht, J
AF Heimpel, M
   Aurnou, J
   Wicht, J
TI Simulation of equatorial and high-latitude jets on Jupiter in a deep convection model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zonal flow driven; atmospheric dynamics; spherical-shell; winds; turbulence; galileo
AB The bands of Jupiter represent a global system of powerful winds. Broad eastward equatorial jets are flanked by smaller-scale, higher-latitude jets flowing in alternating directions(1,2). Jupiter's large thermal emission suggests that the winds are powered from within(3,4), but the zonal flow depth is limited by increasing density and electrical conductivity in the molecular hydrogen - helium atmosphere towards the centre of the planet(5). Two types of planetary flow models have been explored: shallow-layer models reproduce multiple high-latitude jets, but not the equatorial flow system(6-8), and deep convection models only reproduce an eastward equatorial jet with two flanking neighbours(9-14). Here we present a numerical model of three-dimensional rotating convection in a relatively thin spherical shell that generates both types of jets. The simulated flow is turbulent and quasi-two-dimensional and, as observed for the jovian jets, simulated jet widths follow Rhines' scaling theory(2,12,13,15). Our findings imply that Jupiter's latitudinal transition in jet width corresponds to a separation between the bottom-bounded flow structures in higher latitudes and the deep equatorial flows.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
C3 University of Alberta; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Max Planck Society
RP Heimpel, M (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada.
EM mheimpel@phys.ualberta.ca
NR 30
TC 215
Z9 239
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 193
EP 196
DI 10.1038/nature04208
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500041
PM 16281029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koelle, K
   Rodó, X
   Pascual, M
   Yunus, M
   Mostafa, G
AF Koelle, K
   Rodó, X
   Pascual, M
   Yunus, M
   Mostafa, G
TI Refractory periods and climate forcing in cholera dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rural bangladesh; endemic cholera; variability; enso
AB Outbreaks of many infectious diseases, including cholera, malaria and dengue, vary over characteristic periods longer than 1 year(1,2). Evidence that climate variability drives these interannual cycles has been highly controversial, chiefly because it is difficult to isolate the contribution of environmental forcing while taking into account nonlinear epidemiological dynamics generated by mechanisms such as host immunity(2-4). Here we show that a critical interplay of environmental forcing, specifically climate variability, and temporary immunity explains the interannual disease cycles present in a four-decade cholera time series from Matlab, Bangladesh. We reconstruct the transmission rate, the key epidemiological parameter affected by extrinsic forcing, over time for the predominant strain ( El Tor) with a nonlinear population model that permits a contributing effect of intrinsic immunity. Transmission shows clear interannual variability with a strong correspondence to climate patterns at long periods ( over 7 years, for monsoon rains and Brahmaputra river discharge) and at shorter periods ( under 7 years, for flood extent in Bangladesh, sea surface temperatures in the Bay of Bengal and the El Nino Southern Oscillation). The importance of the interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic factors in determining disease dynamics is illustrated during refractory periods, when population susceptibility levels are low as the result of immunity and the size of cholera outbreaks only weakly reflects climate forcing.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Barcelona, ICREA, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Barcelona, Climat Res Lab, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Int Ctr Diarrhoeal Dis Res, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Barcelona; ICREA; University of Barcelona; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR)
RP Pascual, M (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, 2045 Kraus Nat Sci Bldg,830 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM pascual@umich.edu
FU ICREA Funding Source: Custom
NR 30
TC 306
Z9 353
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 696
EP 700
DI 10.1038/nature03820
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500043
PM 16079845
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoffman, LR
   D'Argenio, DA
   MacCoss, MJ
   Zhang, ZY
   Jones, RA
   Miller, SI
AF Hoffman, LR
   D'Argenio, DA
   MacCoss, MJ
   Zhang, ZY
   Jones, RA
   Miller, SI
TI Aminoglycoside antibiotics induce bacterial biofilm formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudomonas-aeruginosa biofilms; cyclic diguanylic acid; gene-expression; cystic-fibrosis; cellulose synthesis; twitching motility; eal domain; di-gmp; resistance; tobramycin
AB Biofilms are adherent aggregates of bacterial cells that form on biotic and abiotic surfaces, including human tissues. Biofilms resist antibiotic treatment and contribute to bacterial persistence in chronic infections(1,2). Hence, the elucidation of the mechanisms by which biofilms are formed may assist in the treatment of chronic infections, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis(2). Here we show that subinhibitory concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics induce biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In P. aeruginosa, a gene, which we designated aminoglycoside response regulator (arr), was essential for this induction and contributed to biofilm-specific aminoglycoside resistance. The arr gene is predicted to encode an inner-membrane phosphodiesterase whose substrate is cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) - a bacterial second messenger that regulates cell surface adhesiveness(3). We found that membranes from arr mutants had diminished c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity, and P. aeruginosa cells with a mutation changing a predicted catalytic residue of Arr were defective in their biofilm response to tobramycin. Furthermore, tobramycin-inducible biofilm formation was inhibited by exogenous GTP, which is known to inhibit c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity(4). Our results demonstrate that biofilm formation can be a specific, defensive reaction to the presence of antibiotics, and indicate that the molecular basis of this response includes alterations in the level of c-di-GMP.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pediat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Miller, SI (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM millersi@u.washington.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [K08 AI066251] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 1002
Z9 1225
U1 4
U2 334
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1171
EP 1175
DI 10.1038/nature03912
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600049
PM 16121184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bauer, A
   Westkämper, F
   Grimme, S
   Bach, T
AF Bauer, A
   Westkämper, F
   Grimme, S
   Bach, T
TI Catalytic enantioselective reactions driven by photoinduced electron transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclization reactions; configuration
AB Photoinduced electron transfer is an essential step in the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in photosystems I and II (ref. 1), and is also frequently used by chemists to build complex molecules from simple precursors(2). During this process, light absorption generates molecules in excited electronic states that are susceptible to accepting or donating electrons. But although the excited states are straightforward to generate, their short lifetimes makes it challenging to control electron transfer and subsequent product formation - particularly if enantiopure products are desired. Control strategies developed so far use hydrogen bonding, to embed photochemical substrates in chiral environments(3) and to render photochemical reactions enantioselective through the use of rigid chiral complexing agents(4). To go beyond such stoichiometric chiral information transmission, catalytic turnover is required(5). Here we present a catalytic photoinduced electron transfer reaction that proceeds with considerable turnover and high enantioselectivity. By using an electron accepting chiral organocatalyst that enforces a chiral environment on the substrate through hydrogen bonding, we obtain the product in significant enantiomeric excess ( up to 70%) and in yields reaching 64%. This performance suggests that photochemical routes to chiral compounds may find use in general asymmetric synthesis.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Organ Chem 1, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Munster, Inst Organ Chem, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich; University of Munster
RP Bach, T (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Organ Chem 1, Lichtenbergstr 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
EM thorsten.bach@ch.tum.de
NR 14
TC 430
Z9 461
U1 4
U2 159
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1139
EP 1140
DI 10.1038/nature03955
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600041
PM 16121176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Randau, L
   Münch, R
   Hohn, MJ
   Jahn, D
   Söll, D
AF Randau, L
   Münch, R
   Hohn, MJ
   Jahn, D
   Söll, D
TI Nanoarchaeum equitans creates functional tRNAs from separate genes for their 5′- and 3′-halves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; archaeal; recognition; endonuclease; 3'-terminus; synthetase; sequences; invitro; origin
AB Analysis of the genome sequence of the small hyperthermophilic archaeal parasite Nanoarchaeum equitans(1,2) has not revealed genes encoding the glutamate, histidine, tryptophan and initiator methionine transfer RNA species. Here we develop a computational approach to genome analysis that searches for widely separated genes encoding tRNA halves that, on the basis of structural prediction, could form intact tRNA molecules. A search of the N. equitans genome reveals nine genes that encode tRNA halves; together they account for the missing tRNA genes. The tRNA sequences are split after the anticodon-adjacent position 37, the normal location of tRNA introns. The terminal sequences can be accommodated in an intervening sequence that includes a 12 - 14-nucleotide GC-rich RNA duplex between the end of the 50 tRNA half and the beginning of the 30 tRNA half. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and amino-acylation experiments of N. equitans tRNA demonstrated maturation to full-size tRNA and acceptor activity of the tRNA His and tRNA(Glu) species predicted in silico. As the joining mechanism possibly involves tRNA trans-splicing, the presence of an intron might have been required for early tRNA synthesis.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Mikrobiol, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Univ Regensburg, Lehrstuhl Mikrobiol, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
   Univ Regensburg, Archaeenzentrum, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
   Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Braunschweig University of Technology; University of Regensburg; University of Regensburg; Yale University
RP Söll, D (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM soll@trna.chem.yale.edu
NR 30
TC 159
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 537
EP 541
DI 10.1038/nature03233
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200052
PM 15690044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meylan, E
   Curran, J
   Hofmann, K
   Moradpour, D
   Binder, M
   Bartenschlager, R
   Tschopp, R
AF Meylan, E
   Curran, J
   Hofmann, K
   Moradpour, D
   Binder, M
   Bartenschlager, R
   Tschopp, R
TI Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; double-stranded-rna; interferon regulatory factor-3; membrane association; ikk-epsilon; activation; helicase; identification; cleavage; determinants
AB Antiviral immunity against a pathogen is mounted upon recognition by the host of virally associated structures. One of these viral 'signatures', double-stranded (ds) RNA, is a replication product of most viruses within infected cells and is sensed by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and the recently identified cytosolic RNA helicases RIG-I (retinoic acid inducible gene I, also known as Ddx58) and Mda5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, also known as Ifih1 or Helicard)(1). Both helicases detect dsRNA, and through their protein-interacting CARD domains, relay an undefined signal resulting in the activation of the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NF-kappa B. Here we describe Cardif, a new CARD-containing adaptor protein that interacts with RIG-I and recruits IKK alpha, IKK beta and IKK epsilon kinases by means of its C-terminal region, leading to the activation of NF-kappa B and IRF3. Overexpression of Cardif results in interferon-beta and NF-kappa B promoter activation, and knockdown of Cardif by short interfering RNA inhibits RIG-I-dependent antiviral responses. Cardif is targeted and inactivated by NS3-4A, a serine protease from hepatitis C virus known to block interferon-beta production. Cardif thus functions as an adaptor, linking the cytoplasmic dsRNA receptor RIG-I to the initiation of antiviral programmes.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Dept Biochem, BIL Biomed Res Ctr, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Fac Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Med, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   MEMOREC Biotec GmbH, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   CHU Vaudois, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Heidelberg Univ, Dept Mol Virol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Lausanne; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV); Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Tschopp, R (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Dept Biochem, BIL Biomed Res Ctr, Chemin Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
EM jurg.tschopp@unil.ch
NR 32
TC 2028
Z9 2432
U1 1
U2 146
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1167
EP 1172
DI 10.1038/nature04193
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500047
PM 16177806
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilbert, M
   Mitchell, A
   Bourn, D
   Mawdsley, J
   Cliton-Hadley, R
   Wint, W
AF Gilbert, M
   Mitchell, A
   Bourn, D
   Mawdsley, J
   Cliton-Hadley, R
   Wint, W
TI Cattle movements and bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disease; prediction; epidemic; dynamics
AB For 20 years, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has been spreading in Great Britain ( England, Wales and Scotland) and is now endemic in the southwest and parts of central England and in southwest Wales, and occurs sporadically elsewhere. Although its transmission pathways remain poorly understood, the disease's distribution was previously modelled statistically by using environmental variables and measures of their seasonality(1). Movements of infected animals have long been considered a critical factor in the spread of livestock diseases, as reflected in strict import/export regulations, the extensive movement restrictions imposed during the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak(2,3), the tracing procedures after a new case of BTB has been confirmed and the Government's recently published strategic framework for the sustainable control on BTB4. Since January 2001 it has been mandatory for stock-keepers in Great Britain to notify the British Cattle Movement Service of all cattle births, movements and deaths(5). Here we show that movements as recorded in the Cattle Tracing System data archive, and particularly those from areas where BTB is reported, consistently outperform environmental, topographic and other anthropogenic variables as the main predictor of disease occurrence. Simulation distribution models for 2002 and 2003, incorporating all predictor categories, are presented and used to project distributions for 2004 and 2005.
C1 Environm Res Grp Oxford Ltd, Oxford OX1 3QE, England.
   Univ Libre Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Vet Labs Agcy, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Veterinary Laboratories Agency
RP Wint, W (corresponding author), Environm Res Grp Oxford Ltd, POB 346, Oxford OX1 3QE, England.
EM william.wint@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 17
TC 296
Z9 328
U1 2
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 491
EP 496
DI 10.1038/nature03548
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800054
PM 15917808
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishii, M
   Shearer, PM
   Houston, H
   Vidale, JE
AF Ishii, M
   Shearer, PM
   Houston, H
   Vidale, JE
TI Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rupture process
AB The disastrous Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 was one of the largest ever recorded. The damage potential of such earthquakes depends on the extent and magnitude of fault slip. The first reliable moment magnitude estimate(1) of 9.0 was obtained several hours after the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, but more recent, longer-period, normal-mode analyses have indicated that it had a moment magnitude of 9.3, about 2.5 times larger(2). Here we introduce a method for directly imaging earthquake rupture that uses the first-arriving compressional wave and is potentially able to produce detailed images within 30 min of rupture initiation. We used the Hi-Net seismic array in Japan as an antenna to map the progression of slip by monitoring the direction of high-frequency radiation. We find that the rupture spread over the entire 1,300-km-long aftershock zone by propagating northward at roughly 2.8 km s(-1) for approximately 8 minutes. Comparisons with the aftershock areas of other great earthquakes indicate that the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake did indeed have a moment magnitude of similar to 9.3. Its rupture, in both duration and extent, is the longest ever recorded.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, IGPP, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Ishii, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, IGPP 0225, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM mishii@ucsd.edu
NR 19
TC 588
Z9 669
U1 6
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 933
EP 936
DI 10.1038/nature03675
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700044
PM 15908984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsiganis, K
   Gomes, R
   Morbidelli, A
   Levison, HF
AF Tsiganis, K
   Gomes, R
   Morbidelli, A
   Levison, HF
TI Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planetesimal disk; close encounters; kuiper-belt; accretion; evolution; neptune; body; population; migration
AB Planetary formation theories(1,2) suggest that the giant planets formed on circular and coplanar orbits. The eccentricities of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, however, reach values of 6 per cent, 9 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively. In addition, the inclinations of the orbital planes of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune take maximum values of similar to 2 degrees with respect to the mean orbital plane of Jupiter. Existing models for the excitation of the eccentricity of extrasolar giant planets(3-5) have not been successfully applied to the Solar System. Here we show that a planetary system with initial quasi-circular, coplanar orbits would have evolved to the current orbital configuration, provided that Jupiter and Saturn crossed their 1: 2 orbital resonance. We show that this resonance crossing could have occurred as the giant planets migrated owing to their interaction with a disk of planetesimals(6,7). Our model reproduces all the important characteristics of the giant planets' orbits, namely their final semimajor axes, eccentricities and mutual inclinations.
C1 CNRS, Observ Cote Azur, F-06304 Nice, France.
   UFRJ, OV, GEA, BR-20080090 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   MCT, ON, BR-20080090 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
RP Morbidelli, A (corresponding author), CNRS, Observ Cote Azur, BP 4229, F-06304 Nice, France.
EM morby@obs-nice.fr
NR 16
TC 1139
Z9 1283
U1 3
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 459
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature03539
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800046
PM 15917800
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goetz, W
   Bertelsen, P
   Binau, CS
   Gunnlaugsson, HP
   Hviid, SF
   Kinch, KM
   Madsen, DE
   Madsen, MB
   Olsen, M
   Gellert, R
   Klingelhöfer, G
   Ming, DW
   Morris, RV
   Rieder, R
   Rodionov, DS
   de Souza, PA
   Schröder, C
   Squyres, SW
   Wdowiak, T
   Yen, A
AF Goetz, W
   Bertelsen, P
   Binau, CS
   Gunnlaugsson, HP
   Hviid, SF
   Kinch, KM
   Madsen, DE
   Madsen, MB
   Olsen, M
   Gellert, R
   Klingelhöfer, G
   Ming, DW
   Morris, RV
   Rieder, R
   Rodionov, DS
   de Souza, PA
   Schröder, C
   Squyres, SW
   Wdowiak, T
   Yen, A
TI Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-properties experiments; x-ray spectrometer; gusev crater; mossbauer spectrometer; meridiani-planum; spirit; pathfinder; rovers; spectroscopy; opportunity
AB The ubiquitous atmospheric dust on Mars is well mixed by periodic global dust storms, and such dust carries information about the environment in which it once formed and hence about the history of water on Mars(1). The Mars Exploration Rovers have permanent magnets to collect atmospheric dust for investigation by instruments on the rovers(2,3). Here we report results from Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence of dust particles captured from the martian atmosphere by the magnets. The dust on the magnets contains magnetite and olivine; this indicates a basaltic origin of the dust and shows that magnetite, not maghemite, is the mineral mainly responsible for the magnetic properties of the dust. Furthermore, the dust on the magnets contains some ferric oxides, probably including nanocrystalline phases, so some alteration or oxidation of the basaltic dust seems to have occurred. The presence of olivine indicates that liquid water did not play a dominant role in the processes that formed the atmospheric dust.
C1 Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Mainz, Inst Anorgan & Analyt Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   Space Res Inst IKI, Moscow, Russia.
   Co Vale Rio Doce, BR-29090900 Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35203 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Aarhus University; Max Planck Society; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Cornell University; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Goetz, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
EM goetz@mps.mpg.de
NR 23
TC 111
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/nature03807
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600039
PM 16001062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hüttelmaier, S
   Zenklusen, D
   Lederer, M
   Dictenberg, J
   Lorenz, M
   Meng, XH
   Bassell, GJ
   Condeelis, J
   Singer, RH
AF Hüttelmaier, S
   Zenklusen, D
   Lederer, M
   Dictenberg, J
   Lorenz, M
   Meng, XH
   Bassell, GJ
   Condeelis, J
   Singer, RH
TI Spatial regulation of β-actin translation by Src-dependent phosphorylation of ZBP1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna localization; drosophila hnrnpa/b homolog; zipcode-binding protein; complex; transport; visualization; interplay; motility; domains; hrp48
AB Localization of beta-actin messenger RNA to sites of active actin polymerization modulates cell migration during embryogenesis, differentiation and possibly carcinogenesis(1-5). This localization requires the oncofetal protein ZBP1 (Zipcode binding protein 1), which binds to a conserved 54-nucleotide element in the 30 untranslated region of the beta-actin mRNA known as the 'zipcode'. ZBP1 promotes translocation of the beta-actin transcript to actin-rich protrusions in primary fibroblasts and neurons(6,7). It is not known how the ZBP1-RNA complex achieves asymmetric protein sorting by localizing beta-actin mRNA. Here we show that chicken ZBP1 modulates the translation of beta-actinmRNA. ZBP1 associates with the beta-actin transcript in the nucleus and prevents premature translation in the cytoplasm by blocking translation initiation. Translation only occurs when the ZBP1-RNA complex reaches its destination at the periphery of the cell. At the endpoint of mRNA transport, the protein kinase Src promotes translation by phosphorylating a key tyrosine residue in ZBP1 that is required for binding to RNA. These sequential events provide both temporal and spatial control over beta-actin mRNA translation, which is important for cell migration and neurite outgrowth.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Anat & Struct Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Univ Halle Wittenberg, Dept Med, ZAMED, D-06120 Halle An Der Saale, Germany.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Rose Kennedy Ctr Mental Retardat, Dept Neurosci, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
RP Singer, RH (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Anat & Struct Biol, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
EM stefan.huettelmaier@medizin.uni-halle.de; rhsinger@aecom.yu.edu
NR 25
TC 527
Z9 693
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/nature04115
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200053
PM 16306994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Linardopoulou, EV
   Williams, EM
   Fan, YX
   Friedman, C
   Young, JM
   Trask, BJ
AF Linardopoulou, EV
   Williams, EM
   Fan, YX
   Friedman, C
   Young, JM
   Trask, BJ
TI Human subtelomeres are hot spots of interchromosomal recombination and segmental duplication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; olfactory receptor gene; dna; evolution; polymorphism; regions; expansion; sequences; reveals; repeats
AB Human subtelomeres are polymorphic patchworks of interchromosomal segmental duplications at the ends of chromosomes. Here we provide evidence that these patchworks arose recently through repeated translocations between chromosome ends. We assess the relative contribution of the principal mechanisms of ectopic DNA repair to the formation of subtelomeric duplications and find that non-homologous end-joining predominates. Once subtelomeric duplications arise, they are prone to homology-based sequence transfers as shown by the incongruent phylogenetic relationships of neighbouring sections. Interchromosomal recombination of subtelomeres is a potent force for recent change. Cytogenetic and sequence analyses reveal that pieces of the subtelomeric patchwork have changed location and copy number with unprecedented frequency during primate evolution. Half of the known subtelomeric sequence has formed recently, through human-specific sequence transfers and duplications. Subtelomeric dynamics result in a gene duplication rate significantly higher than the genome average and could have both advantageous and pathological consequences in human biology. More generally, our analyses suggest an evolutionary cycle between segmental polymorphisms and genome rearrangements.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Human Biol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Trask, BJ (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Human Biol, 1100 Fairview Ave N C3-168, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM btrask@fhcrc.org
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC004209] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM057070] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 314
Z9 368
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 94
EP 100
DI 10.1038/nature04029
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400047
PM 16136133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuo, YH
   Lee, YK
   Ge, YS
   Ren, S
   Roth, JE
   Kamins, TI
   Miller, DAB
   Harris, JS
AF Kuo, YH
   Lee, YK
   Ge, YS
   Ren, S
   Roth, JE
   Kamins, TI
   Miller, DAB
   Harris, JS
TI Strong quantum-confined Stark effect in germanium quantum-well structures on silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electroabsorption modulators; optical interconnects; band parameters; technology; sige; alloys; shift
AB Silicon is the dominant semiconductor for electronics, but there is now a growing need to integrate such components with optoelectronics for telecommunications and computer interconnections(1). Silicon-based optical modulators have recently been successfully demonstrated(2,3); but because the light modulation mechanisms in silicon(4) are relatively weak, long ( for example, several millimetres) devices(2) or sophisticated high-quality-factor resonators(3) have been necessary. Thin quantum-well structures made from III-V semiconductors such as GaAs, InP and their alloys exhibit the much stronger quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) mechanism(5), which allows modulator structures with only micrometres of optical path length(6,7). Such III-V materials are unfortunately difficult to integrate with silicon electronic devices. Germanium is routinely integrated with silicon in electronics(8), but previous silicon - germanium structures have also not shown strong modulation effects(9-13). Here we report the discovery of the QCSE, at room temperature, in thin germanium quantum-well structures grown on silicon. The QCSE here has strengths comparable to that in III-V materials. Its clarity and strength are particularly surprising because germanium is an indirect gap semiconductor; such semiconductors often display much weaker optical effects than direct gap materials ( such as the III-V materials typically used for optoelectronics). This discovery is very promising for small, high-speed(14), low-power(15-17) optical output devices fully compatible with silicon electronics manufacture.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Solid State & Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Hewlett Packard Labs, Quantum Sci Res, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Hewlett-Packard
RP Kuo, YH (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Solid State & Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM yhkuo@stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 698
Z9 827
U1 2
U2 183
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1334
EP 1336
DI 10.1038/nature04204
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100048
PM 16251959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mattner, J
   DeBord, KL
   Ismail, N
   Goff, RD
   Cantu, C III
   Zhou, DP
   Saint-Mezard, P
   Wang, V
   Gao, Y
   Yin, N
   Hoebe, K
   Schneewind, O
   Walker, D
   Beutler, B
   Teyton, L
   Savage, PB
   Bendelac, A
AF Mattner, J
   DeBord, KL
   Ismail, N
   Goff, RD
   Cantu, C III
   Zhou, DP
   Saint-Mezard, P
   Wang, V
   Gao, Y
   Yin, N
   Hoebe, K
   Schneewind, O
   Walker, D
   Beutler, B
   Teyton, L
   Savage, PB
   Bendelac, A
TI Exogenous and endogenous glycolipid antigens activate NKT cells during microbial infections
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID killer t-cells; anaplasma-phagocytophilum; identification; synthase; innate
AB CD1d-restricted natural killer T ( NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that express a conserved T-cell receptor and contribute to host defence against various microbial pathogens(1,2). However, their target lipid antigens have remained elusive. Here we report evidence for microbial, antigen-specific activation of NKT cells against Gram-negative, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)negative alpha-Proteobacteria such as Ehrlichia muris and Sphingomonas capsulata. We have identified glycosylceramides from the cell wall of Sphingomonas that serve as direct targets for mouse and human NKT cells, controlling both septic shock reaction and bacterial clearance in infected mice. In contrast, Gram-negative, LPS-positive Salmonella typhimurium activates NKT cells through the recognition of an endogenous lysosomal glycosphingolipid, iGb3, presented by LPS-activated dendritic cells. These findings identify two novel antigenic targets of NKT cells in antimicrobial defence, and show that glycosylceramides are an alternative to LPS for innate recognition of the Gram-negative, LPS-negative bacterial cell wall.
C1 Univ Chicago, Comm Immunol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Comm Microbiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
   Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston; Brigham Young University; Scripps Research Institute
RP Savage, PB (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Comm Immunol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM paul_savage@byu.edu; abendela@bsd.uchicago.edu
NR 24
TC 934
Z9 1078
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 24
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7032
BP 525
EP 529
DI 10.1038/nature03408
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 909CH
UT WOS:000227836000046
PM 15791258
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Káradóttir, R
   Cavelier, P
   Bergersen, LH
   Attwell, D
AF Káradóttir, R
   Cavelier, P
   Bergersen, LH
   Attwell, D
TI NMDA receptors are expressed in oligodendrocytes and activated in ischaemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID white-matter injury; ca1 pyramidal cells; precursor cells; glial-cells; autoimmune encephalomyelitis; axonal injury; glutamate; vulnerability; mechanisms; channels
AB Glutamate-mediated damage to oligodendrocytes contributes to mental or physical impairment in periventricular leukomalacia (pre- or perinatal white matter injury leading to cerebral palsy), spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and stroke(1-4). Unlike neurons(5), white matter oligodendrocytes reportedly lack NMDA (N-methyl-D- aspartate) receptors(6,7). It is believed that glutamate damages oligodendrocytes, especially their precursor cells, by acting on calcium-permeable AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4-isoxazole propionic acid)/kainate receptors alone(1-4) or by reversing cystine - glutamate exchange and depriving cells of antioxidant protection(8). Here we show that precursor, immature and mature oligodendrocytes in the white matter of the cerebellum and corpus callosum exhibit NMDA-evoked currents, mediated by receptors that are blocked only weakly by Mg(2+) and that may contain NR1, NR2C and NR3 NMDA receptor subunits. NMDA receptors are present in the myelinating processes of oligodendrocytes, where the small intracellular space could lead to a large rise in intracellular ion concentration in response to NMDA receptor activation. Simulating ischaemia led to development of an inward current in oligodendrocytes, which was partly mediated by NMDA receptors. These results point to NMDA receptors of unusual subunit composition as a potential therapeutic target for preventing white matter damage in a variety of diseases.
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Oslo, Dept Anat, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Oslo, Ctr Mol Biol & Neurosci, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Oslo; University of Oslo
RP Attwell, D (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM D.Attwell@ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [075232, 017948, 065424] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 610
Z9 715
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 22
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7071
BP 1162
EP 1166
DI 10.1038/nature04302
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 995OF
UT WOS:000234111500052
PM 16372011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawai, S
   Thomason, PA
   Cox, EC
AF Sawai, S
   Thomason, PA
   Cox, EC
TI An autoregulatory circuit for long-range self-organization in Dictyostelium cell populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spiral waves; adenylyl-cyclase; camp; aggregation; propagation; feedback; kinase
AB Nutrient-deprived Dictyostelium amoebae aggregate to form a multicellular structure by chemotaxis, moving towards propagating waves of cyclic AMP that are relayed from cell to cell. Organizing centres are not formed by founder cells, but are dynamic entities consisting of cores of outwardly rotating spiral waves(1-4) that self-organize in a homogeneous cell population. Spiral waves are ubiquitously observed in chemical reactions as well as in biological systems(5-8). Although feedback control of spiral waves in spatially extended chemical reactions has been demonstrated in recent years(9,10), the mechanism by which control is achieved in living systems is unknown. Here we show that mutants of the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway show periodic signalling, but fail to organize coherent long-range wave territories, owing to the appearance of numerous spiral cores. A theoretical model suggests that autoregulation of cell excitability mediated by protein kinase A acts to optimize the number of signalling centres.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Sawai, S (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM ssawai@molbio.princeton.edu; ecox@princeton.edu
NR 28
TC 150
Z9 170
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 20
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7023
BP 323
EP 326
DI 10.1038/nature03228
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 888NK
UT WOS:000226381300057
PM 15662425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gunsalus, KC
   Ge, H
   Schetter, AJ
   Goldberg, DS
   Han, JDJ
   Hao, T
   Berriz, GF
   Bertin, N
   Huang, J
   Chuang, LS
   Li, N
   Mani, R
   Hyman, AA
   Sönnichsen, B
   Echeverri, CJ
   Roth, FP
   Vidal, M
   Piano, F
AF Gunsalus, KC
   Ge, H
   Schetter, AJ
   Goldberg, DS
   Han, JDJ
   Hao, T
   Berriz, GF
   Bertin, N
   Huang, J
   Chuang, LS
   Li, N
   Mani, R
   Hyman, AA
   Sönnichsen, B
   Echeverri, CJ
   Roth, FP
   Vidal, M
   Piano, F
TI Predictive models of molecular machines involved in Caenorhabditis elegans early embryogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; centrosome duplication; mapping data; protein; cell; interactome; centriolar; network; map; transcriptome
AB Although numerous fundamental aspects of development have been uncovered through the study of individual genes and proteins, system-level models are still missing for most developmental processes. The first two cell divisions of Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis constitute an ideal test bed for a system-level approach. Early embryogenesis, including processes such as cell division and establishment of cellular polarity, is readily amenable to large-scale functional analysis. A first step toward a system-level understanding is to provide 'first-draft' models both of the molecular assemblies involved(1) and of the functional connections between them. Here we show that such models can be derived from an integrated gene/protein network generated from three different types of functional relationship(2): protein interaction(3), expression profiling similarity(4) and phenotypic profiling similarity(5), as estimated from detailed early embryonic RNA interference phenotypes systematically recorded for hundreds of early embryogenesis genes(6). The topology of the integrated network suggests that C. elegans early embryogenesis is achieved through coordination of a limited set of molecular machines. We assessed the overall predictive value of such molecular machine models by dynamic localization of ten previously uncharacterized proteins within the living embryo.
C1 NYU, Dept Biol, Ctr Comparat Funct Genom, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Cenix Biosci GmbH, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 New York University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Max Planck Society
RP Roth, FP (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Biol, Ctr Comparat Funct Genom, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM fritz_roth@hms.harvard.edu; marc_vidal@dfci.harvard.edu; fp1@nyu.edu
NR 30
TC 202
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 861
EP 865
DI 10.1038/nature03876
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500049
PM 16094371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holland, ND
   Clague, DA
   Gordon, DP
   Gebruk, A
   Pawson, DL
   Vecchione, M
AF Holland, ND
   Clague, DA
   Gordon, DP
   Gebruk, A
   Pawson, DL
   Vecchione, M
TI Lophenteropneust' hypothesis refuted by collection and photos of new deep-sea hemichordates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific
AB The deep ocean is home to a group of broad-collared hemichordates - the so-called 'lophenteropneusts' - that have been photographed gliding on the sea floor(1-8) but have not previously been collected. It has been claimed that these worms have collar tentacles and blend morphological features of the two main hemichordate body plans, namely the tentacle-less enteropneusts and the tentacle-bearing pterobranchs. Consequently, lophenteropneusts have been invoked as missing links to suggest that the former evolved into the latter(5). The most significant aspect of the lophenteropneust hypothesis is its prediction that the fundamental body plan within a basal phylum of deuterostomes was enteropneust-like. The assumption of such an ancestral state influences ideas about the evolution of the vertebrates from the invertebrates(9-14). Here we report on the first collected specimen of a broad-collared, deep-sea enteropneust and describe it as a new family, genus and species. The collar, although disproportionately broad, lacks tentacles. In addition, we find no evidence of tentacles in the available deep-sea photographs ( published and unpublished) of broad-collared enteropneusts, including those formerly designated as lophenteropneusts. Thus, the lophenteropneust hypothesis was based on misinterpretation of deep-sea photographs of low quality and should no longer be used to support the idea that the enteropneust body plan is basal within the phylum Hemichordata.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117851, Russia.
   Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20013 USA.
   Natl Museum Nat Hist, NOAA, Natl Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20013 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand; Russian Academy of Sciences; Shirshov Institute of Oceanology; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
RP Holland, ND (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Marine Biol Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM nholland@ucsd.edu
NR 25
TC 50
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 374
EP 376
DI 10.1038/nature03382
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100049
PM 15772659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conboy, IM
   Conboy, MJ
   Wagers, AJ
   Girma, ER
   Weissman, IL
   Rando, TA
AF Conboy, IM
   Conboy, MJ
   Wagers, AJ
   Girma, ER
   Weissman, IL
   Rando, TA
TI Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; skeletal-muscle; satellite cells; c/ebp-alpha; old rats; heterogeneity; regeneration; plasticity; parabiosis; expression
AB The decline of tissue regenerative potential is a hallmark of ageing and may be due to age-related changes in tissue-specific stem cells(1-5). A decline in skeletal muscle stem cell ( satellite cell) activity due to a loss of Notch signalling results in impaired regeneration of aged muscle(1,6). The decline in hepatic progenitor cell proliferation owing to the formation of a complex involving cEBP-alpha and the chromatin remodelling factor brahma (Brm) inhibits the regenerative capacity of aged liver(7). To examine the influence of systemic factors on aged progenitor cells from these tissues, we established parabiotic pairings ( that is, a shared circulatory system) between young and old mice (heterochronic parabioses), exposing old mice to factors present in young serum. Notably, heterochronic parabiosis restored the activation of Notch signalling as well as the proliferation and regenerative capacity of aged satellite cells. The exposure of satellite cells from old mice to young serum enhanced the expression of the Notch ligand ( Delta), increased Notch activation, and enhanced proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, heterochronic parabiosis increased aged hepatocyte proliferation and restored the cEBP-alpha complex to levels seen in young animals. These results suggest that the age-related decline of progenitor cell activity can be modulated by systemic factors that change with age.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   VA Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, GRECC, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   VA Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Neurol Serv, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System
RP Rando, TA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM rando@stanford.edu
NR 26
TC 1798
Z9 2189
U1 3
U2 246
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 760
EP 764
DI 10.1038/nature03260
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200043
PM 15716955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aldhous, P
AF Aldhous, P
TI After the gold rush
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 6
TC 9
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 694
EP 696
DI 10.1038/434694a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700013
PM 15815600
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hillier, LW
   Graves, TA
   Fulton, RS
   Fulton, LA
   Pepin, KH
   Minx, P
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Layman, D
   Wylie, K
   Sekhon, M
   Becker, MC
   Fewell, GA
   Delehaunty, KD
   Miner, TL
   Nash, WE
   Kremitzki, C
   Oddy, L
   Du, H
   Sun, H
   Bradshaw-Cordum, H
   Ali, J
   Carter, J
   Cordes, M
   Harris, A
   Isak, A
   van Brunt, A
   Nguyen, C
   Du, FY
   Courtney, L
   Kalicki, J
   Ozersky, P
   Abbott, S
   Armstrong, J
   Belter, EA
   Caruso, L
   Cedroni, M
   Cotton, M
   Davidson, T
   Desai, A
   Elliott, G
   Erb, T
   Fronick, C
   Gaige, T
   Haakenson, W
   Haglund, K
   Holmes, A
   Harkins, R
   Kim, K
   Kruchowski, SS
   Strong, CM
   Grewal, N
   Goyea, E
   Hou, S
   Levy, A
   Martinka, S
   Mead, K
   McLellan, MD
   Meyer, R
   Maher, JR
   Tomlinson, C
   Kohlberg, SD
   Kozlowicz-Reilly, A
   Shah, N
   Swearengen-Shahid, S
   Snider, J
   Strong, JT
   Thompson, J
   Yoakum, M
   Leonard, S
   Pearman, C
   Trani, L
   Radionenko, M
   Waligorski, JE
   Wang, CY
   Rock, SM
   Tin-Wollam, AM
   Maupin, R
   Latreille, P
   Wendl, MC
   Yang, SP
   Pohl, C
   Wallis, JW
   Spieth, J
   Bieri, TA
   Berkowicz, N
   Nelson, JO
   Osborne, J
   Ding, L
   Meyer, R
   Sabo, A
   Shotland, Y
   Sinha, P
   Wohldmann, PE
   Cook, LL
   Hickenbotham, MT
   Eldred, J
   Williams, D
   Jones, TA
   She, XW
   Ciccarelli, FD
   Izaurralde, E
   Taylor, J
   Schmutz, J
   Myers, RM
   Cox, DR
   Huang, XQ
   McPherson, JD
   Mardis, ER
   Clifton, SW
   Warren, WC
   Chinwalla, AT
   Eddy, SR
   Marra, MA
   Ovcharenko, I
   Furey, TS
   Miller, W
   Eichler, EE
   Bork, P
   Suyama, M
   Torrents, D
   Waterston, RH
   Wilson, RK
AF Hillier, LW
   Graves, TA
   Fulton, RS
   Fulton, LA
   Pepin, KH
   Minx, P
   Wagner-McPherson, C
   Layman, D
   Wylie, K
   Sekhon, M
   Becker, MC
   Fewell, GA
   Delehaunty, KD
   Miner, TL
   Nash, WE
   Kremitzki, C
   Oddy, L
   Du, H
   Sun, H
   Bradshaw-Cordum, H
   Ali, J
   Carter, J
   Cordes, M
   Harris, A
   Isak, A
   van Brunt, A
   Nguyen, C
   Du, FY
   Courtney, L
   Kalicki, J
   Ozersky, P
   Abbott, S
   Armstrong, J
   Belter, EA
   Caruso, L
   Cedroni, M
   Cotton, M
   Davidson, T
   Desai, A
   Elliott, G
   Erb, T
   Fronick, C
   Gaige, T
   Haakenson, W
   Haglund, K
   Holmes, A
   Harkins, R
   Kim, K
   Kruchowski, SS
   Strong, CM
   Grewal, N
   Goyea, E
   Hou, S
   Levy, A
   Martinka, S
   Mead, K
   McLellan, MD
   Meyer, R
   Maher, JR
   Tomlinson, C
   Kohlberg, SD
   Kozlowicz-Reilly, A
   Shah, N
   Swearengen-Shahid, S
   Snider, J
   Strong, JT
   Thompson, J
   Yoakum, M
   Leonard, S
   Pearman, C
   Trani, L
   Radionenko, M
   Waligorski, JE
   Wang, CY
   Rock, SM
   Tin-Wollam, AM
   Maupin, R
   Latreille, P
   Wendl, MC
   Yang, SP
   Pohl, C
   Wallis, JW
   Spieth, J
   Bieri, TA
   Berkowicz, N
   Nelson, JO
   Osborne, J
   Ding, L
   Meyer, R
   Sabo, A
   Shotland, Y
   Sinha, P
   Wohldmann, PE
   Cook, LL
   Hickenbotham, MT
   Eldred, J
   Williams, D
   Jones, TA
   She, XW
   Ciccarelli, FD
   Izaurralde, E
   Taylor, J
   Schmutz, J
   Myers, RM
   Cox, DR
   Huang, XQ
   McPherson, JD
   Mardis, ER
   Clifton, SW
   Warren, WC
   Chinwalla, AT
   Eddy, SR
   Marra, MA
   Ovcharenko, I
   Furey, TS
   Miller, W
   Eichler, EE
   Bork, P
   Suyama, M
   Torrents, D
   Waterston, RH
   Wilson, RK
TI Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-genome; cpg islands; gene; map; mouse; integration; alignments; evolution; insights; quality
AB Human chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage in being the product of a head-to-head fusion of two intermediate-sized ancestral chromosomes. Chromosome 4 has received attention primarily related to the search for the Huntington's disease gene, but also for genes associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and a form of muscular dystrophy. Here we present approximately 237 million base pairs of sequence for chromosome 2, and 186 million base pairs for chromosome 4, representing more than 99.6% of their euchromatic sequences. Our initial analyses have identified 1,346 protein-coding genes and 1,239 pseudogenes on chromosome 2, and 796 protein-coding genes and 778 pseudogenes on chromosome 4. Extensive analyses confirm the underlying construction of the sequence, and expand our understanding of the structure and evolution of mammalian chromosomes, including gene deserts, segmental duplications and highly variant regions.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Ctr Comparat Genom & Bioinformat, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford Human Genome Ctr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, EEBI Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Genome Biol Div, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Stanford University; Iowa State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Wilson, RK (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Genome Sequencing Ctr, Campus Box 8501,4444 Forest Pk Ave, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
EM rwilson@watson.wustl.edu
NR 50
TC 69
Z9 1655
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 724
EP 731
DI 10.1038/nature03466
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700031
PM 15815621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kimura, KI
   Ote, M
   Tazawa, T
   Yamamoto, D
AF Kimura, KI
   Ote, M
   Tazawa, T
   Yamamoto, D
TI Fruitless specifies sexually dimorphic neural circuitry in the Drosophila brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male courtship behavior; programmed cell-death; expression patterns; gene; melanogaster; muscle; orientation; neurons; system; fly
AB The Drosophila fruitless (fru) gene product Fru has been postulated to be a neural sex determination factor that directs development of the central nervous system (CNS), thereby producing male-typical courtship behaviour and inducing male-specific muscle(1-6). Male-specific Fru protein is expressed in small groups of neurons scattered throughout the CNS of male, but not female, Drosophila(4,7). Collectively, these observations suggest that Fru 'masculinizes' certain neurons, thereby establishing neural substrates for male-typical behaviour. However, specific differences between neurons resulting from the presence or absence of Fru are unknown. Previous studies have suggested that Fru might result in sexual differences in the CNS at the functional level, as no overt sexual dimorphism in CNS structure was discernible(8-10). Here we identify a subset of fru-expressing interneurons in the brain that show marked sexual dimorphism in their number and projection pattern. We also demonstrate that Fru supports the development of neurons with male-specific dendritic fields, which are programmed to die during female development as a result of the absence of Fru. Thus, Fru expression can produce a male-specific neural circuit, probably used during heterosexual courtship, by preventing cell death in identifiable neurons.
C1 Hokkaido Univ, Biol Lab, Iwamizawa 0688642, Japan.
   Waseda Univ, Adv Inst Sci & Engn, Tokyo 1698555, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Grad Sch Life Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 Hokkaido University; Waseda University; Tohoku University
RP Kimura, KI (corresponding author), Hokkaido Univ, Biol Lab, Iwamizawa Campus, Iwamizawa 0688642, Japan.
EM kimura@iwa.hokkyodai.ac.jp
NR 24
TC 240
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 10
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7065
BP 229
EP 233
DI 10.1038/nature04229
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 982BV
UT WOS:000233133500050
PM 16281036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahn, S
   Joyner, AL
AF Ahn, S
   Joyner, AL
TI In vivo analysis of quiescent adult neural stem cells responding to Sonic hedgehog
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian brain; progenitor proliferation; subventricular zone; dentate gyrus; hippocampus; precursors; neurons; neurogenesis; regeneration; astrocytes
AB Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been implicated in the ongoing neurogenesis in postnatal rodent brains(1,2). Here we adopted an in vivo genetic fate-mapping strategy, using Gli1 (GLI-Kruppel family member) as a sensitive readout of Shh activity, to systematically mark and follow the fate of Shh-responding cells in the adult mouse forebrain. We show that initially, only a small population of cells ( including both quiescent neural stem cells and transit-amplifying cells) responds to Shh in regions undergoing neurogenesis. This population subsequently expands markedly to continuously provide new neurons in the forebrain. Our study of the behaviour of quiescent neural stem cells provides in vivo evidence that they can self-renew for over a year and generate multiple cell types. Furthermore, we show that the neural stem cell niches in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus are established sequentially and not until late embryonic stages.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dev Genet Program,Skirball Inst Biomol Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Neurosci, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University; New York University
RP Joyner, AL (corresponding author), NICHHD, Unit Dev Neurogenet, Lab Mammalian Genes & Dev, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike,Bldg 6B, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM joyner@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 27
TC 579
Z9 731
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/nature03994
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600048
PM 16208373
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, P
AF Moore, P
TI Replicating success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 24
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 12
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7039
BP 235
EP 238
DI 10.1038/435235a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 924ZO
UT WOS:000229021100048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krot, AN
   Amelin, Y
   Cassen, P
   Meibom, A
AF Krot, AN
   Amelin, Y
   Cassen, P
   Meibom, A
TI Young chondrules in CB chondrites from a giant impact in the early Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zoned metal grains; bencubbin; nebula; origin; accretion; gujba
AB Chondrules, which are the major constituent of chondritic meteorites, are believed to have formed during brief, localized, repetitive melting of dust ( probably caused by shock waves(1,2)) in the protoplanetary disk around the early Sun. The ages of primitive chondrules(3-6) in chondritic meteorites indicate that their formation started shortly after that of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (4,567.2 +/- 0.7 Myr ago) and lasted for about 3 Myr, which is consistent with the dissipation timescale for protoplanetary disks around young solar-mass stars(7). Here we report the Pb-207-Pb-206 ages of chondrules in the metal-rich CB (Bencubbin-like) carbonaceous chondrites Gujba (4,562.7 +/- 0.5 Myr) and Hammadah al Hamra 237 (4,562.8 +/- 0.9 Myr), which formed during a single-stage, highly energetic event(8-11). Both the relatively young ages and the single-stage formation of the CB chondrules are inconsistent with formation during a nebular shock wave(2). We conclude that chondrules and metal grains in the CB chondrites formed from a vapour-melt plume produced by a giant impact between planetary embryos after dust in the protoplanetary disk had largely dissipated. These findings therefore provide evidence for planet-sized objects in the earliest asteroid belt, as required by current numerical simulations of planet formation in the inner Solar System(12).
C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Geol, Toronto, ON, Canada.
   SETI Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Lab Etud Mat Extraterr, USM 0205, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; University of Toronto; SETI Institute; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
RP Krot, AN (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, 2525 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM sasha@higp.hawaii.edu
NR 30
TC 296
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 18
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7053
BP 989
EP 992
DI 10.1038/nature03830
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 955XQ
UT WOS:000231263900043
PM 16107841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scholz, H
   Franz, M
   Heberlein, U
AF Scholz, H
   Franz, M
   Heberlein, U
TI The hangover gene defines a stress pathway required for ethanol tolerance development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alcohol tolerance; oxidative stress; drosophila; expression; octopamine; resistance; addiction; oxidants; brain
AB Repeated alcohol consumption leads to the development of tolerance, simply defined as an acquired resistance to the physiological and behavioural effects of the drug. This tolerance allows increased alcohol consumption, which over time leads to physical dependence and possibly addiction(1-3). Previous studies have shown that Drosophila develop ethanol tolerance, with kinetics of acquisition and dissipation that mimic those seen in mammals. This tolerance requires the catecholamine octopamine, the functional analogue of mammalian noradrenaline(4). Here we describe a new gene, hangover, which is required for normal development of ethanol tolerance. hangover flies are also defective in responses to environmental stressors, such as heat and the free-radical-generating agent paraquat. Using genetic epistasis tests, we show that ethanol tolerance in Drosophila relies on two distinct molecular pathways: a cellular stress pathway defined by hangover, and a parallel pathway requiring octopamine. hangover encodes a large nuclear zinc-finger protein, suggesting a role in nucleic acid binding. There is growing recognition that stress, at both the cellular and systemic levels, contributes to drug- and addiction-related behaviours in mammals. Our studies suggest that this role may be conserved across evolution.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Program Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Wurzburg, Biozentrum, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Wurzburg
RP Scholz, H (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM henrike.scholz@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de; ulrike@itsa.ucsf.edu
FU NIAAA NIH HHS [R01 AA010035] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 107
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 11
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7052
BP 845
EP 847
DI 10.1038/nature03864
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 953XG
UT WOS:000231116500045
PM 16094367
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaillancourt, FH
   Yeh, E
   Vosburg, DA
   O'Connor, SE
   Walsh, CT
AF Vaillancourt, FH
   Yeh, E
   Vosburg, DA
   O'Connor, SE
   Walsh, CT
TI Cryptic chlorination by a non-haem iron enzyme during cyclopropyl amino acid biosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-his-1-carboxylate facial triad; gene-cluster; phytotoxin coronatine; activation; oxygenases; dioxygenase; complex
AB Enzymatic incorporation of chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms occurs during the biosynthesis of more than 4,000 natural products(1). Halogenation can have significant consequences for the bioactivity of these products so there is great interest in understanding the biological catalysts that perform these reactions. Enzymes that halogenate unactivated aliphatic groups have not previously been characterized. Here we report the activity of five proteins - CmaA, CmaB, CmaC, CmaD and CmaE - in the construction of coronamic acid (CMA; 1-amino-1-carboxy-2-ethylcyclopropane), a constituent of the phytotoxin coronatine synthesized by the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae(2). CMA derives from L-allo-isoleucine, which is covalently attached to CmaD through the actions of CmaA, a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase module, and CmaE, an unusual acyltransferase. We show that CmaB, a member of the non-haem Fe2+, alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent enzyme superfamily, is the first of its class to show halogenase activity, chlorinating the gamma-position of L-allo-isoleucine. Another previously undescribed enzyme, CmaC, catalyses the formation of the cyclopropyl ring from the gamma-Cl-L-allo-isoleucine product of the CmaB reaction. Together, CmaB and CmaC execute gamma-halogenation followed by intramolecular gamma-elimination, in which biological chlorination is a cryptic strategy for cyclopropyl ring formation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvey Mudd Coll, Dept Chem, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Claremont Colleges; Harvey Mudd College
RP Walsh, CT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM christopher_walsh@hms.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 266
Z9 334
U1 2
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1191
EP 1194
DI 10.1038/nature03797
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600053
PM 16121186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Derry, LA
   Kurtz, AC
   Ziegler, K
   Chadwick, OA
AF Derry, LA
   Kurtz, AC
   Ziegler, K
   Chadwick, OA
TI Biological control of terrestrial silica cycling and export fluxes to watersheds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germanium; fractionation; geochemistry; aluminum; forest; rivers; ge/si
AB Silicon has a crucial role in many biogeochemical processes - for example, as a nutrient for marine and terrestrial biota, in buffering soil acidification and in the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Traditionally, silica fluxes to soil solutions and stream waters are thought to be controlled by the weathering and subsequent dissolution of silicate minerals(1,2). Rates of mineral dissolution can be enhanced by biological processes(3). But plants also take up considerable quantities of silica from soil solution, which is recycled into the soil from falling litter in a separate soil - plant silica cycle that can be significant in comparison with weathering input and hydrologic output(4-8). Here we analyse soil water in basaltic soils across the Hawaiian islands to assess the relative contributions of weathering and biogenic silica cycling by using the distinct signatures of the two processes in germanium/silicon ratios. Our data imply that most of the silica released to Hawaiian stream water has passed through the biogenic silica pool, whereas direct mineral - water reactions account for a smaller fraction of the stream silica flux. We expect that other systems exhibiting strong Si depletion of the mineral soils and/or high Si uptake rates by biomass will also have strong biological control on silica cycling and export.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Boston University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Derry, LA (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM lad9@cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 391
Z9 450
U1 4
U2 230
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 728
EP 731
DI 10.1038/nature03299
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200035
PM 15716949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fulchignoni, M
   Ferri, F
   Angrilli, F
   Ball, AJ
   Bar-Nun, A
   Barucci, MA
   Bettanini, C
   Bianchini, G
   Borucki, W
   Colombatti, G
   Coradini, M
   Coustenis, A
   Debei, S
   Falkner, P
   Fanti, G
   Flamini, E
   Gaborit, V
   Grard, R
   Hamelin, M
   Harri, AM
   Hathi, B
   Jernej, I
   Leese, MR
   Lehto, A
   Stoppato, PFL
   López-Moreno, JJ
   Mäkinen, T
   McDonnell, JAM
   McKay, CP
   Molina-Cuberos, G
   Neubauer, FM
   Pirronello, V
   Rodrigo, R
   Saggin, B
   Schwingenschuh, K
   Seiff, A
   Simoes, F
   Svedhem, H
   Tokano, T
   Towner, MC
   Trautner, R
   Withers, P
   Zarnecki, JC
AF Fulchignoni, M
   Ferri, F
   Angrilli, F
   Ball, AJ
   Bar-Nun, A
   Barucci, MA
   Bettanini, C
   Bianchini, G
   Borucki, W
   Colombatti, G
   Coradini, M
   Coustenis, A
   Debei, S
   Falkner, P
   Fanti, G
   Flamini, E
   Gaborit, V
   Grard, R
   Hamelin, M
   Harri, AM
   Hathi, B
   Jernej, I
   Leese, MR
   Lehto, A
   Stoppato, PFL
   López-Moreno, JJ
   Mäkinen, T
   McDonnell, JAM
   McKay, CP
   Molina-Cuberos, G
   Neubauer, FM
   Pirronello, V
   Rodrigo, R
   Saggin, B
   Schwingenschuh, K
   Seiff, A
   Simoes, F
   Svedhem, H
   Tokano, T
   Towner, MC
   Trautner, R
   Withers, P
   Zarnecki, JC
TI In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voyager-1 radio-occultation; huygens probe; electrical-conductivity; electromagnetic-waves; gravity-waves; pwa-hasi; atmosphere; surface; temperatures; propagation
AB On the basis of previous ground-based and fly-by information, we knew that Titan's atmosphere was mainly nitrogen, with some methane, but its temperature and pressure profiles were poorly constrained because of uncertainties in the detailed composition. The extent of atmospheric electricity ('lightning') was also hitherto unknown. Here we report the temperature and density profiles, as determined by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI), from an altitude of 1,400 km down to the surface. In the upper part of the atmosphere, the temperature and density were both higher than expected. There is a lower ionospheric layer between 140 km and 40 km, with electrical conductivity peaking near 60 km. We may also have seen the signature of lightning. At the surface, the temperature was 93.65 +/- 0.25 K, and the pressure was 1,467 +/- 1 hPa.
C1 Univ Padua, CISAS G Colombo, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Denis Diderot Paris 7, UFR Phys, F-75006 Paris, France.
   Open Univ, PSSRI, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   ESA Headquarters, Sci Directorate, F-75015 Paris, France.
   European Space Agcy, Estec, ESA, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, I-00198 Rome, Italy.
   CETP IPSL, F-94107 St Maur, France.
   CNRS, LPCE, F-45071 Orleans, France.
   Finnish Meteorol Inst, Helsinki 00100, Finland.
   Austrian Acad Sci IWF, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Murcia, Dept Phys, Appl Electromagnet Grp, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Catania, DMFCI, I-95125 Catania, Italy.
   Politecn Milan, Dipartimento Meccan, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 University of Padua; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Universite Paris Cite; Open University - UK; Tel Aviv University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; European Space Agency; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Finnish Meteorological Institute; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); University of Murcia; University of Cologne; University of Catania; Polytechnic University of Milan; Boston University
RP Ferri, F (corresponding author), Univ Padua, CISAS G Colombo, Via Venezia 15, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
EM francesca.ferri@unipd.it
NR 45
TC 585
Z9 633
U1 1
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 785
EP 791
DI 10.1038/nature04314
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800039
PM 16319827
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berger, E
   Price, PA
   Cenko, SB
   Gal-Yam, A
   Soderberg, M
   Kasliwal, M
   Leonard, DC
   Cameron, PB
   Frail, DA
   Kulkarni, SR
   Murphy, DC
   Krzeminski, W
   Piran, T
   Lee, BL
   Roth, KC
   Moon, DS
   Fox, DB
   Harrison, FA
   Persson, SE
   Schmidt, BP
   Penprase, BE
   Rich, J
   Peterson, BA
   Cowie, LL
AF Berger, E
   Price, PA
   Cenko, SB
   Gal-Yam, A
   Soderberg, M
   Kasliwal, M
   Leonard, DC
   Cameron, PB
   Frail, DA
   Kulkarni, SR
   Murphy, DC
   Krzeminski, W
   Piran, T
   Lee, BL
   Roth, KC
   Moon, DS
   Fox, DB
   Harrison, FA
   Persson, SE
   Schmidt, BP
   Penprase, BE
   Rich, J
   Peterson, BA
   Cowie, LL
TI The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050724
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy reservoir; formation rates; luminosity
AB Despite a rich phenomenology, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are divided(1) into two classes based on their duration and spectral hardness the long-soft and the short-hard bursts. The discovery of afterglow emission from long GRBs was a watershed event, pinpointing(2) their origin to star-forming galaxies, and hence the death of massive stars, and indicating(3) an energy release of about 10(51) erg. While theoretical arguments(4) suggest that short GRBs are produced in the coalescence of binary compact objects ( neutron stars or black holes), the progenitors, energetics and environments of these events remain elusive despite recent(5-8) localizations. Here we report the discovery of the first radio afterglow from the short burst GRB 050724, which unambiguously associates it with an elliptical galaxy at a redshift(9) z = 0.257. We show that the burst is powered by the same relativistic fireball mechanism as long GRBs, with the ejecta possibly collimated in jets, but that the total energy release is 10 - 1,000 times smaller. More importantly, the nature of the host galaxy demonstrates that short GRBs arise from an old (> 1 Gyr) stellar population, strengthening earlier suggestions(5,6) and providing support for coalescing compact object binaries as the progenitors.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Observ Las Campanas, La Serena, Chile.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Gemini Observ, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo Observ, RSAA, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Pomona Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; University of Hawaii System; California Institute of Technology; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Carnegie Institution for Science; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of Toronto; Australian National University; Claremont Colleges; Pomona College
RP Berger, E (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
EM eberger@ociw.edu
NR 29
TC 343
Z9 382
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 988
EP 990
DI 10.1038/nature04238
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600059
PM 16355217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sloan, PA
   Palmer, RE
AF Sloan, PA
   Palmer, RE
TI Two-electron dissociation of single molecules by atomic manipulation at room temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; electron-attachment; chemical-reaction; chlorobenzene; surface; chemisorption; selectivity; excitation; vibration; dynamics
AB Using the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) to mechanically manipulate individual atoms and molecules on a surface is now a well established procedure(1,2). Similarly, selective vibrational excitation of adsorbed molecules with an STM tip to induce motion or dissociation has been widely demonstrated(3,4). Such experiments are usually performed on weakly bound atoms that need to be stabilized by operating at cryogenic temperatures. Analogous experiments at room temperature(5) are more difficult, because they require relatively strongly bound species that are not perturbed by random thermal fluctuations. But manipulation can still be achieved through electronic excitation of the atom or molecule by the electron current(6-11) tunnelling between STM tip and surface at relatively high bias voltages(10,11), typically 1 - 5V. Here we use this approach to selectively dissociate chlorine atoms from individual oriented chlorobenzene molecules adsorbed on a Si( 111)- 7 x 7 surface. We map out the final destination of the chlorine daughter atoms, finding that their radial and angular distributions depend on the tunnelling current and hence excitation rate. In our system, one tunnelling electron has nominally sufficient energy to induce dissociation, yet the process requires two electrons. We explain these observations by a two-electron mechanism that couples vibrational excitation and dissociative electron attachment steps.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nanoscale Phys Res Lab, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Birmingham
RP Palmer, RE (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nanoscale Phys Res Lab, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM r.e.palmer@bham.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/R89509/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 159
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 367
EP 371
DI 10.1038/nature03385
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100047
PM 15772657
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bannister, AJ
   Kouzarides, T
AF Bannister, AJ
   Kouzarides, T
TI Reversing histone methylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arginine methylation; chromatin; heterochromatin; complex; methyltransferases; trimethylation; demethylation; acetylation; recruitment; domains
AB Histones package DNA, and post-translational modifications of histones can regulate access to DNA. Until recently, histone methylation - unlike all other histone modifications - was considered a permanent mark. The discovery of enzymes that reverse the methylation of lysines and arginines challenges our current thinking on the unique nature of histone methylation, and substantially increases the complexity of histone modification pathways.
C1 Gurdon Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
   Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
RP Kouzarides, T (corresponding author), Gurdon Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QN, England.
EM tk106@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
NR 36
TC 397
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 107
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1103
EP 1106
DI 10.1038/nature04048
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600034
PM 16121170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takaoka, A
   Yanai, H
   Kondo, S
   Duncan, G
   Negishi, H
   Mizutani, T
   Kano, S
   Honda, K
   Ohba, Y
   Mak, TW
   Taniguchi, T
AF Takaoka, A
   Yanai, H
   Kondo, S
   Duncan, G
   Negishi, H
   Mizutani, T
   Kano, S
   Honda, K
   Ohba, Y
   Mak, TW
   Taniguchi, T
TI Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmacytoid dendritic cells; differential regulation; host-defense; stranded-rna; cpg motifs; kappa-b; myd88; dna; immunity; innate
AB The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is central to innate and adaptive immunity(1-3). All TLRs use the adaptor MyD88 for signalling(4), but the mechanisms underlying the MyD88-mediated gene induction programme are as yet not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor IRF-5 is generally involved downstream of the TLR-MyD88 signalling pathway for gene induction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12 and tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. In haematopoietic cells from mice deficient in the Irf5 gene (Irf5(-/-) mice), the induction of these cytokines by various TLR ligands is severely impaired, whereas interferon-alpha induction is normal. We also provide evidence that IRF-5 interacts with and is activated by MyD88 and TRAF6, and that TLR activation results in the nuclear translocation of IRF-5 to activate cytokine gene transcription. Consistently, Irf5(-/-) mice show resistance to lethal shock induced by either unmethylated DNA or lipopolysaccharide, which correlates with a marked decrease in the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, our study identifies IRF-5 as a new, principal downstream regulator of the TLR-MyD88 signalling pathway and a potential target of therapeutic intervention to control harmful immune responses.
C1 Univ Toronto, Campbell Family Inst Breast Canc Res, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   JST, PRESTO, Informat & Cell Funct, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Mak, TW (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Campbell Family Inst Breast Canc Res, 610 Univ Ave,Room 7-411, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
EM tmak@uhnres.utroronto.ca; tada@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 826
Z9 998
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 243
EP 249
DI 10.1038/nature03308
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500052
PM 15665823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Socolich, M
   Lockless, SW
   Russ, WP
   Lee, H
   Gardner, KH
   Ranganathan, R
AF Socolich, M
   Lockless, SW
   Russ, WP
   Lee, H
   Gardner, KH
   Ranganathan, R
TI Evolutionary information for specifying a protein fold
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ww domain; beta-sheet; determinants; dynamics; packing; binding; conservation; mutations; mechanism; pathways
AB Classical studies show that for many proteins, the information required for specifying the tertiary structure is contained in the amino acid sequence. Here, we attempt to define the sequence rules for specifying a protein fold by computationally creating artificial protein sequences using only statistical information encoded in a multiple sequence alignment and no tertiary structure information. Experimental testing of libraries of artificial WW domain sequences shows that a simple statistical energy function capturing coevolution between amino acid residues is necessary and sufficient to specify sequences that fold into native structures. The artificial proteins show thermodynamic stabilities similar to natural WW domains, and structure determination of one artificial protein shows excellent agreement with the WW fold at atomic resolution. The relative simplicity of the information used for creating sequences suggests a marked reduction to the potential complexity of the protein- folding problem.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Ranganathan, R (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM rama.ranganathan@utsouthwestern.edu
NR 50
TC 338
Z9 420
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 512
EP 518
DI 10.1038/nature03991
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800041
PM 16177782
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Radisky, DC
   Levy, DD
   Littlepage, LE
   Liu, H
   Nelson, CM
   Fata, JE
   Leake, D
   Godden, EL
   Albertson, DG
   Nieto, MA
   Werb, Z
   Bissell, MJ
AF Radisky, DC
   Levy, DD
   Littlepage, LE
   Liu, H
   Nelson, CM
   Fata, JE
   Leake, D
   Godden, EL
   Albertson, DG
   Nieto, MA
   Werb, Z
   Bissell, MJ
TI Rac1b and reactive oxygen species mediate MMP-3-induced EMT and genomic instability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammary epithelial-cells; oxidative stress; matrix metalloproteinases; splice variant; tumor; expression; transformation; suppression; progression; transition
AB The tumour microenvironment can be a potent carcinogen, not only by facilitating cancer progression and activating dormant cancer cells, but also by stimulating tumour formation(1). We have previously investigated stromelysin-1/matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), a stromal enzyme upregulated in many breast tumours(2), and found that MMP-3 can cause epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignant transformation in cultured cells(3-5), and genomically unstable mammary carcinomas in transgenic mice(3). Here we explain the molecular pathways by which MMP-3 exerts these effects: exposure of mouse mammary epithelial cells to MMP-3 induces the expression of an alternatively spliced form of Rac1, which causes an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS stimulate the expression of the transcription factor Snail and EMT, and cause oxidative damage to DNA and genomic instability. These findings identify a previously undescribed pathway in which a component of the breast tumour microenvironment alters cellular structure in culture and tissue structure in vivo, leading to malignant transformation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Dharmacon Inc, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Comprehens Canc, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Inst Neurosci Alicante, Dept Dev Neurobiol, Alacant 03550, Spain.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
RP Bissell, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM dcradisky@lbl.gov; mjbissell@lbl.gov
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA057621] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1069
Z9 1228
U1 1
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 123
EP 127
DI 10.1038/nature03688
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600051
PM 16001073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goddard, MR
   Godfray, HCJ
   Burt, A
AF Goddard, MR
   Godfray, HCJ
   Burt, A
TI Sex increases the efficacy of natural selection in experimental yeast populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; meiosis-i; recombination; fitness; evolution; gene; chlamydomonas; perspective; adaptation; mutations
AB Why sex evolved and persists is a problem for evolutionary biology, because sex disrupts favourable gene combinations and requires an expenditure of time and energy(1). Further, in organisms with unequal-sized gametes, the female transmits her genes at only half the rate of an asexual equivalent ( the twofold cost of sex)(2). Many modern theories that provide an explanation for the advantage of sex incorporate an idea originally proposed by Weismann more than 100 years ago: sex allows natural selection to proceed more effectively because it increases genetic variation(3-5). Here we test this hypothesis, which still lacks robust empirical support, with the use of experiments on yeast populations. Capitalizing on recent advances in the molecular biology of recombination in yeast, we produced by genetic manipulation strains that differed only in their capacity for sexual reproduction. We show that, as predicted by the theory, sex increases the rate of adaptation to a new harsh environment but has no measurable effect on fitness in a new benign environment where there is little selection.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol Sci, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London
RP Goddard, MR (corresponding author), Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
EM m.goddard@auckland.ac.nz
NR 29
TC 339
Z9 390
U1 1
U2 275
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 636
EP 640
DI 10.1038/nature03405
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000043
PM 15800622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leibfried, D
   Knill, E
   Seidelin, S
   Britton, J
   Blakestad, RB
   Chiaverini, J
   Hume, DB
   Itano, WM
   Jost, JD
   Langer, C
   Ozeri, R
   Reichle, R
   Wineland, DJ
AF Leibfried, D
   Knill, E
   Seidelin, S
   Britton, J
   Blakestad, RB
   Chiaverini, J
   Hume, DB
   Itano, WM
   Jost, JD
   Langer, C
   Ozeri, R
   Reichle, R
   Wineland, DJ
TI Creation of a six-atom 'Schrodinger cat' state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trapped ions; quantum computation; entanglement; teleportation; operations
AB Among the classes of highly entangled states of multiple quantum systems, the so- called 'Schrodinger cat' states are particularly useful. Cat states are equal superpositions of two maximally different quantum states. They are a fundamental resource in fault- tolerant quantum computing(1-3) and quantum communication, where they can enable protocols such as open- destination teleportation(4) and secret sharing(5). They play a role in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics(6) and enable improved signal- to- noise ratios in interferometry(7). Cat states are very sensitive to decoherence, and as a result their preparation is challenging and can serve as a demonstration of good quantum control. Here we report the creation of cat states of up to six atomic qubits. Each qubit's state space is defined by two hyperfine ground states of a beryllium ion; the cat state corresponds to an entangled equal superposition of all the atoms in one hyperfine state and all atoms in the other hyperfine state. In our experiments, the cat states are prepared in a three- step process, irrespective of the number of entangled atoms. Together with entangled states of a different class created in Innsbruck(8), this work represents the current state- of- the- art for large entangled states in any qubit system.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Leibfried, D (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM dil@boulder.nist.gov
NR 30
TC 781
Z9 863
U1 2
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 639
EP 642
DI 10.1038/nature04251
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100043
PM 16319885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okamoto, I
   Arnaud, D
   Le Baccon, P
   Otte, AP
   Disteche, CM
   Avner, P
   Heard, E
AF Okamoto, I
   Arnaud, D
   Le Baccon, P
   Otte, AP
   Disteche, CM
   Avner, P
   Heard, E
TI Evidence for de novo imprinted X-chromosome inactivation independent of meiotic inactivation in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; mechanisms; smcx
AB In mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated in females to enable dosage compensation for X-linked gene products1. In rodents and marsupials, only the X chromosome of paternal origin (Xp) is silenced during early embryogenesis. This could be due to a carry-over effect of the X chromosome's passage through the male germ line, where it becomes transiently silenced together with the Y chromosome, during meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI)(2). Here we show that Xist (X inactive specific transcript) transgenes, located on autosomes, do not undergo MSCI in the male germ line of mice and yet can induce imprinted cis-inactivation when paternally inherited, with identical kinetics to the Xp chromosome. This suggests that MSCI is not necessary for imprinted X-chromosome inactivation in mice. We also show that the Xp is transcribed, like autosomes, at zygotic gene activation rather than being 'pre-inactivated'(3). We propose that expression of the paternal Xist gene at zygotic gene activation is sufficient to trigger cis-inactivation of the X chromosome, or of an autosome carrying a Xist transgene.
C1 Inst Curie, CNRS, UMR 218, F-75248 Paris, France.
   Inst Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Univ Amsterdam, Swammerdam Inst Life Sci, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of Amsterdam; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Heard, E (corresponding author), Inst Curie, CNRS, UMR 218, 26 Rue Ulm, F-75248 Paris, France.
EM Edith.Heard@curie.fr
NR 30
TC 154
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 369
EP 373
DI 10.1038/nature04155
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200051
PM 16227973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scholes, RJ
   Biggs, R
AF Scholes, RJ
   Biggs, R
TI A biodiversity intactness index
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pinus-radiata; assemblages; afforestation; savanna; lowveld
AB The nations of the world have set themselves a target of reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. Here, we propose a biodiversity intactness index (BII) for assessing progress towards this target that is simple and practical - but sensitive to important factors that influence biodiversity status - and which satisfies the criteria for policy relevance set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Application of the BII is demonstrated on a large region ( 4 3 10 6 km 2) of southern Africa. The BII score in the year 2000 is about 84%: in other words, averaged across all plant and vertebrate species in the region, populations have declined to 84% of their presumed pre-modern levels. The taxonomic group with the greatest loss is mammals, at 71% of pre-modern levels, and the ecosystem type with the greatest loss is grassland, with 74% of its former populations remaining. During the 1990s, a population decline of 0.8% is estimated to have occurred.
C1 CSIR Environmentek, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
C3 Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - South Africa
RP Scholes, RJ (corresponding author), CSIR Environmentek, POB 395, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
EM bscholes@csir.co.za
NR 38
TC 355
Z9 409
U1 5
U2 178
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 45
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature03289
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600037
PM 15744293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klironomos, JN
   Allen, MF
   Rillig, MC
   Piotrowski, J
   Makvandi-Nejad, S
   Wolfe, BE
   Powell, JR
AF Klironomos, JN
   Allen, MF
   Rillig, MC
   Piotrowski, J
   Makvandi-Nejad, S
   Wolfe, BE
   Powell, JR
TI Abrupt rise in atmospheric CO2 overestimates community response in a model plant-soil system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; elevated co2; colonization
AB Attempts to understand the ecological effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2], usually involve exposing today's ecosystems to expected future [CO2] levels(1,2). However, a major assumption of these approaches has not been tested that exposing ecosystems to a single- step increase in [ CO2] will yield similar responses to those of a gradual increase over several decades(3). We tested this assumption on a mycorrhizal fungal community over a period of six years. [ CO2] was either increased abruptly, as is typical of most [ CO2] experiments, or more gradually over 21 generations. The two approaches resulted in different structural and functional community responses to increased [ CO2]. Some fungi were sensitive to the carbon pulse of the abrupt [ CO2] treatment. This resulted in an immediate decline in fungal species richness and a significant change in mycorrhizal functioning. The magnitude of changes in fungal diversity and functioning in response to gradually increasing [ CO2] was smaller, and not significantly different to those with ambient [ CO2]. Our results suggest that studies may overestimate some community responses to increasing [ CO2] because biota may be sensitive to ecosystem changes that occur as a result of abrupt increases.
C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Conservat Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA.
C3 University of Guelph; University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of Montana System; University of Montana
RP Klironomos, JN (corresponding author), Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
EM jklirono@uoguelph.ca
NR 28
TC 146
Z9 188
U1 2
U2 125
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 621
EP 624
DI 10.1038/nature03268
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000041
PM 15703744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frebel, A
   Aoki, W
   Christlieb, N
   Ando, H
   Asplund, M
   Barklem, PS
   Beers, TC
   Eriksson, K
   Fechner, C
   Fujimoto, MY
   Honda, S
   Kajino, T
   Minezaki, T
   Nomoto, K
   Norris, JE
   Ryan, SG
   Takada-Hidal, MT
   Tsangarides, S
   Yoshii, Y
AF Frebel, A
   Aoki, W
   Christlieb, N
   Ando, H
   Asplund, M
   Barklem, PS
   Beers, TC
   Eriksson, K
   Fechner, C
   Fujimoto, MY
   Honda, S
   Kajino, T
   Minezaki, T
   Nomoto, K
   Norris, JE
   Ryan, SG
   Takada-Hidal, MT
   Tsangarides, S
   Yoshii, Y
TI Nucleosynthetic signatures of the first stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-poor stars; carbon-rich; abundance; he-0107-5240; supernovae
AB The chemically most primitive stars provide constraints on the nature of the first stellar objects that formed in the Universe; elements other than hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium present within these objects were generated by nucleosynthesis in the very first stars. The relative abundances of elements in the surviving primitive stars reflect the masses of the first stars, because the pathways of nucleosynthesis are quite sensitive to stellar masses. Several models(1-5) have been suggested to explain the origin of the abundance pattern of the giant star HE0107 - 5240, which hitherto exhibited the highest deficiency of heavy elements known(1,6). Here we report the discovery of HE1327 - 2326, a subgiant or main-sequence star with an iron abundance about a factor of two lower than that of HE0107 - 5240. Both stars show extreme overabundances of carbon and nitrogen with respect to iron, suggesting a similar origin of the abundance patterns. The unexpectedly low Li and high Sr abundances of HE1327 - 2326, however, challenge existing theoretical understanding: no model predicts the high Sr abundance or provides a Li depletion mechanism consistent with data available for the most metal-poor stars.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany.
   Uppsala Astron Observ, Dept Phys & Space Sci, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, JINA, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Hokkaido Univ, Dept Phys, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Inst Astron, Tokyo 1810015, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Open Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Tokai Univ, Liberal Arts Educ Ctr, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 2591292, Japan.
C3 Australian National University; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); University of Hamburg; Uppsala University; Michigan State University; Michigan State University; Hokkaido University; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Open University - UK; Tokai University
RP Frebel, A (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Cotter Rd, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
EM anna@mso.anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 526
Z9 549
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 14
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7035
BP 871
EP 873
DI 10.1038/nature03455
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 915SV
UT WOS:000228327600033
PM 15829957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Anda, FC
   Pollarolo, G
   Da Silva, JS
   Camoletto, PG
   Feiguin, F
   Dotti, CG
AF de Anda, FC
   Pollarolo, G
   Da Silva, JS
   Camoletto, PG
   Feiguin, F
   Dotti, CG
TI Centrosome localization determines neuronal polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal-neurons; establishment
AB Neuronal polarization occurs shortly after mitosis. In neurons differentiating in vitro, axon formation follows the segregation of growth-promoting activities to only one of the multiple neurites that form after mitosis(1,2). It is unresolved whether such spatial restriction makes use of an intrinsic program, like during C. elegans embryo polarization(3), or is extrinsic and cue-mediated, as in migratory cells(4). Here we show that in hippocampal neurons in vitro, the axon consistently arises from the neurite that develops first after mitosis. Centrosomes, the Golgi apparatus and endosomes cluster together close to the area where the first neurite will form, which is in turn opposite from the plane of the last mitotic division. We show that the polarized activities of these organelles are necessary and sufficient for neuronal polarization: ( 1) polarized microtubule polymerization and membrane transport precedes first neurite formation, ( 2) neurons with more than one centrosome sprout more than one axon and ( 3) suppression of centrosome-mediated functions precludes polarization. We conclude that asymmetric centrosome-mediated dynamics in the early post-mitotic stage instruct neuronal polarity, implying that pre-mitotic mechanisms with a role in division orientation may in turn participate in this event.
C1 Univ Turin, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Sci Inst, I-10043 Turin, Italy.
   Catholic Univ Louvain, Dept Human Genet, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Flanders Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 University of Turin; Universite Catholique Louvain
RP Feiguin, F (corresponding author), Univ Turin, Cavalieri Ottolenghi Sci Inst, I-10043 Turin, Italy.
EM fabian.feiguin@unito.it; carlos.dotti@unito.it
NR 28
TC 258
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 704
EP 708
DI 10.1038/nature03811
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500045
PM 16079847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, B
   Dewers, T
   Reches, Z
   Brune, J
AF Wilson, B
   Dewers, T
   Reches, Z
   Brune, J
TI Particle size and energetics of gouge from earthquake rupture zones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; microstructures; fragmentation; mechanisms; stress; system
AB Grain size reduction and gouge formation are found to be ubiquitous in brittle faults at all scales(1-4), and most slip along mature faults is observed to have been localized within gouge zones(5,6). This fine-grain gouge is thought to control earthquake instability(3,6-8), and thus understanding its properties is central to an understanding of the earthquake process(7,9). Here we show that gouge from the San Andreas fault, California, with similar to 160 km slip, and the rupture zone of a recent earthquake in a South African mine with only similar to 0.4 m slip, display similar characteristics, in that ultrafine grains approach the nanometre scale, gouge surface areas approach 80 m(2) g(-1), and grain size distribution is nonfractal. These observations challenge the common perception that gouge texture is fractal(10,11) and that gouge surface energy is a negligible contributor to the earthquake energy budget(3,9,12). We propose that the observed fine-grain gouge is not related to quasistatic cumulative slip, but is instead formed by dynamic rock pulverization during the propagation of a single earthquake.
C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Reches, Z (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Geol & Geophys, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
EM reches@.ou.edu
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 260
U1 3
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 749
EP 752
DI 10.1038/nature03433
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700037
PM 15815626
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, QF
   Schmidt, B
   Pradhan, S
   Lipson, M
AF Xu, QF
   Schmidt, B
   Pradhan, S
   Lipson, M
TI Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-guides; light; fabrication; technology; gain; si
AB Metal interconnections are expected to become the limiting factor for the performance of electronic systems as transistors continue to shrink in size. Replacing them by optical interconnections, at different levels ranging from rack-to-rack down to chip-to-chip and intra-chip interconnections, could provide the low power dissipation, low latencies and high bandwidths that are needed(1-4). The implementation of optical interconnections relies on the development of micro-optical devices that are integrated with the microelectronics on chips. Recent demonstrations of silicon low-loss waveguides(5-7), light emitters(8), amplifiers(9-11) and lasers(12,13) approach this goal, but a small silicon electro-optic modulator with a size small enough for chip-scale integration has not yet been demonstrated. Here we experimentally demonstrate a high-speed electro-optical modulator in compact silicon structures. The modulator is based on a resonant light-confining structure that enhances the sensitivity of light to small changes in refractive index of the silicon and also enables high-speed operation. The modulator is 12 micrometres in diameter, three orders of magnitude smaller than previously demonstrated. Electro-optic modulators are one of the most critical components in optoelectronic integration, and decreasing their size may enable novel chip architectures.
C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Lipson, M (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, 411 Phillips Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM lipson@ece.cornell.edu
NR 29
TC 2006
Z9 2453
U1 20
U2 720
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 325
EP 327
DI 10.1038/nature03569
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000041
PM 15902253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, XQ
   Lu, T
   Snider, RK
   Liang, L
AF Wang, XQ
   Lu, T
   Snider, RK
   Liang, L
TI Sustained firing in auditory cortex evoked by preferred stimuli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID communication sounds; cortical-neurons; responses; representation; cat; noise; anesthesia; amplitude; primates; monkeys
AB It has been well documented that neurons in the auditory cortex of anaesthetized animals generally display transient responses to acoustic stimulation, and typically respond to a brief stimulus with one or fewer action potentials(1-5). The number of action potentials evoked by each stimulus usually does not increase with increasing stimulus duration(1,5-7). Such observations have long puzzled researchers across disciplines and raised serious questions regarding the role of the auditory cortex in encoding ongoing acoustic signals. Contrary to these long-held views, here we show that single neurons in both primary ( area A1) and lateral belt areas of the auditory cortex of awake marmoset monkeys ( Callithrix jacchus) are capable of firing in a sustained manner over a prolonged period of time, especially when they are driven by their preferred stimuli. In contrast, responses become more transient or phasic when auditory cortex neurons respond to non-preferred stimuli. These findings suggest that when the auditory cortex is stimulated by a sound, a particular population of neurons fire maximally throughout the duration of the sound. Responses of other, less optimally driven neurons fade away quickly after stimulus onset. This results in a selective representation of the sound across both neuronal population and time.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Lab Auditory Neurophysiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Wang, XQ (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Engn, Lab Auditory Neurophysiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM xwang@bme.jhu.edu
NR 30
TC 296
Z9 356
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 341
EP 346
DI 10.1038/nature03565
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000045
PM 15902257
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grogg, MW
   Call, MK
   Okamoto, M
   Vergara, MN
   Del Rio-Tsonis, K
   Tsonis, PA
AF Grogg, MW
   Call, MK
   Okamoto, M
   Vergara, MN
   Del Rio-Tsonis, K
   Tsonis, PA
TI BMP inhibition-driven regulation of six-3 underlies induction of newt lens regeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoic acid; adult newt; iris; dorsal; differentiation; cells; eye
AB Lens regeneration in adult newts is a classic example of how cells can faithfully regenerate a complete organ through the process of transdifferentiation(1-6). After lens removal, the pigment epithelial cells of the dorsal, but not the ventral, iris dedifferentiate and then differentiate to form a new lens. Understanding how this process is regulated might provide clues about why lens regeneration does not occur in higher vertebrates. The genes six-3 and pax-6 are known to induce ectopic lenses during embryogenesis(7,8). Here we tested these genes, as well as members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway that regulate establishment of the dorsal ventral axis in embryos(9), for their ability to induce lens regeneration. We show that the lens can be regenerated from the ventral iris when the BMP pathway is inhibited and when the iris is transfected with six-3 and treated with retinoic acid. In intact irises, six-3 is expressed at higher levels in the ventral than in the dorsal iris. During regeneration, however, only expression in the dorsal iris is significantly increased. Such an increase is seen in ventral irises only when they are induced to transdifferentiate by six-3 and retinoic acid or by BMP inhibitors. These data suggest that lens regeneration can be achieved in noncompetent adult tissues and that this regeneration occurs through a gene regulatory mechanism that is more complex than the dorsal expression of lens regeneration-specific genes.
C1 Univ Dayton, Dept Biol, Mol Biol Lab, Dayton, OH 45469 USA.
   Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Biol Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 464, Japan.
   Miami Univ, Dept Zool, Oxford, OH 45056 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; University of Dayton; Nagoya University; University System of Ohio; Miami University
RP Tsonis, PA (corresponding author), Univ Dayton, Dept Biol, Mol Biol Lab, Dayton, OH 45469 USA.
EM panagiotis.tsonis@notes.udayton.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY010540] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 100
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 858
EP 862
DI 10.1038/nature04175
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800052
PM 16341014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lyons, JR
   Young, ED
AF Lyons, JR
   Young, ED
TI CO self-shielding as the origin of oxygen isotope anomalies in the early solar nebula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar clouds; carbon-monoxide; grain chemistry; disks; meteorites; system; photodissociation; fractionation; distributions; chondrites
AB The abundances of oxygen isotopes in the most refractory mineral phases (calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions, CAIs) in meteorites(1) have hitherto defied explanation. Most processes fractionate isotopes by nuclear mass; that is, O-18 is twice as fractionated as O-17, relative to O-16. In CAIs O-17 and O-18 are nearly equally fractionated, implying a fundamentally different mechanism. The CAI data were originally interpreted as evidence for supernova input of pure O-16 into the solar nebula(1), but the lack of a similar isotope trend in other elements argues against this explanation(2). A symmetry-dependent fractionation mechanism(3,4) may have occurred in the inner solar nebula(5), but experimental evidence is lacking. Isotope-selective photodissociation of CO in the innermost solar nebula(6) might explain the CAI data, but the high temperatures in this region would have rapidly erased the signature(7). Here we report time-dependent calculations of CO photodissociation in the cooler surface region of a turbulent nebula. If the surface were irradiated by a far-ultraviolet flux similar to 10(3) times that of the local interstellar medium ( for example, owing to an O or B star within,1 pc of the protosun), then substantial fractionation of the oxygen isotopes was possible on a timescale of similar to 10(5) years. We predict that similarly irradiated protoplanetary disks will have H2O enriched in O-17 and O-18 by several tens of per cent relative to CO.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Lyons, JR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM jrl@ess.ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 360
Z9 389
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 19
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7040
BP 317
EP 320
DI 10.1038/nature03557
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 927HM
UT WOS:000229185000039
PM 15902251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clift, PD
   Blusztajn, J
AF Clift, PD
   Blusztajn, J
TI Reorganization of the western Himalayan river system after five million years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; pakistan; constraints; tectonics; erosion; climate; tibet; rates; asia; nd
AB Uplift of mountains driven by tectonic forces can influence regional climate(1,2) as well as regional drainage patterns, which in turn control the discharge of eroded sediment to the ocean(3,4). But the nature of the interactions between tectonic forces, climate and drainage evolution remains contested(5-7). Here we reconstruct the erosional discharge from the Indus river over the past 30 million years using seismic reflection data obtained from drill core samples from the Arabian Sea and neodymium isotope data. We find that the source of the Indus sediments was dominated by erosion within and north of the Indus suture zone until five million years ago; after that, the river began to receive more erosional products from Himalayan sources. We propose that this change in the erosional pattern is caused by a rerouting of the major rivers of the Punjab into the Indus, which flowed east into the Ganges river before that time. Seismic reflection profiles from the Indus fan suggest high mass accumulation rates during the Pleistocene epoch partly driven by increased drainage to the Indus river after five million years ago and partly by faster erosion linked to a stronger monsoon over the past four million years(1). Our isotope stratigraphy for the Indus fan provides strong evidence for a significant change in the geometry of western Himalayan river systems in the recent geologic past.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geol & Petr Geol, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 University of Aberdeen; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Clift, PD (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geol & Petr Geol, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland.
EM p.clift@abdn.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 153
Z9 174
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 1001
EP 1003
DI 10.1038/nature04379
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600063
PM 16355221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, QS
   Duan, LJ
   Estes, JD
   Ma, ZM
   Rourke, T
   Wang, YC
   Reilly, C
   Carlis, J
   Miller, CJ
   Haase, AT
AF Li, QS
   Duan, LJ
   Estes, JD
   Ma, ZM
   Rourke, T
   Wang, YC
   Reilly, C
   Carlis, J
   Miller, CJ
   Haase, AT
TI Peak SIV replication in resting memory CD4+ T cells depletes gut lamina propria CD4+ T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; gastrointestinal-tract; hiv-1 infection; rhesus macaques; lymphocytes; transmission; fas; expression; apoptosis; leu-23
AB In early simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infections, gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), the largest component of the lymphoid organ system(1), is a principal site of both virus production and depletion of primarily lamina propria memory CD4(+) T cells; that is, CD4-expressing T cells that previously encountered antigens and microbes and homed to the lamina propria of GALT(2-9). Here, we show that peak virus production in gut tissues of SIV-infected rhesus macaques coincides with peak numbers of infected memory CD4(+) T cells. Surprisingly, most of the initially infected memory cells were not, as expected(10,11), activated but were instead immunophenotypically 'resting' cells that, unlike truly resting cells, but like the first cells mainly infected at other mucosal sites and peripheral lymph nodes(12,13), are capable of supporting virus production. In addition to inducing immune activation and thereby providing activated CD4(+) T-cell targets to sustain infection, virus production also triggered(14) an immunopathologically limiting Fas-Fas-ligand-mediated apoptotic pathway(15,16) in lamina propria CD4(+) T cells, resulting in their preferential ablation. Thus, SIV exploits a large, resident population of resting memory CD4(+) T cells in GALT to produce peak levels of virus that directly (through lytic infection) and indirectly ( through apoptosis of infected and uninfected cells) deplete CD4(+) T cells in the effector arm of GALT. The scale of this CD4(+) T-cell depletion has adverse effects on the immune system of the host, underscoring the importance of developing countermeasures to SIV that are effective before infection of GALT.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Biostat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Inst Technol, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Calif Natl Primate Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Comparat Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Haase, AT (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, MMC 196,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM haase001@umn.edu
NR 26
TC 779
Z9 971
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1148
EP 1152
DI 10.1038/nature03513
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300047
PM 15793562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, MG
   Wynder, C
   Cooch, N
   Shiekhattar, R
AF Lee, MG
   Wynder, C
   Cooch, N
   Shiekhattar, R
TI An essential role for CoREST in nucleosomal histone 3 lysine 4 demethylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sant domain; gene-expression; neuronal genes; n-cor; complex; component; oxidase; repression; smrt; snf
AB We have previously described a multiprotein complex termed the BHC or BRAF - HDAC complex, which is required for the repression of neuronal-specific genes(1). We have shown that the BHC complex is recruited by a neuronal silencer, REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor), and mediates the repression of REST-responsive genes1. BHC is a multiprotein complex consisting of two enzymatic activities: a histone deacetylase (HDAC1 or 2) and a recently described histone demethylase (BHC110, also known as LSD1 or AOF2)(1-3). Here we show that BHC110-containing complexes show a nearly fivefold increase in demethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) compared to recombinant BHC110. Furthermore, recombinant BHC110 is unable to demethylate H3K4 on nucleosomes, but BHC110-containing complexes readily demethylate nucleosomes. In vitro reconstitution of the BHC complex using recombinant subunits reveals an essential role for the REST corepressor CoREST, not only in stimulating demethylation on core histones but also promoting demethylation of nucleosomal substrates. We find that nucleosomal demethylation is the result of CoREST enhancing the association between BHC110 and nucleosomes. Depletion of CoREST in in vivo cell culture results in de-repression of REST-responsive gene expression and increased methylation of H3K4. Together, these results highlight an essential role for CoREST in demethylation of H3K4 both in vitro and in vivo.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 The Wistar Institute
RP Shiekhattar, R (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM shiekhattar@wistar.org
NR 23
TC 654
Z9 831
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 432
EP 435
DI 10.1038/nature04021
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100058
PM 16079794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zuo, Y
   Yang, G
   Kwon, E
   Gan, WB
AF Zuo, Y
   Yang, G
   Kwon, E
   Gan, WB
TI Long-term sensory deprivation prevents dendritic spine loss in primary somatosensory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-cortex; nmda receptor; cerebral-cortex; synaptic plasticity; ocular dominance; diverse regions; adult cortex; synapses; synaptogenesis; potentiation
AB A substantial decrease in the number of synapses occurs in the mammalian brain from the late postnatal period until the end of life(1-5). Although experience plays an important role in modifying synaptic connectivity(6-17), its effect on this nearly lifelong synapse loss remains unknown. Here we used transcranial two-photon microscopy to visualize postsynaptic dendritic spines in layer I of the barrel cortex in transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein. We show that in young adolescent mice, long-term sensory deprivation through whisker trimming prevents net spine loss by preferentially reducing the rate of ongoing spine elimination, not by increasing the rate of spine formation. This effect of deprivation diminishes as animals mature but still persists in adulthood. Restoring sensory experience after adolescent deprivation accelerates spine elimination. Similar to sensory manipulation, the rate of spine elimination decreases after chronic blockade of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors with the antagonist MK801, and accelerates after drug withdrawal. These studies of spine dynamics in the primary somatosensory cortex suggest that experience plays an important role in the net loss of synapses over most of an animal's lifespan, particularly during adolescence.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst,Dept Physiol & Neurosci, Mol Neurobiol Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Zuo, Y (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst,Dept Physiol & Neurosci, Mol Neurobiol Program, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 30
TC 348
Z9 475
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 14
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7048
BP 261
EP 265
DI 10.1038/nature03715
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 944VR
UT WOS:000230459500042
PM 16015331
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rondelez, Y
   Tresset, G
   Nakashima, T
   Kato-Yamada, Y
   Fujita, H
   Takeuchi, S
   Noji, H
AF Rondelez, Y
   Tresset, G
   Nakashima, T
   Kato-Yamada, Y
   Fujita, H
   Takeuchi, S
   Noji, H
TI Highly coupled ATP synthesis by F1-ATPase single molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epsilon-subunit; escherichia-coli; thermophilic f1-atpase; f0f1-atp synthase; rotation; resolution; catalysis; enzyme; motor
AB F-1-ATPase is the smallest known rotary motor, and it rotates in an anticlockwise direction as it hydrolyses ATP(1-5). Single-molecule experiments(6-9) point towards three catalytic events per turn, in agreement with the molecular structure of the complex(10). The physiological function of F-1 is ATP synthesis. In the ubiquitous F0F1 complex, this energetically uphill reaction is driven by F-0, the partner motor of F-1, which forces the backward ( clockwise) rotation of F-1, leading to ATP synthesis(11-13). Here, we have devised an experiment combining single- molecule manipulation and microfabrication techniques to measure the yield of this mechanochemical transformation. Single F-1 molecules were enclosed in femtolitre-sized hermetic chambers and rotated in a clockwise direction using magnetic tweezers. When the magnetic field was switched off, the F-1 molecule underwent anticlockwise rotation at a speed proportional to the amount of synthesized ATP. At 10 Hz, the mechanochemical coupling efficiency was low for the alpha(3)beta(3)gamma subcomplex (F-1(-epsilon)), but reached up to 77% after reconstitution with the epsilon-subunit (F-1(+epsilon)). We provide here direct evidence that F-1 is designed to tightly couple its catalytic reactions with the mechanical rotation. Our results suggest that the epsilon-subunit has an essential function during ATP synthesis.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, CNRS IIS, LIMMS, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
   Rikkyo St Pauls Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Life Sci, Tokyo 1718501, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, CIRMM, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Rikkyo University; University of Tokyo
RP Noji, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
EM hnoji@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 286
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 17
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7027
BP 773
EP 777
DI 10.1038/nature03277
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 897XH
UT WOS:000227039200046
PM 15716957
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shao, ZP
   Haile, SM
   Ahn, J
   Ronney, PD
   Zhan, ZL
   Barnett, SA
AF Shao, ZP
   Haile, SM
   Ahn, J
   Ronney, PD
   Zhan, ZL
   Barnett, SA
TI A thermally self-sustained micro solid-oxide fuel-cell stack with high power density
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID performance; anode; temperature; oxidation; cathode
AB High energy efficiency and energy density, together with rapid refuelling capability, render fuel cells highly attractive for portable power generation(1,2). Accordingly, polymer-electrolyte direct-methanol fuel cells are of increasing interest as possible alternatives to Li ion batteries(3). However, such fuel cells face several design challenges and cannot operate with hydrocarbon fuels of higher energy density. Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) enable direct use of higher hydrocarbons(4-6), but have not been seriously considered for portable applications because of thermal management difficulties at small scales, slow start-up and poor thermal cyclability. Here we demonstrate a thermally self-sustaining micro-SOFC stack with high power output and rapid start-up by using single chamber operation on propane fuel. The catalytic oxidation reactions supply sufficient thermal energy to maintain the fuel cells at 500 - 600 degrees C. A power output of similar to 350 mW( at 1.0 V) was obtained from a device with a total cathode area of only 1.42 cm(2).
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of Southern California; Northwestern University
RP Haile, SM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM smhaile@caltech.edu
NR 20
TC 608
Z9 670
U1 4
U2 532
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 795
EP 798
DI 10.1038/nature03673
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700045
PM 15944699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Relaix, F
   Rocancourt, D
   Mansouri, A
   Buckingham, M
AF Relaix, F
   Rocancourt, D
   Mansouri, A
   Buckingham, M
TI A Pax3/Pax7-dependent population of skeletal muscle progenitor cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pax-3 expression; satellite cells; myf-5; specification; dermomyotome; migration
AB During vertebrate development, successive phases of embryonic and fetal myogenesis lead to the formation and growth of skeletal muscles(1). Although the origin and molecular regulation of the earliest embryonic muscle cells is well understood(2), less is known about later stages of myogenesis. We have identified a new cell population that expresses the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7 (paired box proteins 3 and 7) but no skeletal-muscle-specific markers. These cells are maintained as a proliferating population in embryonic and fetal muscles of the trunk and limbs throughout development. Using a stable green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter targeted to Pax3, we demonstrate that they constitute resident muscle progenitor cells that subsequently become myogenic and form skeletal muscle. Late in fetal development, these cells adopt a satellite cell position characteristic of progenitor cells in postnatal muscle. In the absence of both Pax3 and Pax7, further muscle development is arrested and only the early embryonic muscle of the myotome forms. Cells failing to express Pax3 or Pax7 die or assume a non-myogenic fate. We conclude that this resident Pax3/Pax7-dependent progenitor cell population constitutes a source of myogenic cells of prime importance for skeletal muscle formation, a finding also of potential value in the context of cell therapy for muscle disease.
C1 Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2578, Dept Dev Biol, F-75724 Paris, France.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Mol Cell Biol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Max Planck Society
RP Relaix, F (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, CNRS, URA 2578, Dept Dev Biol, F-75724 Paris, France.
EM frelaix@pasteur.fr; margab@pasteur.fr
NR 25
TC 875
Z9 1096
U1 3
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 16
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7044
BP 948
EP 953
DI 10.1038/nature03594
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 935RN
UT WOS:000229799700048
PM 15843801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Camacho, A
   Lee, JKW
   Hensen, BJ
   Braun, J
AF Camacho, A
   Lee, JKW
   Hensen, BJ
   Braun, J
TI Short-lived orogenic cycles and the eclogitization of cold crust by spasmodic hot fluids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID u-pb geochronology; bergen arcs; high-pressure; musgrave block; shear zones; deep crust; caledonides; metamorphism; deformation; subduction
AB Collision tectonics and the associated transformation of continental crust to high-pressure rocks ( eclogites) are generally well-understood processes, but important contradictions remain between tectonothermal models and petrological-isotopic data obtained from such rocks. Here we use 40Ar - 39Ar data coupled with a thermal model to constrain the time-integrated duration of an orogenic cycle ( the burial and exhumation of a particular segment of the crust) to be less than 13 Myr. We also determine the total duration of associated metamorphic events to be similar to 20 kyr, and of individual heat pulses experienced by the rocks to be as short as 10 years. Such short timescales are indicative of rapid tectonic processes associated with catastrophic deformation events ( earthquakes). Such events triggered transient heat advection by hot fluid along deformation ( shear) zones, which cut relatively cool and dry subducted crust. In contrast to current thermal models that assume thermal equilibrium and invoke high ambient temperatures in the thickened crust, our non-steady-state cold-crust model satisfactorily explains several otherwise contradictory geological observations.
C1 Queens Univ, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
   Univ New S Wales, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
   Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6118, Geosci Rennes, F-35042 Rennes, France.
C3 Queens University - Canada; University of New South Wales Sydney; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Rennes
RP Lee, JKW (corresponding author), Queens Univ, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
EM lee@geol.queensu.ca
NR 44
TC 107
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 30
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7046
BP 1191
EP 1196
DI 10.1038/nature03643
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 940JJ
UT WOS:000230140500034
PM 15988516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kinchen, JM
   Cabello, J
   Klingele, D
   Wong, K
   Feichtinger, R
   Schnabel, H
   Schnabel, R
   Hengartner, MO
AF Kinchen, JM
   Cabello, J
   Klingele, D
   Wong, K
   Feichtinger, R
   Schnabel, H
   Schnabel, R
   Hengartner, MO
TI Two pathways converge at CED-10 to mediate actin rearrangement and corpse removal in C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; caenorhabditis-elegans; apoptotic cells; crkii/dock180/rac pathway; protein ced-6; engulfment; phagocytosis; migration; clearance; genetics
AB The removal of apoptotic cells is essential for the physiological well being of the organism(1-3). In Caenorhabditis elegans, two conserved, partially redundant genetic pathways regulate this process(4-6). In the first pathway, the proteins CED-2, CED-5 and CED-12 ( mammalian homologues CrkII, Dock180 and ELMO, respectively) function to activate CED-10 (Rac1)(7,8). In the second group, the candidate receptor CED-1 (CD91/LRP/SREC) probably recognizes an unknown ligand on the apoptotic cell(9) and signals via its cytoplasmic tail to the adaptor protein CED-6 (hCED-6/GULP)(10,11), whereas CED-7 (ABCA1) is thought to play a role in membrane dynamics(12). Molecular understanding of how the second pathway promotes engulfment of the apoptotic cell is lacking. Here, we show that CED-1, CED-6 and CED-7 are required for actin reorganization around the apoptotic cell corpse, and that CED-1 and CED-6 colocalize with each other and with actin around the dead cell. Furthermore, we find that the CED-10( Rac) GTPase acts genetically downstream of these proteins to mediate corpse removal, functionally linking the two engulfment pathways and identifying the CED-1, - 6 and - 7 signalling module as upstream regulators of Rac activation.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Mol Biol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Stony Brook, NY 11743 USA.
   TU Braunschweig, Inst Genet, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
C3 University of Zurich; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Braunschweig University of Technology
RP Hengartner, MO (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Mol Biol, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM Michael.Hengartner@molbio.unizh.ch
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 3
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7029
BP 93
EP 99
DI 10.1038/nature03263
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 902ED
UT WOS:000227334600050
PM 15744306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michael, HA
   Mulligan, AE
   Harvey, CF
AF Michael, HA
   Mulligan, AE
   Harvey, CF
TI Seasonal oscillations in water exchange between aquifers and the coastal ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID submarine groundwater discharge; salt water; inputs; nutrient; florida; radium; fluxes; zone; sea
AB Ground water of both terrestrial and marine origin flows into coastal surface waters as submarine groundwater discharge, and constitutes an important source of nutrients, contaminants and trace elements to the coastal ocean(1-5). Large saline discharges have been observed by direct measurements(3,6-10) and inferred from geochemical tracers(11-13), but sufficient seawater inflow has not been observed to balance this outflow. Geochemical tracers also suggest a time lag between changes in submarine groundwater discharge rates(12,14) and the seasonal oscillations of inland recharge that drive groundwater flow towards the coast. Here we use measurements of hydraulic gradients and offshore fluxes taken at Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, together with a modelling study of a generalized coastal groundwater system to show that a shift in the freshwater - saltwater interface - controlled by seasonal changes in water table elevation - can explain large saline discharges that lag inland recharge cycles. We find that sea water is drawn into aquifers as the freshwater - saltwater interface moves landward during winter, and discharges back into coastal waters as the interface moves seaward in summer. Our results demonstrate the connection between the seasonal hydrologic cycle inland and the saline groundwater system in coastal aquifers, and suggest a potentially important seasonality in the chemical loading of coastal waters.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Marine Policy Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Harvey, CF (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM charvey@mit.edu
NR 26
TC 483
Z9 558
U1 7
U2 210
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1145
EP 1148
DI 10.1038/nature03935
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600043
PM 16121178
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ross, MT
   Grafham, DV
   Coffey, AJ
   Scherer, S
   McLay, K
   Muzny, D
   Platzer, M
   Howell, GR
   Burrows, C
   Bird, CP
   Frankish, A
   Lovell, FL
   Howe, KL
   Ashurst, JL
   Fulton, RS
   Sudbrak, R
   Wen, GP
   Jones, MC
   Hurles, ME
   Andrews, TD
   Scott, CE
   Searle, S
   Ramser, J
   Whittaker, A
   Deadman, R
   Carter, NP
   Hunt, SE
   Chen, R
   Cree, A
   Gunaratne, P
   Havlak, P
   Hodgson, A
   Metzker, ML
   Richards, S
   Scott, G
   Steffen, D
   Sodergren, E
   Wheeler, DA
   Worley, KC
   Ainscough, R
   Ambrose, KD
   Ansari-Lari, MA
   Aradhya, S
   Ashwell, RIS
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Ballabio, A
   Banerjee, R
   Barker, GE
   Barlow, KF
   Barrett, IP
   Bates, KN
   Beare, DM
   Beasley, H
   Beasley, O
   Beck, A
   Bethel, G
   Blechschmidt, K
   Brady, N
   Bray-Allen, S
   Bridgeman, AM
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, MJ
   Bonnin, D
   Bruford, EA
   Buhay, C
   Burch, P
   Burford, D
   Burgess, J
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Bye, JM
   Carder, C
   Carrel, L
   Chako, J
   Chapman, JC
   Chavez, D
   Chen, E
   Chen, G
   Chen, Y
   Chen, ZJ
   Chinault, C
   Ciccodicola, A
   Clark, SY
   Clarke, G
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Clerc-Blankenburg, K
   Clifford, K
   Cobley, V
   Cole, CG
   Conquer, JS
   Corby, N
   Connor, RE
   David, R
   Davies, J
   Davis, C
   Davis, J
   Delgado, O
   DeShazo, D
   Dhami, P
   Ding, Y
   Dinh, H
   Dodsworth, S
   Draper, H
   Dugan-Rocha, S
   Dunham, A
   Dunn, M
   Durbin, KJ
   Dutta, I
   Eades, T
   Ellwood, M
   Emery-Cohen, A
   Errington, H
   Evans, KL
   Faulkner, L
   Francis, F
   Frankland, J
   Fraser, AE
   Galgoczy, P
   Gilbert, J
   Gill, R
   Glöckner, G
   Gregory, SG
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Grocock, R
   Gu, YH
   Gwilliam, R
   Hamilton, C
   Hart, EA
   Hawes, A
   Heath, PD
   Heitmann, K
   Hennig, S
   Hernandez, J
   Hinzmann, B
   Ho, S
   Hoffs, M
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, EJ
   Hume, J
   Hunt, PJ
   Hunt, AR
   Isherwood, J
   Jacob, L
   Johnson, D
   Jones, S
   de Jong, PJ
   Joseph, SS
   Keenan, S
   Kelly, S
   Kershaw, JK
   Khan, Z
   Kioschis, P
   Klages, S
   Knights, AJ
   Kosiura, A
   Kovar-Smith, C
   Laird, GK
   Langford, C
   Lawlor, S
   Leversha, M
   Lewis, L
   Liu, W
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Loulseged, H
   Loveland, JE
   Lovell, JD
   Lozado, R
   Lu, J
   Lyne, R
   Ma, J
   Maheshwari, M
   Matthews, LH
   McDowall, J
   McLaren, S
   McMurray, A
   Meidl, P
   Meitinger, T
   Milne, S
   Miner, G
   Mistry, SL
   Morgan, M
   Morris, S
   Müller, I
   Mullikin, JC
   Nguyen, N
   Nordsiek, G
   Nyakatura, G
   O'Dell, CN
   Okwuonu, G
   Palmer, S
   Pandian, R
   Parker, D
   Parrish, J
   Pasternak, S
   Patel, D
   Pearce, AV
   Pearson, DM
   Pelan, SE
   Perez, L
   Porter, KM
   Ramsey, Y
   Reichwald, K
   Rhodes, S
   Ridler, KA
   Schlessinger, D
   Schueler, MG
   Sehra, HK
   Shaw-Smith, C
   Shen, H
   Sheridan, EM
   Shownkeen, R
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, ML
   Sotheran, EC
   Steingruber, HE
   Steward, CA
   Storey, R
   Swann, RM
   Swarbreck, D
   Tabor, PE
   Taudien, S
   Taylor, T
   Teague, B
   Thomas, K
   Thorpe, A
   Timms, K
   Tracey, A
   Trevanion, S
   Tromans, AC
   d'Urso, M
   Verduzco, D
   Villasana, D
   Waldron, L
   Wall, M
   Wang, QY
   Warren, J
   Warry, GL
   Wei, XH
   West, A
   Whitehead, SL
   Whiteley, MN
   Wilkinson, JE
   Willey, DL
   Williams, G
   Williams, L
   Williamson, A
   Williamson, H
   Wilming, L
   Woodmansey, RL
   Wray, PW
   Yen, J
   Zhang, JK
   Zhou, JL
   Zoghbi, H
   Zorilla, S
   Buck, D
   Reinhardt, R
   Poustka, A
   Rosenthal, A
   Lehrach, H
   Meindl, A
   Minx, PJ
   Hillier, LW
   Willard, HF
   Wilson, RK
   Waterston, RH
   Rice, CM
   Vaudin, M
   Coulson, A
   Nelson, DL
   Weinstock, G
   Sulston, JE
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Gibbs, RA
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
AF Ross, MT
   Grafham, DV
   Coffey, AJ
   Scherer, S
   McLay, K
   Muzny, D
   Platzer, M
   Howell, GR
   Burrows, C
   Bird, CP
   Frankish, A
   Lovell, FL
   Howe, KL
   Ashurst, JL
   Fulton, RS
   Sudbrak, R
   Wen, GP
   Jones, MC
   Hurles, ME
   Andrews, TD
   Scott, CE
   Searle, S
   Ramser, J
   Whittaker, A
   Deadman, R
   Carter, NP
   Hunt, SE
   Chen, R
   Cree, A
   Gunaratne, P
   Havlak, P
   Hodgson, A
   Metzker, ML
   Richards, S
   Scott, G
   Steffen, D
   Sodergren, E
   Wheeler, DA
   Worley, KC
   Ainscough, R
   Ambrose, KD
   Ansari-Lari, MA
   Aradhya, S
   Ashwell, RIS
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Ballabio, A
   Banerjee, R
   Barker, GE
   Barlow, KF
   Barrett, IP
   Bates, KN
   Beare, DM
   Beasley, H
   Beasley, O
   Beck, A
   Bethel, G
   Blechschmidt, K
   Brady, N
   Bray-Allen, S
   Bridgeman, AM
   Brown, AJ
   Brown, MJ
   Bonnin, D
   Bruford, EA
   Buhay, C
   Burch, P
   Burford, D
   Burgess, J
   Burrill, W
   Burton, J
   Bye, JM
   Carder, C
   Carrel, L
   Chako, J
   Chapman, JC
   Chavez, D
   Chen, E
   Chen, G
   Chen, Y
   Chen, ZJ
   Chinault, C
   Ciccodicola, A
   Clark, SY
   Clarke, G
   Clee, CM
   Clegg, S
   Clerc-Blankenburg, K
   Clifford, K
   Cobley, V
   Cole, CG
   Conquer, JS
   Corby, N
   Connor, RE
   David, R
   Davies, J
   Davis, C
   Davis, J
   Delgado, O
   DeShazo, D
   Dhami, P
   Ding, Y
   Dinh, H
   Dodsworth, S
   Draper, H
   Dugan-Rocha, S
   Dunham, A
   Dunn, M
   Durbin, KJ
   Dutta, I
   Eades, T
   Ellwood, M
   Emery-Cohen, A
   Errington, H
   Evans, KL
   Faulkner, L
   Francis, F
   Frankland, J
   Fraser, AE
   Galgoczy, P
   Gilbert, J
   Gill, R
   Glöckner, G
   Gregory, SG
   Gribble, S
   Griffiths, C
   Grocock, R
   Gu, YH
   Gwilliam, R
   Hamilton, C
   Hart, EA
   Hawes, A
   Heath, PD
   Heitmann, K
   Hennig, S
   Hernandez, J
   Hinzmann, B
   Ho, S
   Hoffs, M
   Howden, PJ
   Huckle, EJ
   Hume, J
   Hunt, PJ
   Hunt, AR
   Isherwood, J
   Jacob, L
   Johnson, D
   Jones, S
   de Jong, PJ
   Joseph, SS
   Keenan, S
   Kelly, S
   Kershaw, JK
   Khan, Z
   Kioschis, P
   Klages, S
   Knights, AJ
   Kosiura, A
   Kovar-Smith, C
   Laird, GK
   Langford, C
   Lawlor, S
   Leversha, M
   Lewis, L
   Liu, W
   Lloyd, C
   Lloyd, DM
   Loulseged, H
   Loveland, JE
   Lovell, JD
   Lozado, R
   Lu, J
   Lyne, R
   Ma, J
   Maheshwari, M
   Matthews, LH
   McDowall, J
   McLaren, S
   McMurray, A
   Meidl, P
   Meitinger, T
   Milne, S
   Miner, G
   Mistry, SL
   Morgan, M
   Morris, S
   Müller, I
   Mullikin, JC
   Nguyen, N
   Nordsiek, G
   Nyakatura, G
   O'Dell, CN
   Okwuonu, G
   Palmer, S
   Pandian, R
   Parker, D
   Parrish, J
   Pasternak, S
   Patel, D
   Pearce, AV
   Pearson, DM
   Pelan, SE
   Perez, L
   Porter, KM
   Ramsey, Y
   Reichwald, K
   Rhodes, S
   Ridler, KA
   Schlessinger, D
   Schueler, MG
   Sehra, HK
   Shaw-Smith, C
   Shen, H
   Sheridan, EM
   Shownkeen, R
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, ML
   Sotheran, EC
   Steingruber, HE
   Steward, CA
   Storey, R
   Swann, RM
   Swarbreck, D
   Tabor, PE
   Taudien, S
   Taylor, T
   Teague, B
   Thomas, K
   Thorpe, A
   Timms, K
   Tracey, A
   Trevanion, S
   Tromans, AC
   d'Urso, M
   Verduzco, D
   Villasana, D
   Waldron, L
   Wall, M
   Wang, QY
   Warren, J
   Warry, GL
   Wei, XH
   West, A
   Whitehead, SL
   Whiteley, MN
   Wilkinson, JE
   Willey, DL
   Williams, G
   Williams, L
   Williamson, A
   Williamson, H
   Wilming, L
   Woodmansey, RL
   Wray, PW
   Yen, J
   Zhang, JK
   Zhou, JL
   Zoghbi, H
   Zorilla, S
   Buck, D
   Reinhardt, R
   Poustka, A
   Rosenthal, A
   Lehrach, H
   Meindl, A
   Minx, PJ
   Hillier, LW
   Willard, HF
   Wilson, RK
   Waterston, RH
   Rice, CM
   Vaudin, M
   Coulson, A
   Nelson, DL
   Weinstock, G
   Sulston, JE
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Gibbs, RA
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
TI The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linked mental-retardation; mammalian y-chromosome; inactivation center; genome sequence; gene family; region; rna; identification; mutations; sex
AB The human X chromosome has a unique biology that was shaped by its evolution as the sex chromosome shared by males and females. We have determined 99.3% of the euchromatic sequence of the X chromosome. Our analysis illustrates the autosomal origin of the mammalian sex chromosomes, the stepwise process that led to the progressive loss of recombination between X and Y, and the extent of subsequent degradation of the Y chromosome. LINE1 repeat elements cover one-third of the X chromosome, with a distribution that is consistent with their proposed role as way stations in the process of X-chromosome inactivation. We found 1,098 genes in the sequence, of which 99 encode proteins expressed in testis and in various tumour types. A disproportionately high number of mendelian diseases are documented for the X chromosome. Of this number, 168 have been explained by mutations in 113 X-linked genes, which in many cases were characterized with the aid of the DNA sequence.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Inst Mol Biotechnol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Washington Univ, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Clin Mol Biol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   Univ Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   UCL, Galton Lab, HUGO Gen Nomenclature Comm, Dept Biol, London NW1 2HE, England.
   Penn State Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA.
   PE Appl Biosyst, Adv Ctr Genet Technol, Foster City, CA 94404 USA.
   European Bioinformat Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England.
   Inst Genet & Biophys, I-80100 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Edinburgh, Western Gen Hosp, Med Genet Sect, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Paris 05, INSERM, U567,Inst Cochin, Lab Genet & Physiopathol Retards Mentaux, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm Hlth, Inst Human Genet, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
   RZPD Resource Ctr Genome Res, D-14059 Berlin, Germany.
   NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIA, Genet Lab, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Washington University (WUSTL); Max Planck Society; University of Kiel; University of Munich; University of London; University College London; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Penn State Health; Thermo Fisher Scientific; Applied Biosystems; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Bioinformatics Institute; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica Adriano Buzzati-Traverso (IGB-CNR); University of Edinburgh; Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); Duke University
RP Ross, MT (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM mtr@sanger.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 67
TC 840
Z9 1761
U1 2
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 17
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7031
BP 325
EP 337
DI 10.1038/nature03440
PG 13
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 907KG
UT WOS:000227715100040
PM 15772651
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cymes, GD
   Ni, Y
   Grosman, C
AF Cymes, GD
   Ni, Y
   Grosman, C
TI Probing ion-channel pores one proton at a time
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acetylcholine-receptor channel; shaker k+ channel; electrostatic basis; charge selectivity; transition-state; sodium-channel; m2 segment; proteins; dynamics; subunit
AB Although membrane proteins often rely on ionizable residues for structure and function, their ionization states under physiological conditions largely elude experimental estimation. To gain insight into the effect of the local microenvironment on the proton affinity of ionizable residues, we have engineered individual lysines, histidines and arginines along the alpha-helical lining of the transmembrane pore of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. We can detect individual proton binding - unbinding reactions electrophysiologically at the level of a single proton on a single side chain as brief blocking - unblocking events of the passing cation current. Kinetic analysis of these fluctuations yields the position-dependent rates of proton transfer, from which the corresponding pK(a) values and shifts in pK(a) can be calculated. Here we present a self-consistent, residue-by-residue description of the microenvironment around the pore-lining transmembrane alpha-helices (M2) in the open-channel conformation, in terms of the excess free energy that is required to keep the engineered basic side chains protonated relative to bulk water. A comparison with closed-channel data leads us to propose that the rotation of M2, which is frequently invoked as a hallmark of the gating mechanism of Cys-loop receptors, is minimal, if any.
C1 Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Computat Biol, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Program Neurosci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Grosman, C (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Computat Biol, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM grosman@life.uiuc.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS042169] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [R01NS042169] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 43
TC 141
Z9 162
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 975
EP 980
DI 10.1038/nature04293
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600057
PM 16355215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaka, S
   Pufall, MR
   Rippard, WH
   Silva, TJ
   Russek, SE
   Katine, JA
AF Kaka, S
   Pufall, MR
   Rippard, WH
   Silva, TJ
   Russek, SE
   Katine, JA
TI Mutual phase-locking of microwave spin torque nano-oscillators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID driven; radiation; emission
AB The spin torque(1,2) effect that occurs in nanometre-scale magnetic multilayer devices can be used to generate steady-state microwave signals in response to a d.c. electrical current(3-8). This establishes a new functionality for magneto-electronic structures that are more commonly used as magnetic field sensors and magnetic memory elements(9). The microwave power emitted from a single spin torque nano-oscillator (STNO) is at present typically less than 1 nW. To achieve a more useful power level ( on the order of microwatts), a device could consist of an array of phase coherent STNOs, in a manner analogous to arrays of Josephson junctions and larger semiconductor oscillators(10-12). Here we show that two STNOs in close proximity mutually phase-lock - that is, they synchronize, which is a general tendency of interacting nonlinear oscillator systems(13-15). The phase-locked state is distinct, characterized by a sudden narrowing of signal linewidth and an increase in power due to the coherence of the individual oscillators. Arrays of phase-locked STNOs could be used as nanometre-scale reference oscillators. Furthermore, phase control of array elements ( phased array) could lead to nanometre-scale directional transmitters and receivers for wireless communications.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Hitachi San Jose Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Kaka, S (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM shehzu21@gmail.com
NR 25
TC 768
Z9 880
U1 0
U2 187
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 389
EP 392
DI 10.1038/nature04035
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100048
PM 16163351
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krasnoshchekov, DN
   Kaazik, PB
   Ovtchinnikov, VM
AF Krasnoshchekov, DN
   Kaazik, PB
   Ovtchinnikov, VM
TI Seismological evidence for mosaic structure of the surface of the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID travel-times; constraints; density; pkikp; boundary
AB The transition from the Earth's solid inner core to liquid outer core is the location where the inner core grows(1) and from which compositional convection in the outer core originates(2,3). Most seismological models of the Earth describe the inner-core boundary as sharp(4,5) and simple(6,7,8), although experimental data requiring the presence of a thin transition layer at the bottom of the outer core have been reported(9). The density jump at the inner-core boundary - an important parameter determining gravitational energy release(10) and constraining the compositional difference between the inner and outer core - is also not well known. Estimates of this density jump obtained using free-oscillation eigenfrequencies give low values(11-13) of 0.25-1.0 g cm(-3), whereas a method using the amplitude ratio of core-reflected phases yielded values of 0.6 - 1.8 g cm(-3) ( refs 14 - 17). Here we analyse properties of waves precritically reflected from the Earth's inner core (PKiKP phases) that show significant variability in amplitude, consistent high-frequency content and stable travel times with respect to a standard Earth model(4). We infer that the data are best explained by a mosaic structure of the inner core's surface. Such a mosaic may be composed of patches in which the transition from solid inner to liquid outer core includes a thin partially liquid layer interspersed with patches containing a sharp transition.
C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Dynam Geospheres, Moscow 119334, Russia.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Krasnoshchekov, DN (corresponding author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Dynam Geospheres, Leninsky Pr 38,Korp 1, Moscow 119334, Russia.
EM krasnd@idg.chph.ras.ru
NR 30
TC 71
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 26
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7041
BP 483
EP 487
DI 10.1038/nature03613
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 929IF
UT WOS:000229337800052
PM 15917806
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cisternas, M
   Atwater, BF
   Torrejón, F
   Sawai, Y
   Machuca, G
   Lagos, M
   Eipert, A
   Youlton, C
   Salgado, I
   Kamataki, T
   Shishikura, M
   Rajendran, CP
   Malik, JK
   Rizal, Y
   Husni, M
AF Cisternas, M
   Atwater, BF
   Torrejón, F
   Sawai, Y
   Machuca, G
   Lagos, M
   Eipert, A
   Youlton, C
   Salgado, I
   Kamataki, T
   Shishikura, M
   Rajendran, CP
   Malik, JK
   Rizal, Y
   Husni, M
TI Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB It is commonly thought that the longer the time since last earthquake, the larger the next earthquake's slip will be. But this logical predictor of earthquake size(1), unsuccessful for large earthquakes on a strike-slip fault(2), fails also with the giant 1960 Chile earthquake of magnitude 9.5 (ref. 3). Although the time since the preceding earthquake spanned 123 years (refs 4, 5), the estimated slip in 1960, which occurred on a fault between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, equalled 250 - 350 years' worth of the plate motion(3,6-10). Thus the average interval between such giant earthquakes on this fault should span several centuries(3,9,10). Here we present evidence that such long intervals were indeed typical of the last two millennia. We use buried soils and sand layers as records of tectonic subsidence and tsunami inundation at an estuary midway along the 1960 rupture. In these records, the 1960 earthquake ended a recurrence interval that had begun almost four centuries before, with an earthquake documented by Spanish conquistadors in 1575. Two later earthquakes, in 1737 and 1837, produced little if any subsidence or tsunami at the estuary and they therefore probably left the fault partly loaded with accumulated plate motion that the 1960 earthquake then expended.
C1 Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Fac Agron, Quillota, Chile.
   Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Concepcion, Ctr EULA Chile, Concepcion, Chile.
   Univ Concepcion, Dept Ciencias Hist & Sociales, Concepcion, Chile.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Geol Survey Japan, Act Fault Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Santiago, Inst Geog, Santiago, Chile.
   NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Ctr Earth Sci Studies, Thiruvananthapuram 69603, Kerala, India.
   Indian Inst Technol, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
   Inst Technol, Dept Geol, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
   Meteorol & Geophys Agcy Indonesia, Potential Geophys Div, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia.
C3 Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Universidad de Concepcion; Universidad de Concepcion; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) - India; National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS); Indian Institute of Technology System (IIT System); Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) - Kanpur; Institute Technology of Bandung; Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology & Geophysics
RP Cisternas, M (corresponding author), Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Fac Agron, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile.
EM marco.cisternas@ucv.cl
NR 22
TC 446
Z9 476
U1 3
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 15
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7057
BP 404
EP 407
DI 10.1038/nature03943
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 964AS
UT WOS:000231849100052
PM 16163355
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Troccoli, M
   Belyanin, A
   Capasso, F
   Cubukcu, E
   Sivco, DL
   Cho, AY
AF Troccoli, M
   Belyanin, A
   Capasso, F
   Cubukcu, E
   Sivco, DL
   Cho, AY
TI Raman injection laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-cascade lasers; generation; operation
AB Stimulated Raman scattering is a nonlinear optical process that, in a broad variety of materials, enables the generation of optical gain at a frequency that is shifted from that of the incident radiation by an amount corresponding to the frequency of an internal oscillation of the material(1,2). This effect is the basis for a broad class of tunable sources known as Raman lasers(2,3). In general, these sources have only small gain (similar to10(-9) cm W(-1)) and therefore require external pumping with powerful lasers, which limits their applications. Here we report the realization of a semiconductor injection Raman laser designed to circumvent these limitations. The physics underlying our device differs in a fundamental way from existing Raman lasers(3-8): it is based on triply resonant stimulated Raman scattering between quantum-confined states within the active region of a quantum cascade laser that serves as an internal optical pump-the device is driven electrically and no external laser pump is required. This leads to an enhancement of orders of magnitude in the Raman gain, high conversion efficiency and low threshold. Our lasers combine the advantages of nonlinear optical devices and of semiconductor injection lasers, and could lead to a new class of compact and wavelength-agile mid- and far-infrared light sources.
C1 Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Troccoli, M (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM troccoli@deas.harvard.edu; belyanin@jewel.tamu.edu
NR 20
TC 120
Z9 126
U1 2
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 845
EP 848
DI 10.1038/nature03330
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600036
PM 15729336
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Green, MA
   Fry, SC
AF Green, MA
   Fry, SC
TI Vitamin C degradation in plant cells via enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-O-oxalyl-L-threonate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID l-ascorbic-acid; pelargonium-crispum; tartaric-acids; oxalic-acid; elongation; metabolism; oxalate; oxidase; oxygen; oxidation
AB Increasing the L-ascorbate (vitamin C) content of crops could in principle involve promoting its biosynthesis or inhibiting its degradation. Recent progress has revealed biosynthetic pathways for ascorbate(1-3), but the degradative pathways remain unclear. The elucidation of such pathways could promote an understanding of the roles of ascorbate in plants(4), and especially of the intriguing positive correlation between growth rate and ascorbate oxidase(5,6) (or its products(7)). In some plants (Vitaceae), ascorbate is degraded via L-idonate to L-threarate (L-tartrate), with the latter arising from carbons 1-4 of ascorbate(3,8-11). In most plants, however (including Vitaceae)(11), ascorbate degradation can occur via dehydroascorbate, yielding oxalate(12) plus L-threonate, with the latter from carbons 3-6 of ascorbate(3,10,13). The metabolic steps between ascorbate and oxalate/L-threonate, and their subcellular location, were unknown. Here we show that this pathway operates extracellularly in cultured Rosa cells, proceeds via several novel intermediates including 4-O-oxalyl-L-threonate, and involves at least one new enzyme activity. The pathway can also operate non-enzymatically, potentially accounting for vitamin losses during cooking. Several steps in the pathway may generate peroxide; this may contribute to the role of ascorbate as a pro-oxidant(14,15) that is potentially capable of loosening the plant cell wall and/or triggering an oxidative burst.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Mol Plant Sci, Edinburgh Cell Wall Grp, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Fry, SC (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Mol Plant Sci, Edinburgh Cell Wall Grp, Daniel Rutherford Bldg,Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM S.Fry@Ed.Ac.UK
NR 30
TC 233
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 6
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7021
BP 83
EP 87
DI 10.1038/nature03172
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 884WJ
UT WOS:000226117100040
PM 15608627
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martínez-Sansigre, A
   Rawlings, S
   Lacy, M
   Fadda, D
   Marleau, FR
   Simpson, C
   Willott, CJ
   Jarvis, MJ
AF Martínez-Sansigre, A
   Rawlings, S
   Lacy, M
   Fadda, D
   Marleau, FR
   Simpson, C
   Willott, CJ
   Jarvis, MJ
TI The obscuration by dust of most of the growth of supermassive black holes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; x-ray; radio; luminosity; redshift; frequency; evolution; emission; counts; quasar
AB Supermassive black holes underwent periods of exponential growth during which we see them as quasars in the distant Universe. The summed emission from these quasars generates the cosmic X-ray background, the spectrum of which has been used to argue that most black-hole growth is obscured(1,2). There are clear examples of obscured black-hole growth in the form of 'type-2' quasars(3-5), but their numbers are fewer than expected from modelling of the X-ray background. Here we report the direct detection of a population of distant type-2 quasars, which is at least comparable in size to the well-known unobscured type-1 population. We selected objects that have mid-infrared and radio emissions characteristic of quasars, but which are faint at near-infrared and optical wavelengths. We conclude that this population is responsible for most of the black-hole growth in the young Universe and that, throughout cosmic history, black-hole growth occurs in the dusty, gas-rich centres of active galaxies.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   CALTECH, Spitzer Sci Ctr, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; National Research Council Canada; Durham University; California Institute of Technology
RP Martínez-Sansigre, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
EM a.martinez-sansigre1@physics.oxford.ac.uk
NR 32
TC 168
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 666
EP 669
DI 10.1038/nature03829
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500035
PM 16079838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steuber, T
   Rauch, M
   Masse, JP
   Graaf, J
   Malkoc, M
AF Steuber, T
   Rauch, M
   Masse, JP
   Graaf, J
   Malkoc, M
TI Low-latitude seasonality of Cretaceous temperatures in warm and cold episodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperatures; bivalves
AB The Cretaceous period is generally considered to have been a time of warm climate(1-6). Evidence for cooler episodes exists, particularly in the early Cretaceous period(6-8), but the timing and significance of these cool episodes are not well constrained. The seasonality of temperatures is important for constraining equator-to-pole temperature gradients and may indicate the presence of polar ice sheets; however, reconstructions of Cretaceous sea surface temperatures are predominantly based on the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera(1-4) that do not provide information about such intra-annual variations. Here we present intra-shell variations in delta O-18 values of rudist bivalves (Hippuritoidea) from palaeolatitudes between 8 degrees and 31 degrees N, which record the evolution of the seasonality of Cretaceous sea surface temperatures in detail. We find high maximum temperatures (, 35 to 37 degrees C) and relatively low seasonal variability (< 12 degrees C) between 20 degrees and 30 degrees N during the warmer Cretaceous episodes. In contrast, during the cooler episodes our data show seasonal sea surface temperature variability of up to 18 degrees C near 25 degrees N, comparable to the range found today. Such a large seasonal variability is compatible with the existence of polar ice sheets.
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Geol Mineral & Geophys, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
   Univ Aix Marseille 1, Ctr Sedimentol Paleontol, F-13331 Marseille, France.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum; Aix-Marseille Universite; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Steuber, T (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Geol Mineral & Geophys, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
EM thomas.steuber@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
NR 30
TC 218
Z9 238
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 27
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7063
BP 1341
EP 1344
DI 10.1038/nature04096
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 977UQ
UT WOS:000232829100050
PM 16251961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Timeline: A brief history of chimps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 1
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7055
BP 48
EP 49
DI 10.1038/437048a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 960AC
UT WOS:000231560400039
PM 16136125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zarnecki, JC
   Leese, MR
   Hathi, B
   Ball, AJ
   Hagermann, A
   Towner, MC
   Lorenz, RD
   McDonnell, JAM
   Green, SF
   Patel, MR
   Ringrose, TJ
   Rosenberg, PD
   Atkinson, KR
   Paton, MD
   Banaszkiewicz, M
   Clark, BC
   Ferri, F
   Fulchignoni, M
   Ghafoor, NAL
   Kargl, G
   Svedhem, H
   Delderfield, J
   Grande, M
   Parker, DJ
   Challenor, PG
   Geake, JE
AF Zarnecki, JC
   Leese, MR
   Hathi, B
   Ball, AJ
   Hagermann, A
   Towner, MC
   Lorenz, RD
   McDonnell, JAM
   Green, SF
   Patel, MR
   Ringrose, TJ
   Rosenberg, PD
   Atkinson, KR
   Paton, MD
   Banaszkiewicz, M
   Clark, BC
   Ferri, F
   Fulchignoni, M
   Ghafoor, NAL
   Kargl, G
   Svedhem, H
   Delderfield, J
   Grande, M
   Parker, DJ
   Challenor, PG
   Geake, JE
TI A soft solid surface on Titan as revealed by the Huygens Surface Science Package
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cassini; impact; spacecraft; probe
AB The surface of Saturn's largest satellite - Titan - is largely obscured by an optically thick atmospheric haze, and so its nature has been the subject of considerable speculation and discussion(1). The Huygens probe entered Titan's atmosphere on 14 January 2005 and descended to the surface using a parachute system(2). Here we report measurements made just above and on the surface of Titan by the Huygens Surface Science Package(3,4). Acoustic sounding over the last 90 m above the surface reveals a relatively smooth, but not completely flat, surface surrounding the landing site. Penetrometry and accelerometry measurements during the probe impact event reveal that the surface was neither hard ( like solid ice) nor very compressible ( like a blanket of fluffy aerosol); rather, the Huygens probe landed on a relatively soft solid surface whose properties are analogous to wet clay, lightly packed snow and wet or dry sand. The probe settled gradually by a few millimetres after landing.
C1 Open Univ, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Polish Acad Sci, PL-00716 Warsaw, Poland.
   Lockheed Martin Astronaut, Denver, CO 80201 USA.
   Univ Padua, CISAS G Colombo, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   MD Robot, Brampton, ON L6S 4J3, Canada.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
   European Space Agcy, Estec, Res & Sci Support Dept, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   UMIST, Dept Phys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
C3 Open University - UK; University of Arizona; Polish Academy of Sciences; Lockheed Martin; University of Padua; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Austrian Academy of Sciences; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Manchester
RP Zarnecki, JC (corresponding author), Open Univ, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
EM J.C.Zarnecki@open.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 107
Z9 129
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 8
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7069
BP 792
EP 795
DI 10.1038/nature04211
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 990XX
UT WOS:000233777800040
PM 16319828
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Catania, KC
   Remple, FE
AF Catania, KC
   Remple, FE
TI Asymptotic prey profitability drives star-nosed moles to the foraging speed limit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID food
AB Foraging theory provides models for predicting predator diet choices assuming natural selection has favoured predators that maximize their rate of energy intake during foraging(1-6). Prey profitability ( energy gained divided by prey handling time) is an essential variable for estimating the optimal diet. Time constraints of capturing and consuming prey generally result in handling times ranging from minutes to seconds, yet profitability increases dramatically as handling time approaches zero, providing the potential for strong directional selection for increasing predator speed at high encounter rates ( tiny increments in speed increase profitability markedly, allowing expanded diets of smaller prey). We provide evidence that the unusual anatomical and behavioural specializations characterizing star-nosed moles resulted from progressively stronger selection for speed, allowing the progressive addition of small prey to their diet. Here we report handling times as short as 120 ms (mean 227 ms) for moles identifying and eating prey. 'Double takes' during prey identification suggest that star-nosed moles have reached the speed limit for processing tactile information. The exceptional speed of star-nosed moles, coupled with unusual specializations for finding and eating tiny prey, provide new support for optimal foraging theory.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol Sci, VU Stn B, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP Catania, KC (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol Sci, VU Stn B, Box 351634, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
EM ken.catania@Vanderbilt.edu
NR 20
TC 61
Z9 72
U1 4
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 3
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7025
BP 519
EP 522
DI 10.1038/nature03250
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 893NT
UT WOS:000226727200048
PM 15690041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Birnbaum, KM
   Boca, A
   Miller, R
   Boozer, AD
   Northup, TE
   Kimble, HJ
AF Birnbaum, KM
   Boca, A
   Miller, R
   Boozer, AD
   Northup, TE
   Kimble, HJ
TI Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strongly interacting photons; nonlinear cavity; single-atom; quantum; radiation
AB At low temperatures, sufficiently small metallic(1) and semiconductor(2) devices exhibit the 'Coulomb blockade' effect, in which charge transport through the device occurs on an electron-by-electron basis(3). For example, a single electron on a metallic island can block the flow of another electron if the charging energy of the island greatly exceeds the thermal energy. The analogous effect of 'photon blockade' has been proposed for the transport of light through an optical system; this involves photon-photon interactions in a nonlinear optical cavity(4-13). Here we report observations of photon blockade for the light transmitted by an optical cavity containing one trapped atom, in the regime of strong atom cavity coupling(14). Excitation of the atom-cavity system by a first photon blocks the transmission of a second photon, thereby converting an incident poissonian stream of photons into a subpoissonian, anti-bunched stream. This is confirmed by measurements of the photon statistics of the transmitted field. Our observations of photon blockade represent an advance over traditional nonlinear optics and laser physics, into a regime with dynamical processes involving atoms and photons taken one-by-one.
C1 CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 23, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Kimble, HJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 23, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM hjkimble@caltech.edu
NR 24
TC 1173
Z9 1320
U1 8
U2 212
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 7
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7047
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature03804
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 942QJ
UT WOS:000230296600043
PM 16001065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vlasov, YA
   O'Boyle, M
   Hamann, HF
   McNab, SJ
AF Vlasov, YA
   O'Boyle, M
   Hamann, HF
   McNab, SJ
TI Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermooptical switch
AB It is known that light can be slowed down in dispersive materials near resonances(1). Dramatic reduction of the light group velocity and even bringing light pulses to a complete halt - has been demonstrated recently in various atomic(2-5) and solid state systems(6-8), where the material absorption is cancelled via quantum optical coherent effects(3-5,7). Exploitation of slow light phenomena has potential for applications ranging from all-optical storage to all-optical switching(9,10). Existing schemes, however, are restricted to the narrow frequency range of the material resonance, which limits the operation frequency, maximum data rate and storage capacity(10). Moreover, the implementation of external lasers, low pressures and/or low temperatures prevents miniaturization and hinders practical applications. Here we experimentally demonstrate an over 300-fold reduction of the group velocity on a silicon chip via an ultra-compact photonic integrated circuit using low-loss silicon photonic crystal waveguides(11,12) that can support an optical mode with a submicrometre cross-section(13,14). In addition, we show fast (similar to 100 ns) and efficient (2 mW electric power) active control of the group velocity by localized heating of the photonic crystal waveguide with an integrated micro-heater.
C1 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Vlasov, YA (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
EM yvlasov@us.ibm.com
NR 28
TC 1181
Z9 1347
U1 8
U2 417
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 3
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7064
BP 65
EP 69
DI 10.1038/nature04210
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 979XS
UT WOS:000232979000041
PM 16267549
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Poulet, F
   Bibring, JP
   Mustard, JF
   Gendrin, A
   Mangold, N
   Langevin, Y
   Arvidson, RE
   Gondet, B
   Gomez, C
AF Poulet, F
   Bibring, JP
   Mustard, JF
   Gendrin, A
   Mangold, N
   Langevin, Y
   Arvidson, RE
   Gondet, B
   Gomez, C
TI Phyllosilicates on Mars and implications for early martian climate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reflectance spectroscopy; surface; region; water; diversity; minerals; olivine; spectra; analog
AB The recent identification of large deposits of sulphates by remote sensing and in situ observations has been considered evidence of the past presence of liquid water on Mars. Here we report the unambiguous detection of diverse phyllosilicates, a family of aqueous alteration products, on the basis of observations by the OMEGA imaging spectrometer on board the Mars Express spacecraft. These minerals are mainly associated with Noachian outcrops, which is consistent with an early active hydrological system, sustaining the long- term contact of igneous minerals with liquid water. We infer that the two main families of hydrated alteration products detected - phyllosilicates and sulphates - result from different formation processes. These occurred during two distinct climatic episodes: an early Noachian Mars, resulting in the formation of hydrated silicates, followed by a more acidic environment, in which sulphates formed.
C1 Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8617, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Interact & Dynam Environm Surface, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Brown University; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Poulet, F (corresponding author), Univ Paris 11, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
EM francois.poulet@ias.fr
NR 32
TC 802
Z9 926
U1 4
U2 137
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 1
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7068
BP 623
EP 627
DI 10.1038/nature04274
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 988JY
UT WOS:000233593100040
PM 16319882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guimerà, R
   Amaral, LAN
AF Guimerà, R
   Amaral, LAN
TI Functional cartography of complex metabolic networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small-world; organization; modularity
AB High-throughput techniques are leading to an explosive growth in the size of biological databases and creating the opportunity to revolutionize our understanding of life and disease. Interpretation of these data remains, however, a major scientific challenge. Here, we propose a methodology that enables us to extract and display information contained in complex networks(1-3). Specifically, we demonstrate that we can find functional modules(4,5) in complex networks, and classify nodes into universal roles according to their pattern of intra- and inter-module connections. The method thus yields a 'cartographic representation' of complex networks. Metabolic networks(6-8) are among the most challenging biological networks and, arguably, the ones with most potential for immediate applicability(9). We use our method to analyse the metabolic networks of twelve organisms from three different superkingdoms. We find that, typically, 80% of the nodes are only connected to other nodes within their respective modules, and that nodes with different roles are affected by different evolutionary constraints and pressures. Remarkably, we find that metabolites that participate in only a few reactions but that connect different modules are more conserved than hubs whose links are mostly within a single module.
C1 Northwestern Univ, NICO, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Biol & Chem Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Amaral, LAN (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, NICO, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM amaral@northwestern.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [K25 GM069546] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 2953
Z9 3393
U1 34
U2 736
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 895
EP 900
DI 10.1038/nature03288
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600050
PM 15729348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshida, H
   Kawane, K
   Koike, M
   Mori, Y
   Uchiyama, Y
   Nagata, S
AF Yoshida, H
   Kawane, K
   Koike, M
   Mori, Y
   Uchiyama, Y
   Nagata, S
TI Phosphatidylserine-dependent engulfment by macrophages of nuclei from erythroid precursor cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptotic cells; erythropoietin receptor; plasma-membrane; mice; differentiation; identification; phagocytosis; deficient; invitro; binding
AB Definitive erythropoiesis usually occurs in the bone marrow or fetal liver, where erythroblasts are associated with a central macrophage in anatomical units called 'blood islands'(1,2). Late in erythropoiesis, nuclei are expelled from the erythroid precursor cells and engulfed by the macrophages in the blood island(2,3). Here we show that the nuclei are engulfed by macrophages only after they are disconnected from reticulocytes, and that phosphatidylserine, which is often used as an 'eat me' signal for apoptotic cells, is also used for the engulfment of nuclei expelled from erythroblasts. We investigated the mechanism behind the enucleation and engulfment processes by isolating late-stage erythroblasts from the spleens of phlebotomized mice. When these erythroblasts were cultured, the nuclei protruded spontaneously from the erythroblasts. A weak physical force could disconnect the nuclei from the reticulocytes. The released nuclei contained an undetectable level of ATP, and quickly exposed phosphatidylserine on their surface. Fetal liver macrophages efficiently engulfed the nuclei; masking the phosphatidylserine on the nuclei with the dominant-negative form of milk-fat-globule EGF8 (MFG-E8) prevented this engulfment.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Genet, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Integrated Biol Labs, Genet Lab, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Sakura Mot Picture Co Ltd, Shibuya Ku, Tokyo 1510051, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Nagata, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Genet, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM Nagata@genetic.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 325
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 29
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7059
BP 754
EP 758
DI 10.1038/nature03964
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 968JD
UT WOS:000232157900057
PM 16193055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, Y
   Padiath, QS
   Shapiro, RE
   Jones, CR
   Wu, SC
   Saigoh, N
   Saigoh, K
   Ptácek, LJ
   Fu, YH
AF Xu, Y
   Padiath, QS
   Shapiro, RE
   Jones, CR
   Wu, SC
   Saigoh, N
   Saigoh, K
   Ptácek, LJ
   Fu, YH
TI Functional consequences of a CKIδ mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID casein kinase-i; drosophila circadian clock; period protein; double-time; gene; doubletime; epsilon; phosphorylation; expression; rhythms
AB Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS) is a human behavioural phenotype characterized by early sleep times and early-morning awakening(1). It was the first human, mendelian circadian rhythm variant to be well-characterized, and was shown to result from a mutation in a phosphorylation site within the casein kinase I (CKI)-binding domain of the human PER2 gene. To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of circadian rhythm regulation in humans, we set out to identify mutations in human subjects leading to FASPS. We report here the identification of a missense mutation (T44A) in the human CKI delta gene, which results in FASPS. This mutant kinase has decreased enzymatic activity in vitro. Transgenic Drosophila carrying the human CKI delta-T44A gene showed a phenotype with lengthened circadian period. In contrast, transgenic mice carrying the same mutation have a shorter circadian period, a phenotype mimicking human FASPS. These results show that CKI delta is a central component in the mammalian clock, and suggest that mammalian and fly clocks might have different regulatory mechanisms despite the highly conserved nature of their individual components.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Vermont, Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Neurol, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Vermont; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Fu, YH (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM yinghui@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 624
Z9 747
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 640
EP 644
DI 10.1038/nature03453
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000044
PM 15800623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Curro, NJ
   Caldwell, T
   Bauer, ED
   Morales, LA
   Graf, MJ
   Bang, Y
   Balatsky, AV
   Thompson, JD
   Sarrao, JL
AF Curro, NJ
   Caldwell, T
   Bauer, ED
   Morales, LA
   Graf, MJ
   Bang, Y
   Balatsky, AV
   Thompson, JD
   Sarrao, JL
TI Unconventional superconductivity in PuCoGa5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-relaxation; spin fluctuation; knight-shift; temperature; consequences
AB In the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, electrons form ( Cooper) pairs through an interaction mediated by vibrations in the underlying crystal structure. Like lattice vibrations, antiferromagnetic fluctuations can also produce an attractive interaction creating Cooper pairs, though with spin and angular momentum properties different from those of conventional superconductors. Such interactions have been implicated for two disparate classes of materials-the copper oxides(1,2) and a set of Ce- and U-based compounds(3). But because their transition temperatures differ by nearly two orders of magnitude, this raises the question of whether a common pairing mechanism applies. PuCoGa5 has a transition temperature intermediate between those classes and therefore may bridge these extremes(4). Here we report measurements of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate and Knight shift in PuCoGa5, which demonstrate that it is an unconventional superconductor with properties as expected for antiferromagnetically mediated superconductivity. Scaling of the relaxation rates among all of these materials ( a feature not exhibited by their Knight shifts) establishes antiferromagnetic fluctuations as a likely mechanism for their unconventional superconductivity and suggests that related classes of exotic superconductors may yet be discovered.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Chonnam Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Kwangju 500757, South Korea.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Chonnam National University
RP Curro, NJ (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM curro@lanl.gov
NR 27
TC 272
Z9 290
U1 4
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 622
EP 625
DI 10.1038/nature03428
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000039
PM 15800618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Majmudar, TS
   Behringer, RP
AF Majmudar, TS
   Behringer, RP
TI Contact force measurements and stress-induced anisotropy in granular materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Interparticle forces in granular media form an inhomogeneous distribution of filamentary force chains. Understanding such forces and their spatial correlations, specifically in response to forces at the system boundaries(1,2), represents a fundamental goal of granular mechanics. The problem is of relevance to civil engineering, geophysics and physics(3-5), being important for the understanding of jamming, shear-induced yielding and mechanical response. Here we report measurements of the normal and tangential grain-scale forces inside a two-dimensional system of photoelastic disks that are subject to pure shear and isotropic compression. Various statistical measures show the underlying differences between these two stress states. These differences appear in the distributions of normal forces (which are more rounded for compression than shear), although not in the distributions of tangential forces (which are exponential in both cases). Sheared systems show anisotropy in the distributions of both the contact network and the contact forces. Anisotropy also occurs in the spatial correlations of forces, which provide a quantitative replacement for the idea of force chains. Sheared systems have long-range correlations in the direction of force chains, whereas isotropically compressed systems have short-range correlations regardless of the direction.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Ctr Nonlinear & Complex Syst, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Behringer, RP (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM bob@phy.duke.edu
NR 24
TC 1057
Z9 1258
U1 18
U2 418
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 23
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7045
BP 1079
EP 1082
DI 10.1038/nature03805
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 937ZT
UT WOS:000229970400044
PM 15973358
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corbit, KC
   Aanstad, P
   Singla, V
   Norman, AR
   Stainier, DYR
   Reiter, JF
AF Corbit, KC
   Aanstad, P
   Singla, V
   Norman, AR
   Stainier, DYR
   Reiter, JF
TI Vertebrate Smoothened functions at the primary cilium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hedgehog signal-transduction; intraflagellar transport proteins; olfactory cilia; neuronal cilia; localization; drosophila; beta-arrestin-2; cyclopamine; inhibition; receptors
AB The unanticipated involvement of several intraflagellar transport proteins in the mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has hinted at a functional connection between cilia and Hh signal transduction(1,2). Here we show that mammalian Smoothened (Smo), a seven-transmembrane protein essential for Hh signalling(3), is expressed on the primary cilium. This ciliary expression is regulated by Hh pathway activity; Sonic hedgehog or activating mutations in Smo promote ciliary localization, whereas the Smo antagonist cyclopamine inhibits ciliary localization. The translocation of Smo to primary cilia depends upon a conserved hydrophobic and basic residue sequence homologous to a domain previously shown to be required for the ciliary localization of seven-transmembrane proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans(4). Mutation of this domain not only prevents ciliary localization but also eliminates Smo activity both in cultured cells and in zebrafish embryos. Thus, Hh-dependent translocation to cilia is essential for Smo activity, suggesting that Smo acts at the primary cilium.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dev & Stem Cell Biol Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Diabet, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Reiter, JF (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dev & Stem Cell Biol Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM jreiter@diabetes.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 1180
Z9 1510
U1 2
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 13
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7061
BP 1018
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/nature04117
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 973AU
UT WOS:000232496100044
PM 16136078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Penrose, O
AF Penrose, O
TI An asymmetric world
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Heriot Watt Univ, Dept Math, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Heriot Watt University
RP Penrose, O (corresponding author), Heriot Watt Univ, Dept Math, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 15
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7070
BP 919
EP 919
DI 10.1038/438919a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 993EC
UT WOS:000233934600037
PM 16355197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kohn, D
   Murrell, G
   Parker, J
   Whitehorn, M
AF Kohn, D
   Murrell, G
   Parker, J
   Whitehorn, M
TI What Henslow taught Darwin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Drew Univ, Dept Hist, Madison, NJ 07940 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Herbarium, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Bot Gardens, Cambridge CB2 1JF, England.
   Univ Oxford Worcester Coll, Informat & Learning Serv, Worcester WR2 6AJ, England.
C3 Drew University; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Oxford
RP Kohn, D (corresponding author), Drew Univ, Dept Hist, Madison, NJ 07940 USA.
NR 22
TC 28
Z9 37
U1 1
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 643
EP 645
DI 10.1038/436643a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500031
PM 16079834
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dadosh, T
   Gordin, Y
   Krahne, R
   Khivrich, I
   Mahalu, D
   Frydman, V
   Sperling, J
   Yacoby, A
   Bar-Joseph, I
AF Dadosh, T
   Gordin, Y
   Krahne, R
   Khivrich, I
   Mahalu, D
   Frydman, V
   Sperling, J
   Yacoby, A
   Bar-Joseph, I
TI Measurement of the conductance of single conjugated molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanoparticles; fabrication; transistor; transport; devices
AB Electrical conduction through molecules depends critically on the delocalization of the molecular electronic orbitals and their connection to the metallic contacts. Thiolated (-SH) conjugated organic molecules are therefore considered good candidates for molecular conductors(1,2): in such molecules, the orbitals are delocalized throughout the molecular backbone, with substantial weight on the sulphur - metal bonds(1-4). However, their relatively small size, typically similar to 1 nm, calls for innovative approaches to realize a functioning single-molecule device(5-11). Here we report an approach for contacting a single molecule, and use it to study the effect of localizing groups within a conjugated molecule on the electrical conduction. Our method is based on synthesizing a dimer structure, consisting of two colloidal gold particles connected by a dithiolated short organic molecule(12,13), and electrostatically trapping it between two metal electrodes. We study the electrical conduction through three short organic molecules: 4,4' - biphenyldithiol (BPD), a fully conjugated molecule; bis( 4-mercaptophenyl)- ether (BPE)(14), in which the conjugation is broken at the centre by an oxygen atom; and 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol (BDMT), in which the conjugation is broken near the contacts by a methylene group. We find that the oxygen in BPE and the methylene groups in BDMT both suppress the electrical conduction relative to that in BPD.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Organ Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   CNR INFM, Natl Nanotechnol Lab, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Bar-Joseph, I (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM hbar@wisemail.weizmann.ac.il
NR 28
TC 397
Z9 448
U1 2
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 677
EP 680
DI 10.1038/nature03898
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500038
PM 16079841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Figer, DF
AF Figer, DF
TI An upper limit to the masses of stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID massive stars; cluster; abundances; evolution
AB There is no accepted upper mass limit for stars. Such a basic quantity eludes both theory and observation, because of an imperfect understanding of the star-formation process and because of incompleteness in surveying the Galaxy(1). The Arches cluster(2-7) is ideal for investigating such limits, being large enough to expect stars at least as massive as similar to500 solar masses (similar to500 M-.; based on a typical mass function), and young enough for its most massive members to still be visible. It is also old enough to be free of its natal molecular cloud, it is at a well-established distance, and it is close enough for us to discern its individual stars(2). Here I report an absence of stars with initial masses greater than 130 M-. in the Arches cluster, whereas the typical mass function predicts 18. I conclude that this indicates a firm limit of 150M(.) for stars; the probability that the observations are consistent with there being no upper limit is 10(-8).
C1 STScI, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Figer, DF (corresponding author), STScI, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM figer@stsci.edu
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 264
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 10
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7030
BP 192
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature03293
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 904JU
UT WOS:000227494500038
PM 15758993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kollmann, M
   Lovdok, L
   Bartholomé, K
   Timmer, J
   Sourjik, V
AF Kollmann, M
   Lovdok, L
   Bartholomé, K
   Timmer, J
   Sourjik, V
TI Design principles of a bacterial signalling network
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; chemotaxis; robustness; stochasticity; sensitivity; protein; noise
AB Cellular biochemical networks have to function in a noisy environment using imperfect components. In particular, networks involved in gene regulation or signal transduction allow only for small output tolerances, and the underlying network structures can be expected to have undergone evolution for inherent robustness against perturbations(1). Here we combine theoretical and experimental analyses to investigate an optimal design for the signalling network of bacterial chemotaxis, one of the most thoroughly studied signalling networks in biology. We experimentally determine the extent of intercellular variations in the expression levels of chemotaxis proteins and use computer simulations to quantify the robustness of several hypothetical chemotaxis pathway topologies to such gene expression noise. We demonstrate that among these topologies the experimentally established chemotaxis network of Escherichia coli has the smallest sufficiently robust network structure, allowing accurate chemotactic response for almost all individuals within a population. Our results suggest that this pathway has evolved to show an optimal chemotactic performance while minimizing the cost of resources associated with high levels of protein expression. Moreover, the underlying topological design principles compensating for intercellular variations seem to be highly conserved among bacterial chemosensory systems(2).
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Heidelberg Univ, ZMBH, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, FDM, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Freiburg
RP Kollmann, M (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Phys, Hermann Herder Str 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
EM markus.kollmann@fdm.uni-freiburg.de; v.sourjik@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 24
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7067
BP 504
EP 507
DI 10.1038/nature04228
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 986NY
UT WOS:000233458200051
PM 16306993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ciais, P
   Reichstein, M
   Viovy, N
   Granier, A
   Ogée, J
   Allard, V
   Aubinet, M
   Buchmann, N
   Bernhofer, C
   Carrara, A
   Chevallier, F
   De Noblet, N
   Friend, AD
   Friedlingstein, P
   Grünwald, T
   Heinesch, B
   Keronen, P
   Knohl, A
   Krinner, G
   Loustau, D
   Manca, G
   Matteucci, G
   Miglietta, F
   Ourcival, JM
   Papale, D
   Pilegaard, K
   Rambal, S
   Seufert, G
   Soussana, JF
   Sanz, MJ
   Schulze, ED
   Vesala, T
   Valentini, R
AF Ciais, P
   Reichstein, M
   Viovy, N
   Granier, A
   Ogée, J
   Allard, V
   Aubinet, M
   Buchmann, N
   Bernhofer, C
   Carrara, A
   Chevallier, F
   De Noblet, N
   Friend, AD
   Friedlingstein, P
   Grünwald, T
   Heinesch, B
   Keronen, P
   Knohl, A
   Krinner, G
   Loustau, D
   Manca, G
   Matteucci, G
   Miglietta, F
   Ourcival, JM
   Papale, D
   Pilegaard, K
   Rambal, S
   Seufert, G
   Soussana, JF
   Sanz, MJ
   Schulze, ED
   Vesala, T
   Valentini, R
TI Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon; balance; growth; co2
AB Future climate warming is expected to enhance plant growth in temperate ecosystems and to increase carbon sequestration(1,2). But although severe regional heatwaves may become more frequent in a changing climate(3,4), their impact on terrestrial carbon cycling is unclear. Here we report measurements of ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes, remotely sensed radiation absorbed by plants, and country- level crop yields taken during the European heatwave in 2003. We use a terrestrial biosphere simulation model(5) to assess continental- scale changes in primary productivity during 2003, and their consequences for the net carbon balance. We estimate a 30 per cent reduction in gross primary productivity over Europe, which resulted in a strong anomalous net source of carbon dioxide ( 0.5 Pg Cyr(-1)) to the atmosphere and reversed the effect of four years of net ecosystem carbon sequestration(6). Our results suggest that productivity reduction in eastern and western Europe can be explained by rainfall deficit and extreme summer heat, respectively. We also find that ecosystem respiration decreased together with gross primary productivity, rather than accelerating with the temperature rise. Model results, corroborated by historical records of crop yields, suggest that such a reduction in Europe's primary productivity is unprecedented during the last century. An increase in future drought events could turn temperate ecosystems into carbon sources, contributing to positive carbon- climate feedbacks already anticipated in the tropics and at high latitudes(1,2).
C1 Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Tuscia, DISAFRI, Dept Forest Environm & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy.
   Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Ctr Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France.
   INRA, Ephyse, Funct Ecol & Environm Phys, F-33612 Villenave Dornon, France.
   INRA, Grassland Ecosyst Res, F-63039 Clermont Ferrand, France.
   ETH Zentrum, Inst Plant Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Fac Sci Agron Etat Gembloux, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Dept Meteorol, Inst Hydrol & Meteorol, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
   Fdn CEAM, E-46980 Valencia, Spain.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07701 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra, Italy.
   CNR, IBIMET, I-50144 Florence, Italy.
   CNRS, DREAM CEFE, F-34293 Montpellier, France.
   Riso Natl Lab, Biosyst Dept, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Tuscia University; Potsdam Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung; INRAE; VetAgro Sup; INRAE; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Liege; Technische Universitat Dresden; University of Helsinki; Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; European Commission Joint Research Centre; EC JRC ISPRA Site; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET-CNR); Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; CIRAD; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite Paul-Valery; Universite de Montpellier; Technical University of Denmark
RP Ciais, P (corresponding author), Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM philippe.ciais@cea.fr
NR 28
TC 3302
Z9 3734
U1 55
U2 2221
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 22
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7058
BP 529
EP 533
DI 10.1038/nature03972
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 966FF
UT WOS:000232004800045
PM 16177786
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Block, BA
   Teo, SLH
   Walli, A
   Boustany, A
   Stokesbury, MJW
   Farwell, CJ
   Weng, KC
   Dewar, H
   Williams, TD
AF Block, BA
   Teo, SLH
   Walli, A
   Boustany, A
   Stokesbury, MJW
   Farwell, CJ
   Weng, KC
   Dewar, H
   Williams, TD
TI Electronic tagging and population structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thunnus-thynnus; east atlantic; temperature; satellite; gulf; movements; biology; fish
AB Electronic tags that archive or transmit stored data to satellites have advanced the mapping of habitats used by highly migratory fish in pelagic ecosystems(1-6). Here we report on the electronic tagging of 772 Atlantic bluefin tuna in the western Atlantic Ocean in an effort to identify population structure. Reporting electronic tags provided accurate location data(7-9) that show the extensive migrations of individual fish (n = 330). Geoposition data delineate two populations, one using spawning grounds in the Gulf of Mexico and another from the Mediterranean Sea. Transatlantic movements of western-tagged bluefin tuna reveal site fidelity to known spawning areas in the Mediterranean Sea. Bluefin tuna that occupy western spawning grounds move to central and eastern Atlantic foraging grounds. Our results are consistent with two populations of bluefin tuna with distinct spawning areas that overlap on North Atlantic foraging grounds. Electronic tagging locations, when combined with US pelagic longline observer and logbook catch data, identify hot spots for spawning bluefin tuna in the northern slope waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Restrictions on the time and area where longlining occurs would reduce incidental catch mortalities on western spawning grounds.
C1 Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA 93940 USA.
   Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
C3 Stanford University; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; Dalhousie University
RP Block, BA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Tuna Res & Conservat Ctr, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.
EM bblock@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 653
Z9 756
U1 2
U2 203
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 28
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7037
BP 1121
EP 1127
DI 10.1038/nature03463
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 920MD
UT WOS:000228693300041
PM 15858572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horodecki, M
   Oppenheim, J
   Winter, A
AF Horodecki, M
   Oppenheim, J
   Winter, A
TI Partial quantum information
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID current situation; entanglement; capacity
AB Information - be it classical(1) or quantum(2) - is measured by the amount of communication needed to convey it. In the classical case, if the receiver has some prior information about the messages being conveyed, less communication is needed(3). Here we explore the concept of prior quantum information: given an unknown quantum state distributed over two systems, we determine how much quantum communication is needed to transfer the full state to one system. This communication measures the partial information one system needs, conditioned on its prior information. We find that it is given by the conditional entropy - a quantity that was known previously, but lacked an operational meaning. In the classical case, partial information must always be positive, but we find that in the quantum world this physical quantity can be negative. If the partial information is positive, its sender needs to communicate this number of quantum bits to the receiver; if it is negative, then sender and receiver instead gain the corresponding potential for future quantum communication. We introduce a protocol that we term 'quantum state merging' which optimally transfers partial information. We show how it enables a systematic understanding of quantum network theory, and discuss several important applications including distributed compression, noiseless coding with side information, multiple access channels and assisted entanglement distillation.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England.
   Univ Gdansk, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Math, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; Fahrenheit Universities; University of Gdansk; University of Bristol
RP Oppenheim, J (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England.
EM j.oppenheim@damtp.cam.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S82169/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 23
TC 337
Z9 362
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 4
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7051
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/nature03909
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 951XA
UT WOS:000230964500037
PM 16079840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsukuda, T
   Fleming, AB
   Nickoloff, JA
   Osley, MA
AF Tsukuda, T
   Fleming, AB
   Nickoloff, JA
   Osley, MA
TI Chromatin remodelling at a DNA double-strand break site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; damage response; histone h2a; repair; complex; proteins; phosphorylation; recombination; rpa; recruitment
AB The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for maintaining genome stability. Eukaryotic cells repair DSBs by both non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination. How chromatin structure is altered in response to DSBs and how such alterations influence DSB repair processes are important issues. In vertebrates, phosphorylation of the histone variant H2A.X occurs rapidly after DSB formation(1), spreads over mega-base chromatin domains, and is required for stable accumulation of repair proteins at damage foci(2). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphorylation of the two principal H2A species is also signalled by DSB formation, which spreads similar to 40 kb in either direction from the DSB3. Here we show that near a DSB phosphorylation of H2A is followed by loss of histones H2B and H3 and increased sensitivity of chromatin to digestion by micrococcal nuclease; however, phosphorylation of H2A and nucleosome loss occur independently. The DNA damage sensor MRX4 is required for histone loss, which also depends on INO80, a nucleosome remodelling complex(5). The repair protein Rad51 (ref. 6) shows delayed recruitment to DSBs in the absence of histone loss, suggesting that MRX-dependent nucleosome remodelling regulates the accessibility of factors directly involved in DNA repair by homologous recombination. Thus, MRX may regulate two pathways of chromatin changes: nucleosome displacement for efficient recruitment of homologous recombination proteins; and phosphorylation of H2A, which modulates checkpoint responses to DNA damage(2).
C1 Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 University of New Mexico
RP Osley, MA (corresponding author), Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, 915 Camino de Salud, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
EM mosley@salud.unm.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM040118] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 355
Z9 444
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 379
EP 383
DI 10.1038/nature04148
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200053
PM 16292314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Donnell, KA
   Wentzel, EA
   Zeller, KI
   Dang, CV
   Mendell, JT
AF O'Donnell, KA
   Wentzel, EA
   Zeller, KI
   Dang, CV
   Mendell, JT
TI c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; genomic targets; identification; genes; lymphoma; mechanism
AB MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are 21 - 23 nucleotide RNA molecules that regulate the stability or translational efficiency of target messenger RNAs1. miRNAs have diverse functions, including the regulation of cellular differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis(2). Although strict tissue- and developmental-stage-specific expression is critical for appropriate miRNA function, mammalian transcription factors that regulate miRNAs have not yet been identified. The proto-oncogene c-MYC encodes a transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation, growth and apoptosis(3). Dysregulated expression or function of c-Myc is one of the most common abnormalities in human malignancy(4). Here we show that c-Myc activates expression of a cluster of six miRNAs on human chromosome 13. Chromatin immunoprecipation experiments show that c-Myc binds directly to this locus. The transcription factor E2F1 is an additional target of c-Myc that promotes cell cycle progression(5-7). We find that expression of E2F1 is negatively regulated by two miRNAs in this cluster, miR-17-5p and miR-20a. These findings expand the known classes of transcripts within the c-Myc target gene network, and reveal a mechanism through which c-Myc simultaneously activates E2F1 transcription and limits its translation, allowing a tightly controlled proliferative signal.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Program Human Genet & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Inst Med Genet, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Sidney Kimmel Comprehens Canc Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine
RP Mendell, JT (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Program Human Genet & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM jmendell@jhmi.edu
NR 30
TC 2364
Z9 2916
U1 1
U2 225
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 9
PY 2005
VL 435
IS 7043
BP 839
EP 843
DI 10.1038/nature03677
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 933NK
UT WOS:000229638700055
PM 15944709
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasupathy, A
   Miller, EK
AF Pasupathy, A
   Miller, EK
TI Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal-ganglia; neuronal-activity
AB To navigate our complex world, our brains have evolved a sophisticated ability to quickly learn arbitrary rules such as 'stop at red'. Studies in monkeys using a laboratory test of this capacity-conditional association learning-have revealed that frontal lobe structures ( including the prefrontal cortex) as well as subcortical nuclei of the basal ganglia are involved in such learning(1-5). Neural correlates of associative learning have been observed in both brain regions(6-14), but whether or not these regions have unique functions is unclear, as they have typically been studied separately using different tasks. Here we show that during associative learning in monkeys, neural activity in these areas changes at different rates: the striatum ( an input structure of the basal ganglia) showed rapid, almost bistable, changes compared with a slower trend in the prefrontal cortex that was more in accordance with slow improvements in behavioural performance. Also, pre-saccadic activity began progressively earlier in the striatum but not in the prefrontal cortex as learning took place. These results support the hypothesis that rewarded associations are first identified by the basal ganglia, the output of which 'trains' slower learning mechanisms in the frontal cortex(15).
C1 MIT, Picower Ctr Learning & Memory, RIKEN MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); RIKEN; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Pasupathy, A (corresponding author), MIT, Picower Ctr Learning & Memory, RIKEN MIT Neurosci Res Ctr, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM anitha@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 563
Z9 664
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 24
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7028
BP 873
EP 876
DI 10.1038/nature03287
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 899VT
UT WOS:000227174600044
PM 15729344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bierhaus, EB
   Chapman, CR
   Merline, WJ
AF Bierhaus, EB
   Chapman, CR
   Merline, WJ
TI Secondary craters on Europa and implications for cratered surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impact craters; rates; ice; velocity; size
AB For several decades, most planetary researchers have regarded the impact crater populations on solid-surfaced planets and smaller bodies as predominantly reflecting the direct ('primary') impacts of asteroids and comets(1). Estimates of the relative and absolute ages of geological units on these objects have been based on this assumption(2). Here we present an analysis of the comparatively sparse crater population on Jupiter's icy moon Europa and suggest that this assumption is incorrect for small craters. We find that 'secondaries' (craters formed by material ejected from large primary impact craters) comprise about 95 per cent of the small craters (diameters less than 1 km) on Europa. We therefore conclude that large primary impacts into a solid surface (for example, ice or rock) produce far more secondaries than previously believed, implying that the small crater populations on the Moon, Mars and other large bodies must be dominated by secondaries. Moreover, our results indicate that there have been few small comets (less than 100 m diameter) passing through the jovian system in recent times, consistent with dynamical simulations(3)
C1 Lockheed Martin, Space Explorat Syst, Denver, CO 80201 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
C3 Lockheed Martin
RP Bierhaus, EB (corresponding author), Lockheed Martin, Space Explorat Syst, MS S8110,POB 179, Denver, CO 80201 USA.
EM edward.b.bierhaus@lmco.com
NR 30
TC 92
Z9 112
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 20
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7062
BP 1125
EP 1127
DI 10.1038/nature04069
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 975KD
UT WOS:000232660500037
PM 16237437
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, HJ
   Li, QB
   Fan, J
   Holloman, WK
   Pavletich, NP
AF Yang, HJ
   Li, QB
   Fan, J
   Holloman, WK
   Pavletich, NP
TI The BRCA2 homologue Brh2 nucleates RAD51 filament formation at a dsDNA-ssDNA junction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID replication protein-a; dna strand exchange; presynaptic complex-formation; breast-cancer susceptibility; rad51-mediated recombination; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genome stability; directed repair; ustilago-maydis; binding protein
AB The BRCA2 tumour suppressor(1) is essential for the error- free repair of double- strand breaks ( DSBs) in DNA by homologous recombination(2,3). This is mediated by RAD51, which forms a nucleoprotein filament with the 30 overhanging single- stranded DNA ( ssDNA) of the resected DSB, searches for a homologous donor sequence, and catalyses strand exchange with the donor DNA(4). The 3,418- amino- acid BRCA2 contains eight similar to 30- amino-acid BRC repeats that bind RAD51 ( refs 5, 6) and a similar to 700- amino-acid DBD domain that binds ssDNA(7). The isolated BRC and DBD domains have the opposing effects of inhibiting(8,9) and stimulating recombination(7), respectively, and the role of BRCA2 in repair has been unclear. Here we show that a full- length BRCA2 homologue ( Brh2) stimulates Rad51- mediated recombination at substoichiometric concentrations relative to Rad51. Brh2 recruits Rad51 to DNA and facilitates the nucleation of the filament, which is then elongated by the pool of free Rad51. Brh2 acts preferentially at a junction between double- stranded DNA ( dsDNA) and ssDNA, with strict specificity for the 30 overhang polarity of a resected DSB. These results establish a BRCA2 function in RAD51- mediated DSB repair and explain the loss of this repair capacity in BRCA2- associated cancers.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Hearst Microbiol Res Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Pavletich, NP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM nikola@xray2.mskcc.org
NR 30
TC 274
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 10
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7026
BP 653
EP 657
DI 10.1038/nature03234
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 895KX
UT WOS:000226862000049
PM 15703751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, T
AF Chapman, T
TI Pure but not simple
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 25
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 7
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7034
BP 795
EP 800
DI 10.1038/434795a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 913NU
UT WOS:000228160700049
PM 15815637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gasser, S
   Orsulic, S
   Brown, EJ
   Raulet, DH
AF Gasser, S
   Orsulic, S
   Brown, EJ
   Raulet, DH
TI The DNA damage pathway regulates innate immune system ligands of the NKG2D receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genomic instability; nk cells; checkpoint; atm; tumorigenesis; activation; repair; chk1; immunoreceptor; macrophages
AB Some stimulatory receptors of the innate immune system, such as the NKG2D receptor ( also called KLRK1) expressed by natural killer cells and activated CD8(+) T cells, recognize self-molecules that are upregulated in diseased cells by poorly understood mechanisms(1). Here we show that mouse and human NKG2D ligands are upregulated in non-tumour cell lines by genotoxic stress and stalled DNA replication, conditions known to activate a major DNA damage checkpoint pathway initiated by ATM ( ataxia telangiectasia, mutated) or ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related) protein kinases(2). Ligand upregulation was prevented by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ATR, ATM or Chk1 ( a downstream transducer kinase in the pathway). Furthermore, constitutive ligand expression by a tumour cell line was inhibited by targeting short interfering RNA to ATM, suggesting that ligand expression in established tumour cells, which often harbour genomic irregularities, may be due to chronic activation of the DNA damage response pathway. Thus, the DNA damage response, previously shown to arrest the cell cycle and enhance DNA repair functions, or to trigger apoptosis, may also participate in alerting the immune system to the presence of potentially dangerous cells.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Canc Res Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc Res, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; University of Pennsylvania
RP Raulet, DH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM raulet@uclink.berkeley.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA093678] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI039642] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 1090
Z9 1285
U1 1
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 25
PY 2005
VL 436
IS 7054
BP 1186
EP 1190
DI 10.1038/nature03884
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 958AK
UT WOS:000231416600052
PM 15995699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krumholz, MR
   McKee, CF
   Klein, RI
AF Krumholz, MR
   McKee, CF
   Klein, RI
TI The formation of stars by gravitational collapse rather than competitive accretion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gaussian cloud conditions; initial mass function; stellar clusters; molecular clouds; turbulence
AB There are two dominant models of how stars form. Under gravitational collapse, star-forming molecular clumps, of typically hundreds to thousands of solar masses (M.), fragment into gaseous cores that subsequently collapse to make individual stars or small multiple systems(1-3). In contrast, competitive accretion theory suggests that at birth all stars are much smaller than the typical stellar mass (similar to 0.5M.), and that final stellar masses are determined by the subsequent accretion of unbound gas from the clump(4-8). Competitive accretion models interpret brown dwarfs and free-floating planets as protostars ejected from star-forming clumps before they have accreted much mass; key predictions of this model are that such objects should lack disks, have high velocity dispersions, form more frequently in denser clumps(9-11), and that the mean stellar mass should vary within the Galaxy(8). Here we derive the rate of competitive accretion as a function of the star-forming environment, based partly on simulation(12), and determine in what types of environments competitive accretion can occur. We show that no observed star-forming region can undergo significant competitive accretion, and that the simulations that show competitive accretion do so because the assumed properties differ from those determined by observation. Our result shows that stars form by gravitational collapse, and explains why observations have failed to confirm predictions of the competitive accretion model.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Krumholz, MR (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM krumholz@astro.princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 136
Z9 156
U1 1
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 17
PY 2005
VL 438
IS 7066
BP 332
EP 334
DI 10.1038/nature04280
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 984JR
UT WOS:000233300200042
PM 16292305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kusserow, A
   Pang, K
   Sturm, C
   Hrouda, M
   Lentfer, J
   Schmidt, HA
   Technau, U
   von Haeseler, A
   Hobmayer, B
   Martindale, MQ
   Holstein, TW
AF Kusserow, A
   Pang, K
   Sturm, C
   Hrouda, M
   Lentfer, J
   Schmidt, HA
   Technau, U
   von Haeseler, A
   Hobmayer, B
   Martindale, MQ
   Holstein, TW
TI Unexpected complexity of the Wnt gene family in a sea anemone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematostella-vectensis; evolution; origins; expression; brain; mesoderm; cnidaria; embryos; system; phylum
AB The Wnt gene family encodes secreted signalling molecules that control cell fate in animal development and human diseases(1). Despite its significance, the evolution of this metazoan-specific protein family is unclear. In vertebrates, twelve Wnt subfamilies were defined, of which only six have counterparts in Ecdysozoa (for example, Drosophila and Caenorhabditis)(2). Here, we report the isolation of twelve Wnt genes from the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis(3), a species representing the basal group(4) within cnidarians. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals and the sister-group to bilaterian metazoans(5). Phylogenetic analyses of N. vectensis Wnt genes reveal a thus far unpredicted ancestral diversity within the Wnt family(2,6,7). Cnidarians and bilaterians have at least eleven of the twelve known Wnt gene subfamilies in common; five subfamilies appear to be lost in the protostome lineage. Expression patterns of Wnt genes during N. vectensis embryogenesis indicate distinct roles of Wnts in gastrulation, resulting in serial overlapping expression domains along the primary axis of the planula larva. This unexpectedly complex inventory of Wnt family signalling factors evolved in early multicellular animals about 650 million years (Myr) ago, predating the Cambrian explosion by at least 100 Myr (refs 5, 8). It emphasizes the crucial function of Wnt genes in the diversification of eumetazoan body plans(9).
C1 Univ Hawaii, Kewalo Marine Lab PBRC, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
   Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Zool, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Zool & Limnol, Ctr Mol Biosci Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, John von Neumann Inst Comp, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Bioinformat, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Univ Heidelberg, Dept Mol Evolut & genom, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Hawaii System; Technical University of Darmstadt; University of Innsbruck; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Martindale, MQ (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Kewalo Marine Lab PBRC, 41 Ahui St, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
EM mqmartin@hawaii.edu; holstein@uni-hd.de
NR 30
TC 492
Z9 582
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 13
PY 2005
VL 433
IS 7022
BP 156
EP 160
DI 10.1038/nature03158
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 886TH
UT WOS:000226252200037
PM 15650739
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van den Elzen, P
   Garg, S
   León, L
   Brigl, M
   Leadbetter, EA
   Gumperz, JE
   Dascher, CC
   Cheng, TY
   Sacks, FM
   Illarionov, PA
   Besra, GS
   Kent, SC
   Moody, DB
   Brenner, MB
AF van den Elzen, P
   Garg, S
   León, L
   Brigl, M
   Leadbetter, EA
   Gumperz, JE
   Dascher, CC
   Cheng, TY
   Sacks, FM
   Illarionov, PA
   Besra, GS
   Kent, SC
   Moody, DB
   Brenner, MB
TI Apolipoprotein-mediated pathways of lipid antigen presentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport protein; gene-expression; dendritic cells; lymphocytes-t; nkt cells; receptor; lipoproteins; atherosclerosis; macrophages; metabolism
AB Peptide antigens are presented to T cells by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, with endogenous peptides presented by MHC class I and exogenous peptides presented by MHC class II. In contrast to the MHC system, CD1 molecules bind lipid antigens that are presented at the antigen-presenting cell (APC) surface to lipid antigen-reactive T cells(1). Because CD1 molecules survey endocytic compartments(2), it is self-evident that they encounter antigens from extracellular sources. However, the mechanisms of exogenous lipid antigen delivery to CD1-antigen-loading compartments are not known. Serum apolipoproteins are mediators of extracellular lipid transport for metabolic needs(3). Here we define the pathways mediating markedly efficient exogenous lipid antigen delivery by apolipoproteins to achieve T-cell activation. Apolipoprotein E binds lipid antigens and delivers them by receptor-mediated uptake into endosomal compartments containing CD1 in APCs. Apolipoprotein E mediates the presentation of serum-borne lipid antigens and can be secreted by APCs as a mechanism to survey the local environment to capture antigens or to transfer microbial lipids from infected cells to bystander APCs. Thus, the immune system has co-opted a component of lipid metabolism to develop immunological responses to lipid antigens.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; University of Birmingham
RP Brenner, MB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM mbrenner@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
FU National Institute of General Medical Sciences [T32GM007753] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL071590] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM007753] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 307
Z9 354
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 906
EP 910
DI 10.1038/nature04001
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600051
PM 16208376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Partida-Martinez, LP
   Hertweck, C
AF Partida-Martinez, LP
   Hertweck, C
TI Pathogenic fungus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria for toxin production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macrocyclic lactone antibiotics; polyketide synthases; rhizopus-chinensis; gene-cluster; rhizoxin; biosynthesis; symbiont; burkholderia; metabolite; agents
AB A number of plant pathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Rhizopus are infamous for causing rice seedling blight. This plant disease is typically initiated by an abnormal swelling of the seedling roots without any sign of infection by the pathogen(1-4). This characteristic symptom is in fact caused by the macrocyclic polyketide metabolite rhizoxin that has been isolated from cultures of Rhizopus sp.(5,6). The phytotoxin exerts its destructive effect by binding to rice beta-tubulin, which results in inhibition of mitosis and cell cycle arrest(7,8). Owing to its remarkably strong antimitotic activity in most eukaryotic cells, including various human cancer cell lines, rhizoxin has attracted considerable interest as a potential antitumour drug(9,10). Here we show that rhizoxin is not biosynthesized by the fungus itself, but by endosymbiotic, that is, intracellular living, bacteria of the genus Burkholderia. Our unexpected findings unveil a remarkably complex symbiotic-pathogenic relationship that extends the fungus - plant interaction to a third, bacterial, key-player, and opens new perspectives for pest control.
C1 HKI, Leibniz Inst Nat Prod Res & Infect Biol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
C3 Leibniz Association; Hans Knoll Institute (HKI)
RP Hertweck, C (corresponding author), HKI, Leibniz Inst Nat Prod Res & Infect Biol, Beutenbergstr 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
EM Christian.Hertweck@hki-jena.de
NR 28
TC 528
Z9 609
U1 2
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 6
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7060
BP 884
EP 888
DI 10.1038/nature03997
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 970VB
UT WOS:000232338600046
PM 16208371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singer, BS
   Hoffman, KA
   Coe, RS
   Brown, LL
   Jicha, BR
   Pringle, MS
   Chauvin, A
AF Singer, BS
   Hoffman, KA
   Coe, RS
   Brown, LL
   Jicha, BR
   Pringle, MS
   Chauvin, A
TI Structural and temporal requirements for geomagnetic field reversal deduced from lava flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matuyama-brunhes boundary; astronomical calibration; polarity reversals; records; ages; timescale; duration; mantle; core
AB Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field reflect changes in the geodynamo-flow within the outer core-that generates the field. Constraining core processes or mantle properties that induce or modulate reversals requires knowing the timing and morphology of field changes that precede and accompany these reversals(1-4). But the short duration of transitional field states and fragmentary nature of even the best palaeomagnetic records make it difficult to provide a timeline for the reversal process(1,5). 40Ar/39Ar dating of lavas on Tahiti, long thought to record the primary part of the most recent 'Matuyama-Brunhes' reversal, gives an age of 795 +/- 7 kyr, indistinguishable from that of lavas in Chile and La Palma that record a transition in the Earth's magnetic field, but older than the accepted age for the reversal. Only the 'transitional' lavas on Maui and one from La Palma (dated at 776 +/- 2 kyr), agree with the astronomical age for the reversal. Here we propose that the older lavas record the onset of a geodynamo process, which only on occasion would result in polarity change. This initial instability, associated with the first of two decreases in field intensity, began similar to 18 kyr before the actual polarity switch. These data support the claim(6) that complete reversals require a significant period for magnetic flux to escape from the solid inner core and sufficiently weaken its stabilizing effect(7).
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Phys, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Geosci Rennes UMR CNRS, F-35042 Rennes, France.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; California State University System; California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Universite de Rennes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Singer, BS (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, 1215 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM bsinger@geology.wisc.edu
NR 28
TC 99
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 31
PY 2005
VL 434
IS 7033
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature03431
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 911NN
UT WOS:000228011000042
PM 15800621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garg, V
   Muth, AN
   Ransom, JF
   Schluterman, MK
   Barnes, R
   King, IN
   Grossfeld, PD
   Srivastava, D
AF Garg, V
   Muth, AN
   Ransom, JF
   Schluterman, MK
   Barnes, R
   King, IN
   Grossfeld, PD
   Srivastava, D
TI Mutations in NOTCH1 cause aortic valve disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear access; drosophila; heart; transition; mechanism; cbfa1
AB Calcification of the aortic valve is the third leading cause of heart disease in adults(1). The incidence increases with age, and it is often associated with a bicuspid aortic valve present in 1 - 2% of the population(2). Despite the frequency, neither the mechanisms of valve calcification nor the developmental origin of a two, rather than three, leaflet aortic valve is known. Here, we show that mutations in the signalling and transcriptional regulator NOTCH1 cause a spectrum of developmental aortic valve anomalies and severe valve calcification in non-syndromic autosomal-dominant human pedigrees. Consistent with the valve calcification phenotype, Notch1 transcripts were most abundant in the developing aortic valve of mice, and Notch1 repressed the activity of Runx2, a central transcriptional regulator of osteoblast cell fate. The hairy-related family of transcriptional repressors (Hrt), which are activated by Notch1 signalling, physically interacted with Runx2 and repressed Runx2 transcriptional activity independent of histone deacetylase activity. These results suggest that NOTCH1 mutations cause an early developmental defect in the aortic valve and a later de-repression of calcium deposition that causes progressive aortic valve disease.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, McDermott Ctr Human Growth & Dev, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
   Childrens Med Ctr, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, Div Cardiol, San Diego, CA 92123 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Garg, V (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd,Room NA8-124, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM vidu.garg@utsouthwestern.edu; dsrivastava@gladstone.ucsf.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [K08 HL079260] Funding Source: Medline; NICHD NIH HHS [K08 HD001382] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1132
Z9 1374
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 8
PY 2005
VL 437
IS 7056
BP 270
EP 274
DI 10.1038/nature03940
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 961YE
UT WOS:000231696900059
PM 16025100
DA 2026-03-09
ER

